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Sambolino A, Rodriguez M, la Fuente JD, Arbelo M, Fernández A, Kaufmann M, Cordeiro N, Dinis A. Optimization and validation of a micro-QuEChERS method for phthalates detection in small samples of cetacean blubber. MethodsX 2024; 12:102502. [PMID: 38162149 PMCID: PMC10755765 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2023.102502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, an innovative method was developed to detect and quantify phthalates in fresh cetacean blubber. An adaptation of the ammonium formate QuEChERS method was used and adapted as a micro-extraction for small quantities of samples. Significantly, this technique utilized minimal quantities of reagents and salts, with the additional implementation of rigorous Quality Assurance/Quality Control protocols to further reduce background contamination. To ensure the reliability of this method, comprehensive validation procedures were conducted, with a specific focus on two widely studied cetacean species: the common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) and the short-finned pilot whale (Globicephala macrorhynchus). Determination coefficients (R2) for matrix-matched calibration were >0.93 with limits of quantifications (LOQ) of the method in the range of 5-10 ng/g. Mean recovery values were between 40 and 100 %. This novel methodology holds particular relevance for environmental research studies, offering the capability to detect emerging contaminants with minimal sample requirements. This aspect is particularly valuable in investigations that involve free-ranging animals and rely on biopsy sampling. It allows for the assessment of contaminant levels in healthy individuals within wild populations, enhancing our understanding of ecological impacts and potential conservation measures.•A micro-extraction adaptation of the ammonium formate QuEChERS method was developed and applied to a small quantity of fresh cetacean blubber to detect phthalates.•Small quantities of reagents and salts were used, and additional Quality Assurance/ Quality Control procedures were taken to further minimize background contamination.•Method validation was carried out for two cosmopolitan and extensively studied cetacean species: the common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) and the short-finned pilot whale (Globicephala macrorhynchus).
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Sambolino
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ARNET - Aquatic Research Network, Regional Agency for the Development of Research, Technology and Innovation (ARDITI), Funchal, Portugal
- LB3, Faculty of Exact Science and Engineering, University of Madeira, Funchal, Portugal
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Madeira, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Marta Rodriguez
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ARNET - Aquatic Research Network, Regional Agency for the Development of Research, Technology and Innovation (ARDITI), Funchal, Portugal
- LB3, Faculty of Exact Science and Engineering, University of Madeira, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Jesus De la Fuente
- Division of Histology and Animal Pathology, University Institute for Animal Health and Food Security (IUSA), Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Manuel Arbelo
- Division of Histology and Animal Pathology, University Institute for Animal Health and Food Security (IUSA), Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Antonio Fernández
- Division of Histology and Animal Pathology, University Institute for Animal Health and Food Security (IUSA), Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Manfred Kaufmann
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Madeira, Funchal, Portugal
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Nereida Cordeiro
- LB3, Faculty of Exact Science and Engineering, University of Madeira, Funchal, Portugal
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Ana Dinis
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ARNET - Aquatic Research Network, Regional Agency for the Development of Research, Technology and Innovation (ARDITI), Funchal, Portugal
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2
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Abbasi F, De-la-Torre GE, KalantarHormozi MR, Schmidt TC, Dobaradaran S. A review of endocrine disrupting chemicals migration from food contact materials into beverages. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 355:141760. [PMID: 38537710 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
A significant and pressing issue revolves around the potential human exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), which pose a substantial risk primarily through contaminated beverages. However, a comprehensive review for comparison of the migration rates of EDCs into these matrixes is currently lacking. This study reviews the beverages contamination with EDCs, including phthalates (PAEs), bisphenol A (BPA), hormone-like compounds, elements, and other organic EDCs. Also, the EDCs migration into milk and other dairy products, coffee, tea, and cold beverages related to their release from contact materials, preparation components, and storage conditions are briefly summarized. The data illustrates that besides the contamination of raw materials, the presence of EDCs associated with the type of food contact materials (FCMs)and their migration rate is increased with acidity, temperature, and storage time. The highest concentration of PAEs was detected from plastic and synthetic polymer films, while BPA strongly leaches from epoxy resins and canned metal. Furthermore, the presence of elements with endocrine disrupting characteristics was confirmed in cold beverages, soft drinks, hot drink and milk. Moreover, hormone-like compounds have been found to be released from coffee preparation components. Despite the few data about the migration rate of other EDCs including UV-stabilizers, surfactants, and antibacterial compounds into beverages, their presence was reported into milk, coffee, and different beverages, especially in packed samples. Studies on the EDCs leaching have primarily focused on PAEs and BPA, while other compounds require further investigation. Regardless, the possible risk that EDCs pose to humans through beverage consumption cannot be overlooked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Abbasi
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
| | | | | | - Torsten C Schmidt
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitatsstr. ¨ 5, Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitatsstr. ¨ 5, Essen, 45141, Germany
| | - Sina Dobaradaran
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Instrumental Analytical Chemistry and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitatsstr. ¨ 5, Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitatsstr. ¨ 5, Essen, 45141, Germany; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
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3
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Castellani F, Vitali M, Antonucci A, Del Morrone G, Cofone L, D'Ancona G, Pindinello I, Mattiucci S, Protano C. Optimization of a fast and sensitive method based on matrix solid-phase dispersion-LC-ms/ms for simultaneous determination of phthalates and bisphenols in mussel samples. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2024; 41:537-549. [PMID: 38547176 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2024.2334300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/30/2024]
Abstract
Bisphenols and phthalates are wide classes of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) extensively used as additives in plastic products. In this study, a fast and reliable analytical method based on matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) coupled with LC-MS/MS was developed and optimized for simultaneous determination of 8 bisphenols and 7 phthalates in raw mussel extract. The LC-MS/MS method was tested for linearity (R2), inter- and intra-day repeatability, limit of detection and quantification, both for matrix-free and matrix-matched solutions. The MSPD method was optimized in terms of ratio between sample and sorbent, and the type and quantity of the eluents in order to maximize the recoveries and to minimize matrix effects. The obtained recoveries (values between 75% and 113%), limits of detection (values between 0.048 and 0.36 µg kg-1), limits of quantification (values between 0.16 and 1.28 µg kg-1), repeatability (RSD% between 1.30% and 8.41%) and linearity (R2 > 0.998) were satisfactory and suitable for the determination of target micropollutants in food samples. In addition, the low solvent consumption and fast execution make this method ideal for routinely determinations of bisphenols and phthalates in mussels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Castellani
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Vitali
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Arianna Antonucci
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Giammarco Del Morrone
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Cofone
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele D'Ancona
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Ivano Pindinello
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Simonetta Mattiucci
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Carmela Protano
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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4
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Dimassi SN, Hahladakis JN, Chamkha M, Ahmad MI, Al-Ghouti MA, Sayadi S. Investigation on the effect of several parameters involved in the biodegradation of polyethylene (PE) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) under various seawater environments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:168870. [PMID: 38040377 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
This work investigates the biodegradation of polyethylene (PE) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and the leaching of their harmful additives. Micro/macro-plastics of both types were subjected to different laboratory-controlled conditions for 3 months. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) results revealed that leachate concentrations ranged from 0.40 ± 0.07 μg/L to 96.36 ± 0.11 μg/L. It was concluded that the additives' leaching process was promoted by light. However, light was not the only factor examined; microorganisms, pH, salinity, aeration/mixing and temperature influenced the biodegradation process, too. GC-MS results showed a prodigious impact on the biodegradation process when Pseudomonas aeruginosa was added to the artificial seawater compared to plastics exposed to light/air only. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) micrographs demonstrated a significant alteration in the plastics' morphologies. Similarly, Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra showed obvious changes in plastics characteristic peaks, especially microplastics. Furthermore, it was shown that PE was more susceptible to degradation/biodegradation than LDPE. Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) findings showed that some toxic metals were present in water samples after experiments, with concentrations above the permissible limits. For instance, bio-augmentation/bio-stimulation experiments showed that the concentrations of Pb, Sr, and Zn were 0.59 mg/L, 70.09 mg/L, and 0.17 mg/L, respectively; values above the permissible limits. It is crucial to emphasise that plastics must be meticulously engineered to avoid environmental and human impacts, originated from their degradation by-products. Furthermore, a holistic approach engaging stakeholders, researchers, policymakers, industries and consumers, is essential to effectively tackle the global challenge of marine plastic pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarra N Dimassi
- Center for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box: 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - John N Hahladakis
- Center for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box: 2713, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Mohamed Chamkha
- Laboratory of Environmental Bioprocesses, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, PO Box 1177, 3018 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mohammad I Ahmad
- Central Laboratories Unit, Qatar University, P.O. Box: 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohammad A Al-Ghouti
- Environmental Science Program, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box: 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sami Sayadi
- Center for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box: 2713, Doha, Qatar.
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5
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Wang Z, Zhang X, Yang Q, Zhang S, Chang G, Zang X, Wang C, Wang Z. Covalent triazine-based frameworks for efficient solid-phase microextraction of phthalic acid esters from food-contacted plastics. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1681:463474. [PMID: 36088777 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Owing to various health threats associated with phthalic acid esters (PAEs), this category of endocrine-disrupting compounds has attracted more and more public scrutiny. However, the efficient preconcentration of PAEs from complex food-contacted plastics still remains challenging. Herein, three covalent triazine-based frameworks (CTFs) were constructed by facile Friedel-Crafts reactions of cyanuric chloride (CC), with triptycene (TPC), fluorene (FL) and 1,3,5-triphenylbenzene (TPB), respectively. Three CTFs were then employed as solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coatings for the extraction of PAEs. Benefiting from the large surface area and high pore volume, the newly-synthesized CC-TPC based SPME method exhibited large enrichment factors (978-2210), low limits of detection (0.027-0.10 ng g - 1), satisfactory linear ranges (0.09-20 ng g - 1), acceptable repeatabilities (4.3-9.6%) and high relative recoveries (92.0-104.6%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001 Hebei, PR. China
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001 Hebei, PR. China
| | - Qian Yang
- College of Public Health, Hebei University, Baoding 071002 Hebei, PR. China
| | - Shuaihua Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001 Hebei, PR. China.
| | - Guifen Chang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001 Hebei, PR. China
| | - Xiaohuan Zang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001 Hebei, PR. China
| | - Chun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001 Hebei, PR. China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001 Hebei, PR. China.
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6
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Jia X, Mao X, Zhou Y, Guo X, Huai N, Hu Y, Sun L, Guo J, Zhang Z. Antiestrogenic property of 9,9-bis[4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)phenyl]fluorene (BPEF) and its effects on female development in CD-1 mice. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 242:113906. [PMID: 35878500 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Identifying chemicals with endocrine disrupting properties linked to disease outcomes is a key concern, as stated in the WHO-UNEP 2012 report on endocrine-disrupting chemicals. The chemical 9,9-bis[4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)phenyl]fluorene (BPEF) is widely and increasingly applied in synthesizing fluorene-based cardo polymers with superior optical, thermal and mechanical properties for various uses. However, little toxicological information is available regarding its safety. Here, we studied the endocrine disrupting property of BPEF by multiple toxicological tools and investigated its effects on female development in adolescent mice. Using the yeast two-hybrid bioassay, BPEF showed strong antiestrogenicity which was similar to that of tamoxifen, an effective antiestrogenic drug. In adolescent CD-1 mice, BPEF significantly decreased the uterine weight at relatively low doses and induced marked endometrial atrophy. Immunohistochemical staining and transcriptome analyses of the mice uteri revealed that BPEF could repressed the expressions of estrogen-responsive genes. Molecular simulation indicated that BPEF could be docked into the antagonist pocket of human estrogen receptor α, and the formation of hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions between BPEF and the active site of receptor maintained their strong binding. All of the data demonstrated that BPEF possessed strong antiestrogenic property and might disrupt female development, suggesting it should be avoided in making products that might directly expose to people, particularly immature women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Jia
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xingtai Mao
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xuan Guo
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Narma Huai
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ying Hu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Libei Sun
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jilong Guo
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhaobin Zhang
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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7
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Adarsh UK, Bhoje Gowd E, Bankapur A, Kartha VB, Chidangil S, Unnikrishnan VK. Development of an inter-confirmatory plastic characterization system using spectroscopic techniques for waste management. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 150:339-351. [PMID: 35907331 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ever-accumulating amounts of plastic waste raises alarming concern over environmental and public health. A practical solution for addressing this threat is recycling, and the success of an industry-oriented plastic recycling system relies greatly on the accuracy of the waste sorting technique adapted. We propose a multi-modal spectroscopic sensor which combines laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and Raman spectroscopy in a single optical platform for characterizing plastics based on elemental and molecular information to assist the plastic identification-sorting process in recycling industries. The unique geometry of the system makes it compact and cost-effective for dual spectroscopy. The performance of the system in classifying industrially important plastic classes counting PP, PC, PLA, Nylon-1 1, and PMMA is evaluated, followed by the application of the same in real-world plastics comprising PET, HDPE, and PP in different chemical-physical conditions where the system consumes less than 30 ms for acquiring LIBS-Raman signals. The evaluation of the system in characterizing commuting samples shows promising results to be applied in industrial conditions in future. The study on effect of physical-chemical conditions of plastic wastes in characterizing them using the system shows the necessity for combining multiple techniques together. The proposal is not to determine the paramount methodology to characterize and sort plastics, but to demonstrate the advantages of dual-spectroscopy sensors in such applications. The outcomes of the study suggest that the system developed herein has the potential of emerging as an industrial-level plastic waste sorting sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- U K Adarsh
- Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - E Bhoje Gowd
- Material Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram 695 019, Kerala, India
| | - Aseefhali Bankapur
- Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India; Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - V B Kartha
- Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India; Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Santhosh Chidangil
- Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India; Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - V K Unnikrishnan
- Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India; Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India.
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8
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Blasi MF, Avino P, Notardonato I, Di Fiore C, Mattei D, Gauger MFW, Gelippi M, Cicala D, Hochscheid S, Camedda A, de Lucia GA, Favero G. Phthalate esters (PAEs) concentration pattern reflects dietary habitats (δ 13C) in blood of Mediterranean loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 239:113619. [PMID: 35605320 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are classified as endocrine disruptors, but it remains unclear if they can enter the marine food-web and result in severe health effects for organisms. Loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) can be chronically exposed to PAEs by ingesting plastic debris, but no information is available about PAEs levels in blood, and how these concentrations are related to diet during different life stages. This paper investigated, for the first time, six PAEs in blood of 18 wild-caught Mediterranean loggerhead turtles throughout solid-phase extraction coupled with gas chromatography-ion trap/mass spectrometry. Stable isotope analyses of carbon and nitrogen were also performed to assess the resource use pattern of loggerhead turtles. DEHP (12-63 ng mL-1) and DBP (6-57 ng mL-1) were the most frequently represented PAEs, followed by DiBP, DMP, DEP and DOP. The total PAEs concentration was highest in three turtles (124-260 ng mL-1) whereas three other turtles had concentrations below the detection limit. PAEs were clustered in three groups according to concentration in all samples: DEHP in the first group, DBP, DEP, and DiBP in the second group, and DOP and DMP in the third group. The total phthalates concentration did not differ between large-sized (96.3 ± 86.0 ng mL-1) and small-sized (67.1 ± 34.2 ng mL-1) turtles (p < 0.001). However, DMP and DEP were found only in large-sized turtles and DiBP and DBP had higher concentrations in large-sized turtles. On the other hand, DEHP and DOP were found in both small- and large-sized turtles with similar concentrations, i.e. ~ 21.0/32.0 ng mL-1 and ~ 7.1/9.9 ng mL-1, respectively. Winsored robust models indicated that δ13C is a good predictor for DBP and DiBP concentrations (significant Akaike Information criterion weight, AICwt). Our results indicate that blood is a good matrix to evaluate acute exposure to PAEs in marine turtles. Moreover, this approach is here suggested as a useful tool to explain the internal dose of PAEs in term of dietary habits (δ13C), suggesting that all marine species at high trophic levels may be particularly exposed to PAEs, despite their different dietary habitats and levels of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Francesca Blasi
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza", Roma, RM, Italy; Dipartimento Ambiente e Salute, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, RM, Italy; Filicudi WildLife Conservation, Via Stimpagnato Filicudi, Lipari 98055, ME, Italy.
| | - Pasquale Avino
- Dipartimento Agricoltura, Ambiente e Alimenti, University of Molise, Via De Sanctis, Campobasso I-86100, Italy
| | - Ivan Notardonato
- Dipartimento Agricoltura, Ambiente e Alimenti, University of Molise, Via De Sanctis, Campobasso I-86100, Italy
| | - Cristina Di Fiore
- Dipartimento Agricoltura, Ambiente e Alimenti, University of Molise, Via De Sanctis, Campobasso I-86100, Italy
| | - Daniela Mattei
- Dipartimento Ambiente e Salute, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, RM, Italy
| | | | - Michelle Gelippi
- Filicudi WildLife Conservation, Via Stimpagnato Filicudi, Lipari 98055, ME, Italy
| | - Davide Cicala
- Laboratory of Experimental Ecology and Aquaculture, Department of Biology - University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Sandra Hochscheid
- Marine Turtle Research Group, Department of Marine Animal Conservation and Public Engagement, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Via Nuova Macello 16, Portici 80055, Italy
| | - Andrea Camedda
- IAS-CNR Institute of Anthropic Impact and Sustainability in Marine Environment, National Research Council Oristano Section, Località Sa Mardini, Torregrande, OR 09170, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Andrea de Lucia
- IAS-CNR Institute of Anthropic Impact and Sustainability in Marine Environment, National Research Council Oristano Section, Località Sa Mardini, Torregrande, OR 09170, Italy
| | - Gabriele Favero
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza", Roma, RM, Italy
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9
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Gerassimidou S, Lanska P, Hahladakis JN, Lovat E, Vanzetto S, Geueke B, Groh KJ, Muncke J, Maffini M, Martin OV, Iacovidou E. Unpacking the complexity of the PET drink bottles value chain: A chemicals perspective. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 430:128410. [PMID: 35295000 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Chemicals can migrate from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) drink bottles to their content and recycling processes may concentrate or introduce new chemicals to the PET value chain. Therefore, even though recycling PET bottles is key in reducing plastic pollution, it may raise concerns about safety and quality. This study provides a systematic evidence map of the food contact chemicals (FCCs) that migrate from PET drink bottles aiming to identify challenges in closing the plastic packaging loop. The migration potential of 193 FCCs has been investigated across the PET drink bottles lifecycle, of which 150 have been detected to migrate from PET bottles into food simulants/food samples. The study reveals that much research has focused on the migration of antimony (Sb), acetaldehyde and some well-known endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). It indicates and discusses the key influential factors on FCCs migration, such as physical characteristics and geographical origin of PET bottles, storage conditions, and reprocessing efficiency . Although, safety and quality implications arising from the recycling of PET bottles remain underexplored, the higher migration of Sb and Bishphenol A has been reported in recycled (rPET) compared to virgin PET. This is attributed to multiple contamination sources and the variability in the collection, sorting, and decontamination efficiency. Better collaboration among stakeholders across the entire PET bottles lifecycle is needed to ensure sustainable resource management and food contact safety of rPET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyridoula Gerassimidou
- Sustainable Plastics Research Group (SPlasH), Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Paulina Lanska
- Sustainable Plastics Research Group (SPlasH), Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - John N Hahladakis
- Waste Management Program, Center for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box: 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Elena Lovat
- Italian Agency for Development Cooperation (AICS), Addis Ababa Office, Kebena, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Silvia Vanzetto
- Centro Internazionale per l'Infanzia e la Famiglia (CIFA) Onlus, Hawassa Field Office, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Birgit Geueke
- Food Packaging Forum (FPF), Zurich 8045, Switzerland
| | - Ksenia J Groh
- Eawag - Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Jane Muncke
- Food Packaging Forum (FPF), Zurich 8045, Switzerland
| | | | - Olwenn V Martin
- Sustainable Plastics Research Group (SPlasH), Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, United Kingdom; Centre for Pollution Research and Policy, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, United Kingdom.
| | - Eleni Iacovidou
- Sustainable Plastics Research Group (SPlasH), Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, United Kingdom; Division of Environmental Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, United Kingdom.
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10
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Molecularly Imprinting Microfiltration Membranes Able to Absorb Diethyl Phthalate from Water. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12050503. [PMID: 35629829 PMCID: PMC9144673 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12050503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
In this study, polypropylene porous membranes with an average pore size of 1.25 µm were modified by barrier discharge plasma. Next, molecularly imprinted layers with an imprint of diethyl phthalate (DEP) ware grafted of their surface. In order to optimize the composition of the modifying mixture various solvents, the ratios of functional monomers and the cross-linking monomer as well as various amounts of phthalate were verified. It was shown that the most effective membranes were obtained during polymerization in n-octane with the participation of functional monomers in the ratio 3:7 and the amount of phthalate 7 wt.%. The membranes were tested in the filtration process as well as static and dynamic sorption. In all of these processes, the imprinted membranes showed better properties than those without the imprint. The diethyl phthalate retention coefficient was 36.12% for membranes with a grafting yield of 1.916 mg/cm2. On the other hand, DEP static sorption for the imprinted membranes was 3.87 µmol/g higher than for non-imprinted membranes. Also, in the process of dynamic sorption higher values were observed for membranes with the imprint (DSMIM, 4.12 µmol/g; DSNIM, 1.18 µmol/g). The membranes were also tested under real conditions. In the process of filtration of tap water contaminated with phthalate, the presence of imprints in the membrane structure resulted in more than three times higher sorption values (3.09 µmol/g) than in the case of non-imprinted membranes (1.12 µmol/g).
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11
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Ayazi Z, Safarpour M, Ahmadi F. Monolithic polyethersulfone membrane modified with PVA and PVP as a novel extracting media for thin film microextraction of bisphenol A from aquatic samples. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.107143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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12
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Fast and Reliable Determination of Phthalic Acid Esters in the Blood of Marine Turtles by Means of Solid Phase Extraction Coupled with Gas Chromatography-Ion Trap/Mass Spectrometry. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9110279. [PMID: 34822670 PMCID: PMC8624151 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9110279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The presence of phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in marine environments is an important issue. These chemicals are able to affect marine organisms, particularly marine turtles, and to act as endocrine disrupters. In this paper, for the first time, a simple and reproducible analytical method based on solid-phase extraction (SPE) coupled with gas chromatography-ion trap/mass spectrometry (GC-IT/MS) was developed for the extraction of phthalates from the blood of marine turtles. The extraction was obtained by using C18 phthalates-free as the stationary phase. In order to individuate the best working conditions for the extraction, the adsorption isotherms and breakthrough curves were studied. The overall analytical methodology was validated in terms of limit of detection (LOD, 0.08-0.6 ng mL-1), limit of quantification (LOQ, 0.4-0.8 ng mL-1), and correlation coefficients (>0.9933). By using this procedure, percentage recoveries ranging from 89 to 103% were achieved. The precision parameters (intra-day and inter-day) were studied, and the obtained values were smaller than 12.5%. These data confirm the goodness of the proposed analytical methodology, which is applied to real samples.
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13
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Miao M, Zhao G, Cheng P, Li J, Zhang J, Pan H. Rapid Analysis of Trace Phthalates by Spray-Inlet Microwave Plasma Torch Ionization-Tandem Mass Spectrometry in Commercial Perfumes. J AOAC Int 2021; 105:54-61. [PMID: 34636904 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsab133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The less volatile fraction of perfumes can be easily contaminated by phthalates esters (PAEs) which are endocrine-disrupting chemicals during the production, bottling and transportation processes. It is necessary to establish an innovative and rapid method to determine the trace PAEs in commercial perfumes. OBJECTIVE Hence, self-built spray-inlet microwave plasma torch ionization coupled with a quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometer (QTOF-MS) was developed for direct analysis of PAEs in perfumes with no sample pretreatment. METHODS Perfumes were sprayed to the MPT's flame directly by sampling pump in 10 µL/min and the ions produced by MPT were introduced into QTOF-MS, the MPT worked at 2450 MHz and 40 W in the 800 ml/min flow rate of argon. RESULTS For the developed method, excellent linearities were obtained and the correlation coefficient of Di-n-pentyl Phthalate was 0.9799 and the rest were larger than 0.99. The LODs and LOQs were obtained in the ranges of 1.452-18.96 ng/g and 4.839-63.19 ng/g, respectively. The spiked recoveries of PAEs were in the range of 100.1-105.2% with satisfied intra-day RSDs and inter-day RSDs ranging from 1.51-4.34% and 3.45-5.65%, respectively. PAEs in commercial perfumes were successfully detected by spray-inlet MPT-MS2 with low concentrations from 0.036-1.352 µg/g. CONCLUSIONS The method is a promising tool in field analysis of PAEs in cosmetic solutions where rapid qualitative and quantitative analysis in needed. HIGHLIGHTS The method was satisfactorily applied to the analysis of commercial perfume samples within 30 s, and earned merits such as simplicity, sensitivity, environmental friendliness and ease operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Miao
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, School of Medical Technology, Shanghai, 201318 China
| | - Gaosheng Zhao
- Zhejiang University, College of Control Science and Engineering, Hangzhou, 310000 China
| | - Ping Cheng
- Shanghai University, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai, 200444 China
| | - Jia Li
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, School of Medical Technology, Shanghai, 201318 China
| | - Jingyi Zhang
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, School of Medical Technology, Shanghai, 201318 China
| | - Hongzhi Pan
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Collaborative Research Center, Shanghai, 200120 China
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14
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Comparison of Two Extraction Procedures, SPE and DLLME, for Determining Plasticizer Residues in Hot Drinks at Vending Machines. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9091588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper would like to compare two extraction procedures for analyzing phthalates (PAEs) in hot drinks collected at vending machines, usually coffee and tea. The two analytical procedures are based on Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) using C18 cartridge and on dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) assisted by ultrasound and vortex for improving the dispersion mechanically, with each followed by a routinary analytical method such as GC-FID. Seven phthalates (DMP, DEP, DiBP, DBP, DEHP, DOP, DDP) have been analyzed and determined. All the analytical parameters (i.e., recovery, limit of detection, limit of quantification, enrichment factors, repeatability, reproducibility) have been investigated and discussed, as has the matrix effect. The entire procedure has been applied to hot drink matrices, e.g., coffee, decaffeinated coffee, barley coffee, ginseng coffee and tea.
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15
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Reusable Water Bottles: Release of Inorganic Elements, Phthalates, and Bisphenol A in a “Real Use” Simulation Experiment. SEPARATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/separations8080126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Reusable water bottles are growing in popularity; thus, possible chemical release from the internal surface into water should be carefully considered to control related health risks. We experimentally evaluated the release into deionized water of 40 elements, six phthalates, and bisphenol-A for 20 different reusable bottles by simulating the use in real world scenario. The 20 bottles, identified as those most purchased in Italy, were made of various materials (stainless steel, aluminum, plastic, and silicone). The experiment was carried out for four consecutive weeks in duplicate for each type of bottle. Our results showed the release, to various extents, of inorganic elements from all 20 bottles, while the release of phthalates and bisphenol-A was never found. The elements most frequently released were Al, Sr, Mo, and Cr, while the highest concentrations were for Ca, K, Mg, and Na; the release of toxic elements (such as Pb, Cd, Ni, Sb) also occurred. The comparison of our results with regulatory limits on drinking water quality revealed no exceeding values except for Al. However, these releases represent a further intake, and the related risks cannot be neglected, especially for highly susceptible populations. Thus, it is essential to correctly inform consumers both with dedicated interventions and exhaustive labelling.
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16
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Luís C, Algarra M, Câmara JS, Perestrelo R. Comprehensive Insight from Phthalates Occurrence: From Health Outcomes to Emerging Analytical Approaches. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9070157. [PMID: 34357900 PMCID: PMC8309855 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9070157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Phthalates are a group of chemicals used in a multitude of important industrial products (e.g., medical devices, children's toys, and food packages), mainly as plasticizers to improve mechanical properties such as flexibility, transparency, durability, and longevity of polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The wide occurrence of phthalates in many consumer products, including foods (e.g., bottled water, soft drinks, wine, milk, and meat) brings that most people are exposed to phthalates every day, which raises some concerns. Adverse health outcomes from phthalates exposure have been associated with endocrine disruption, deformities in the human reproductive system, increased risk of preterm birth, carcinogen exposure, among others. Apprehension related to the health risks and ubiquitous incidence of phthalates in foods inspires the development of reliable analytical approaches that allow their detection and quantification at trace levels. The purpose of the current review is to provide information related to the presence of phthalates in the food chain, highlighting the health risks associated with their exposure. Moreover, an overview of emerging extraction procedures and high-resolution analytical approaches for a comprehensive quantification of phthalates is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Luís
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, Universidade da Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal; (C.L.); (J.S.C.)
- Faculdade de Ciências da Vida, Unidade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Manuel Algarra
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Campus de Teatinos s/n, University of Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain;
| | - José S. Câmara
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, Universidade da Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal; (C.L.); (J.S.C.)
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Engenharia, Campus da Penteada, Universidade da Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Rosa Perestrelo
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, Universidade da Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal; (C.L.); (J.S.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-291-705-224
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17
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Bodur S, Erarpat S, Dalgıç Bozyiğit G, Selali Chormey D, Öz E, Özdoğan N, Bakırdere S. A sensitive determination method for trace bisphenol A in bottled water and wastewater samples: Binary solvent liquid phase microextraction-quadrupole isotope dilution-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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18
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Giuliani A, Zuccarini M, Cichelli A, Khan H, Reale M. Critical Review on the Presence of Phthalates in Food and Evidence of Their Biological Impact. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E5655. [PMID: 32764471 PMCID: PMC7460375 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17165655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Phthalates are a huge class of chemicals with a wide spectrum of industrial uses, from the manufacture of plastics to food contact applications, children's toys, and medical devices. People and animals can be exposed through different routes (i.e., ingestion, inhalation, dermal, or iatrogenic exposure), as these compounds can be easily released from plastics to water, food, soil, air, making them ubiquitous environmental contaminants. In the last decades, phthalates and their metabolites have proven to be of concern, particularly in products for pregnant women or children. Moreover, many authors reported high concentrations of phthalates in soft drinks, mineral waters, wine, oil, ready-to-eat meals, and other products, as a possible consequence of their accumulation along the food production chain and their accidental release from packaging materials. However, due to their different physical and chemical properties, phthalates do not have the same human and environmental impacts and their association to several human diseases is still under debate. In this review we provide an overview of phthalate toxicity, pointing out the health and legal issues related to their occurrence in several types of food and beverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Giuliani
- "G.d'Annunzio" School of Advanced Studies, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Mariachiara Zuccarini
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Aging Research Center, Ce.S.I., "G. d'Annunzio" University Foundation, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Angelo Cichelli
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Marcella Reale
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Interuniversity Center on Interactions between Electromagnetic Fields and Biosystems, National Research Council-Institute for Electromagnetic Detection of The Environment, (ICEMB-CNR-IREA), 80124 Naples, Italy
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19
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Peñalver R, Arroyo-Manzanares N, Campillo N, Viñas P. Targeted and untargeted gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of honey samples for determination of migrants from plastic packages. Food Chem 2020; 334:127547. [PMID: 32693334 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Plastic food packages usually contain additives which may migrate from the package into the food and then be ingested by the consumer, representing a risk for their health. In this study, targeted and untargeted analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is proposed to monitor any contaminants of this type in honey. The application of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) as a preconcentration technique allowed very low detection limits to be reached for all the substances. Fifteen target compounds, including styrene, phthalates, fatty acids, alkylphenols and bisphenol A, were quantified. Untargeted analyses were also carried out, allowing other migrants in the honey samples to be identified, such as two phthalates, four acids, three esters, one aldehyde, one hydrocarbon and two alkyl phenol compounds. The proposed method was seen to be a useful approach for the quantification and identification of potential migrants from plastics in challenging samples such as honey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Peñalver
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Natalia Arroyo-Manzanares
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Natalia Campillo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Pilar Viñas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain.
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20
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Analytical Scheme for Simultaneous Determination of Phthalates and Bisphenol A in Honey Samples Based on Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Followed by GC-IT/MS. Effect of the Thermal Stress on PAE/BP-A Levels. Methods Protoc 2020; 3:mps3010023. [PMID: 32213842 PMCID: PMC7189663 DOI: 10.3390/mps3010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, an analytical protocol was developed for the simultaneous determination of phthalates (di-methyl phthalate DMP, di-ethyl phthalate DEP, di-isobutyl phthalate DiBP, di-n-butyl phthalate DBP, bis-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate DEHP, di-n-octyl phthalate DNOP) and bisphenol A (BPA). The extraction technique used was the ultrasound vortex assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (UVA-DLLME). The method involves analyte extraction using 75 µL of benzene and subsequent analysis by gas chromatography combined with ion trap mass spectrometry (GC-IT/MS). The method is sensitive, reliable, and reproducible with a limit of detection (LOD) below 13 ng g−1 and limit of quantification (LOQ) below 22 ng g−1 and the intra- and inter-day errors below 7.2 and 9.3, respectively. The method developed and validated was applied to six honey samples (i.e., four single-use commercial ones and two home-made ones. Some phthalates were found in the samples at concentrations below the specific migration limits (SMLs). Furthermore, the commercial samples were subjected to two different thermal stresses (24 h and 48 h at 40 °C) for evidence of the release of plastic from the containers. An increase in the phthalate concentrations was observed, especially during the first phase of the shock, but the levels were still within the limits of the regulations.
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Notardonato I, Passarella S, Ianiri G, Di Fiore C, Russo MV, Avino P. Analytical Method Development and Chemometric Approach for Evidencing Presence of Plasticizer Residues in Nectar Honey Samples. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E1692. [PMID: 32150918 PMCID: PMC7084514 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17051692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the years, anthropogenic sources have increasingly affected food quality. One of the most sensitive and nutritional matrices affected by chemical contamination is honey, due to the use of acaricides. Recently, the attention has moved to the presence of phthalates (PAEs) and bisphenol A (BP-A), molecules present in plastic materials used both in the production phase and in the conservation of honey. In this study, an analytical method for the simultaneous determination of PAEs (dimethyl phthalate DMP, diethyl phthalate DEP, diisobutyl phthalate DiBP, dibutyl phthalate DBP, bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate DEHP, and di-n-octyl-phthalate DnOP) and BP-A was developed. The extraction technique is the ultrasound-vortex-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (UVA-DLLME), using 150 µL of toluene as an extraction solvent, followed by the gas chromatography coupled with ion trap mass spectrometry analysis (GC-IT/MS). The developed method is sensitive, reliable, and reproducible: it shows high correlation coefficients (R > 0.999); limits of detection (LODs) less than 11 ng·g-1; limits of quantification (LOQs) less than 16 ng·g-1; repeatability below 3.6%, except BP-A (11.6%); and accuracy below 4.8%, except BP-A (17.6%). The method was applied to 47 nectar honey samples for evidencing similarities among them. The chemometric approach based on Hierarchical Cluster Analysis and Principal Component Analysis evidenced some similitudes about sample origin as well as marked differences between PAE and BP-A sources.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Pasquale Avino
- Department of Agriculture, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, via De Sanctis, I-86100 Campobasso, Italy; (I.N.); (S.P.); (G.I.); (C.D.F.); (M.V.R.)
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22
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Liu J, Qiu H, Zhang F, Li Y. Zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 coated Fe 3O 4@SiO 2 composites for magnetic solid-phase extraction of bisphenols. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj00006j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new magnetic composite material ZIF-8 coated Fe3O4@SiO2 was employed for preconcentration and detection of trace BPs in water and plastic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Functional Materials Chemistry (Tianjin Normal University)
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecule
- College of Chemistry
- Tianjin Normal University
- Tianjin
| | - Huijiao Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Functional Materials Chemistry (Tianjin Normal University)
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecule
- College of Chemistry
- Tianjin Normal University
- Tianjin
| | - Fei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Functional Materials Chemistry (Tianjin Normal University)
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecule
- College of Chemistry
- Tianjin Normal University
- Tianjin
| | - Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Functional Materials Chemistry (Tianjin Normal University)
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecule
- College of Chemistry
- Tianjin Normal University
- Tianjin
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23
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Bodur S, Erarpat S, Chormey DS, Bozyiğit GD, Öz E, Özdoğan N, Bakırdere S. Assessment of different isotope dilution strategies and their combination with switchable solvent-based liquid phase microextraction prior to the quantification of bisphenol A at trace levels via GC-MS. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj02706e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Different isotope dilution strategies were evaluated to quantify bisphenol A. High accuracy and precision were achieved by SS-LPME and ID4 combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Süleyman Bodur
- Yıldız Technical University
- Faculty of Art and Science
- Department of Chemistry
- İstanbul
- Turkey
| | - Sezin Erarpat
- Yıldız Technical University
- Faculty of Art and Science
- Department of Chemistry
- İstanbul
- Turkey
| | - Dotse Selali Chormey
- Yıldız Technical University
- Faculty of Art and Science
- Department of Chemistry
- İstanbul
- Turkey
| | - Gamze Dalgıç Bozyiğit
- Yildiz Technical University
- Faculty of Civil Engineering
- Department of Environmental Engineering
- 34220 İstanbul
- Turkey
| | - Ersoy Öz
- Yıldız Technical University
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences
- Department of Statistics
- İstanbul
- Turkey
| | - Nizamettin Özdoğan
- Bülent Ecevit University
- Institute of Science
- Department of Environmental Engineering
- Zonguldak
- Turkey
| | - Sezgin Bakırdere
- Yıldız Technical University
- Faculty of Art and Science
- Department of Chemistry
- İstanbul
- Turkey
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