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Romero-Morales AI, Gama V. Revealing the Impact of Mitochondrial Fitness During Early Neural Development Using Human Brain Organoids. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:840265. [PMID: 35571368 PMCID: PMC9102998 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.840265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial homeostasis -including function, morphology, and inter-organelle communication- provides guidance to the intrinsic developmental programs of corticogenesis, while also being responsive to environmental and intercellular signals. Two- and three-dimensional platforms have become useful tools to interrogate the capacity of cells to generate neuronal and glia progeny in a background of metabolic dysregulation, but the mechanistic underpinnings underlying the role of mitochondria during human neurogenesis remain unexplored. Here we provide a concise overview of cortical development and the use of pluripotent stem cell models that have contributed to our understanding of mitochondrial and metabolic regulation of early human brain development. We finally discuss the effects of mitochondrial fitness dysregulation seen under stress conditions such as metabolic dysregulation, absence of developmental apoptosis, and hypoxia; and the avenues of research that can be explored with the use of brain organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vivian Gama
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
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Hrincu V, McDonald PJ, Connolly MB, Harrison MJ, Ibrahim GM, Naftel RP, Chiong W, Alam A, Ribary U, Illes J. Choice and Trade-offs: Parent Decision Making for Neurotechnologies for Pediatric Drug-Resistant Epilepsy. J Child Neurol 2021; 36:943-949. [PMID: 34078159 PMCID: PMC8458226 DOI: 10.1177/08830738211015010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
This qualitative study investigated factors that guide caregiver decision making and ethical trade-offs for advanced neurotechnologies used to treat children with drug-resistant epilepsy. Caregivers with affected children were recruited to semi-structured focus groups or interviews at one of 4 major epilepsy centers in Eastern and Western Canada and the USA (n = 22). Discussions were transcribed and qualitative analytic methods applied to examine values and priorities (eg, risks, benefits, adherence, invasiveness, reversibility) of caregivers pertaining to novel technologies to treat drug-resistant epilepsy. Discussions revealed 3 major thematic branches for decision making: (1) features of the intervention-risks and benefits, with an emphasis on an aversion to perceived invasiveness; (2) decision drivers-trust in the clinical team, treatment costs; and (3) quality of available information about neurotechnological options. Overall, caregivers' definition of treatment success is more expansive than seizure freedom. The full involvement of their values and priorities must be considered in the decision-making process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viorica Hrincu
- University of British Columbia, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Patrick J. McDonald
- University of British Columbia, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,Faculty of Medicine, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mary B. Connolly
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, BC Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mark J. Harrison
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - George M. Ibrahim
- Division of Neurosurgery, Hospital for Sick Children and Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert P. Naftel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Winston Chiong
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Armaghan Alam
- University of British Columbia, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Urs Ribary
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, BC Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,Behavioral & Cognitive Neuroscience Institute, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Judy Illes
- University of British Columbia, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,Correspondence: Judy Illes, CM, PhD, Professor of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Koerner S124 Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5 CANADA, Tel: 604.822.0746
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Reichow B, Gelbar NW, Mouradjian K, Shefcyk A, Smith IC. Characteristics of international websites with information on developmental disabilities. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2014; 35:2293-2298. [PMID: 24952371 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2014.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The Internet often serves as a primary resource for individuals seeking health-related information, and a large and growing number of websites contain information related to developmental disabilities. This paper presents the results of an international evaluation of the characteristics and content of the top 10 ranked results (i.e., not including sponsored results - pay-per-click) returned when one of five terms related to developmental disabilities (i.e., ADHD, autism, down syndrome, learning disability, intellectual disability) was entered into one of six country specific Google online search engines (i.e., Australia (https://www.google.com.au), Canada (https://www.google.ca), Ireland (https://www.google.ie), New Zealand (https://www.google.co.nz), the United Kingdom (https://www.google.co.uk), and the United States (https://www.google.com)) on October 22, 2013. Collectively, we found that international consumers of websites related to developmental disabilities will encounter different websites with differing content and terminology, and should be critical consumers to ensure they locate the information they are seeking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Reichow
- A.J. Pappanikou Center for Excellence in Developmental Disabilities, Community Medicine and Health Care, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA.
| | - Nicholas W Gelbar
- A.J. Pappanikou Center for Excellence in Developmental Disabilities, Community Medicine and Health Care, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Keri Mouradjian
- A.J. Pappanikou Center for Excellence in Developmental Disabilities, Community Medicine and Health Care, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Allison Shefcyk
- A.J. Pappanikou Center for Excellence in Developmental Disabilities, Community Medicine and Health Care, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Isaac C Smith
- A.J. Pappanikou Center for Excellence in Developmental Disabilities, Community Medicine and Health Care, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
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Borgelt EL, Buchman DZ, Weiss M, Illes J. In search of "anything that would help": parent perspectives on emerging neurotechnologies. J Atten Disord 2014; 18:395-401. [PMID: 22617864 PMCID: PMC10460560 DOI: 10.1177/1087054712445781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This qualitative study explores parents' perceptions about the future clinical translation of neurotechnologies--neuroimaging and genetic testing separately and together--for instrumentalization in the diagnosis and treatment of childhood ADHD. METHOD We conducted in-person, semi-structured interviews with parents of minor children diagnosed with ADHD (N = 26) and analyzed 11.75 hr of data using constant comparative analysis. RESULTS Receptivity to technology and anticipation of potential benefits overshadowed discussion of risks or concerns. Four key areas of potential impact on parent experience are (a) insight and acceptance, (b) treatment and adherence, (c) stigma and blame, and (d) the endeavor to access resources. CONCLUSION The findings highlight high receptivity to emerging neurotechnologies for ADHD, key areas for which parents anticipate support from these technologies, and ethics challenges to clinical translation in light of parents' salient hope and minimal consideration of risk in their pursuit of "anything that would help."
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Judy Illes
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Reichow B, Shefcyk A, Bruder MB. Quality comparison of websites related to developmental disabilities. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2013; 34:3077-3083. [PMID: 23891722 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2013.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The Internet is commonly used to seek health-related information, but little is known about the quality of websites on developmental disabilities. Therefore, we sought to evaluate the characteristics and quality of websites located by searching ten common terms related to developmental disabilities and explore relations between website characteristics and website quality in order to make recommendations on ways to ensure locating good online information. We located 208 unique websites in our November 2012 US searches of Google and Bing. Two independent coders evaluated 10 characteristics of the websites and two different coders assessed the quality of the websites. From the 208 websites, 104 (50%) provided relevant information about the disability being searched. Of these 104 websites, those found to be of highest quality were least likely to be a sponsored result, contain advertisements, be from a for-profit company, and did contain references to peer-reviewed publications or had a top-level domain of .gov or .org. Individuals with developmental disabilities and their family members who choose to obtain disability-related information online should remain vigilant to ensure that they locate high-quality and accurate information and should not replace information obtained from health-care professionals and educational specialists with information found online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Reichow
- A.J. Pappanikou Center for Excellence in Developmental Disabilities, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA.
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Di Pietro NC, Whiteley L, Mizgalewicz A, Illes J. Treatments for neurodevelopmental disorders: evidence, advocacy, and the Internet. J Autism Dev Disord 2013; 43:122-33. [PMID: 22592952 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-012-1551-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The Internet is a major source of health-related information for parents of sick children despite concerns surrounding quality. For neurodevelopmental disorders, the websites of advocacy groups are a largely unexamined source of information. We evaluated treatment information posted on nine highly-trafficked advocacy websites for autism, cerebral palsy, and fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. We found that the majority of claims about treatment safety and efficacy were unsubstantiated. Instead, a range of rhetorical strategies were used to imply scientific support. When peer-reviewed publications were cited, 20 % were incorrect or irrelevant. We call for new partnerships between advocacy and experts in developmental disorders to ensure better accuracy and higher transparency about how treatment information is selected and evidenced on advocacy websites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina C Di Pietro
- National Core for Neuroethics, Division of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, UBC Hospital, University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Bell E, Wallace T, Chouinard I, Shevell M, Racine E. Responding to requests of families for unproven interventions in neurodevelopmental disorders: hyperbaric oxygen "treatment" and stem cell "therapy" in cerebral palsy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 17:19-26. [PMID: 22447751 DOI: 10.1002/ddrr.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Faced with the limitations of currently available mainstream medical treatments and interventions, parents of children with neurodevelopmental disorders often seek information about unproven interventions. These interventions frequently have undetermined efficacy and uncertain safety profiles. In this article, we present a general background and case vignettes that highlight the use of hyperbaric oxygen chambers and stem cells in cerebral palsy, the leading cause of pediatric physical disability. We then review the current evidence about these interventions as exemplars of unproven therapies. Building on the background and cases, we explore and review two important questions related to unproven interventions: (1) How should clinicians respond to requests for innovative and alternative interventions? (2) What should clinicians keep in mind when such requests come from online sources?
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Bell
- Neuroethics Research Unit, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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