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van Stuijvenberg OC, Broekman MLD, Wolff SEC, Bredenoord AL, Jongsma KR. Developer perspectives on the ethics of AI-driven neural implants: a qualitative study. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7880. [PMID: 38570593 PMCID: PMC10991497 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58535-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Convergence of neural implants with artificial intelligence (AI) presents opportunities for the development of novel neural implants and improvement of existing neurotechnologies. While such technological innovation carries great promise for the restoration of neurological functions, they also raise ethical challenges. Developers of AI-driven neural implants possess valuable knowledge on the possibilities, limitations and challenges raised by these innovations; yet their perspectives are underrepresented in academic literature. This study aims to explore perspectives of developers of neurotechnology to outline ethical implications of three AI-driven neural implants: a cochlear implant, a visual neural implant, and a motor intention decoding speech-brain-computer-interface. We conducted semi-structured focus groups with developers (n = 19) of AI-driven neural implants. Respondents shared ethically relevant considerations about AI-driven neural implants that we clustered into three themes: (1) design aspects; (2) challenges in clinical trials; (3) impact on users and society. Developers considered accuracy and reliability of AI-driven neural implants conditional for users' safety, authenticity, and mental privacy. These needs were magnified by the convergence with AI. Yet, the need for accuracy and reliability may also conflict with potential benefits of AI in terms of efficiency and complex data interpretation. We discuss strategies to mitigate these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odile C van Stuijvenberg
- Department of Bioethics and Health Humanities, Julius Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Marike L D Broekman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Haaglanden Medical Center, 2512 VA, The Hague, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurosurgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Samantha E C Wolff
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annelien L Bredenoord
- Erasmus School of Philosophy, Erasmus University Rotterdam, 3062 PA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karin R Jongsma
- Department of Bioethics and Health Humanities, Julius Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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张 喆, 陈 衍, 赵 旭, 王 帆, 丁 鹏, 赵 磊, 伏 云. [Ethical considerations for medical applications of implantable brain-computer interfaces]. SHENG WU YI XUE GONG CHENG XUE ZA ZHI = JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING = SHENGWU YIXUE GONGCHENGXUE ZAZHI 2024; 41:177-183. [PMID: 38403619 PMCID: PMC10894729 DOI: 10.7507/1001-5515.202309083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Implantable brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) have potentially important clinical applications due to the high spatial resolution and signal-to-noise ratio of electrodes that are closer to or implanted in the cerebral cortex. However, the surgery and electrodes of implantable BCIs carry safety risks of brain tissue damage, and their medical applications face ethical challenges, with little literature to date systematically considering ethical norms for the medical applications of implantable BCIs. In order to promote the clinical translation of this type of BCI, we considered the ethics of practice for the medical application of implantable BCIs, including: reducing the risk of brain tissue damage from implantable BCI surgery and electrodes, providing patients with customized and personalized implantable BCI treatments, ensuring multidisciplinary collaboration in the clinical application of implantable BCIs, and the responsible use of implantable BCIs, among others. It is expected that this article will provide thoughts and references for the research and development of ethics of the medical application of implantable BCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- 喆 张
- 昆明理工大学 马克思主义学院(昆明 650500)Faculty of Marxism, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
- 昆明理工大学 脑认知与脑机智能融合创新团队(昆明 650500)Brain Cognition and Brain-computer Intelligence Integration Group, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - 衍肖 陈
- 昆明理工大学 马克思主义学院(昆明 650500)Faculty of Marxism, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
- 昆明理工大学 脑认知与脑机智能融合创新团队(昆明 650500)Brain Cognition and Brain-computer Intelligence Integration Group, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - 旭 赵
- 昆明理工大学 马克思主义学院(昆明 650500)Faculty of Marxism, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - 帆 王
- 昆明理工大学 马克思主义学院(昆明 650500)Faculty of Marxism, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
- 昆明理工大学 脑认知与脑机智能融合创新团队(昆明 650500)Brain Cognition and Brain-computer Intelligence Integration Group, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - 鹏 丁
- 昆明理工大学 马克思主义学院(昆明 650500)Faculty of Marxism, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
- 昆明理工大学 脑认知与脑机智能融合创新团队(昆明 650500)Brain Cognition and Brain-computer Intelligence Integration Group, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - 磊 赵
- 昆明理工大学 马克思主义学院(昆明 650500)Faculty of Marxism, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
- 昆明理工大学 脑认知与脑机智能融合创新团队(昆明 650500)Brain Cognition and Brain-computer Intelligence Integration Group, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - 云发 伏
- 昆明理工大学 马克思主义学院(昆明 650500)Faculty of Marxism, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
- 昆明理工大学 脑认知与脑机智能融合创新团队(昆明 650500)Brain Cognition and Brain-computer Intelligence Integration Group, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
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Ishida S, Nishitsutsumi Y, Kashioka H, Taguchi T, Shineha R. A comparative review on neuroethical issues in neuroscientific and neuroethical journals. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1160611. [PMID: 37781239 PMCID: PMC10536163 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1160611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This study is a pilot literature review that compares the interest of neuroethicists and neuroscientists. It aims to determine whether there is a significant gap between the neuroethical issues addressed in philosophical neuroethics journals and neuroscience journals. We retrieved 614 articles from two specialist neuroethics journals (Neuroethics and AJOB Neuroscience) and 82 neuroethics-focused articles from three specialist neuroscience journals (Neuron, Nature Neuroscience, and Nature Reviews Neuroscience). We classified these articles in light of the neuroethical issue in question before we compared the neuroethical issues addressed in philosophical neuroethics with those addressed by neuroscientists. A notable result is a parallelism between them as a general tendency. Neuroscientific articles cover most neuroethical issues discussed by philosophical ethicists and vice versa. Subsequently, there are notable discrepancies between the two bodies of neuroethics literature. For instance, theoretical questions, such as the ethics of moral enhancement and the philosophical implications of neuroscientific findings on our conception of personhood, are more intensely discussed in philosophical-neuroethical articles. Conversely, neuroscientific articles tend to emphasize practical questions, such as how to successfully integrate ethical perspectives into scientific research projects and justifiable practices of animal-involving neuroscientific research. These observations will help us settle the common starting point of the attempt at "ethics integration" in emerging neuroscience, contributing to better governance design and neuroethical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Ishida
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yu Nishitsutsumi
- Center for Information and Neural Networks, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Suita, Japan
| | - Hideki Kashioka
- Center for Information and Neural Networks, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Suita, Japan
| | - Takahisa Taguchi
- Center for Information and Neural Networks, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Suita, Japan
| | - Ryuma Shineha
- Research Center on Ethical, Legal, and Social Issues, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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Towards clinical application of implantable brain-computer interfaces for people with late-stage ALS: medical and ethical considerations. J Neurol 2023; 270:1323-1336. [PMID: 36450968 PMCID: PMC9971103 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-022-11464-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) frequently develop speech and communication problems in the course of their disease. Currently available augmentative and alternative communication technologies do not present a solution for many people with advanced ALS, because these devices depend on residual and reliable motor activity. Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) use neural signals for computer control and may allow people with late-stage ALS to communicate even when conventional technology falls short. Recent years have witnessed fast progression in the development and validation of implanted BCIs, which place neural signal recording electrodes in or on the cortex. Eventual widespread clinical application of implanted BCIs as an assistive communication technology for people with ALS will have significant consequences for their daily life, as well as for the clinical management of the disease, among others because of the potential interaction between the BCI and other procedures people with ALS undergo, such as tracheostomy. This article aims to facilitate responsible real-world implementation of implanted BCIs. We review the state of the art of research on implanted BCIs for communication, as well as the medical and ethical implications of the clinical application of this technology. We conclude that the contribution of all BCI stakeholders, including clinicians of the various ALS-related disciplines, will be needed to develop procedures for, and shape the process of, the responsible clinical application of implanted BCIs.
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Moreno J, Gross ML, Becker J, Hereth B, Shortland ND, Evans NG. The ethics of AI-assisted warfighter enhancement research and experimentation: Historical perspectives and ethical challenges. Front Big Data 2022; 5:978734. [PMID: 36156934 PMCID: PMC9500287 DOI: 10.3389/fdata.2022.978734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The military applications of AI raise myriad ethical challenges. Critical among them is how AI integrates with human decision making to enhance cognitive performance on the battlefield. AI applications range from augmented reality devices to assist learning and improve training to implantable Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCI) to create bionic "super soldiers." As these technologies mature, AI-wired warfighters face potential affronts to cognitive liberty, psychological and physiological health risks and obstacles to integrating into military and civil society during their service and upon discharge. Before coming online and operational, however, AI-assisted technologies and neural interfaces require extensive research and human experimentation. Each endeavor raises additional ethical concerns that have been historically ignored thereby leaving military and medical scientists without a cogent ethics protocol for sustainable research. In this way, this paper is a "prequel" to the current debate over enhancement which largely considers neuro-technologies once they are already out the door and operational. To lay the ethics foundation for AI-assisted warfighter enhancement research, we present an historical overview of its technological development followed by a presentation of salient ethics research issues (ICRC, 2006). We begin with a historical survey of AI neuro-enhancement research highlighting the ethics lacunae of its development. We demonstrate the unique ethical problems posed by the convergence of several technologies in the military research setting. Then we address these deficiencies by emphasizing how AI-assisted warfighter enhancement research must pay particular attention to military necessity, and the medical and military cost-benefit tradeoffs of emerging technologies, all attending to the unique status of warfighters as experimental subjects. Finally, our focus is the enhancement of friendly or compatriot warfighters and not, as others have focused, enhancements intended to pacify enemy warfighters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Moreno
- Department of Bioethics, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | | | - Jack Becker
- Harvard Law School, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Blake Hereth
- Department of Philosophy, University of Massachusetts at Lowell, Lowell, MA, United States
| | - Neil D. Shortland
- School of Criminology and Justice Studies, University of Massachusetts at Lowell, Lowell, MA, United States
| | - Nicholas G. Evans
- Department of Philosophy, University of Massachusetts at Lowell, Lowell, MA, United States
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Villamil V, Djebrouni M, Wolbring G. Influencing discussions and use of Neuroadvancements: Perspectives of Canadian occupational therapists. Work 2022; 73:527-545. [PMID: 35938260 DOI: 10.3233/wor-205108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The early involvement of many actors including health professionals is identified in neuroethics and neurogovernance discussions as crucial in constructing conversations around awareness, reaction, and knowledge development pertaining to the ethical, legal, and societal consequences of neuroscientific or neurotechnological advancements (NA). Occupational Therapists (OTs) have a stake in NA; however, OTs are rarely mentioned within this context. Lifelong learning (LL) could be used to increase OTs knowledge on NA and its consequences. However, LL is rarely mentioned within neuroethics and neurogovernance discussions. OBJECTIVE: The study’s purpose is to understand the role of OTs as professionals and citizens in neuroethics and neurogovernance discussions and to examine the utility of LL processes put in place for OTs to empower OTs to contribute in a meaningful way to NA discussions. METHODS: 8 semi-structured interviews with OTs were conducted and analyzed using a directed content analysis. RESULTS: Although participants believed OTs can provide a holistic perspective to neurogovernance discussions, their knowledge on NA and its consequences is limited, and LL is not used as a tool to remain informed about such consequences. CONCLUSION: More education on NA and its consequences throughout their OT degree and through LL opportunities is warranted to facilitate their involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manel Djebrouni
- Community Rehabilitation, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Gregor Wolbring
- Community Rehabilitation and Disability Studies, Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Williams SC, Horsfall HL, Funnell JP, Hanrahan JG, Schaefer AT, Muirhead W, Marcus HJ. Neurosurgical Team Acceptability of Brain-Computer Interfaces: A Two-Stage International Cross-Sectional Survey. World Neurosurg 2022; 164:e884-e898. [PMID: 35623610 PMCID: PMC10444691 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2022.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Invasive brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) require neurosurgical implantation, which confers a range of risks. Despite this situation, no studies have assessed the acceptability of invasive BCIs among the neurosurgical team. This study aims to establish baseline knowledge of BCIs within the neurosurgical team and identify attitudes toward different applications of invasive BCI. METHODS A 2-stage cross-sectional international survey of the neurosurgical team (neurosurgeons, anesthetists, and operating room nurses) was conducted. Results from the first, qualitative, survey were used to guide the second-stage quantitative survey, which assessed acceptability of invasive BCI applications. Five-part Likert scales were used to collect quantitative data. Surveys were distributed internationally via social media and collaborators. RESULTS A total of 108 qualitative responses were collected. Themes included the promise of BCIs positively affecting disease targets, concerns regarding stability, and an overall positive emotional reaction to BCI technology. The quantitative survey generated 538 responses from 32 countries. Baseline knowledge of BCI technology was poor, with 9% claiming to have a good or expert knowledge of BCIs. Acceptability of invasive BCI for rehabilitative purposes was >80%. Invasive BCI for augmentation in healthy populations divided opinion. CONCLUSIONS The neurosurgical team's view of the acceptability of invasive BCI was divided across a range of indications. Some applications (e.g., stroke rehabilitation) were viewed as more appropriate than other applications (e.g., augmentation for military use). This range in views highlights the need for stakeholder consultation on acceptable use cases along with regulation and guidance to govern initial BCI implantations if patients are to realize the potential benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon C Williams
- Victor Horsley Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Wellcome/EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences (WEISS), London, United Kingdom.
| | - Hugo Layard Horsfall
- Victor Horsley Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Wellcome/EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences (WEISS), London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan P Funnell
- Victor Horsley Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Wellcome/EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences (WEISS), London, United Kingdom
| | - John G Hanrahan
- Victor Horsley Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Wellcome/EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences (WEISS), London, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas T Schaefer
- The Francis Crick Institute, Sensory Circuits and Neurotechnology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - William Muirhead
- Victor Horsley Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Wellcome/EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences (WEISS), London, United Kingdom
| | - Hani J Marcus
- Victor Horsley Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Wellcome/EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences (WEISS), London, United Kingdom
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Villamil V, Wolbring G. Influencing discussions and use of neuroadvancements as professionals and citizens: Perspectives of Canadian speech-language pathologists and audiologists. Work 2022; 71:565-584. [DOI: 10.3233/wor-205104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Early involvement of stakeholders in neuroethics and neurogovernance discourses of neuroscientific and neurotechnological advancements is seen as essential to curtail negative consequences. Speech-language pathologists (SLPs) and audiologists (AUs) make use of neuroadvancements including cochlear implants, brain-computer interfaces, and deep-brain stimulation. Although they have a stake in neuroethics and neurogovernance discussions, they are rarely mentioned in having a role, whether as professionals or as citizens. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to explore the role of SLPs and AUs as professionals and citizens in neuroethics and neurogovernance discussions and examine the utility of lifelong learning mechanisms to learn about the implications of neuroadvancements to contribute in a meaningful way to these discussions. METHODS: Semi-structured interviews conducted with 7 SLPs and 3 AUs were analyzed using thematic analysis. RESULTS: Participants stated that their roles expected from them as professionals and as citizens indicate the importance to be knowledgeable on ethical, legal, and social implications of neuroadvancements and that lifelong learning is not used to learn about these implications. CONCLUSION: More must be done to facilitate the participation of SLPs and AUs in neuroethics and neurogovernance discussions, which would enrich the neuroethics and neurogovernance discourses benefitting patients, professionals, and the public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Villamil
- Speech-Language Pathology, Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Gregor Wolbring
- Community Rehabilitation and Disability Studies, Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Huggins JE, Krusienski D, Vansteensel MJ, Valeriani D, Thelen A, Stavisky S, Norton JJS, Nijholt A, Müller-Putz G, Kosmyna N, Korczowski L, Kapeller C, Herff C, Halder S, Guger C, Grosse-Wentrup M, Gaunt R, Dusang AN, Clisson P, Chavarriaga R, Anderson CW, Allison BZ, Aksenova T, Aarnoutse E. Workshops of the Eighth International Brain-Computer Interface Meeting: BCIs: The Next Frontier. BRAIN-COMPUTER INTERFACES 2022; 9:69-101. [PMID: 36908334 PMCID: PMC9997957 DOI: 10.1080/2326263x.2021.2009654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Eighth International Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) Meeting was held June 7-9th, 2021 in a virtual format. The conference continued the BCI Meeting series' interactive nature with 21 workshops covering topics in BCI (also called brain-machine interface) research. As in the past, workshops covered the breadth of topics in BCI. Some workshops provided detailed examinations of specific methods, hardware, or processes. Others focused on specific BCI applications or user groups. Several workshops continued consensus building efforts designed to create BCI standards and increase the ease of comparisons between studies and the potential for meta-analysis and large multi-site clinical trials. Ethical and translational considerations were both the primary topic for some workshops or an important secondary consideration for others. The range of BCI applications continues to expand, with more workshops focusing on approaches that can extend beyond the needs of those with physical impairments. This paper summarizes each workshop, provides background information and references for further study, presents an overview of the discussion topics, and describes the conclusion, challenges, or initiatives that resulted from the interactions and discussion at the workshop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Huggins
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States 325 East Eisenhower, Room 3017; Ann Arbor, Michigan 48108-5744, 734-936-7177
| | - Dean Krusienski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219
| | - Mariska J Vansteensel
- UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Dept of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Antonia Thelen
- eemagine Medical Imaging Solutions GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - James J S Norton
- National Center for Adaptive Neurotechnologies, US Department of Veterans Affairs, 113 Holland Ave, Albany, NY 12208
| | - Anton Nijholt
- Faculty EEMCS, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Gernot Müller-Putz
- Institute of Neural Engineering, GrazBCI Lab, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 16/4, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Nataliya Kosmyna
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Media Lab, E14-548, Cambridge, MA 02139, Unites States
| | | | | | - Christian Herff
- School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Christoph Guger
- g.tec medical engineering GmbH/Guger Technologies OG, Austria, Sierningstrasse 14, 4521 Schiedlberg, Austria, +43725122240-0
| | - Moritz Grosse-Wentrup
- Research Group Neuroinformatics, Faculty of Computer Science, Vienna Cognitive Science Hub, Data Science @ Uni Vienna University of Vienna
| | - Robert Gaunt
- Rehab Neural Engineering Labs, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 3520 5th Ave, Suite 300, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, 412-383-1426
| | - Aliceson Nicole Dusang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, Brown University, Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology, Rehabilitation R&D Service, Providence, RI
- Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery, Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | | | - Ricardo Chavarriaga
- IEEE Standards Association Industry Connections group on neurotechnologies for brain-machine interface, Center for Artificial Intelligence, School of Engineering, ZHAW-Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Switzerland, Switzerland
| | - Charles W Anderson
- Department of Computer Science, Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Neurosience Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Brendan Z Allison
- Dept. of Cognitive Science, Mail Code 0515, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, United States, 619-534-9754
| | - Tetiana Aksenova
- University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, Clinatec, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Erik Aarnoutse
- UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Higgins N, Gardner J, Carter A. Recognizing a Plurality of Industry Perspectives in the Responsible Innovation of Neurotechnologies. AJOB Neurosci 2021; 13:70-72. [PMID: 34931952 DOI: 10.1080/21507740.2021.2001084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Abstract
Neural devices have the capacity to enable users to regain abilities lost due to disease or injury - for instance, a deep brain stimulator (DBS) that allows a person with Parkinson's disease to regain the ability to fluently perform movements or a Brain Computer Interface (BCI) that enables a person with spinal cord injury to control a robotic arm. While users recognize and appreciate the technologies' capacity to maintain or restore their capabilities, the neuroethics literature is replete with examples of concerns expressed about agentive capacities: A perceived lack of control over the movement of a robotic arm might result in an altered sense of feeling responsible for that movement. Clinicians or researchers being able to record and access detailed information of a person's brain might raise privacy concerns. A disconnect between previous, current, and future understandings of the self might result in a sense of alienation. The ability to receive and interpret sensory feedback might change whether someone trusts the implanted device or themselves. Inquiries into the nature of these concerns and how to mitigate them has produced scholarship that often emphasizes one issue - responsibility, privacy, authenticity, or trust - selectively. However, we believe that examining these ethical dimensions separately fails to capture a key aspect of the experience of living with a neural device. In exploring their interrelations, we argue that their mutual significance for neuroethical research can be adequately captured if they are described under a unified heading of agency. On these grounds, we propose an "Agency Map" which brings together the diverse neuroethical dimensions and their interrelations into a comprehensive framework. With this, we offer a theoretically-grounded approach to understanding how these various dimensions are interwoven in an individual's experience of agency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Eran Klein
- University of Washington
- Oregon Health and Science University
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12
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Abstract
Recent advances in brain-computer interface technology to restore and rehabilitate neurologic function aim to enable persons with disabling neurologic conditions to communicate, interact with the environment, and achieve other key activities of daily living and personal goals. Here we evaluate the principles, benefits, challenges, and future directions of brain-computer interfaces in the context of neurorehabilitation. We then explore the clinical translation of these technologies and propose an approach to facilitate implementation of brain-computer interfaces for persons with neurologic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Young
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David J Lin
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- School of Engineering and Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VA RR&D Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Leigh R Hochberg
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- School of Engineering and Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VA RR&D Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology, Providence, Rhode Island
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Schönau A. The Spectrum of Responsibility Ascription for End Users of Neurotechnologies. NEUROETHICS-NETH 2021; 14:423-435. [DOI: 10.1007/s12152-021-09460-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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14
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Cristina OP, Jorge PB, Eva RL, Mario AO. From wearable to insideable: Is ethical judgment key to the acceptance of human capacity-enhancing intelligent technologies? COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2020.106559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Postan E. Narrative Devices: Neurotechnologies, Information, and Self-Constitution. NEUROETHICS-NETH 2020; 14:231-251. [PMID: 34721724 PMCID: PMC8549978 DOI: 10.1007/s12152-020-09449-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This article provides a conceptual and normative framework through which we may understand the potentially ethically significant roles that information generated by neurotechnologies about our brains and minds may play in our construction of our identities. Neuroethics debates currently focus disproportionately on the ways that third parties may (ab)use these kinds of information. These debates occlude interests we may have in whether and how we ourselves encounter information about our own brains and minds. This gap is not yet adequately addressed by most allusions in the literature to potential identity impacts. These lack the requisite conceptual or normative foundations to explain why we should be concerned about such effects or how they might be addressed. This article seeks to fill this gap by presenting a normative account of identity as constituted by embodied self-narratives. It proposes that information generated by neurotechnologies can play significant content-supplying and interpretive roles in our construction of our self-narratives. It argues, to the extent that these roles support and detract from the coherence and inhabitability of these narratives, access to information about our brains and minds engages non-trivial identity-related interests. These claims are illustrated using examples drawn from empirical literature reporting reactions to information generated by implantable predictive BCIs and psychiatric neuroimaging. The article concludes by highlighting ways in which information generated by neurotechnologies might be governed so as to protect information subjects' interests in developing and inhabiting their own identities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Postan
- The University of Edinburgh School of Law, Edinburgh, UK
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Allison BZ, Kübler A, Jin J. 30+ years of P300 brain-computer interfaces. Psychophysiology 2020; 57:e13569. [PMID: 32301143 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) directly measure brain activity with no physical movement and translate the neural signals into messages. BCIs that employ the P300 event-related brain potential often have used the visual modality. The end user is presented with flashing stimuli that indicate selections for communication, control, or both. Counting each flash that corresponds to a specific target selection while ignoring other flashes will elicit P300s to only the target selection. P300 BCIs also have been implemented using auditory or tactile stimuli. P300 BCIs have been used with a variety of applications for severely disabled end users in their homes without frequent expert support. P300 BCI research and development has made substantial progress, but challenges remain before these tools can become practical devices for impaired patients and perhaps healthy people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Z Allison
- Cognitive Science Department, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Andrea Kübler
- Psychology Department, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jing Jin
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Control and Optimization for Chemical Processes, Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P.R. China
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Aggarwal S, Chugh N. Ethical Implications of Closed Loop Brain Device: 10-Year Review. Minds Mach (Dordr) 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11023-020-09518-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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18
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Abstract
In the past 10 years, brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) for controlling assistive devices have seen tremendous progress with respect to reliability and learnability, and numerous exemplary applications were demonstrated to be controllable by a BCI. Yet, BCI-controlled applications are hardly used for patients with neurologic or neurodegenerative disease. Such patient groups are considered potential end-users of BCI, specifically for replacing or improving lost function. We argue that BCI research and development still faces a translational gap, i.e., the knowledge of how to bring BCIs from the laboratory to the field is insufficient. BCI-controlled applications lack usability and accessibility; both constitute two sides of one coin, which is the key to use in daily life and to prevent nonuse. To increase usability, we suggest rigorously adopting the user-centered design in applied BCI research and development. To provide accessibility, assistive technology (AT) experts, providers, and other stakeholders have to be included in the user-centered process. BCI experts have to ensure the transfer of knowledge to AT professionals, and listen to the needs of primary, secondary, and tertiary end-users of BCI technology. Addressing both, usability and accessibility, in applied BCI research and development will bridge the translational gap and ensure that the needs of clinical end-users are heard, understood, addressed, and fulfilled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Kübler
- Institute of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Femke Nijboer
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Sonja Kleih
- Institute of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Stahl BC, Rainey S, Harris E, Fothergill BT. The role of ethics in data governance of large neuro-ICT projects. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2019; 25:1099-1107. [PMID: 29767726 PMCID: PMC6077829 DOI: 10.1093/jamia/ocy040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective We describe current practices of ethics-related data governance in large neuro-ICT projects, identify gaps in current practice, and put forward recommendations on how to collaborate ethically in complex regulatory and normative contexts. Methods We undertake a survey of published principles of data governance of large neuro-ICT projects. This grounds an approach to a normative analysis of current data governance approaches. Results Several ethical issues are well covered in the data governance policies of neuro-ICT projects, notably data protection and attribution of work. Projects use a set of similar policies to ensure users behave appropriately. However, many ethical issues are not covered at all. Implementation and enforcement of policies remain vague. Conclusions The data governance policies we investigated indicate that the neuro-ICT research community is currently close-knit and that shared assumptions are reflected in infrastructural aspects. This explains why many ethical issues are not explicitly included in data governance policies at present. With neuro-ICT research growing in scale, scope, and international involvement, these shared assumptions should be made explicit and reflected in data governance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Carsten Stahl
- Centre for Computing and Social Responsibility, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
| | - Stephen Rainey
- Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Emma Harris
- Communications Department, Max Delbrück Centre for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - B Tyr Fothergill
- Centre for Computing and Social Responsibility, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
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Gilbert F, Pham C, Viaña J, Gillam W. Increasing brain-computer interface media depictions: pressing ethical concerns. BRAIN-COMPUTER INTERFACES 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/2326263x.2019.1655837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F Gilbert
- Centre for Neurotechnology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- School of Humanities, CALE, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - C Pham
- Centre for Neurotechnology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Jnm Viaña
- School of Humanities, CALE, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - W. Gillam
- Centre for Neurotechnology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
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21
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Neuro-Advancements and the Role of Nurses as Stated in Academic Literature and Canadian Newspapers. SOCIETIES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/soc9030061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Neurosciences and neurotechnologies (from now on called neuro-advancements) constantly evolve and influence all facets of society. Neuroethics and neuro-governance discourses focus on the impact of neuro-advancements on individuals and society, and stakeholder involvement is identified as an important aspect of being able to deal with such an impact. Nurses engage with neuro-advancements within their occupation, including neuro-linked assistive technologies, such as brain-computer interfaces, cochlear implants, and virtual reality. The role of nurses is multifaceted and includes being providers of clinical and other health services, educators, advocates for their field and their clients, including disabled people, researchers, and influencers of policy discourses. Nurses have a stake in how neuro-advancements are governed, therefore, being influencers of neuroethics and neuro-governance discourses should be one of these roles. Lifelong learning and professional development could be one mechanism to increase the knowledge of nurses about ethical, social, and legal issues linked to neuro-advancements, which in turn, would allow nurses to provide meaningful input towards neuro-advancement discussions. Disabled people are often the recipients of neuro-advancements and are clients of nurses, therefore, they have a stake in the way nurses interact with neuro-advancements and influence the sociotechnical context of neuro-advancements, which include neuro-linked assistive devices. We performed a scoping review to investigate the role of narrative around nurses in relation to neuro-advancements within academic literature and newspapers. We found minimal engagement with the role of nurses outside of clinical services. No article raised the issue of nurses having to be involved in neuro-ethics and neuro-governance discussions or how lifelong learning could be used to gain that competency. Few articles used the term assistive technology or assistive device and no article covered the engagement of nurses with disabled people within a socio-technical context. We submit that the role narrative falls short of what is expected from nurses and shows shortcomings at the intersection of nurses, socio-technical approaches to neuro-assistive technologies and other neuro-advancements and people with disabilities. Neuro-governance and neuroethic discourses could be a useful way for nurses and disabled people to co-shape the socio-technical context of neuro-advancements, including neuro-assistive technologies. Lifelong learning initiatives should be put in place to provide the knowledge necessary for nurses to take part in the neuroethics and neuro-governance discussion.
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Role and Scope Coverage of Speech-Related Professionals Linked to Neuro-Advancements within the Academic Literature and Canadian Newspapers. EDUCATION SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/educsci9020098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Speech-related professionals such as speech language pathologists (SLPs) and audiologists make use of neuro-advancements including neurotechnologies such as cochlear implants (CIs), brain-computer interfaces, and deep brain stimulation. Speech-related professionals could occupy many roles in relation to their interaction with neuro-advancements reflecting the roles expected of them by their professional organizations. These roles include: service provider, promoter of neuro-products such as CIs, educator of others, neuro-related knowledge producer and researcher, advocates for their fields and their clients in relation to neuro-advancements, and influencers of neuro-policy, neuroethics and neuro-governance discussions. Lifelong learning, also known as professional development, is used as a mechanism to keep professionals up to date on knowledge needed to perform their work and could be used to support the fulfillment of all the roles in relation to neuro-advancements. Using 300 English language Canadian newspapers and academic articles from SCOPUS and the 70 databases of EBSCO-Host as sources, we found that the neuro-advancement content linked to speech-related professionals centered around CIs and brain computer interfaces, with other neuro-technologies being mentioned much less. Speech-related professionals were mostly mentioned in roles linked to clinical service provision, but rarely to not at all in other roles such as advocate, researcher or influencer of neuroethics and neuro-governance discussions. Furthermore, lifelong learning was not engaged with as a topic. The findings suggest that the mentioning of and engagement with roles of speech-related professionals linked to neuro-advancements falls short given the expectations of roles of speech-related professionals for example. We submit that these findings have implications for the education of speech-related professionals, how others perceive the role and identity of speech-related professionals, and how speech-related professionals perceive their own role.
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Lillywhite A, Wolbring G. Coverage of ethics within the artificial intelligence and machine learning academic literature: The case of disabled people. Assist Technol 2019; 33:129-135. [PMID: 30995161 DOI: 10.1080/10400435.2019.1593259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Disabled people are often the anticipated users of scientific and technological products and processes advanced and enabled by artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML). Disabled people are also impacted by societal impacts of AI/ML. Many ethical issues are identified within AI/ML as fields and within individual applications of AI/ML. At the same time, problems have been identified in how ethics discourses engage with disabled people. The aim of our scoping review was to better understand to what extent and how the AI/ML focused academic literature engaged with the ethics of AI/ML in relation to disabled people.Of the n = 1659 abstracts engaging with AI/ML and ethics downloaded from Scopus (which includes all Medline articles) and the 70 databases of EBSCO ALL, we found 54 relevant abstracts using the term "patient" and 11 relevant abstracts mentioning terms linked to "impair*", "disab*" and "deaf". Our study suggests a gap in the literature that should be filled given the many AI/ML related ethical issues identified in the literature and their impact on disabled people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aspen Lillywhite
- Community Rehabilitation and Disability Studies, Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gregor Wolbring
- Community Rehabilitation and Disability Studies, Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Kögel J, Schmid JR, Jox RJ, Friedrich O. Using brain-computer interfaces: a scoping review of studies employing social research methods. BMC Med Ethics 2019; 20:18. [PMID: 30845952 PMCID: PMC6407281 DOI: 10.1186/s12910-019-0354-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The rapid expansion of research on Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) is not only due to the promising solutions offered for persons with physical impairments. There is also a heightened need for understanding BCIs due to the challenges regarding ethics presented by new technology, especially in its impact on the relationship between man and machine. Here we endeavor to present a scoping review of current studies in the field to gain insight into the complexity of BCI use. By examining studies related to BCIs that employ social research methods, we seek to demonstrate the multitude of approaches and concerns from various angles in considering the social and human impact of BCI technology. Methods For this scoping review of research on BCIs’ social and ethical implications, we systematically analyzed six databases, encompassing the fields of medicine, psychology, and the social sciences, in order to identify empirical studies on BCIs. The search yielded 73 publications that employ quantitative, qualitative, or mixed methods. Results Of the 73 publications, 71 studies address the user perspective. Some studies extend to consideration of other BCI stakeholders such as medical technology experts, caregivers, or health care professionals. The majority of the studies employ quantitative methods. Recurring themes across the studies examined were general user opinion towards BCI, central technical or social issues reported, requests/demands made by users of the technology, the potential/future of BCIs, and ethical aspects of BCIs. Conclusions Our findings indicate that while technical aspects of BCIs such as usability or feasibility are being studied extensively, comparatively little in-depth research has been done on the self-image and self-experience of the BCI user. In general there is also a lack of focus or examination of the caregiver’s perspective. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12910-019-0354-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Kögel
- Institute of Ethics, History and Theory of Medicine, LMU Munich, Lessingstr. 2, D-80336, Munich, Germany.
| | - Jennifer R Schmid
- Institute of Ethics, History and Theory of Medicine, LMU Munich, Lessingstr. 2, D-80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Ralf J Jox
- Institute of Ethics, History and Theory of Medicine, LMU Munich, Lessingstr. 2, D-80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Orsolya Friedrich
- Institute of Ethics, History and Theory of Medicine, LMU Munich, Lessingstr. 2, D-80336, Munich, Germany
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Gilbert F, Cook M, O’Brien T, Illes J. Embodiment and Estrangement: Results from a First-in-Human "Intelligent BCI" Trial. SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING ETHICS 2019; 25:83-96. [PMID: 29129011 PMCID: PMC6418065 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-017-0001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
While new generations of implantable brain computer interface (BCI) devices are being developed, evidence in the literature about their impact on the patient experience is lagging. In this article, we address this knowledge gap by analysing data from the first-in-human clinical trial to study patients with implanted BCI advisory devices. We explored perceptions of self-change across six patients who volunteered to be implanted with artificially intelligent BCI devices. We used qualitative methodological tools grounded in phenomenology to conduct in-depth, semi-structured interviews. Results show that, on the one hand, BCIs can positively increase a sense of the self and control; on the other hand, they can induce radical distress, feelings of loss of control, and a rupture of patient identity. We conclude by offering suggestions for the proactive creation of preparedness protocols specific to intelligent-predictive and advisory-BCI technologies essential to prevent potential iatrogenic harms.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Gilbert
- Centre for Sensorimotor Neural Engineering, Department of Philosophy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
- National Core for Neuroethics, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC USA
- Australian Research Council DECRA Fellow, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - M. Cook
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Neurology, St. Vincent’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - T. O’Brien
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - J. Illes
- National Core for Neuroethics, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC USA
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Pham M, Goering S, Sample M, Huggins JE, Klein E. Asilomar survey: researcher perspectives on ethical principles and guidelines for BCI research. BRAIN-COMPUTER INTERFACES 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/2326263x.2018.1530010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Pham
- Department of Philosophy and Center for Neurotechnology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sara Goering
- Department of Philosophy and Center for Neurotechnology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Matthew Sample
- Department of Philosophy and Center for Neurotechnology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jane E. Huggins
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and Department of Biomedical Engineering and Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Eran Klein
- Center for Sensorimotor Neural Engineering and Department of Philosophy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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Reinares-Lara E, Olarte-Pascual C, Pelegrín-Borondo J. Do you want to be a cyborg? The moderating effect of ethics on neural implant acceptance. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2018.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Ranjan R, Arya R, Kshirsagar P, Jain V, Jain DK, Sangaiah AK. Real Time Eye Blink Extraction Circuit Design from EEG Signal for ALS Patients. J Med Biol Eng 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40846-017-0357-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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30
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Burwell S, Sample M, Racine E. Ethical aspects of brain computer interfaces: a scoping review. BMC Med Ethics 2017; 18:60. [PMID: 29121942 PMCID: PMC5680604 DOI: 10.1186/s12910-017-0220-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) is a set of technologies that are of increasing interest to researchers. BCI has been proposed as assistive technology for individuals who are non-communicative or paralyzed, such as those with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or spinal cord injury. The technology has also been suggested for enhancement and entertainment uses, and there are companies currently marketing BCI devices for those purposes (e.g., gaming) as well as health-related purposes (e.g., communication). The unprecedented direct connection created by BCI between human brains and computer hardware raises various ethical, social, and legal challenges that merit further examination and discussion. METHODS To identify and characterize the key issues associated with BCI use, we performed a scoping review of biomedical ethics literature, analyzing the ethics concerns cited across multiple disciplines, including philosophy and medicine. RESULTS Based on this investigation, we report that BCI research and its potential translation to therapeutic intervention generate significant ethical, legal, and social concerns, notably with regards to personhood, stigma, autonomy, privacy, research ethics, safety, responsibility, and justice. Our review of the literature determined, furthermore, that while these issues have been enumerated extensively, few concrete recommendations have been expressed. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that future research should focus on remedying a lack of practical solutions to the ethical challenges of BCI, alongside the collection of empirical data on the perspectives of the public, BCI users, and BCI researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha Burwell
- Neuroethics Research Unit, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, 110 avenue des Pins Ouest, H2W lR7, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Matthew Sample
- Neuroethics Research Unit, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, 110 avenue des Pins Ouest, H2W lR7, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Experimental Medicine and Biomedical Ethics Unit, McGill University, 110 avenue des Pins Ouest, H2W lR7, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Eric Racine
- Neuroethics Research Unit, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, 110 avenue des Pins Ouest, H2W lR7, Montréal, QC, Canada. .,Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Canada. .,Department of Medicine and Department of Social and Preventative Medicine, Université de Montréal, 110 avenue des Pins Ouest, H2W lR7, Montréal, QC, Canada. .,Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Experimental Medicine and Biomedical Ethics Unit, McGill University, 110 avenue des Pins Ouest, H2W lR7, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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Abstract
Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) can enable communication for persons in severe paralysis including locked-in syndrome (LIS); that is, being unable to move or speak while aware. In cases of complete loss of muscle control, termed "complete locked-in syndrome," a BCI may be the only viable solution to restore communication. However, a widespread ignorance regarding quality of life in LIS, current BCIs, and their potential as an assistive technology for persons in LIS, needlessly causes a harmful situation for this cohort. In addition to their medical condition, these persons also face social barriers often perceived as more impairing than their physical condition. Through social exclusion, stigmatization, and frequently being underestimated in their abilities, these persons are being locked out in addition to being locked-in. In this article, we (1) show how persons in LIS are being locked out, including how key issues addressed in the existing literature on ethics, LIS, and BCIs for communication, such as autonomy, quality of life, and advance directives, may reinforce these confinements; (2) show how these practices violate the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, and suggest that we have a moral responsibility to prevent and stop this exclusion; and (3) discuss the role of BCIs for communication as one means to this end and suggest that a novel approach to BCI research is necessary to acknowledge the moral responsibility toward the end users and avoid violating the human rights of persons in LIS.
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Vansteensel MJ, Kristo G, Aarnoutse EJ, Ramsey NF. The brain-computer interface researcher’s questionnaire: from research to application. BRAIN-COMPUTER INTERFACES 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/2326263x.2017.1366237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. J. Vansteensel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - G. Kristo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - E. J. Aarnoutse
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - N. F. Ramsey
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Spataro R, Chella A, Allison B, Giardina M, Sorbello R, Tramonte S, Guger C, La Bella V. Reaching and Grasping a Glass of Water by Locked-In ALS Patients through a BCI-Controlled Humanoid Robot. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:68. [PMID: 28298888 PMCID: PMC5331030 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Locked-in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) patients are fully dependent on caregivers for any daily need. At this stage, basic communication and environmental control may not be possible even with commonly used augmentative and alternative communication devices. Brain Computer Interface (BCI) technology allows users to modulate brain activity for communication and control of machines and devices, without requiring a motor control. In the last several years, numerous articles have described how persons with ALS could effectively use BCIs for different goals, usually spelling. In the present study, locked-in ALS patients used a BCI system to directly control the humanoid robot NAO (Aldebaran Robotics, France) with the aim of reaching and grasping a glass of water. Four ALS patients and four healthy controls were recruited and trained to operate this humanoid robot through a P300-based BCI. A few minutes training was sufficient to efficiently operate the system in different environments. Three out of the four ALS patients and all controls successfully performed the task with a high level of accuracy. These results suggest that BCI-operated robots can be used by locked-in ALS patients as an artificial alter-ego, the machine being able to move, speak and act in his/her place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Spataro
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, ALS Clinical Research Center, University of PalermoPalermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Chella
- Department of Chemical, Management, Computer, Mechanical Engineering, University of PalermoPalermo, Italy
- Instituto di Calcolo e Reti ad Alte Prestazioni (ICAR-CNR)Palermo, Italy
| | - Brendan Allison
- Guger Technologies OGGraz, Austria
- Cognitive Science Department, University of California at San DiegoLa Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Marcello Giardina
- Department of Chemical, Management, Computer, Mechanical Engineering, University of PalermoPalermo, Italy
| | - Rosario Sorbello
- Department of Chemical, Management, Computer, Mechanical Engineering, University of PalermoPalermo, Italy
| | - Salvatore Tramonte
- Department of Chemical, Management, Computer, Mechanical Engineering, University of PalermoPalermo, Italy
| | - Christoph Guger
- Guger Technologies OGGraz, Austria
- g.tec Medical Engineering GmbHSchiedlberg, Austria
| | - Vincenzo La Bella
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, ALS Clinical Research Center, University of PalermoPalermo, Italy
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Stahl BC, Wakunuma K, Rainey S, Hansen C. Improving brain computer interface research through user involvement - The transformative potential of integrating civil society organisations in research projects. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171818. [PMID: 28207882 PMCID: PMC5313172 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on Brain Computer Interfaces (BCI) often aims to provide solutions for vulnerable populations, such as individuals with diseases, conditions or disabilities that keep them from using traditional interfaces. Such research thereby contributes to the public good. This contribution to the public good corresponds to a broader drive of research and funding policy that focuses on promoting beneficial societal impact. One way of achieving this is to engage with the public. In practical terms this can be done by integrating civil society organisations (CSOs) in research. The open question at the heart of this paper is whether and how such CSO integration can transform the research and contribute to the public good. To answer this question the paper describes five detailed qualitative case studies of research projects including CSOs. The paper finds that transformative impact of CSO integration is possible but by no means assured. It provides recommendations on how transformative impact can be promoted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Carsten Stahl
- Centre for Computing and Social Responsibility, School of Computer Science and Informatics, De Montfort University, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Kutoma Wakunuma
- Centre for Computing and Social Responsibility, School of Computer Science and Informatics, De Montfort University, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Rainey
- Centre for Computing and Social Responsibility, School of Computer Science and Informatics, De Montfort University, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Hansen
- Centre for Computing and Social Responsibility, School of Computer Science and Informatics, De Montfort University, Leicester, United Kingdom
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Emerging Ethical Issues Related to the Use of Brain-Computer Interfaces for Patients with Total Locked-in Syndrome. NEUROETHICS-NETH 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12152-016-9296-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Kinney-Lang E, Auyeung B, Escudero J. Expanding the (kaleido)scope: exploring current literature trends for translating electroencephalography (EEG) based brain–computer interfaces for motor rehabilitation in children. J Neural Eng 2016; 13:061002. [DOI: 10.1088/1741-2560/13/6/061002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Klein E, Goering S, Gagne J, Shea CV, Franklin R, Zorowitz S, Dougherty DD, Widge AS. Brain-computer interface-based control of closed-loop brain stimulation: attitudes and ethical considerations. BRAIN-COMPUTER INTERFACES 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/2326263x.2016.1207497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eran Klein
- Center for Sensorimotor Neural Engineering and Department of Philosophy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Sara Goering
- Center for Sensorimotor Neural Engineering and Department of Philosophy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Josh Gagne
- Survey and Data Management Core, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Conor V. Shea
- Division of Neurotherapeutics, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rachel Franklin
- Division of Neurotherapeutics, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samuel Zorowitz
- Division of Neurotherapeutics, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Darin D. Dougherty
- Division of Neurotherapeutics, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alik S. Widge
- Division of Neurotherapeutics, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Picower Institute for Learning & Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, USA
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Advances in user-training for mental-imagery-based BCI control: Psychological and cognitive factors and their neural correlates. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2016; 228:3-35. [PMID: 27590964 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
While being very promising for a wide range of applications, mental-imagery-based brain-computer interfaces (MI-BCIs) remain barely used outside laboratories, notably due to the difficulties users encounter when attempting to control them. Indeed, 10-30% of users are unable to control MI-BCIs (so-called BCI illiteracy) while only a small proportion reach acceptable control abilities. This huge interuser variability has led the community to investigate potential predictors of performance related to users' personality and cognitive profile. Based on a literature review, we propose a classification of these MI-BCI performance predictors into three categories representing high-level cognitive concepts: (1) users' relationship with the technology (including the notions of computer anxiety and sense of agency), (2) attention, and (3) spatial abilities. We detail these concepts and their neural correlates in order to better understand their relationship with MI-BCI user-training. Consequently, we propose, by way of future prospects, some guidelines to improve MI-BCI user-training.
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Moritz CT, Ruther P, Goering S, Stett A, Ball T, Burgard W, Chudler EH, Rao RPN. New Perspectives on Neuroengineering and Neurotechnologies: NSF-DFG Workshop Report. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2016; 63:1354-67. [PMID: 27008657 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2016.2543662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
GOAL To identify and overcome barriers to creating new neurotechnologies capable of restoring both motor and sensory function in individuals with neurological conditions. METHODS This report builds upon the outcomes of a joint workshop between the US National Science Foundation and the German Research Foundation on New Perspectives in Neuroengineering and Neurotechnology convened in Arlington, VA, USA, November 13-14, 2014. RESULTS The participants identified key technological challenges for recording and manipulating neural activity, decoding, and interpreting brain data in the presence of plasticity, and early considerations of ethical and social issues pertinent to the adoption of neurotechnologies. CONCLUSIONS The envisaged progress in neuroengineering requires tightly integrated hardware and signal processing efforts, advances in understanding of physiological adaptations to closed-loop interactions with neural devices, and an open dialog with stakeholders and potential end-users of neurotechnology. SIGNIFICANCE The development of new neurotechnologies (e.g., bidirectional brain-computer interfaces) could significantly improve the quality of life of people living with the effects of brain or spinal cord injury, or other neurodegenerative diseases. Focused efforts aimed at overcoming the remaining barriers at the electrode tissue interface, developing implantable hardware with on-board computation, and refining stimulation methods to precisely activate neural tissue will advance both our understanding of brain function and our ability to treat currently intractable disorders of the nervous system.
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Banville H, Falk T. Recent advances and open challenges in hybrid brain-computer interfacing: a technological review of non-invasive human research. BRAIN-COMPUTER INTERFACES 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/2326263x.2015.1134958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Peters B, Mooney A, Oken B, Fried-Oken M. SOLICITING BCI USER EXPERIENCE FEEDBACK FROM PEOPLE WITH SEVERE SPEECH AND PHYSICAL IMPAIRMENTS. BRAIN-COMPUTER INTERFACES 2016; 3:47-58. [PMID: 27135037 PMCID: PMC4847738 DOI: 10.1080/2326263x.2015.1138056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Brain-computer interface (BCI) researchers have shown increasing interest in soliciting user experience (UX) feedback, but the severe speech and physical impairments (SSPI) of potential users create barriers to effective implementation with existing feedback instruments. This article describes augmentative and alternative communication (AAC)-based techniques for obtaining feedback from this population, and presents results from administration of a modified questionnaire to 12 individuals with SSPI after trials with a BCI spelling system. The proposed techniques facilitated successful questionnaire completion and provision of narrative feedback for all participants. Questionnaire administration required less than five minutes and minimal effort from participants. Results indicated that individual users may have very different reactions to the same system, and that ratings of workload and comfort provide important information not available through objective performance measures. People with SSPI are critical stakeholders in the future development of BCI, and appropriate adaptation of feedback questionnaires and administration techniques allows them to participate in shaping this assistive technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betts Peters
- Institute on Development & Disability, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Aimee Mooney
- Institute on Development & Disability, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Barry Oken
- Departments of Neurology, Behavioral Neuroscience, and Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Melanie Fried-Oken
- Institute on Development & Disability, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Departments of Neurology, Pediatrics, Biomedical Engineering, and Otolaryngology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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Schicktanz S, Amelung T, Rieger JW. Qualitative assessment of patients' attitudes and expectations toward BCIs and implications for future technology development. Front Syst Neurosci 2015; 9:64. [PMID: 25964745 PMCID: PMC4410612 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2015.00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain-computer-interfaces (BCIs) are important for the next generation of neuro-prosthesis innovations. Only few pilot projects have tested patients' abilities to control BCIs as well as their satisfaction with the offered technologies. On the one hand, little is known about patients' moral attitudes toward the benefit-risk-ratio of BCIs as well as their needs, priorities, and expectations. On the other hand, ethics experts intensively discuss the general risks of BCIs as well as the limits of neuro-enhancement. To our knowledge, we present here the first qualitative interview study with ten chronic patients matching the potential user categories for motor and communication BCIs to assess their practical and moral attitudes toward this technology. The interviews reveal practical and moral attitudes toward motor BCIs that can impact future technology development. We discuss our empirical findings on patients' perspectives and compare them to neuroscientists' and ethicists' perspectives. Our analysis indicates only partial overlap between the potential users' and the experts' assessments of BCI-technology. It points out the importance of considering the needs and desires of the targeted patient group. Based on our findings, we suggest a multi-fold approach to the development of clinical BCIs, rooted in the participatory technology-development. We conclude that clinical BCI development needs to be explored in a disease-related and culturally sensitive way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Schicktanz
- Department of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, University Medical Center GöttingenGöttingen, Germany
| | - Till Amelung
- Department of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, University Medical Center GöttingenGöttingen, Germany
| | - Jochem W. Rieger
- Department of Psychology, University ofOldenburg, Germany
- Research Center Neurosensory Science, University of OldenburgOldenburg, Germany
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McKendrick R, Parasuraman R, Ayaz H. Wearable functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): expanding vistas for neurocognitive augmentation. Front Syst Neurosci 2015; 9:27. [PMID: 25805976 PMCID: PMC4353303 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2015.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Contemporary studies with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) provide a growing base of evidence for enhancing cognition through the non-invasive delivery of weak electric currents to the brain. The main effect of tDCS is to modulate cortical excitability depending on the polarity of the applied current. However, the underlying mechanism of neuromodulation is not well understood. A new generation of functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) systems is described that are miniaturized, portable, and include wearable sensors. These developments provide an opportunity to couple fNIRS with tDCS, consistent with a neuroergonomics approach for joint neuroimaging and neurostimulation investigations of cognition in complex tasks and in naturalistic conditions. The effects of tDCS on complex task performance and the use of fNIRS for monitoring cognitive workload during task performance are described. Also explained is how fNIRS + tDCS can be used simultaneously for assessing spatial working memory. Mobile optical brain imaging is a promising neuroimaging tool that has the potential to complement tDCS for realistic applications in natural settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan McKendrick
- Center of Excellence in Neuroergonomics, Technology, and Cognition (CENTEC), George Mason University Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Raja Parasuraman
- Center of Excellence in Neuroergonomics, Technology, and Cognition (CENTEC), George Mason University Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Hasan Ayaz
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Brunner C, Birbaumer N, Blankertz B, Guger C, Kübler A, Mattia D, Millán JDR, Miralles F, Nijholt A, Opisso E, Ramsey N, Salomon P, Müller-Putz GR. BNCI Horizon 2020: towards a roadmap for the BCI community. BRAIN-COMPUTER INTERFACES 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/2326263x.2015.1008956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Technology transfer of brain-computer interfaces as assistive technology: barriers and opportunities. Ann Phys Rehabil Med 2015; 58:35-38. [PMID: 25595535 DOI: 10.1016/j.rehab.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This paper provides an analysis of perspectives from different stakeholders on the state-of-the-art of BCI. Three barriers for technology transfer of BCIs as access technologies are identified. First, BCIs are developed with a narrow focus on creating a reliable technology, while a broader focus on creating a usable technology is needed. Second, the potential target group, which could benefit from BCIs as access technologies is expected to be very small. Development costs are therefore high, while reimbursements are expected to be low, which challenges the commercial viability. Third, potential target users should be much more included in the design process of BCIs to ensure that the end-products meet technical, ethical, legal and social requirements. These three issues need to be urgently addressed so that target users may benefit from this promising technology.
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46
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Ahn M, Lee M, Choi J, Jun SC. A review of brain-computer interface games and an opinion survey from researchers, developers and users. SENSORS 2014; 14:14601-33. [PMID: 25116904 PMCID: PMC4178978 DOI: 10.3390/s140814601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, research on Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) technology for healthy users has attracted considerable interest, and BCI games are especially popular. This study reviews the current status of, and describes future directions, in the field of BCI games. To this end, we conducted a literature search and found that BCI control paradigms using electroencephalographic signals (motor imagery, P300, steady state visual evoked potential and passive approach reading mental state) have been the primary focus of research. We also conducted a survey of nearly three hundred participants that included researchers, game developers and users around the world. From this survey, we found that all three groups (researchers, developers and users) agreed on the significant influence and applicability of BCI and BCI games, and they all selected prostheses, rehabilitation and games as the most promising BCI applications. User and developer groups tended to give low priority to passive BCI and the whole head sensor array. Developers gave higher priorities to “the easiness of playing” and the “development platform” as important elements for BCI games and the market. Based on our assessment, we discuss the critical point at which BCI games will be able to progress from their current stage to widespread marketing to consumers. In conclusion, we propose three critical elements important for expansion of the BCI game market: standards, gameplay and appropriate integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minkyu Ahn
- School of Information and Communications, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500712, Korea.
| | - Mijin Lee
- School of Information and Communications, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500712, Korea.
| | - Jinyoung Choi
- School of Information and Communications, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500712, Korea.
| | - Sung Chan Jun
- School of Information and Communications, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500712, Korea.
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Huggins JE, Guger C, Allison B, Anderson CW, Batista A, Brouwer AM(AM, Brunner C, Chavarriaga R, Fried-Oken M, Gunduz A, Gupta D, Kübler A, Leeb R, Lotte F, Miller LE, Müller-Putz G, Rutkowski T, Tangermann M, Thompson DE. Workshops of the Fifth International Brain-Computer Interface Meeting: Defining the Future. BRAIN-COMPUTER INTERFACES 2014; 1:27-49. [PMID: 25485284 PMCID: PMC4255956 DOI: 10.1080/2326263x.2013.876724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The Fifth International Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) Meeting met June 3-7th, 2013 at the Asilomar Conference Grounds, Pacific Grove, California. The conference included 19 workshops covering topics in brain-computer interface and brain-machine interface research. Topics included translation of BCIs into clinical use, standardization and certification, types of brain activity to use for BCI, recording methods, the effects of plasticity, special interest topics in BCIs applications, and future BCI directions. BCI research is well established and transitioning to practical use to benefit people with physical impairments. At the same time, new applications are being explored, both for people with physical impairments and beyond. Here we provide summaries of each workshop, illustrating the breadth and depth of BCI research and high-lighting important issues for future research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E. Huggins
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States, 325 East Eisenhower, Room 3017; Ann Arbor, Michigan 48108-5744, 734-936-7177
| | - Christoph Guger
- Christoph Guger, g.tec medical engineering GmbH/Guger Technologies OG, Austria, Sierningstrasse 14, 4521 Schiedlberg, Austria, +43725122240-0
| | - Brendan Allison
- University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 91942 (415) 490 7551
| | - Charles W. Anderson
- Department of Computer Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523; telephone: 970-491-7491
| | - Aaron Batista
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 5th Av, BST3 4074; Pittsburgh, PA 15261; (412) 383-5394
| | - Anne-Marie (A.-M.) Brouwer
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research; P.O. Box 23/Kampweg 5, 3769 ZG Soesterberg, the Netherlands, ++31 (0)888 665960
| | - Clemens Brunner
- Institute for Knowledge Discovery, Laboratory of Brain-Computer Interfaces, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 13/4, 8010; Graz, Austria
| | - Ricardo Chavarriaga
- Center for Neuroprosthetics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland, EPFL-STI-CNBI, Station 11, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland; Telephone: +41 21 693 6968
| | - Melanie Fried-Oken
- Oregon Health & Science University; Institute on Development & Disability; 707 SW Gaines Street; Portland, Oregon, United States; O: 503.494.7587, F: 503.494.6868
| | - Aysegul Gunduz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Phone: +1 (352) 273 6877; Fax: +1 (352) 273 9221
| | - Disha Gupta
- Dept. of Neurology, Albany Medical College/Brain Computer Interfacing Lab, Wadsworth Center, NY State Dept. of Health, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Andrea Kübler
- Institute of Psychology, University of Würzburg; Marcusstr.9-11; 97070 Würzburg, Germany. Phone.: 0049 931 31 80179; Fax: 0049 931 31 82424
| | - Robert Leeb
- Center for Neuroprosthetics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fabien Lotte
- Inria Bordeaux Sud-Ouest/LaBRI, 200 avenue de la vieille tour, 33405, Talence Cedex, France, Tel: +33 5 24 57 41 26
| | - Lee E. Miller
- Departments of Physiology, Physical Medicine and Rehab, and Biomedical Engineering; Feinberg School of Medicine; Northwestern University; Chicago, Illinois, United States; Ward 5-01; 303 East Chicago Avenue; Chicago, Illinois 60611; Phone: (312) 503 – 8677; Fax: (312) 503 – 5101
| | - Gernot Müller-Putz
- Institute for Knowledge Discovery, Laboratory of Brain-Computer Interfaces, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 13/4, 8010; Graz, Austria
| | - Tomasz Rutkowski
- Life Science Center of TARA, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577 Japan; TEL: +81 (0)29-853-6261
| | - Michael Tangermann
- Excellence Cluster BrainLinks-BrainTools, Dept. Computer Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany, Albertstr. 23; 79104 Freiburg; Germany; Phone: +49.(0)761.2038423, Fax : +49.(0)761.2038417
| | - David Edward Thompson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States, 2800 Plymouth Road, Bdlg 26 Rm G06W-B; Ann Arbor, MI 48109; 734-763-7104
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McCullagh P, Lightbody G, Zygierewicz J, Kernohan WG. Ethical Challenges Associated with the Development and Deployment of Brain Computer Interface Technology. NEUROETHICS-NETH 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12152-013-9188-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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49
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Clausen J. Bonding Brains to Machines: Ethical Implications of Electroceuticals for the Human Brain. NEUROETHICS-NETH 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12152-013-9186-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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50
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Grübler G, Al-Khodairy A, Leeb R, Pisotta I, Riccio A, Rohm M, Hildt E. Psychosocial and Ethical Aspects in Non-Invasive EEG-Based BCI Research—A Survey Among BCI Users and BCI Professionals. NEUROETHICS-NETH 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12152-013-9179-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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