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Stępień KA, Kalicka A, Giebułtowicz J. Screening the quality of legal and illegal dietary supplements by LC-MS/MS. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS. PART B, SURVEILLANCE 2024:1-14. [PMID: 39105408 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2024.2382221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Dietary supplements are widely consumed. However, the lack of mandatory testing results in limited data on their quality, particularly in Eastern Europe. In this study, 21 legally registered and 9 illegal supplements, seized from an underground facility by the Polish Police, were examined. Contaminants were screened by utilising high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with untargeted mass spectrometry. The analysis identified 32 contaminants in the 30 dietary supplements examined. Untargeted analysis revealed a concerning issue: the intentional adulteration of both legal and illegal supplements with pharmacologically active substances that are prohibited in this category of products. This study indicated that many dietary supplements are of low quality due to deliberate adulteration or inadequate manufacturing conditions. The presence of unregistered or unapproved substances in these supplements poses serious health risks. Strong legal regulations are essential to address this issue effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Adam Stępień
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Drug Chemistry, Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kalicka
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Drug Chemistry, Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Giebułtowicz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Drug Chemistry, Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Amidžić Klarić D, Kovačić J, Jeličić ML, Zubčić S, Stankov V, Gulan Čičak M, Bučar B, Klarić I, Mornar A. Assessment of Physicochemical Parameters and Contaminants in Herbal Dietary Supplements Used in the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:893. [PMID: 37375839 DOI: 10.3390/ph16060893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease is a complex disorder characterized by chronic gastrointestinal inflammation. Thus, patients prefer to use herbal dietary supplements containing turmeric, Indian frankincense, green chiretta, and black pepper in an attempt to cope better with their chronic condition. The dietary supplements' dosage forms and herbal ingredients were assessed in terms of the products' physicochemical parameters (weight uniformity, friability, disintegration, rupture test, tablet's breaking force, and powder flowability) in view of the USP-NF requirements. In addition, contaminants such as organic solvents and ethylene oxide were evaluated using gas chromatography. Assessment of gluten via an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay was also performed. Most of the products met USP requirements. The high average weight of one multicomponent tablet sample with a high breaking force value can explain the observed negative results of the disintegration test. A total of 26% of samples tested positive for gluten, but the most alarming fact is that the ethylene oxide levels found in two samples were up to 30 times higher than the EU limit. Accordingly, dietary supplement quality control is of fundamental importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Amidžić Klarić
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jelena Kovačić
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mario-Livio Jeličić
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Snježana Zubčić
- Agency for Medicinal Products and Medicinal Devices of Croatia, Ksaverska Cesta 4, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Marija Gulan Čičak
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Sample Control, Puškarićeva Ulica 18, 10 250 Lučko, Croatia
| | - Boris Bučar
- Sample Control, Puškarićeva Ulica 18, 10 250 Lučko, Croatia
| | - Ilija Klarić
- Public Health Brčko DC, R. Dž. Čauševića 1, 76000 Brčko DC, Bosnia and Hercegovina
| | - Ana Mornar
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Polyphenol content and antioxidant activity of phytoestrogen containing food and dietary supplements: DPPH free radical scavenging activity by HPLC. ACTA PHARMACEUTICA (ZAGREB, CROATIA) 2022; 72:375-388. [PMID: 36651542 DOI: 10.2478/acph-2022-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Soy, red clover, chaste tree, hop and flax have all been found to contain a wide range of phytoestrogenic compounds, and a large number of dietary supplements contain their extracts as principal ingredients. This study is aimed to evaluate the total polyphenolic content and antioxidant activity of phytoestrogen-containing food and formulated dietary supplements. The HPLC-DPPH method was applied for DPPH free radical scavenging activity testing of various phytoestrogen-containing samples. Polyphenol content and antioxidant activity in dietary supplements were higher than in functional food samples; multiple-botanical-source preparations showed higher polyphenol content and antioxidant activity than the mono-botanical counterparts. Furthermore, the correlation between polyphenol content and anti-oxidant activity was strongly statistically significant, so it might be concluded that antioxidant activity is proportional to the content of these secondary metabolites. The most striking batch-to-batch deviations were represented by one chaste berry-based product (RSD 41.3 %) and one red clover derived product (RSD 57.9 %). The results of this study contribute to a better understanding of the phenolic profile and antioxidant properties of phytoestrogen containing food and dietary supplements.
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Schreiner T, Ronzheimer A, Friz M, Morlock G. Multiplex planar bioassay with reduced diffusion on normal phase, identifying androgens, verified antiandrogens and synergists in botanicals via 12D hyphenation. Food Chem 2022; 395:133610. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Marques SPD, Owen RW, da Silva AMA, Alves Neto ML, Trevisan MTS. QuEChERS extraction for quantitation of bitter acids and xanthohumol in hops by HPLC-UV. Food Chem 2022; 388:132964. [PMID: 35447586 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesised that QuEChERS could be successfully applied to the extraction of bitter acids and xanthohumol from hops, which would be less time consuming, cheaper, and more eco-friendly by the severe reduction of solvent use. High performance liquid chromatography was used to separate the compounds after extraction and quantitation was evaluated against standard calibration curves for bitter acids prepared from an International calibration extract (ICE-4) and an authentic standard of xanthohumol. The standard QuEChERS method was compared to mini and micro-versions including clean-up and spiking procedures. The quantitative analyzes indicate the applicability of the QuEChERS method for the quantitation of bitter acids compared to Soxhlet extraction. The statistical data confirm reproducibility of the total alpha- and beta- acids measured by the standard method and the modified mini- and micro-QuEChERS procedures. Our hypothesis is supported by the data described and is consistent with other previous methods described in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Pedro Dantas Marques
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Ceará, Departamento de Química, Av. José de Freitas Queiroz, 5000, Quixadá, CE CEP: 63902-580, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Química, Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici - Bloco 935 superior - Laboratório de Produtos Naturais e Biotecnologia (LPNBio), CP: 60451-970 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
| | - Robert Wyn Owen
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Química, Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici - Bloco 935 superior - Laboratório de Produtos Naturais e Biotecnologia (LPNBio), CP: 60451-970 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Amaral da Silva
- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Pós-Graduação em Química, Campus do Pici - Bloco 940 - Cx. Postal: 6021, CEP: 60455-760 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Manoel Lourenço Alves Neto
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Fortaleza, Ceará 60455-760, Brazil.
| | - Maria Teresa Salles Trevisan
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Química, Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici - Bloco 935 superior - Laboratório de Produtos Naturais e Biotecnologia (LPNBio), CP: 60451-970 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
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Zhang J, Zhang Y, Ma H, Yang F, Duan T, Zhang Y, Dong Y. Quantitative analysis of nine isoflavones in traditional Chinese medicines using mixed micellar liquid chromatography containing sodium dodecylsulfate/β-cyclodextrin supramolecular amphiphiles. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:3188-3198. [PMID: 34212486 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Isoflavone is one of the phytoestrogens that have estrogenic effects, so it is usually served as an active ingredient for quality control of traditional Chinese medicines rich in isoflavones. Nine isoflavones commonly found in traditional Chinese medicines were separated in 30 min using mixed micellar liquid chromatography. The mobile phase consisted of 0.08 M sodium dodecylsulfate and 6.05 mM β-cyclodextrin:methanol (87:13, v/v) at pH 3 and eluted isocratically at 1 mL/min through a C18 column. In this study, we systematically optimized the chromatographic conditions including the pH, the composition and concentration of surfactants, the type and ratio of organic solvents, and column temperature. The method was validated according to the International Council for Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use guidelines. There is no report using micellar liquid chromatography to detect isoflavones, and the optimized method has been successfully applied to quantify isoflavones in red clover and Radix Puerariae. This method is efficient, cheap, and convenient. Finally, we verified the existence of supramolecular amphiphilic vesicles in the mobile phase by transmission electron microscopy to explain the increased chromatographic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yufei Zhang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Haixia Ma
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Fatang Yang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Tianjiao Duan
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yuhui Zhang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yuming Dong
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P. R. China
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