1
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Pretelli I, Borgerhoff Mulder M, Makame Khamis B, McElreath R. Foraging and the importance of knowledge in Pemba, Tanzania: implications for childhood evolution. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20231505. [PMID: 37964531 PMCID: PMC10646471 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.1505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Childhood is a period of life unique to humans. Childhood may have evolved through the need to acquire knowledge and subsistence skills. In an effort to understand the functional significance of childhood, previous research examined increases with age in returns to foraging across food resources. Such increases could be due to changes in knowledge, or other factors such as body size or strength. Here, we attempt to unpack these age-related changes. First, we estimate age-specific foraging returns for two resources. We then develop nonlinear structural equation models to evaluate the relative importance of ecological knowledge, grip strength and height in a population of part-time children foragers on Pemba island, Tanzania. We use anthropometric measures (height, strength, n = 250), estimates of ecological knowledge (n = 93) and behavioural observations for 63 individuals across 370 foraging trips. We find slower increases in foraging returns with age for trap hunting than for shellfish collection. We do not detect any effect of individual knowledge on foraging returns, potentially linked to information sharing within foraging parties. Producing accurate estimates of the distinct contribution of specific traits to an individual's foraging performance constitutes a key step in evaluating different hypotheses for the emergence of childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Pretelli
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Monique Borgerhoff Mulder
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Richard McElreath
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
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2
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Reynolds AW, Grote MN, Myrick JW, Al-Hindi DR, Siford RL, Mastoras M, Möller M, Henn BM. Persistence of Matrilocal Postmarital Residence Across Multiple Generations in Southern Africa. HUMAN NATURE (HAWTHORNE, N.Y.) 2023; 34:295-323. [PMID: 37310564 PMCID: PMC10353969 DOI: 10.1007/s12110-023-09452-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Factors such as subsistence turnover, warfare, or interaction between different groups can be major sources of cultural change in human populations. Global demographic shifts such as the transition to agriculture during the Neolithic and more recently the urbanization and globalization of the twentieth century have been major catalysts for cultural change. Here, we test whether cultural traits such as patri/matrilocality and postmarital migration persist in the face of social upheaval and gene flow during the past 150 years in postcolonial South Africa. The recent history of South Africa has seen major demographic shifts that resulted in the displacement and forced sedentism of indigenous Khoekhoe and San populations. During the expansion of the colonial frontier, the Khoe-San admixed with European colonists and enslaved individuals from West/Central Africa, Indonesia, and South Asia, introducing novel cultural norms. We conducted demographic interviews among Nama and Cederberg communities representing nearly 3,000 individuals across three generations. Despite the history of colonial expansion, and the subsequent incorporation of Khoe-San and Khoe-San-descendant communities into a colonial society with strong patrilocal norms, patrilocality is the least common postmarital residence pattern in our study populations today. Our results suggest that more recent forces of integration into the market economy are likely the primary drivers of change in the cultural traits examined in our study. Birthplace had a strong effect on an individual's odds of migration, distance moved, and postmarital residence form. These effects are at least partially explained by the population size of the birthplace. Our results suggest that market factors local to birthplaces are important drivers of residence decisions, although the frequency of matrilocal residence and a geographic and temporal cline in migration and residence patterns also indicate the persistence of some historic Khoe-San cultural traits in contemporary groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin W Reynolds
- Department of Anthropology, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA.
- Department of Anthropology, University of California (UC), Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Mark N Grote
- Department of Anthropology, University of California (UC), Davis, CA, USA
| | - Justin W Myrick
- Department of Anthropology, University of California (UC), Davis, CA, USA
| | - Dana R Al-Hindi
- Department of Anthropology, University of California (UC), Davis, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca L Siford
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Mira Mastoras
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
- UC Davis Genome Center, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Marlo Möller
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Brenna M Henn
- Department of Anthropology, University of California (UC), Davis, CA, USA
- UC Davis Genome Center, Davis, CA, USA
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3
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Asosega KA, Aidoo EN, Adebanji AO, Owusu-Dabo E. Examining the risk factors for overweight and obesity among women in Ghana: A multilevel perspective. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16207. [PMID: 37229171 PMCID: PMC10205511 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Overweight/obesity prevalence is on the increase in epidemic proportions across Low- and Middle-Income countries (LMICs). The public health burden associated with obesity/overweight cannot be underestimated due to its association with chronic health outcomes. This study investigated the individual- and community level risk factors for obesity/overweight among reproductive women. The data used consist of 4393 reproductive women and form part of the 2014 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey (GDHS). Information on these women are clustered within 427 communities. A 2-tier random intercept multilevel logistic model was used to assess the effect of individual- and community level factors on the likelihood of a woman to be obese/overweight. The obesity/overweight prevalence among reproductive women was estimated to be 35.5% (95% CI: 34.04, 36.90%), which significantly differed across clusters. Most at risk were women from middle-income households (aOR = 2.85; 95% CI: 2.28, 3.56), upper-income households (aOR = 5.019, 95% CI: 3.85, 6.55), attaining secondary education (aOR = 1.74; 95% CI: 1.41, 2.16), and higher (aOR = 1.63; 95% CI: 1.14, 2.33), old age (20-29 years (aOR = 4.26; 95% CI: 3.142,5.78); 30-39 years (aOR = 8.59; 95% CI: 6.15, 12.00); 40-49 years (aOR = 12.81; 95% CI: 9.10, 18.16)). Significant differences in the probability of being overweight/obese between different communities were observed (MOR = 1.39). The high prevalence of overweight/obesity requires urgent public health interventions to prevent future public health crises. Efforts to strengthen the healthcare system, encourage lifestyle modification, and public health education are needed to solidify the gains of ensuring a healthy population by 2030 (SDG 3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Killian Asampana Asosega
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Energy and Natural Resources, Sunyani, Ghana
| | - Eric Nimako Aidoo
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Atinuke Olusola Adebanji
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Ellis Owusu-Dabo
- Department of Global and International Health, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
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4
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Kutaka TS, Chernyavskiy P, Sarama J, Clements DH. Ordinal models to analyze strategy sophistication: Evidence from a learning trajectory efficacy study. J Sch Psychol 2023; 97:77-100. [PMID: 36914368 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsp.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Investigators often rely on the proportion of correct responses in an assessment when describing the impact of early mathematics interventions on child outcomes. Here, we propose a shift in focus to the relative sophistication of problem-solving strategies and offer methodological guidance to researchers interested in working with strategies. We leverage data from a randomized teaching experiment with a kindergarten sample whose details are outlined in Clements et al. (2020). First, we describe our problem-solving strategy data, including how strategies were coded in ways that are amenable to analysis. Second, we explore what kinds of ordinal statistical models best fit the nature of arithmetic strategies, describe what each model implies about problem-solving behavior, and how to interpret model parameters. Third, we discuss the effect of "treatment", operationalized as instruction aligned with an arithmetic Learning Trajectory (LT). We show that arithmetic strategy development is best described as a sequential stepwise process and that children who receive LT instruction use more sophisticated strategies at post-assessment, relative to their peers in a teach-to-target skill condition. We introduce latent strategy sophistication as an analogous metric to traditional Rasch factor scores and demonstrate a moderate correlation them (r = 0.58). Our work suggests strategy sophistication carries information that is unique from, but complimentary to traditional correctness-based Rasch scores, motivating its expanded use in intervention studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Kutaka
- University of Virginia, Center for the Advanced Study of Teaching and Learning, Ridley 236, PO Box 800784, Charlottesville, VA 22904, United States of America.
| | - P Chernyavskiy
- University of Virginia, Department of Public Health Sciences, PO Box 800717, Charlottesville, VA 22908, United States of America.
| | - J Sarama
- University of Denver, Morgridge College of Education, Marsico Institute for Early Learning, 1999 East Evans Avenue, Denver, CO 80208, United States of America.
| | - D H Clements
- University of Denver, Morgridge College of Education, Marsico Institute for Early Learning, 1999 East Evans Avenue, Denver, CO 80208, United States of America.
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5
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Gontier N, Sukhoverkhov A. Reticulate evolution underlies synergistic trait formation in human communities. Evol Anthropol 2023; 32:26-38. [PMID: 36205197 DOI: 10.1002/evan.21962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This paper investigates how reticulate evolution contributes to a better understanding of human sociocultural evolution in general, and community formation in particular. Reticulate evolution is evolution as it occurs by means of symbiosis, symbiogenesis, lateral gene transfer, infective heredity, and hybridization. From these mechanisms and processes, we mainly zoom in on symbiosis and we investigate how it underlies the rise of (1) human, plant, animal, and machine interactions typical of agriculture, animal husbandry, farming, and industrialization; (2) diet-microbiome relationships; and (3) host-virome and other pathogen interactions that underlie human health and disease. We demonstrate that reticulate evolution necessitates an understanding of behavioral and cultural evolution at a community level, where reticulate causal processes underlie the rise of synergistic organizational traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Gontier
- Applied Evolutionary Epistemology Lab, Centro de Filosofia das Ciências, Departamento de História e Filosofia das Ciências, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Anton Sukhoverkhov
- Department of Philosophy, Kuban State Agrarian University, Krasnodar, Russia
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6
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Soares AAL, Lima AB, Miguel CG, Galvão LG, Leonardi TJ, Paes RR, Gonçalves CE, Carvalho HM. Does early specialization provide an advantage in physical fitness development in youth basketball? Front Sports Act Living 2023; 4:1042494. [PMID: 36704259 PMCID: PMC9872025 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.1042494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study examined the influence of the specialization onset on the magnitude and patterns of changes in basketball-specific physical fitness within a competitive season and developmental fitness trends between 11 and 17 years in young basketball players. Repeated measures of 181 young basketball players (female, n = 40; male, n = 141) were examined. Anthropometry, age, estimated maturity status, and basketball-specific physical fitness (assessed with the countermovement jump, line drill, and yo-yo intermittent recovery level-1 and fitness score) were considered. Players were grouped by the onset of specialization as related to biological maturation milestones (pre-puberty, mid-puberty, and late-puberty specialization). The within-season and developmental changes in physical fitness were fitted using multilevel modeling in a fully Bayesian framework. The fitness outcomes were similar between-player and within-player changes when grouped by specialization across a season. Fitness improvements across a season were apparent for female players, while male players maintained their performance levels. There was no variation in the patterns of physical fitness development between 11 and 17 years associated with the onset of specialization. Conditional on our data and models, the assumption that early sport specialization provides a physical fitness advantage for future athletic success does not hold.
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Affiliation(s)
- André A L Soares
- Department of Physical Education, School of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Ahlan B Lima
- Department of Physical Education, School of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Caio G Miguel
- Department of Physical Education, School of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Luciano G Galvão
- Department of Physical Education, School of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Thiago J Leonardi
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Roberto R Paes
- Faculty of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos E Gonçalves
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Humberto M Carvalho
- Department of Physical Education, School of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil,Correspondence: Humberto M Carvalho
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7
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Eisenbruch AB, Krasnow MM. Why Warmth Matters More Than Competence: A New Evolutionary Approach. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2022; 17:1604-1623. [PMID: 35748187 DOI: 10.1177/17456916211071087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Multiple lines of evidence suggest that there are two major dimensions of social perception, often called warmth and competence, and that warmth is prioritized over competence in multiple types of social decision-making. Existing explanations for this prioritization argue that warmth is more consequential for an observer's welfare than is competence. We present a new explanation for the prioritization of warmth based on humans' evolutionary history of cooperative partner choice. We argue that the prioritization of warmth evolved because ancestral humans faced greater variance in the warmth of potential cooperative partners than in their competence but greater variance in competence over time within cooperative relationships. These each made warmth more predictive than competence of the future benefits of a relationship, but because of differences in the distributions of these traits, not because of differences in their intrinsic consequentiality. A broad, synthetic review of the anthropological literature suggests that these conditions were characteristic of the ecologies in which human social cognition evolved, and agent-based models demonstrate the plausibility of these selection pressures. We conclude with future directions for the study of preferences and the further integration of social and evolutionary psychology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Max M Krasnow
- Division of Continuing Education, Harvard University
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8
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Kraft TS, Venkataraman VV, Wallace IJ, Crittenden AN, Holowka NB, Stieglitz J, Harris J, Raichlen DA, Wood B, Gurven M, Pontzer H. The energetics of uniquely human subsistence strategies. Science 2021; 374:eabf0130. [PMID: 34941390 DOI: 10.1126/science.abf0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S Kraft
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.,Department of Human Behavior, Ecology, and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Vivek V Venkataraman
- Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ian J Wallace
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jacob Harris
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Institute of Human Origins, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - David A Raichlen
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brian Wood
- Department of Human Behavior, Ecology, and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael Gurven
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Herman Pontzer
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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9
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Froelicher JH, Forjaz G, Rosenberg PS, Chernyavskiy P. Geographic disparities of breast cancer incidence in Portugal at the district level: A spatial age-period-cohort analysis, 1998-2011. Cancer Epidemiol 2021; 74:102009. [PMID: 34399245 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2021.102009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women world-wide and the most common cause of cancer deaths, which can often be managed with early diagnosis and subsequent treatment. Here, we focus on geographic disparities in incidence within Portugal for three age groups of women (30-49; 50-69; 70-84 years). METHODS Age-period-cohort (APC) models are widely used in cancer surveillance, and these models have recently been extended to allow spatially-varying effects. We apply novel spatial APC models to estimate relative risk and age-adjusted temporal trends at the district level for the 20 districts in Portugal. Our model allows us to report on country-wide trends, but also to investigate geographic disparities between districts and trends within districts. RESULTS Age-adjusted breast cancer incidence was increasing over 1998-2011 for all three age groups and in every district in Portugal. However, we detect spatially-structured between-district heterogeneity in relative risk and age-adjusted trends (Net Drifts) for each of the three age groups, which is most pronounced in the highly-screened (50-69yo) and late-onset (70-84yo) groups of women. CONCLUSIONS We present evidence of disparities in breast cancer incidence at a more granular geographic level than previously reported. Some disparities may be due to latent risk factors, which cannot be accounted for by age, birth year, and geographic location alone. IMPACT Our study motivates resuming data collection for breast cancer incidence at the district level in Portugal, as well as the study of exogenous risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph H Froelicher
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Gonçalo Forjaz
- Data Analytics Branch, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA.
| | - Philip S Rosenberg
- Biostatistics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA.
| | - Pavel Chernyavskiy
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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10
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Mendes FG, Lima AB, Christofoletti M, Quinaud RT, Collet C, Gonçalves CE, Carvalho HM. Multidimensional characteristics of young Brazilian volleyball players: A Bayesian multilevel analysis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250953. [PMID: 33930069 PMCID: PMC8087100 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Brazil has been the benchmark for volleyball performance for at least two decades, providing a unique context to examine expertise development. This study examined the variation in body size, functional capacities, motivation for achievement, competitiveness, and deliberate practice of youth volleyball players associated with differences in biological maturity status, chronological age, and accumulated deliberate volleyball practice, adopting a Bayesian multilevel modeling approach. We considered 68 female and 94 male adolescent players (14.2 years, 90% confidence interval: 12.7 to 16.0). Players were grouped by the onset of deliberate volleyball practice as related to biologic maturation milestones [pre-puberty deliberate practice onset (12% of the sample), mid-puberty deliberate practice onset (51% of the sample), and late-puberty deliberate practice onset (37% of the sample). There was substantial variation in body dimensions and functional performance by gender. There was no variation by gender for motivation for deliberate practice and motivation for achievement and competitiveness. The young volleyball players appeared to be highly motivated and committed to deliberate practice, achievement, and competitiveness. Alignment of chronological age, biological maturation, and accumulated training experience allow more in-depth insights into young volleyball players' development, providing sounder support for coaches´ decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe G. Mendes
- Department of Physical Education, School of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis/Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Ahlan B. Lima
- Department of Physical Education, School of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis/Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Marina Christofoletti
- Department of Physical Education, School of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis/Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Ricardo T. Quinaud
- Department of Physical Education, School of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis/Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Carine Collet
- College of Health Sciences and Sport Science, Santa Catarina State University, Florianópolis/Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Carlos E. Gonçalves
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Humberto M. Carvalho
- Department of Physical Education, School of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis/Santa Catarina, Brazil
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11
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Wilson CG, Qian F, Jerolmack DJ, Roberts S, Ham J, Koditschek D, Shipley TF. Spatially and temporally distributed data foraging decisions in disciplinary field science. COGNITIVE RESEARCH-PRINCIPLES AND IMPLICATIONS 2021; 6:29. [PMID: 33825984 PMCID: PMC8026803 DOI: 10.1186/s41235-021-00296-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
How do scientists generate and weight candidate queries for hypothesis testing, and how does learning from observations or experimental data impact query selection? Field sciences offer a compelling context to ask these questions because query selection and adaptation involves consideration of the spatiotemporal arrangement of data, and therefore closely parallels classic search and foraging behavior. Here we conduct a novel simulated data foraging study-and a complementary real-world case study-to determine how spatiotemporal data collection decisions are made in field sciences, and how search is adapted in response to in-situ data. Expert geoscientists evaluated a hypothesis by collecting environmental data using a mobile robot. At any point, participants were able to stop the robot and change their search strategy or make a conclusion about the hypothesis. We identified spatiotemporal reasoning heuristics, to which scientists strongly anchored, displaying limited adaptation to new data. We analyzed two key decision factors: variable-space coverage, and fitting error to the hypothesis. We found that, despite varied search strategies, the majority of scientists made a conclusion as the fitting error converged. Scientists who made premature conclusions, due to insufficient variable-space coverage or before the fitting error stabilized, were more prone to incorrect conclusions. We found that novice undergraduates used the same heuristics as expert geoscientists in a simplified version of the scenario. We believe the findings from this study could be used to improve field science training in data foraging, and aid in the development of technologies to support data collection decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina G Wilson
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA. .,Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Feifei Qian
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Douglas J Jerolmack
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sonia Roberts
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jonathan Ham
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel Koditschek
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Thomas F Shipley
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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12
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Knoop SB, Morcatty TQ, El Bizri HR, Cheyne SM. Age, Religion, and Taboos Influence Subsistence Hunting by Indigenous People of the Lower Madeira River, Brazilian Amazon. J ETHNOBIOL 2020. [DOI: 10.2993/0278-0771-40.2.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon B. Knoop
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Headington Campus, Oxford Brookes University, OX3 0BP, Oxford, UK
| | - Thais Q. Morcatty
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Headington Campus, Oxford Brookes University, OX3 0BP, Oxford, UK
| | - Hani R. El Bizri
- Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Susan M. Cheyne
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Headington Campus, Oxford Brookes University, OX3 0BP, Oxford, UK
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13
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Gurven MD, Davison RJ, Kraft TS. The optimal timing of teaching and learning across the life course. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190500. [PMID: 32475325 PMCID: PMC7293159 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary biologist W. D. Hamilton (Hamilton 1966 J. Theor. Biol.12, 12-45. (doi:10.1016/0022-5193(66)90184-6)) famously showed that the force of natural selection declines with age, and reaches zero by the age of reproductive cessation. However, in social species, the transfer of fitness-enhancing resources by postreproductive adults increases the value of survival to late ages. While most research has focused on intergenerational food transfers in social animals, here we consider the potential fitness benefits of information transfer, and investigate the ecological contexts where pedagogy is likely to occur. Although the evolution of teaching is an important topic in behavioural biology and in studies of human cultural evolution, few formal models of teaching exist. Here, we present a modelling framework for predicting the timing of both information transfer and learning across the life course, and find that under a broad range of conditions, optimal patterns of information transfer in a skills-intensive ecology often involve postreproductive aged teachers. We explore several implications among human subsistence populations, evaluating the cost of hunting pedagogy and the relationship between activity skill complexity and the timing of pedagogy for several subsistence activities. Long lifespan and extended juvenility that characterize the human life history likely evolved in the context of a skills-intensive ecological niche with multi-stage pedagogy and multigenerational cooperation. This article is part of the theme issue 'Life history and learning: how childhood, caregiving and old age shape cognition and culture in humans and other animals'.
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Koster J, McElreath R, Hill K, Yu D, Shepard G, van Vliet N, Gurven M, Trumble B, Bird RB, Bird D, Codding B, Coad L, Pacheco-Cobos L, Winterhalder B, Lupo K, Schmitt D, Sillitoe P, Franzen M, Alvard M, Venkataraman V, Kraft T, Endicott K, Beckerman S, Marks SA, Headland T, Pangau-Adam M, Siren A, Kramer K, Greaves R, Reyes-García V, Guèze M, Duda R, Fernández-Llamazares Á, Gallois S, Napitupulu L, Ellen R, Ziker J, Nielsen MR, Ready E, Healey C, Ross C. The life history of human foraging: Cross-cultural and individual variation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaax9070. [PMID: 32637588 PMCID: PMC7314517 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax9070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Human adaptation depends on the integration of slow life history, complex production skills, and extensive sociality. Refining and testing models of the evolution of human life history and cultural learning benefit from increasingly accurate measurement of knowledge, skills, and rates of production with age. We pursue this goal by inferring hunters' increases and declines of skill from approximately 23,000 hunting records generated by more than 1800 individuals at 40 locations. The data reveal an average age of peak productivity between 30 and 35 years of age, although high skill is maintained throughout much of adulthood. In addition, there is substantial variation both among individuals and sites. Within study sites, variation among individuals depends more on heterogeneity in rates of decline than in rates of increase. This analysis sharpens questions about the coevolution of human life history and cultural adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Koster
- Department of Anthropology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Human Behavior, Evolution, and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Richard McElreath
- Department of Human Behavior, Evolution, and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Anthropology and Graduate Group in Ecology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kim Hill
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Douglas Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Glenn Shepard
- Division of Human Sciences, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil
| | | | - Michael Gurven
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin Trumble
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Rebecca Bliege Bird
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Douglas Bird
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Brian Codding
- Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Lauren Coad
- Center for International Forestry Research, Bogor, Indonesia
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Conservation Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Bruce Winterhalder
- Department of Anthropology and Graduate Group in Ecology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Karen Lupo
- Department of Anthropology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Dave Schmitt
- Department of Anthropology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Paul Sillitoe
- Anthropology Department, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | | | - Michael Alvard
- Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | | | - Thomas Kraft
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Kirk Endicott
- Department of Anthropology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Stephen Beckerman
- Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Stuart A. Marks
- Department of Biology, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Anthropology, University of the Free State, 205 Nelson Mandela Drive, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Thomas Headland
- Department of Anthropology, SIL International, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Margaretha Pangau-Adam
- Department of Conservation Biology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Biology Department–FMIPA, Cenderawasih University, Papua, Indonesia
| | - Anders Siren
- Department of Geography and Geology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Karen Kramer
- Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Russell Greaves
- Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Victoria Reyes-García
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maximilien Guèze
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Romain Duda
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Unit Medical Anthropology and Ecology of Disease Emergence, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Álvaro Fernández-Llamazares
- Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS), Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Lucentezza Napitupulu
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roy Ellen
- School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - John Ziker
- Department of Anthropology, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
| | - Martin R. Nielsen
- Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Elspeth Ready
- Department of Human Behavior, Evolution, and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Christopher Healey
- School of Culture, History and Language, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Cody Ross
- Department of Human Behavior, Evolution, and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
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Kraft TS, Venkataraman VV, Endicott KL, Endicott KM. Preserving quantifiable ethnographic records of disappearing human lifeways. Evol Anthropol 2020; 29:117-124. [PMID: 32472595 DOI: 10.1002/evan.21835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The human evolutionary sciences place high value on quantitative data from traditional small-scale societies that are rapidly modernizing. These data often stem from the sustained ethnographic work of anthropologists who are today nearing the end of their careers. Yet many quantitative ethnographic data are preserved only in summary formats that do not reflect the rich and variable ethnographic reality often described in unpublished field notes, nor the deep knowledge of their collectors. In raw disaggregated formats, such data have tremendous scientific value when used in conjunction with modern statistical techniques and as part of comparative analyses. Through a personal example of longitudinal research with Batek hunter-gatherers that involved collaboration across generations of researchers, we argue that quantifiable ethnographic records, just like material artifacts, deserve high-priority preservation efforts. We discuss the benefits, challenges, and possible avenues forward for digitizing, preserving, and archiving ethnographic data before it is too late.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S Kraft
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Vivek V Venkataraman
- Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Karen L Endicott
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Kirk M Endicott
- Department of Anthropology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
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16
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Soares ALA, Leonardi TJ, Silva J, Nascimento JV, Paes RR, Gonçalves CE, Carvalho HM. Performance, motivation, and enjoyment in young female basketball players: An interdisciplinary approach. J Sports Sci 2020; 38:873-885. [PMID: 32138600 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1736247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the variation in accumulated basketball training experience, body size, functional performance, deliberate practice motivation, achievement and competitiveness motivation and sources of enjoyment among young female basketball players, partitioning the potential variation by individuals´ biological characteristics (menarche status) and contextual characteristics (competitive age group and competitive level). We considered 114 adolescent female basketball players aged 14.3 (1.8) years. We used multilevel regression and poststratification estimations. The adolescent female basketball players selected for state-level had more accumulated experience, were taller and with better functional performance. Conditional on the data, youth female coaches tend to value (probably overvalue) size and function when selecting/promoting players, even at early age groups, likely contributing to an overrepresentation of early maturing girls in at early age groups. Players from club- and state-level were similarly highly motivated for deliberate practice and to achievement. Only for competitiveness, state-level players had higher values than club level players. The sources of enjoyment were influenced by context (competitive levels) for self-referenced competencies and others-referenced competencies. Structured programs of training and competition in youth female basketball provide a nurturing environment for the development of players´ engagement and commitment to training and excellence attainment.
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Affiliation(s)
- André L A Soares
- Department of Physical Education, School of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Thiago J Leonardi
- Physical Education School, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Silva
- Department of Physical Education, School of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Juarez V Nascimento
- Department of Physical Education, School of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Roberto R Paes
- Faculty Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas/São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos E Gonçalves
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Humberto M Carvalho
- Department of Physical Education, School of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
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17
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Ringen EJ, Duda P, Jaeggi AV. The evolution of daily food sharing: A Bayesian phylogenetic analysis. EVOL HUM BEHAV 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Tozetto AB, Carvalho HM, Rosa RS, Mendes FG, Silva WR, Nascimento JV, Milistetd M. Coach Turnover in Top Professional Brazilian Football Championship: A Multilevel Survival Analysis. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1246. [PMID: 31244714 PMCID: PMC6562306 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we examined the probability of coaches’ survival in the top Brazilian professional football championship considering variation across the competitive seasons between 2012 and 2017, considering a multilevel framework. We also considered whether previous coaching experience in the top Brazilian professional football championship would change the probability of coaches’ survival across the season. The data considered 4,560 games from the top professional Brazilian football league (Campeonato Brasileiro Série A) between the 2012 and 2017 seasons. At the start of each season, the coach from each team was followed, being recorded at the time the event occurred, i.e., the coach being sacked. A total survival of 120 coaches was considered between the seasons of 2012 and 2017, i.e., 20 coaches at the beginning of each season. Coaches were assigned as novice (no previous experience as head coach in the top Brazilian championship) or experienced (with at least some previous experience as head coach in the top Brazilian championship). Data were available and extracted from the official website of the Brazilian Football Confederation1. On average and considering un-pooled observations, the median life of a coach was about 16.5 rounds. Considering variation between 2012 and 2017 seasons, only about 26.3% (95% CI: 18.2–36.1) of the coaches ended a season without being sacked. By mid-season, at round 19, the probability of coaches’ survival was 0.42 (95% CI: 0.32–0.53). Variation between season on survival estimates per round was substantial (between-season standard deviation = 0.48, 95% credible intervals: 0.25–0.95; corresponding to an inverse logit = 0.62, 95% CI: 0.56–0.72). There was no substantial variation between novice and experienced coaches’ survival probability. The present results expose the vulnerability of the coaching context in Brazilian football, potentially highlighting an excessive emphasis on short-term results to mediate club management decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre B Tozetto
- Department of Physical Education, College of Health and Sport Science, Santa Catarina State University, Florianópolis, Brazil.,Department of Physical Education, School of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Humberto M Carvalho
- Department of Physical Education, School of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo S Rosa
- Department of Physical Education, School of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Felipe G Mendes
- Department of Physical Education, School of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Walan R Silva
- Department of Physical Education, College of Health and Sport Science, Santa Catarina State University, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Juarez V Nascimento
- Department of Physical Education, School of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Michel Milistetd
- Department of Physical Education, School of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
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19
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Dyble M, Thorley J, Page AE, Smith D, Migliano AB. Engagement in agricultural work is associated with reduced leisure time among Agta hunter-gatherers. Nat Hum Behav 2019; 3:792-796. [PMID: 31110340 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-019-0614-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A long-standing hypothesis suggests that the transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture results in people working harder, spending more time engaged in subsistence activities and having less leisure time1,2. However, tests of this hypothesis are obscured by comparing between populations that vary in ecology and social organization, as well as subsistence3-6. Here we test this hypothesis by examining adult time allocation among the Agta-a population of small-scale hunter-gatherers from the northern Philippines who are increasingly engaged in agriculture and other non-foraging work. We find that individuals in camps engaging more in non-foraging work spend more time involved in out-of-camp work and have substantially less leisure time. This difference is largely driven by changes in the time allocation of women, who spend substantially more time engaged in out-of-camp work in more agricultural camps. Our results support the hypothesis that hunting and gathering allows a significant amount of leisure time, and that this is lost as communities adopt small-scale agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Dyble
- Jesus College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. .,Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Jack Thorley
- Jesus College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Abigail E Page
- Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Daniel Smith
- Bristol Medical School: Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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20
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Nahua mushroom gatherers use area-restricted search strategies that conform to marginal value theorem predictions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:10339-10347. [PMID: 31061117 PMCID: PMC6535025 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1814476116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We develop a method of analysis for testing the marginal value theorem (MVT) in natural settings that does not require an independent definition or mapping of patches. We draw on recent theoretical work on area-restricted search (ARS) that links turning-angle and step-size changes to geographically localized encounter-rates. These models allow us to estimate "giving-up times" using encounter-annotated GPS tracking data. Applied to a case study of Nahua mushroom foragers, these models identify distinct forms of intrapatch and interpatch search behavior, with intrapatch search transitioning to interpatch search after a predictable interval of time since the last encounter with a harvested mushroom. Our empirical estimate of giving-up time coincides with the theoretically optimal giving-up time derived under the MVT in the same environment. The MVT is currently underused in studies of human foraging and settlement patterns, due in large part to the difficulty of identifying discrete resource patches and quantifying their characteristics. Our methods mitigate the need to make such discrete maps of patches and thus have the potential to broaden the scope for empirical evaluations of the MVT and related theory in humans. Beyond studies of naturalistic foraging in humans and other animals, our approach has implications for optimization of search behavior in a range of applied fields where search dynamics must be adapted to shifting patterns of environmental heterogeneity affecting prey density and patchiness.
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21
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Valle Nunes A, Guariento RD, Santos BA, Fischer E. Wild meat sharing among non-indigenous people in the southwestern Amazon. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-018-2628-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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22
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Leonardi TJ, Martins MCS, Gonçalves CEDB, Paes RR, Carvalho HJGMD. Changes in tactical performance and self-efficacy on young female basketball players. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE CINEANTROPOMETRIA E DESEMPENHO HUMANO 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1980-0037.2019v21e60180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract The present study examined changes in tactical performance and self-efficacy amongyoung female basketball players across a 4-months competitive season. Repeated measures preand post a 4-month season in 30 young female basketball players (11.4 to 14.7 years-old) was considered. We applied the Self-Efficacy General Scale and examined tactical performance in a standardized 3 vs 3 exercise in half court. The 3 vs 3 exercise was analysed using Game Performance Assessment Instrument (GPAI) and Team Sport Assessment Procedure (TSAP).We examined changes in tactical performance and self-efficacy using multilevel modelling.Theresults showed that changes of Self-Efficacy scores were not influenced by 4 months of training across competition period, chronological age and years of sport participation, the changes of TSAP performance was influenced only by years of sport participation, and the changes of GPAI performance was influenced only by the period of training and competition games.
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23
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Bushby EV, Friel M, Goold C, Gray H, Smith L, Collins LM. Factors Influencing Individual Variation in Farm Animal Cognition and How to Account for These Statistically. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:193. [PMID: 30175105 PMCID: PMC6107851 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
For farmed species, good health and welfare is a win-win situation: both the animals and producers can benefit. In recent years, animal welfare scientists have embraced cognitive sciences to rise to the challenge of determining an animal's internal state in order to better understand its welfare needs and by extension, the needs of larger groups of animals. A wide range of cognitive tests have been developed that can be applied in farmed species to assess a range of cognitive traits. However, this has also presented challenges. Whilst it may be expected to see cognitive variation at the species level, differences in cognitive ability between and within individuals of the same species have frequently been noted but left largely unexplained. Not accounting for individual variation may result in misleading conclusions when the results are applied both at an individual level and at higher levels of scale. This has implications both for our fundamental understanding of an individual's welfare needs, but also more broadly for experimental design and the justification for sample sizes in studies using animals. We urgently need to address this issue. In this review, we will consider the latest developments on the causes of individual variation in cognitive outcomes, such as the choice of cognitive test, sex, breed, age, early life environment, rearing conditions, personality, diet, and the animal's microbiome. We discuss the impact of each of these factors specifically in relation to recent work in farmed species, and explore the future directions for cognitive research in this field, particularly in relation to experimental design and analytical techniques that allow individual variation to be accounted for appropriately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily V Bushby
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Mary Friel
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Conor Goold
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Gray
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren Smith
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa M Collins
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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24
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Multinomial analysis of behavior: statistical methods. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2017; 71:138. [PMID: 28959087 PMCID: PMC5594044 DOI: 10.1007/s00265-017-2363-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral ecologists frequently use observational methods, such as instantaneous scan sampling, to record the behavior of animals at discrete moments in time. We develop and apply multilevel, multinomial logistic regression models for analyzing such data. These statistical methods correspond to the multinomial character of the response variable while also accounting for the repeated observations of individuals that characterize behavioral datasets. Correlated random effects potentially reveal individual-level trade-offs across behaviors, allowing for models that reveal the extent to which individuals who regularly engage in one behavior also exhibit relatively more or less of another behavior. Using an example dataset, we demonstrate the estimation of these models using Hamiltonian Monte Carlo algorithms, as implemented in the RStan package in the R statistical environment. The supplemental files include a coding script and data that demonstrate auxiliary functions to prepare the data, estimate the models, summarize the posterior samples, and generate figures that display model predictions. We discuss possible extensions to our approach, including models with random slopes to allow individual-level behavioral strategies to vary over time and the need for models that account for temporal autocorrelation. These models can potentially be applied to a broad class of statistical analyses by behavioral ecologists, focusing on other polytomous response variables, such as behavior, habitat choice, or emotional states.
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25
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Dyble M, Thompson J, Smith D, Salali GD, Chaudhary N, Page AE, Vinicuis L, Mace R, Migliano AB. Networks of Food Sharing Reveal the Functional Significance of Multilevel Sociality in Two Hunter-Gatherer Groups. Curr Biol 2016; 26:2017-2021. [PMID: 27451900 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Like many other mammalian and primate societies [1-4], humans are said to live in multilevel social groups, with individuals situated in a series of hierarchically structured sub-groups [5, 6]. Although this multilevel social organization has been described among contemporary hunter-gatherers [5], questions remain as to the benefits that individuals derive from living in such groups. Here, we show that food sharing among two populations of contemporary hunter-gatherers-the Palanan Agta (Philippines) and Mbendjele BaYaka (Republic of Congo)-reveals similar multilevel social structures, with individuals situated in households, within sharing clusters of 3-4 households, within the wider residential camps, which vary in size. We suggest that these groupings serve to facilitate inter-sexual provisioning, kin provisioning, and risk reduction reciprocity, three levels of cooperation argued to be fundamental in human societies [7, 8]. Humans have a suite of derived life history characteristics including a long childhood and short inter-birth intervals that make offspring energetically demanding [9] and have moved to a dietary niche that often involves the exploitation of difficult to acquire foods with highly variable return rates [10-12]. This means that human foragers face both day-to-day and more long-term energetic deficits that conspire to make humans energetically interdependent. We suggest that a multilevel social organization allows individuals access to both the food sharing partners required to buffer themselves against energetic shortfalls and the cooperative partners required for skill-based tasks such as cooperative foraging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Dyble
- Anthropology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - James Thompson
- Anthropology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Daniel Smith
- Anthropology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | | | - Abigail E Page
- Anthropology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Lucio Vinicuis
- Anthropology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Ruth Mace
- Anthropology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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27
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Reyes-García V, Guèze M, Díaz-Reviriego I, Duda R, Fernández-Llamazares Á, Gallois S, Napitupulu L, Orta-Martínez M, Pyhälä A. The adaptive nature of culture. A cross-cultural analysis of the returns of local environmental knowledge in three indigenous societies. CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY 2015; 57:761-784. [PMID: 28104924 DOI: 10.1086/689307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Researchers have argued that the behavioral adaptations that explain the success of our species are partially cultural, i.e., cumulative and socially transmitted. Thus, understanding the adaptive nature of culture is crucial to understand human evolution. We use a cross-cultural framework and empirical data purposely collected to test whether culturally transmitted and individually appropriated knowledge provides individual returns in terms of hunting yields and health and, by extension, to nutritional status, a proxy for individual adaptive success. Data were collected in three subsistence-oriented societies: the Tsimane' (Amazon), the Baka (Congo Basin), and the Punan (Borneo). Results suggest that variations in individual levels of local environmental knowledge relate to individual hunting returns and to self-reported health, but not to nutritional status. We argue that this paradox can be explained through the prevalence of sharing: individuals achieving higher returns to their knowledge transfer them to the rest of the population, which explains the lack of association between knowledge and nutritional status. The finding is in consonance with previous research highlighting the importance of cultural traits favoring group success, but pushes it forward by elucidating the mechanisms through which individual and group level adaptive forces interact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Reyes-García
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellatera, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maximilien Guèze
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellatera, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Díaz-Reviriego
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellatera, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Romain Duda
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellatera, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Álvaro Fernández-Llamazares
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellatera, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandrine Gallois
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellatera, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucentezza Napitupulu
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellatera, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martí Orta-Martínez
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellatera, Barcelona, Spain; International Institute of Social Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Aili Pyhälä
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellatera, Barcelona, Spain
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Arsnoe IM, Hickling GJ, Ginsberg HS, McElreath R, Tsao JI. Different populations of blacklegged tick nymphs exhibit differences in questing behavior that have implications for human lyme disease risk. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127450. [PMID: 25996603 PMCID: PMC4440738 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal behavior can have profound effects on pathogen transmission and disease incidence. We studied the questing (= host-seeking) behavior of blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis) nymphs, which are the primary vectors of Lyme disease in the eastern United States. Lyme disease is common in northern but not in southern regions, and prior ecological studies have found that standard methods used to collect host-seeking nymphs in northern regions are unsuccessful in the south. This led us to hypothesize that there are behavior differences between northern and southern nymphs that alter how readily they are collected, and how likely they are to transmit the etiological agent of Lyme disease to humans. To examine this question, we compared the questing behavior of I. scapularis nymphs originating from one northern (Lyme disease endemic) and two southern (non-endemic) US regions at field sites in Wisconsin, Rhode Island, Tennessee, and Florida. Laboratory-raised uninfected nymphs were monitored in circular 0.2 m2 arenas containing wooden dowels (mimicking stems of understory vegetation) for 10 (2011) and 19 (2012) weeks. The probability of observing nymphs questing on these stems (2011), and on stems, on top of leaf litter, and on arena walls (2012) was much greater for northern than for southern origin ticks in both years and at all field sites (19.5 times greater in 2011; 3.6-11.6 times greater in 2012). Our findings suggest that southern origin I. scapularis nymphs rarely emerge from the leaf litter, and consequently are unlikely to contact passing humans. We propose that this difference in questing behavior accounts for observed geographic differences in the efficacy of the standard sampling techniques used to collect questing nymphs. These findings also support our hypothesis that very low Lyme disease incidence in southern states is, in part, a consequence of the type of host-seeking behavior exhibited by southern populations of the key Lyme disease vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isis M. Arsnoe
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Graham J. Hickling
- Center for Wildlife Health, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Howard S. Ginsberg
- United States Geological Survey Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Rhode Island Field Station, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Richard McElreath
- Department of Anthropology and Center for Population Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Jean I. Tsao
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
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29
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Koster J, Leckie G, Miller A, Hames R. Multilevel modeling analysis of dyadic network data with an application to Ye'kwana food sharing. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015; 157:507-12. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Koster
- Department of Anthropology; University of Cincinnati; Cincinnati, OH 45221 United States
| | - George Leckie
- Centre for Multilevel Modelling, Graduate School of Education; University of Bristol; 2 Priory Road Bristol BS8 1TX United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Miller
- Department of Anthropology; University of Cincinnati; Cincinnati, OH 45221 United States
| | - Raymond Hames
- Department of Anthropology; University of Nebraska; 816 Oldfather Hall Lincoln NE 68588-0368
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