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Tian X, Srinivasan PR, Tajiknia V, Sanchez Sevilla Uruchurtu AF, Seyhan AA, Carneiro BA, De La Cruz A, Pinho-Schwermann M, George A, Zhao S, Strandberg J, Di Cristofano F, Zhang S, Zhou L, Raufi AG, Navaraj A, Zhang Y, Verovkina N, Ghandali M, Ryspayeva D, El-Deiry WS. Targeting apoptotic pathways for cancer therapy. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e179570. [PMID: 39007268 PMCID: PMC11245162 DOI: 10.1172/jci179570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death that is mediated by intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. Dysregulation of and resistance to cell death are hallmarks of cancer. For over three decades, the development of therapies to promote treatment of cancer by inducing various cell death modalities, including apoptosis, has been a main goal of clinical oncology. Apoptosis pathways also interact with other signaling mechanisms, such as the p53 signaling pathway and the integrated stress response (ISR) pathway. In addition to agents directly targeting the intrinsic and extrinsic pathway components, anticancer drugs that target the p53 and ISR signaling pathways are actively being developed. In this Review, we discuss selected and promising anticancer therapies in various stages of development, including drug targets, mechanisms, and resistance to related treatments, focusing especially on B cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) inhibitors, TRAIL analogues, DR5 antibodies, and strategies that target p53, mutant p53, and the ISR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing Tian
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics and
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Praveen R. Srinivasan
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics and
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Vida Tajiknia
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics and
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Ashley F. Sanchez Sevilla Uruchurtu
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics and
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Pathobiology Graduate Program, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Attila A. Seyhan
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics and
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Benedito A. Carneiro
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics and
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Hematology/Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Arielle De La Cruz
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics and
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Maximilian Pinho-Schwermann
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics and
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Hematology/Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Andrew George
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics and
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Shuai Zhao
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics and
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Jillian Strandberg
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics and
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Francesca Di Cristofano
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics and
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Shengliang Zhang
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics and
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Lanlan Zhou
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics and
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Alexander G. Raufi
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics and
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Hematology/Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Arunasalam Navaraj
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics and
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Yiqun Zhang
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics and
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Nataliia Verovkina
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics and
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Maryam Ghandali
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics and
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Dinara Ryspayeva
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics and
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Wafik S. El-Deiry
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics and
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Pathobiology Graduate Program, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Hematology/Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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Deng Y, Li Y, Yang M, Gao Y, Luo X, Chen H, Guo M, Yang X, Liu Y, He J, Lu B, Liu N. Carfilzomib activates ER stress and JNK/p38 MAPK signaling to promote apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2024; 56:697-708. [PMID: 38591121 PMCID: PMC11177107 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2024040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most prevalent and deadly cancers in the world, which is frequently diagnosed at a late stage. HCC patients have a poor prognosis due to the lack of an efficacious therapeutic strategy. Approved drug repurposing is a way for accelerating drug discovery and can significantly reduce the cost of drug development. Carfilzomib (CFZ) is a second-generation proteasome inhibitor, which is highly efficacious against multiple myeloma and has been reported to possess potential antitumor activities against multiple cancers. However, the underlying mechanism of CFZ on HCC is still unclear. Here, we show that CFZ inhibits the proliferation of HCC cells through cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and suppresses the migration and invasion of HCC cells by inhibiting epithelial-mesenchymal transition. We also find that CFZ promotes reactive oxygen species production to induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and activate JNK/p38 MAPK signaling in HCC cells, thus inducing cell death in HCC cells. Moreover, CFZ significantly inhibits HCC cell growth in a xenograft mouse model. Collectively, our study elucidates that CFZ impairs mitochondrial function and activates ER stress and JNK/p38 MAPK signaling, thus inhibiting HCC cell and tumor growth. This indicates that CFZ has the potential as a therapeutic drug for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Deng
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver DiseaseThe Affiliated Nanhua Hospital and Department of Cell Biology and GeneticsSchool of Basic Medical SciencesHengyang Medical SchoolUniversity of South ChinaHengyang421001China
| | - Yujie Li
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life SciencesWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou325035China
- Department of Gastrointestinal SurgeryThe First Affiliated HospitalWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou325000China
| | - Mingyue Yang
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life SciencesWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou325035China
| | - Yang Gao
- School of Public HealthFudan UniversityShanghai200032China
| | - Xuling Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver DiseaseThe Affiliated Nanhua Hospital and Department of Cell Biology and GeneticsSchool of Basic Medical SciencesHengyang Medical SchoolUniversity of South ChinaHengyang421001China
| | - Hanbin Chen
- Department of OncologyThe First Affiliated HospitalWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou325000China
| | - Meng Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver DiseaseThe Affiliated Nanhua Hospital and Department of Cell Biology and GeneticsSchool of Basic Medical SciencesHengyang Medical SchoolUniversity of South ChinaHengyang421001China
| | - Xuefeng Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver DiseaseThe Affiliated Nanhua Hospital and Department of Cell Biology and GeneticsSchool of Basic Medical SciencesHengyang Medical SchoolUniversity of South ChinaHengyang421001China
| | - Yongzhang Liu
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life SciencesWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou325035China
| | - Jun He
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver DiseaseThe Affiliated Nanhua Hospital and Department of Cell Biology and GeneticsSchool of Basic Medical SciencesHengyang Medical SchoolUniversity of South ChinaHengyang421001China
| | - Bin Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver DiseaseThe Affiliated Nanhua Hospital and Department of Cell Biology and GeneticsSchool of Basic Medical SciencesHengyang Medical SchoolUniversity of South ChinaHengyang421001China
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life SciencesWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou325035China
| | - Naxin Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal SurgeryThe First Affiliated HospitalWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou325000China
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Vinik Y, Maimon A, Dubey V, Raj H, Abramovitch I, Malitsky S, Itkin M, Ma'ayan A, Westermann F, Gottlieb E, Ruppin E, Lev S. Programming a Ferroptosis-to-Apoptosis Transition Landscape Revealed Ferroptosis Biomarkers and Repressors for Cancer Therapy. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2307263. [PMID: 38441406 PMCID: PMC11077643 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202307263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
Ferroptosis and apoptosis are key cell-death pathways implicated in several human diseases including cancer. Ferroptosis is driven by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation and currently has no characteristic biomarkers or gene signatures. Here a continuous phenotypic gradient between ferroptosis and apoptosis coupled to transcriptomic and metabolomic landscapes is established. The gradual ferroptosis-to-apoptosis transcriptomic landscape is used to generate a unique, unbiased transcriptomic predictor, the Gradient Gene Set (GGS), which classified ferroptosis and apoptosis with high accuracy. Further GGS optimization using multiple ferroptotic and apoptotic datasets revealed highly specific ferroptosis biomarkers, which are robustly validated in vitro and in vivo. A subset of the GGS is associated with poor prognosis in breast cancer patients and PDXs and contains different ferroptosis repressors. Depletion of one representative, PDGFA-assaociated protein 1(PDAP1), is found to suppress basal-like breast tumor growth in a mouse model. Omics and mechanistic studies revealed that ferroptosis is associated with enhanced lysosomal function, glutaminolysis, and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, while its transition into apoptosis is attributed to enhanced endoplasmic reticulum(ER)-stress and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)-to-phosphatidylcholine (PC) metabolic shift. Collectively, this study highlights molecular mechanisms underlying ferroptosis execution, identified a highly predictive ferroptosis gene signature with prognostic value, ferroptosis versus apoptosis biomarkers, and ferroptosis repressors for breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaron Vinik
- Molecular Cell Biology DepartmentWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot76100Israel
| | - Avi Maimon
- Molecular Cell Biology DepartmentWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot76100Israel
| | - Vinay Dubey
- Molecular Cell Biology DepartmentWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot76100Israel
| | - Harsha Raj
- Molecular Cell Biology DepartmentWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot76100Israel
| | - Ifat Abramovitch
- The Ruth and Bruce RappaportFaculty of MedicineTechnion–Israel Institute of TechnologyHaifa3525433Israel
| | - Sergey Malitsky
- Metabolic Profiling UnitWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot76100Israel
| | - Maxim Itkin
- Metabolic Profiling UnitWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot76100Israel
| | - Avi Ma'ayan
- Department of Pharmacological SciencesMount Sinai Center for BioinformaticsIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNY10029USA
| | - Frank Westermann
- Neuroblastoma GenomicsGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)69120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Eyal Gottlieb
- The Ruth and Bruce RappaportFaculty of MedicineTechnion–Israel Institute of TechnologyHaifa3525433Israel
| | - Eytan Ruppin
- Cancer Data Science LaboratoryNational Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMD20892USA
| | - Sima Lev
- Molecular Cell Biology DepartmentWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot76100Israel
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Maruhashi T, Miki H, Sogabe K, Oda A, Sumitani R, Oura M, Takahashi M, Harada T, Fujii S, Nakamura S, Kurahashi K, Endo I, Abe M. Acute suppression of translation by hyperthermia enhances anti-myeloma activity of carfilzomib. Int J Hematol 2024; 119:291-302. [PMID: 38252236 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-023-03706-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Hyperthermia is a unique treatment option for cancers. Multiple myeloma (MM) remains incurable and innovative therapeutic options are needed. We investigated the efficacy of hyperthermia and carfilzomib in combination against MM cells. Although MM cell lines exhibited different susceptibilities to pulsatile carfilzomib treatment, mild hyperthermia at 43℃ induced MM cell death in all cell lines in a time-dependent manner. Hyperthermia and carfilzomib cooperatively induced MM cell death even under suboptimal conditions. The pro-survival mediators PIM2 and NRF2 accumulated in MM cells due to inhibition of their proteasomal degradation by carfilzomib; however, hyperthermia acutely suppressed translation in parallel with phosphorylation of eIF2α to reduce these proteins in MM cells. Recovery of β5 subunit enzymatic activity from its immediate inhibition by carfilzomib was observed at 24 h in carfilzomib-insusceptible KMS-11, OPM-2, and RPMI8226 cells, but not in carfilzomib-sensitive MM.1S cells. However, heat treatment suppressed the recovery of β5 subunit activity in these carfilzomib-insusceptible cells. Therefore, hyperthermia re-sensitized MM cells to carfilzomib. Our results support the treatment of MM with hyperthermia in combination with carfilzomib. Further research is warranted on hyperthermia for drug-resistant extramedullary plasmacytoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Maruhashi
- Department of Hematology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Miki
- Division of Transfusion Medicine and Cell Therapy, Tokushima University Hospital, 2-50-1 Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan.
| | - Kimiko Sogabe
- Department of Hematology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Asuka Oda
- Department of Hematology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Ryohei Sumitani
- Department of Hematology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Masahiro Oura
- Department of Hematology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Mamiko Takahashi
- Department of Hematology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Takeshi Harada
- Department of Hematology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Shiro Fujii
- Department of Hematology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Shingen Nakamura
- Department of Community Medicine and Medical Science, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kiyoe Kurahashi
- Department of Community Medicine for Respirology, Hematology and Metabolism, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Itsuro Endo
- Department of Bioregulatory Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Masahiro Abe
- Department of Hematology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan.
- Department of Hematology, Kawashima Hospital, 6-1 Kitasakoichiban-Cho, Tokushima, 770-0011, Japan.
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Pakjoo M, Ahmadi SE, Zahedi M, Jaafari N, Khademi R, Amini A, Safa M. Interplay between proteasome inhibitors and NF-κB pathway in leukemia and lymphoma: a comprehensive review on challenges ahead of proteasome inhibitors. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:105. [PMID: 38331801 PMCID: PMC10851565 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01433-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The current scientific literature has extensively explored the potential role of proteasome inhibitors (PIs) in the NF-κB pathway of leukemia and lymphoma. The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is a critical component in regulating protein degradation in eukaryotic cells. PIs, such as BTZ, are used to target the 26S proteasome in hematologic malignancies, resulting in the prevention of the degradation of tumor suppressor proteins, the activation of intrinsic mitochondrial-dependent cell death, and the inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway. NF-κB is a transcription factor that plays a critical role in the regulation of apoptosis, cell proliferation, differentiation, inflammation, angiogenesis, and tumor migration. Despite the successful use of PIs in various hematologic malignancies, there are limitations such as resistant to these inhibitors. Some reports suggest that PIs can induce NF-κB activation, which increases the survival of malignant cells. This article discusses the various aspects of PIs' effects on the NF-κB pathway and their limitations. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Pakjoo
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
- ATMP department, Breast cancer research center, Motamed cancer institute, ACECR, P.O. BOX:15179/64311, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Esmaeil Ahmadi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Zahedi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Allied Medicine, Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloofar Jaafari
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reyhane Khademi
- Thalassemia & Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ali Amini
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Majid Safa
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Yao Z, Tao S, Lai Y, Yu Y, Wang H, Sang J, Yang J, Li H, Li X, Li Y, Ning Y, Ge RS, Li S. The impact of tetrachlorobisphenol A exposure during puberty: Altered Leydig cell development and induced endoplasmic reticulum stress in male mice. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 270:115895. [PMID: 38159341 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Tetrachlorobisphenol A (TCBPA), a halogenated flame retardant and endocrine disruptor, has been detected in human urine and serum. While previous research has shown its impact on the reproductive system, investigations into its mechanisms during puberty remain limited. This study aims to explore the effects of TCBPA on Leydig cells in adolescent mice and potential underlying mechanisms. Male C57 mice of age 28 days were gavaged with 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg/day for 28 days. TCBPA did not alter body weight and testis weight but lowered testosterone levels at 100 and 200 mg/kg and reduced sperm count in the epididymis at 200 mg/kg. TCBPA lowered Leydig cell number at 200 mg/kg while it downregulated key Leydig cell gene (Lhcgr, Scarb1, Cyp11a1, Cyp17a1, Hsd3b6, Hsd17b3 and Insl3) as low as 50 mg/kg. Further study indicated that TCBPA induced reactive oxygen species and caused endoplasmic reticulum stress. In vitro study in TM3 mouse Leydig cells showed that TCBPA indeed induced reactive oxygen species and caused endoplasmic reticulum stress at 75 μM and inhibited testosterone production at this concentration and addition of antioxidant tocopherol can reverse it. These discoveries provide new insights and references for a deeper understanding of the toxic mechanisms of TCBPA on Leydig cells during puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiang Yao
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences,Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Shanhui Tao
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences,Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Yingji Lai
- Alberta Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang Province, China; Department of Anaesthesiology and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang Province, China; Department of Anaesthesiology and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Jianmin Sang
- Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang Province, China; Department of Anaesthesiology and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Jin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang Province, China; Department of Anaesthesiology and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Huitao Li
- Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang Province, China; Department of Anaesthesiology and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Xiaoheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang Province, China; Department of Anaesthesiology and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yang Li
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences,Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Yangyang Ning
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences,Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang Province, China; Department of Anaesthesiology and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China.
| | - Shijun Li
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences,Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China.
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7
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Zhang X, Liu B, Lal K, Liu H, Tran M, Zhou M, Ezugwu C, Gao X, Dang T, Au ML, Brown E, Wu H, Liao Y. Antioxidant System and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Cataracts. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:4041-4058. [PMID: 37874455 PMCID: PMC10842247 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01427-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
The primary underlying contributor for cataract, a leading cause of vision impairment and blindness worldwide, is oxidative stress. Oxidative stress triggers protein damage, cell apoptosis, and subsequent cataract formation. The nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) serves as a principal redox transcriptional factor in the lens, offering a line of defense against oxidative stress. In response to oxidative challenges, Nrf2 dissociates from its inhibitor, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), moves to the nucleus, and binds to the antioxidant response element (ARE) to activate the Nrf2-dependent antioxidant system. In parallel, oxidative stress also induces endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS). Reactive oxygen species (ROS), generated during oxidative stress, can directly damage proteins, causing them to misfold. Initially, the unfolded protein response (UPR) activates to mitigate excessive misfolded proteins. Yet, under persistent or severe stress, the failure to rectify protein misfolding leads to an accumulation of these aberrant proteins, pushing the UPR towards an apoptotic pathway, further contributing to cataractogenesis. Importantly, there is a dynamic interaction between the Nrf2 antioxidant system and the ERS/UPR mechanism in the lens. This interplay, where ERS/UPR can modulate Nrf2 expression and vice versa, holds potential therapeutic implications for cataract prevention and treatment. This review explores the intricate crosstalk between these systems, aiming to illuminate strategies for future advancements in cataract prevention and intervention. The Nrf2-dependent antioxidant system communicates and cross-talks with the ERS/UPR pathway. Both mechanisms are proposed to play pivotal roles in the onset of cataract formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Bingqing Liu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Kevin Lal
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Haihua Liu
- Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Myhoa Tran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Manyu Zhou
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chimdindu Ezugwu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Xin Gao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Terry Dang
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - My-Lien Au
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Erica Brown
- School of Medicine, Texas Christian University and University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Hongli Wu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA.
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA.
| | - Yan Liao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
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8
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Matsushita M, Kashiwazaki S, Kamiko S, Kobori M, Osada M, Kunieda H, Hirao M, Ichikawa D, Hattori Y. Immunomodulatory Effect of Proteasome Inhibitors via the Induction of Immunogenic Cell Death in Myeloma Cells. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1367. [PMID: 37895838 PMCID: PMC10609901 DOI: 10.3390/ph16101367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Several anti-cancer drugs are known to have immunomodulatory effects, including immunogenic cell death (ICD) of cancer cells. ICD is a form of apoptosis which is caused by the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), the uptake of cancer antigens by dendritic cells, and the activation of acquired immunity against cancer cells. ICD was originally reported in solid tumors, and there have been few reports on ICD in multiple myeloma (MM). Here, we showed that proteasome inhibitors, including carfilzomib, induce ICD in myeloma cells via an unfolded protein response pathway distinct from that in solid tumors. Additionally, we demonstrated the potential impact of ICD on the survival of patients with myeloma. ICD induced by proteasome inhibitors is expected to improve the prognosis of MM patients not only by its cytotoxic effects, but also by building strong immune memory response against MM cells in combination with other therapies, such as chimeric antigen receptor-T cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiko Matsushita
- Division of Clinical Physiology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Sho Kashiwazaki
- Division of Clinical Physiology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kamiko
- Division of Clinical Physiology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Michio Kobori
- Division of Clinical Physiology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Makoto Osada
- Department of Hematology, Tokyo Saiseikai Central Hospital, Tokyo 108-0073, Japan; (M.O.)
| | - Hisako Kunieda
- Department of Hematology, Tokyo Saiseikai Central Hospital, Tokyo 108-0073, Japan; (M.O.)
| | - Maki Hirao
- Department of Health Science, Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Daito Bunka University, Saitama 355-8501, Japan
| | - Daiju Ichikawa
- Division of Clinical Physiology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Yutaka Hattori
- Division of Clinical Physiology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
- Department of Hematology, Tokyo Saiseikai Central Hospital, Tokyo 108-0073, Japan; (M.O.)
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Ludwig MP, Galbraith MD, Eduthan NP, Hill AA, Clay MR, Tellez CM, Wilky BA, Elias A, Espinosa JM, Sullivan KD. Proteasome Inhibition Sensitizes Liposarcoma to MDM2 Inhibition with Nutlin-3 by Activating the ATF4/CHOP Stress Response Pathway. Cancer Res 2023; 83:2543-2556. [PMID: 37205634 PMCID: PMC10391328 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-22-3173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Liposarcoma is the most commonly occurring soft-tissue sarcoma and is frequently characterized by amplification of chromosome region 12q13-15 harboring the oncogenes MDM2 and CDK4. This unique genetic profile makes liposarcoma an attractive candidate for targeted therapeutics. While CDK4/6 inhibitors are currently employed for treatment of several cancers, MDM2 inhibitors have yet to attain clinical approval. Here, we report the molecular characterization of the response of liposarcoma to the MDM2 inhibitor nutlin-3. Treatment with nutlin-3 led to upregulation of two nodes of the proteostasis network: the ribosome and the proteasome. CRISPR/Cas9 was used to perform a genome-wide loss of function screen that identified PSMD9, which encodes a proteasome subunit, as a regulator of response to nutlin-3. Accordingly, pharmacologic studies with a panel of proteasome inhibitors revealed strong combinatorial induction of apoptosis with nutlin-3. Mechanistic studies identified activation of the ATF4/CHOP stress response axis as a potential node of interaction between nutlin-3 and the proteasome inhibitor carfilzomib. CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing experiments confirmed that ATF4, CHOP, and the BH3-only protein, NOXA, are all required for nutlin-3 and carfilzomib-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, activation of the unfolded protein response using tunicamycin and thapsigargin was sufficient to activate the ATF4/CHOP stress response axis and sensitize to nutlin-3. Finally, cell line and patient-derived xenograft models demonstrated combinatorial effects of treatment with idasanutlin and carfilzomib on liposarcoma growth in vivo. Together, these data indicate that targeting of the proteasome could improve the efficacy of MDM2 inhibitors in liposarcoma. SIGNIFICANCE Targeting the proteasome in combination with MDM2 inhibition activates the ATF4/CHOP stress response axis to induce apoptosis in liposarcoma, providing a potential therapeutic approach for the most common soft-tissue sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Ludwig
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Matthew D. Galbraith
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Neetha Paul Eduthan
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Amanda A. Hill
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Michael R. Clay
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Cristiam Moreno Tellez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Breelyn A. Wilky
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Anthony Elias
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Joaquin M. Espinosa
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Kelly D. Sullivan
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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10
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Griffin R, Hanson HA, Avery BJ, Madsen MJ, Sborov DW, Camp NJ. Deep Transcriptome Profiling of Multiple Myeloma Using Quantitative Phenotypes. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2023; 32:708-717. [PMID: 36857768 PMCID: PMC10150248 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-22-0798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcriptome studies are gaining momentum in genomic epidemiology, and the need to incorporate these data in multivariable models alongside other risk factors brings demands for new approaches. METHODS Here we describe SPECTRA, an approach to derive quantitative variables that capture the intrinsic variation in gene expression of a tissue type. We applied the SPECTRA approach to bulk RNA sequencing from malignant cells (CD138+) in patients from the Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation CoMMpass study. RESULTS A set of 39 spectra variables were derived to represent multiple myeloma cells. We used these variables in predictive modeling to determine spectra-based risk scores for overall survival, progression-free survival, and time to treatment failure. Risk scores added predictive value beyond known clinical and expression risk factors and replicated in an external dataset. Spectrum variable S5, a significant predictor for all three outcomes, showed pre-ranked gene set enrichment for the unfolded protein response, a mechanism targeted by proteasome inhibitors which are a common first line agent in multiple myeloma treatment. We further used the 39 spectra variables in descriptive modeling, with significant associations found with tumor cytogenetics, race, gender, and age at diagnosis; factors known to influence multiple myeloma incidence or progression. CONCLUSIONS Quantitative variables from the SPECTRA approach can predict clinical outcomes in multiple myeloma and provide a new avenue for insight into tumor differences by demographic groups. IMPACT The SPECTRA approach provides a set of quantitative phenotypes that deeply profile a tissue and allows for more comprehensive modeling of gene expression with other risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalie Griffin
- Huntsman Cancer Institute and School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Computational Biology, Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Heidi A. Hanson
- Huntsman Cancer Institute and School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Brian J. Avery
- Huntsman Cancer Institute and School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Michael J. Madsen
- Huntsman Cancer Institute and School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Douglas W. Sborov
- Huntsman Cancer Institute and School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Nicola J. Camp
- Huntsman Cancer Institute and School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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11
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Al-Hetty HRAK, Jabbar AD, Eremin VF, Jabbar AM, Jalil AT, Al-Dulimi AG, Gharban HAJ, Khan MUF, Saleh MM. The role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in endometriosis. Cell Stress Chaperones 2023; 28:145-150. [PMID: 36696012 PMCID: PMC10050460 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-023-01323-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is a chronic gynecologic disorder characterized by abnormal growth of endometrium-like tissues in the ectopic regions of the pelvic peritoneum. The pathophysiology of endometriosis is not completely understood; however, excessive endometrial cell proliferation together with resistance to apoptosis facilitates the migration, implantation, and survival of endometrial cells in the distant sites. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response (also called unfolded protein response) is a cellular defense mechanism triggered by ER stress. When severe enough, the so-called response initiates cell suicide, i.e., apoptosis. Therefore, therapeutic induction of ER stress in endometriotic cells could promote apoptosis and contribute to the management of disease. In this review, we discuss the pathogenic role of ER stress in endometriosis and the most recent findings regarding the induction of ER stress in connection with endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vladimir F Eremin
- Republican Scientific and Practical Center for Transfusiology and Medical Biotechnologies, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Abeer Mohsen Jabbar
- College of Pharmacy, National University of Science and Technology, Nasiriyah, Dhi-Qar, Iraq
| | - Abduladheem Turki Jalil
- Department of Medical Laboratories Techniques, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hilla, Babylon, Iraq.
| | - Ali G Al-Dulimi
- Department of Dentistry, Bilad Alrafidain University College, Diyala, 32001, Iraq
| | - Hasanain A J Gharban
- Department of Internal and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Wasit University, Al-Kut, Iraq
| | | | - Marwan Mahmood Saleh
- Department of Biophysics, College of Applied Sciences, University of Anbar, Ramadi, Iraq
- College of Pharmacy, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
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12
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Long noncoding
RNA
01534 maintains cancer stemness by downregulating endoplasmic reticulum stress response in colorectal cancer. Ann Gastroenterol Surg 2022; 7:458-470. [PMID: 37152770 PMCID: PMC10154865 DOI: 10.1002/ags3.12649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studies have shown that cancer stemness and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response are inversely regulated in colorectal cancer (CRC), but the mechanism has not been fully clarified. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play key roles in cancer progression and metastasis. In this study we investigated lncRNA 01534 (LINC01534) as a possible modulator between cancer stemness and ER stress response. Methods In vitro experiments using CRC cell lines were performed to explore a possible role of LINC01534. The expression of LINC01534 in clinical CRC samples was assessed by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and in situ hybridization. Results Silencing LINC01534 led to suppression of cell proliferation, invasiveness, and cell cycle progression at the G2-M phase, and promoted apoptosis. Moreover, we found that silencing LINC01534 suppressed cancer stemness, while it activated the ER stress response, especially through the PERK/eIF2α signaling pathway. In situ hybridization revealed LINC01534 was expressed in tumor cells and upregulated in CRC tissues compared with normal epithelium. A survival survey indicated that high LINC01534 expression was significantly associated with shorter overall survival in 187 CRC patients. Conclusion This is the first report on LINC01534 in human cancer. Our findings suggest that LINC01534 may be an important modulator of the maintenance of cancer stemness and suppression of the ER stress response, and that it could be a novel prognostic factor in CRC.
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13
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Zhou Y, She X, Chen Z, Wei Y, Xiao Y, Zhou X. Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn) protein-derived antioxidant peptides: mechanisms of action and structure-activity relationship in Caco-2 cell models. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2022.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Wang G, Fan F, Sun C, Hu Y. Looking into Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress: The Key to Drug-Resistance of Multiple Myeloma? Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:5340. [PMID: 36358759 PMCID: PMC9654020 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is the second most common hematologic malignancy, resulting from the clonal proliferation of malignant plasma cells within the bone marrow. Despite significant advances that have been made with novel drugs over the past two decades, MM patients often develop therapy resistance, especially to bortezomib, the first-in-class proteasome inhibitor that was approved for treatment of MM. As highly secretory monoclonal protein-producing cells, MM cells are characterized by uploaded endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), and rely heavily on the ERS response for survival. Great efforts have been made to illustrate how MM cells adapt to therapeutic stresses through modulating the ERS response. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on the mechanisms by which ERS response pathways influence MM cell fate and response to treatment. Moreover, based on promising results obtained in preclinical studies, we discuss the prospect of applying ERS modulators to overcome drug resistance in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangqi Wang
- Department of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Avenue 1277, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Fengjuan Fan
- Department of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Avenue 1277, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Chunyan Sun
- Department of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Avenue 1277, Wuhan 430022, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yu Hu
- Department of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Avenue 1277, Wuhan 430022, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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15
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Exploring the R-ISS stage-specific regular networks in the progression of multiple myeloma at single-cell resolution. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2022; 65:1811-1823. [PMID: 35437648 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-021-2097-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The Revised International Staging System (R-ISS) is a simple and powerful prognostic tool for multiple myeloma (MM). However, heterogeneity in R-ISS stage is still poorly characterised, hampering improvement of treatments. We used single-cell RNA-seq to examine novel cellular heterogeneity and regular networks in nine MM patients stratified by R-ISS. Plasma cells were clustered into nine groups (P1-P9) based on gene expression, where P1-P5 were almost enriched in stage III.PDIA6 was significantly upregulated in P3 and LETM1 was enriched in P1, and they were validated to be upregulated in the MM cell line and in 22 other patients' myeloma cells. Furthermore, in progression, PDIA6 was newly found and verified to be activated by UQCRB through oxidative phosphorylation, while LETM1 was activated by STAT1 via the C-type lectin receptor-signalling pathway. Finally, a subcluster of monocytes was exclusively found in stage III specifically expressed chemokines modulated by ATF3. A few ligand-receptor pairs (CCL3/CCL5/CCL3L1-CCR1) were obviously active in monocyte-plasma communications in stage III. Herein, this study identified novel molecules, networks and crosstalk pairs in different R-ISS stages of MM, providing significant insight for its prognosis and treatment.
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16
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Lim JJ, Hooi L, Dan YY, Bonney GK, Zhou L, Chow PKH, Chee CE, Toh TB, Chow EKH. Rational drug combination design in patient-derived avatars reveals effective inhibition of hepatocellular carcinoma with proteasome and CDK inhibitors. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2022; 41:249. [PMID: 35971164 PMCID: PMC9377092 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02436-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains difficult to treat due to limited effective treatment options. While the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib has shown promising preclinical activity in HCC, clinical trials of bortezomib showed no advantage over the standard-of-care treatment sorafenib, highlighting the need for more clinically relevant therapeutic strategies. Here, we propose that rational drug combination design and validation in patient-derived HCC avatar models such as patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) and organoids can improve proteasome inhibitor-based therapeutic efficacy and clinical potential.
Methods
HCC PDXs and the corresponding PDX-derived organoids (PDXOs) were generated from primary patient samples for drug screening and efficacy studies. To identify effective proteasome inhibitor-based drug combinations, we applied a hybrid experimental-computational approach, Quadratic Phenotypic Optimization Platform (QPOP) on a pool of nine drugs comprising proteasome inhibitors, kinase inhibitors and chemotherapy agents. QPOP utilizes small experimental drug response datasets to accurately identify globally optimal drug combinations.
Results
Preliminary drug screening highlighted the increased susceptibility of HCC PDXOs towards proteasome inhibitors. Through QPOP, the combination of second-generation proteasome inhibitor ixazomib (Ixa) and CDK inhibitor dinaciclib (Dina) was identified to be effective against HCC. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated the synergistic pro-apoptotic and anti-proliferative activity of Ixa + Dina against HCC PDXs and PDXOs. Furthermore, Ixa + Dina outperformed sorafenib in mitigating tumor formation in mice. Mechanistically, increased activation of JNK signaling mediates the combined anti-tumor effects of Ixa + Dina in HCC tumor cells.
Conclusions
Rational drug combination design in patient-derived avatars highlights the therapeutic potential of proteasome and CDK inhibitors and represents a feasible approach towards developing more clinically relevant treatment strategies for HCC.
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Gezer E, Üner G, Küçüksolak M, Kurt MÜ, Doğan G, Kırmızıbayrak PB, Bedir E. Undescribed polyether ionophores from Streptomyces cacaoi and their antibacterial and antiproliferative activities. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 195:113038. [PMID: 34902703 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.113038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Polyether ionophores represent a large group of naturally occurring compounds mainly produced by Streptomyces species. With previously proven varieties of bioactivity including antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, antiviral and anti-tumor effects, the discovery of undescribed polyethers leading to development of efficient therapeutics has become important. As part of our research on polyether-rich Streptomyces cacaoi, we previously performed modification studies on fermentation conditions to induce synthesis of specialized metabolites. Here, we report four undescribed and nine known polyether compounds from S. cacaoi grown in optimized conditions. Antimicrobial activity assays revealed that four compounds, including the undescribed (6), showed strong inhibitory effects over both Bacillus subtilis and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) growth. Additionally, K41-A and its C15-demethoxy derivative exhibited significant cytotoxicity. These results signified that selectivity of C15-demethoxy K41-A towards cancer cells was higher than K41-A, which prompted us to conduct mechanistic experiments. These studies showed that this uninvestigated compound acts as a multitarget compound by inhibiting autophagic flux, inducing reactive oxygen species formation, abolishing proteasome activity, and stimulating ER stress. Consequently, the optimized fermentation conditions of S. cacaoi led to the isolation of undescribed and known polyethers displaying promising activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Gezer
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, 35430, Urla, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Göklem Üner
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, 35430, Urla, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Melis Küçüksolak
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, 35430, Urla, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Ünver Kurt
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, 35430, Urla, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gamze Doğan
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, 35430, Urla, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | - Erdal Bedir
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, 35430, Urla, Izmir, Turkey.
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18
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The Peptide–Drug Conjugate Melflufen Modulates the Unfolded Protein Response of Multiple Myeloma and Amyloidogenic Plasma Cells and Induces Cell Death. Hemasphere 2022; 6:e687. [PMID: 35243210 PMCID: PMC8884539 DOI: 10.1097/hs9.0000000000000687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin light-chain (AL) amyloidosis is a rare disease caused by clonal plasma cell secretion of misfolded light chains that assemble as toxic amyloid fibrils, depositing in vital organs including the heart and kidneys, causing organ dysfunction. Plasma cell–directed therapeutics are expected to reduce production of toxic light chain by eliminating amyloidogenic cells in bone marrow, thereby diminishing amyloid fibril deposition and providing the potential for organ recovery. Melphalan flufenamide (melflufen) is a first-in-class peptide–drug conjugate that targets aminopeptidases and rapidly releases alkylating agents inside tumor cells. Melflufen is highly lipophilic, permitting rapid uptake by cells, where it is enzymatically hydrolyzed by aminopeptidases, resulting in intracellular accumulation of the alkylating agents, including melphalan. Previous data demonstrating sensitivity of myeloma cells to melflufen suggest that the drug might be useful in AL amyloidosis. We describe the effects of melflufen on amyloidogenic plasma cells in vitro and ex vivo, demonstrating enhanced cytotoxic effects in comparison to melphalan, as well as novel mechanisms of action through the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway. These findings provide evidence that melflufen-mediated cytotoxicity extends to amyloidogenic plasma cells, and support the rationale for the evaluation of melflufen in patients with AL amyloidosis.
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19
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Bortezomib potentiates the antitumor effect of tributyltin(IV) ferulate in colon cancer cells exacerbating ER stress and promoting apoptosis. Inorganica Chim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2022.120929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Haney SL, Varney ML, Williams JT, Smith LM, Talmon G, Holstein SA. Geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase inhibitor and proteasome inhibitor combination therapy in multiple myeloma. Exp Hematol Oncol 2022; 11:5. [PMID: 35139925 PMCID: PMC8827146 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-022-00261-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple myeloma (MM) remains an incurable malignancy, despite the advent of therapies such as proteosome inhibitors (PIs) that disrupt protein homeostasis and induce ER stress. We have pursued inhibition of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGDPS) as a novel mechanism by which to target protein homeostasis in MM cells. GGDPS inhibitors (GGSI) disrupt Rab geranylgeranylation, which in turn results in perturbation of Rab-mediated protein trafficking, leading to accumulation of intracellular monoclonal protein, induction of ER stress and apoptosis. Our lead GGSI, RAM2061, has demonstrated favorable pharmacokinetic properties and in vivo efficacy. Here we sought to evaluate if combination therapy with GGSI and PI would result in enhanced disruption of the unfolded protein response (UPR) and increase anti-MM efficacy. Methods MTT assays were conducted to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of combining RAM2061 with bortezomib in human MM cells. The effects of RAM2061 and/or PI (bortezomib or carfilzomib) on markers of UPR and apoptosis were evaluated by a combination of immunoblot (ATF4, IRE1, p-eIF2a, cleaved caspases and PARP), RT-PCR (ATF4, ATF6, CHOP, PERK, IRE1) and flow cytometry (Annexin-V). Induction of immunogenic cell death (ICD) was assessed by immunoblot (HMGB1 release) and flow cytometry (calreticulin translocation). Cell assays were performed using both concurrent and sequential incubation with PIs. To evaluate the in vivo activity of GGSI/PI, a flank xenograft using MM.1S cells was performed. Results Isobologram analysis of cytotoxicity data revealed that sequential treatment of bortezomib with RAM2061 has a synergistic effect in MM cells, while concurrent treatment was primarily additive or mildly antagonistic. The effect of PIs on augmenting RAM2061-induced upregulation of UPR and apoptotic markers was dependent on timing of the PI exposure. Combination treatment with RAM2061 and bortezomib enhanced activation of ICD pathway markers. Lastly, combination treatment slowed MM tumor growth and lengthened survival in a MM xenograft model without evidence of off-target toxicity. Conclusion We demonstrate that GGSI/PI treatment can potentiate activation of the UPR and apoptotic pathway, as well as induce upregulation of markers associated with the ICD pathway. Collectively, these findings lay the groundwork for future clinical studies evaluating combination GGSI and PI therapy in patients with MM. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40164-022-00261-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Staci L Haney
- Division of Oncology and Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Michelle L Varney
- Division of Oncology and Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Jacob T Williams
- Division of Oncology and Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Lynette M Smith
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Geoffrey Talmon
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Sarah A Holstein
- Division of Oncology and Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
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YTHDF2 promotes multiple myeloma cell proliferation via STAT5A/MAP2K2/p-ERK axis. Oncogene 2022; 41:1482-1491. [PMID: 35075244 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02191-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is still incurable partially due to lacking effective therapeutic targets. Aberrant N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA modification plays a vital role in many cancers, however few researches are executed in MM. We first screened the m6A-related genes in MM patient cohorts and correlated these genes with patient outcomes. We found that YTHDF2, a well-recognized m6A reader, was increased in MM patients and associated with poor outcomes. Decreased YTHDF2 expression hampered MM cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo, while enforced YTHDF2 expression reversed those effects. The analyses of m6A-RIP-seq and RIP-PCR indicated that STAT5A was the downstream target of YTHDF2, which was binding to the m6A modification site of STAT5A to promote its mRNA degradation. ChIP-seq and PCR assays revealed that STAT5A suppressed MM cell proliferation by occupying the transcription site of MAP2K2 to decrease ERK phosphorylation. In addition, we confirmed that YTHDF2 mediated the unphosphorylated form of STAT5A to inhibit the expression of MAP2K2/p-ERK. In conclusion, our study highlights that YTHDF2/STAT5A/MAP2K2/p-ERK axis plays a key role in MM proliferation and targeting YTHDF2 may be a promising therapeutic strategy.
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AKÇORA YILDIZ D, BAYKAN Y, AŞIK F. Proteozom İnhibitörü Carfilzomib’in Multipl Miyelom Hücrelerinde Piroptozis Hücre Ölüm Yolağı Üzerine Olan Etkisi. MUSTAFA KEMAL ÜNIVERSITESI TIP DERGISI 2021. [DOI: 10.17944/mkutfd.969159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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23
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Lai X, Huang C, Nie X, Chen Q, Tang Y, Fu X, Lin Y, Nie C, Xu X, Wang X, Chen R, Chen Z. Bortezomib Inhibits Multiple Myeloma Cells by Transactivating ATF3 to Trigger miR-135a-5p- Dependent Apoptosis. Front Oncol 2021; 11:720261. [PMID: 34631548 PMCID: PMC8493032 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.720261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant cancer with an increasing in incidence that can be alleviated through bortezomib (BTZ) treatment. Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) plays a major role in cancer development. Moreover, microRNAs (miRNAs) regulate carcinogenic pathways, apoptosis, and programmed necrotic cell death. However, the detailed mechanism by which ATF3 modulates BTZ drug sensitivity/resistance remains elusive. In the current study, expression of ATF3 was significantly increased under BTZ treatment in a dose-dependent manner in MM cell lines. In addition, ATF3 could regulate cell apoptosis under BTZ treatment. The effect of ATF3 was negatively regulated by its binding miRNA, miR-135a-5p. When either ATF3 was silenced or miR-135a-5p mimics were added to MM cells, they partially lost sensitivity to BTZ treatment. This was accompanied by low levels of Noxa, CHOP, and DR5, and a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential. These results revealed the combinatorial regulatory patterns of ATF3 and miR-135a-5p in the regulatory protein interactome, which indicated a clinical significance of the miR-135a-5p-ATF3 protein interaction network in BTZ therapy. This study provides potential evidence for further investigation into BTZ resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Lai
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatism, Ningde Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Ningde Normal University, Ningde, China
| | - Chuanqian Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology and Radiotherapy, Ningde Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Ningde Normal University, Ningde, China
| | - Xuekun Nie
- Department of Pharmacy, Ningde Municipal Hospital, Affiliated to Ningde Normal University, Ningde, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatism, Ningde Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Ningde Normal University, Ningde, China
| | - Yirong Tang
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatism, Ningde Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Ningde Normal University, Ningde, China
| | - Xianguo Fu
- Central Laboratory, Ningde Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Ningde Normal University, Ningde, China
| | - Ying Lin
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatism, Ningde Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Ningde Normal University, Ningde, China
| | - Chengjun Nie
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatism, Ningde Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Ningde Normal University, Ningde, China
| | - Xinyu Xu
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatism, Ningde Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Ningde Normal University, Ningde, China
| | - Xiukang Wang
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatism, Ningde Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Ningde Normal University, Ningde, China
| | - Renli Chen
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatism, Ningde Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Ningde Normal University, Ningde, China
| | - Zichun Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Ningde Municipal Hospital, Affiliated to Ningde Normal University, Ningde, China
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Hosseini A, Hamblin MR, Mirzaei H, Mirzaei HR. Role of the bone marrow microenvironment in drug resistance of hematological malignances. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:2290-2305. [PMID: 34514979 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210910124319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The unique features of the tumor microenvironment (TME) govern the biological properties of many cancers, including hematological malignancies. TME factors can trigger invasion, and protect against drug cytotoxicity by inhibiting apoptosis and activating specific signaling pathways (e.g. NF-ΚB). TME remodeling is facilitated due to the high self-renewal ability of the bone marrow. Progressing tumor cells can alter some extracellular matrix (ECM) components which act as a barrier to drug penetration in the TME. The initial progression of the cell cycle is controlled by the MAPK pathway (Raf/MEK/ERK) and Hippo pathway, while the final phase is regulated by the PI3K/Akt /mTOR and WNT pathways. In this review we summarize the main signaling pathways involved in drug resistance (DR) and some mechanisms by which DR can occur in the bone marrow. The relationship between autophagy, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and cellular signaling pathways in DR and apoptosis are covered in relation to the TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Hosseini
- Laboratory Hematology and Blood Banking, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran. Iran
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028. South Africa
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan. Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran. Iran
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25
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A Perspective on Withania somnifera Modulating Antitumor Immunity in Targeting Prostate Cancer. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:9483433. [PMID: 34485538 PMCID: PMC8413038 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9483433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Medicinal plants serve as a lead source of bioactive compounds and have been an integral part of day-to-day life in treating various disease conditions since ancient times. Withaferin A (WFA), a bioactive ingredient of Withania somnifera, has been used for health and medicinal purposes for its adaptogenic, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties long before the published literature came into existence. Nearly 25% of pharmaceutical drugs are derived from medicinal plants, classified as dietary supplements. The bioactive compounds in these supplements may serve as chemotherapeutic substances competent to inhibit or reverse the process of carcinogenesis. The role of WFA is appreciated to polarize tumor-suppressive Th1-type immune response inducing natural killer cell activity and may provide an opportunity to manipulate the tumor microenvironment at an early stage to inhibit tumor progression. This article signifies the cumulative information about the role of WFA in modulating antitumor immunity and its potential in targeting prostate cancer.
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26
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Hu L, Pan X, Hu J, Zeng H, Liu X, Jiang M, Jiang B. Proteasome inhibitors decrease paclitaxel‑induced cell death in nasopharyngeal carcinoma with the accumulation of CDK1/cyclin B1. Int J Mol Med 2021; 48:193. [PMID: 34435645 PMCID: PMC8416144 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2021.5026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Southeast Asia is a region with high incidence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Paclitaxel is the mainstay for the treatment of advanced nasopharyngeal cancer. The present study investigated the effect of proteasome inhibitors on the therapeutic effect of paclitaxel and its related mechanism. The present data from Cell Counting Kit-8 and flow cytometry assays demonstrated that appropriate concentrations of proteasome inhibitors (30 nM PS341 or 700 nM MG132) reduced the lethal effect of paclitaxel on the nasopharyngeal cancer cells. While 400 nM paclitaxel effectively inhibited cell division and induced cell death, proteasome inhibitors (PS341 30 nM or MG132 700 nM) could reverse these effects. Additionally, the western blotting results demonstrated accumulation of cell cycle regulation protein CDK1 and cyclin B1 in proteasome inhibitor-treated cells. In addition, proteasome inhibitors combined with paclitaxel led to decreased MCL1 apoptosis regulator, BCL2 family member/Caspase-9/poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase apoptosis signaling triggered by CDK1/cyclin B1. Therefore, dysfunction of CDK1/cyclin B1 could be defining the loss of paclitaxel lethality against cancer cells, a phenomenon affirmed by the CDK1 inhibitor Ro3306. Overall, the present results demonstrated that a combination of paclitaxel with proteasome inhibitors or CDK1 inhibitors is antagonistic to effective clinical management of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Hu
- Medical Research Center, Changsha Central Hospital, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan 410004, P.R. China
| | - Xi Pan
- Department of Oncology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Jinyue Hu
- Medical Research Center, Changsha Central Hospital, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan 410004, P.R. China
| | - Hong Zeng
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Foshan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, P.R. China
| | - Xueting Liu
- Medical Research Center, Changsha Central Hospital, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan 410004, P.R. China
| | - Manli Jiang
- Medical Research Center, Changsha Central Hospital, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan 410004, P.R. China
| | - Binyuan Jiang
- Medical Research Center, Changsha Central Hospital, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan 410004, P.R. China
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Zulkifli A, Tan FH, Areeb Z, Stuart SF, Gomez J, Paradiso L, Luwor RB. Carfilzomib Promotes the Unfolded Protein Response and Apoptosis in Cetuximab-Resistant Colorectal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137114. [PMID: 34281166 PMCID: PMC8269417 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cetuximab is a common treatment option for patients with wild-type K-Ras colorectal carcinoma. However, patients often display intrinsic resistance or acquire resistance to cetuximab following treatment. Here we generate two human CRC cells with acquired resistance to cetuximab that are derived from cetuximab-sensitive parental cell lines. These cetuximab-resistant cells display greater in vitro proliferation, colony formation and migration, and in vivo tumour growth compared with their parental counterparts. To evaluate potential alternative therapeutics to cetuximab-acquired-resistant cells, we tested the efficacy of 38 current FDA-approved agents against our cetuximab-acquired-resistant clones. We identified carfilzomib, a selective proteosome inhibitor to be most effective against our cell lines. Carfilzomib displayed potent antiproliferative effects, induced the unfolded protein response as determined by enhanced CHOP expression and ATF6 activity, and enhanced apoptosis as determined by enhanced caspase-3/7 activity. Overall, our results indicate a potentially novel indication for carfilzomib: that of a potential alternative agent to treat cetuximab-resistant colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Zulkifli
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Clinical Sciences Building, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia; (A.Z.); (F.H.T.); (Z.A.); (S.F.S.); (J.G.); (L.P.)
| | - Fiona H. Tan
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Clinical Sciences Building, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia; (A.Z.); (F.H.T.); (Z.A.); (S.F.S.); (J.G.); (L.P.)
| | - Zammam Areeb
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Clinical Sciences Building, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia; (A.Z.); (F.H.T.); (Z.A.); (S.F.S.); (J.G.); (L.P.)
| | - Sarah F. Stuart
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Clinical Sciences Building, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia; (A.Z.); (F.H.T.); (Z.A.); (S.F.S.); (J.G.); (L.P.)
| | - Juliana Gomez
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Clinical Sciences Building, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia; (A.Z.); (F.H.T.); (Z.A.); (S.F.S.); (J.G.); (L.P.)
| | - Lucia Paradiso
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Clinical Sciences Building, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia; (A.Z.); (F.H.T.); (Z.A.); (S.F.S.); (J.G.); (L.P.)
| | - Rodney B. Luwor
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Clinical Sciences Building, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia; (A.Z.); (F.H.T.); (Z.A.); (S.F.S.); (J.G.); (L.P.)
- Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC 3350, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-3-8344-3027; Fax: +61-3-9347-6488
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28
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Nie Z, Chen M, Wen X, Gao Y, Huang D, Cao H, Peng Y, Guo N, Ni J, Zhang S. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Tumor Microenvironment in Bladder Cancer: The Missing Link. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:683940. [PMID: 34136492 PMCID: PMC8201605 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.683940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is a common malignant tumor of the urinary system. Despite recent advances in treatments such as local or systemic immunotherapy, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, the high metastasis and recurrence rates, especially in muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), have led to the evaluation of more targeted and personalized approaches. A fundamental understanding of the tumorigenesis of bladder cancer along with the development of therapeutics to target processes and pathways implicated in bladder cancer has provided new avenues for the management of this disease. Accumulating evidence supports that the tumor microenvironment (TME) can be shaped by and reciprocally act on tumor cells, which reprograms and regulates tumor development, metastasis, and therapeutic responses. A hostile TME, caused by intrinsic tumor attributes (e.g., hypoxia, oxidative stress, and nutrient deprivation) or external stressors (e.g., chemotherapy and radiation), disrupts the normal synthesis and folding process of proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), culminating in a harmful situation called ER stress (ERS). ERS is a series of adaptive changes mediated by unfolded protein response (UPR), which is interwoven into a network that can ultimately mediate cell proliferation, apoptosis, and autophagy, thereby endowing tumor cells with more aggressive behaviors. Moreover, recent studies revealed that ERS could also impede the efficacy of anti-cancer treatment including immunotherapy by manipulating the TME. In this review, we discuss the relationship among bladder cancer, ERS, and TME; summarize the current research progress and challenges in overcoming therapeutic resistance; and explore the concept of targeting ERS to improve bladder cancer treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Nie
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Haikou, China
| | - Mei Chen
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Haikou, China
| | - Xiaohong Wen
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Haikou, China
| | - Yuanhui Gao
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Haikou, China
| | - Denggao Huang
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Haikou, China
| | - Hui Cao
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Haikou, China
| | - Yanling Peng
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Haikou, China
| | - Na Guo
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Haikou, China
| | - Jie Ni
- Cancer Care Center, St. George Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,St George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Shufang Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Haikou, China
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Gao S, Gao L, Wang S, Shi X, Yue C, Wei S, Zuo L, Zhang L, Qin X. ATF3 Suppresses Growth and Metastasis of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma by Deactivating EGFR/AKT/GSK3β/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:618987. [PMID: 33816467 PMCID: PMC8017234 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.618987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is one of the most common malignant cancers in East Asia, with high incidence and mortality. Accumulating evidence has shown that ATF3 is associated with tumor progression. Methods Using qPCR, the expression of ATF3 was detected in 93 patients with ccRCC, including 24 paired normal and tumor tissues, which were used to further compare ATF3 expression through western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Lentivirus was used for the overexpression or knockdown of ATF3, and the consequent alteration in function was analyzed through CCK8 assay, colony formation assay, wound healing assay, invasion assay, and flow cytometry. The potential mechanism affected by ATF3 was analyzed through gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and verified using western blotting, invasion assay, or immunofluorescence staining. Furthermore, a xenograft mouse model was used to assess the function of ATF3 in vivo. Results ATF3 expression was significantly decreased in ccRCC compared to that in adjacent normal tissues. Through gain- and loss-of-function experiments performed in an in vitro assay, we found that ATF3 could regulate ccRCC cell proliferation, cycle progression, migration, and invasion. In the in vivo study, the xenograft mouse model revealed that ATF3 overexpression can inhibit the growth of ccRCC. Moreover, the mechanism analysis showed that suppression of ATF3 could lead to an increase the expression of β-catenin and promote β-catenin transfer to the nucleus, and might be affected by EGFR/AKT/GSK3β signaling. Conclusion ATF3 could be utilized as an independent protective factor to inhibit the progression of ccRCC. Potential treatment strategies for ccRCC include targeting the ATF3/EGFR/AKT/GSK3β/β-catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenglin Gao
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Simin Wang
- Changzhou Third People's Hospital, Changzhou, China
| | - Xiaokai Shi
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Chuang Yue
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Shuzhang Wei
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Li Zuo
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Lifeng Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Xihu Qin
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
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Lernoux M, Schnekenburger M, Dicato M, Diederich M. Susceptibility of multiple myeloma to B-cell lymphoma 2 family inhibitors. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 188:114526. [PMID: 33741332 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a biologically complex hematological disorder defined by the clonal proliferation of malignant plasma cells producing excessive monoclonal immunoglobulin that interacts with components of the bone marrow microenvironment, resulting in the major clinical features of MM. Despite the development of numerous protocols to treat MM patients, this cancer remains currently incurable; due in part to the emergence of resistant clones, highlighting the unmet need for innovative therapeutic approaches. Accumulating evidence suggests that the survival of MM molecular subgroups depends on the expression profiles of specific subsets of anti-apoptotic B-cell lymphoma (BCL)-2 family members. This review summarizes the mechanisms underlying the anti-myeloma activities of the potent BCL-2 family protein inhibitors, individually or in combination with conventional therapeutic options, and provides an overview of the strong rationale to clinically investigate such interventions for MM therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Lernoux
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du Cancer, Hôpital Kirchberg 9, rue Edward Steichen, L-2540 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Michael Schnekenburger
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du Cancer, Hôpital Kirchberg 9, rue Edward Steichen, L-2540 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Mario Dicato
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du Cancer, Hôpital Kirchberg 9, rue Edward Steichen, L-2540 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Marc Diederich
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Modulation by Ozone Therapy of Oxidative Stress in Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy: The Background for a Randomized Clinical Trial. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062802. [PMID: 33802143 PMCID: PMC7998838 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) decreases the quality of life of patients and can lead to a dose reduction and/or the interruption of chemotherapy treatment, limiting its effectiveness. Potential pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of CIPN include chronic oxidative stress and subsequent increase in free radicals and proinflammatory cytokines. Approaches for the treatment of CIPN are highly limited in their number and efficacy, although several antioxidant-based therapies have been tried. On the other hand, ozone therapy can induce an adaptive antioxidant and anti-inflammatory response, which could be potentially useful in the management of CIPN. (2) Methods: The aims of this works are: (a) to summarize the potential mechanisms that could induce CIPN by the most relevant drugs (platinum, taxanes, vinca alkaloids, and bortezomib), with particular focus on the role of oxidative stress; (b) to summarize the current situation of prophylactic and treatment approaches; (c) to describe the action mechanisms of ozone therapy to modify oxidative stress and inflammation with its potential repercussions for CIPN; (d) to describe related experimental and clinical reports with ozone therapy in chemo-induced neurologic symptoms and CIPN; and (e) to show the main details about an ongoing focused clinical trial. (3) Results: A wide background relating to the mechanisms of action and a small number of experimental and clinical reports suggest that ozone therapy could be useful to prevent or improve CIPN. (4) Conclusions: Currently, there are no clinically relevant approaches for the prevention and treatment of stablished CIPN. The potential role of ozone therapy in this syndrome merits further research. Randomized controlled trials are ongoing.
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Rius B, Mesgarzadeh JS, Romine IC, Paxman RJ, Kelly JW, Wiseman RL. Pharmacologic targeting of plasma cell endoplasmic reticulum proteostasis to reduce amyloidogenic light chain secretion. Blood Adv 2021; 5:1037-1049. [PMID: 33599742 PMCID: PMC7903236 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020002813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Light chain (LC) amyloidosis (AL) involves the toxic aggregation of amyloidogenic immunoglobulin LCs secreted from a clonal expansion of diseased plasma cells. Current AL treatments use chemotherapeutics to ablate the AL plasma cell population. However, no treatments are available that directly reduce the toxic LC aggregation involved in AL pathogenesis. An attractive strategy to reduce toxic LC aggregation in AL involves enhancing endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteostasis in plasma cells to reduce the secretion and subsequent aggregation of amyloidogenic LCs. Here, we show that the ER proteostasis regulator compound 147 reduces secretion of an amyloidogenic LC as aggregation-prone monomers and dimers in AL patient-derived plasma cells. Compound 147 was established to promote ER proteostasis remodeling by activating the ATF6 unfolded protein response signaling pathway through a mechanism involving covalent modification of ER protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs). However, we show that 147-dependent reductions in amyloidogenic LCs are independent of ATF6 activation. Instead, 147 reduces amyloidogenic LC secretion through the selective, on-target covalent modification of ER proteostasis factors, including PDIs, revealing an alternative mechanism by which this compound can influence ER proteostasis of amyloidogenic proteins. Importantly, compound 147 does not interfere with AL plasma cell toxicity induced by bortezomib, a standard chemotherapeutic used to ablate the underlying diseased plasma cells in AL. This shows that pharmacologic targeting of ER proteostasis through selective covalent modification of ER proteostasis factors is a strategy that can be used in combination with chemotherapeutics to reduce the LC toxicity associated with AL pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jeffery W Kelly
- Department of Chemistry, and
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
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Zhang D, De Veirman K, Fan R, Jian Q, Zhang Y, Lei L, Evans H, Wang Y, Lei L, Wang B, Williamson RA, Chantry A, He P, Li A, De Raeve H, Vanderkerken K, He A, Hu J. ER stress arm XBP1s plays a pivotal role in proteasome inhibition-induced bone formation. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:516. [PMID: 33256835 PMCID: PMC7708206 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-02037-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone destruction is a hallmark of multiple myeloma (MM). It has been reported that proteasome inhibitors (PIs) can reduce bone resorption and increase bone formation in MM patients, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. METHODS Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were treated with various doses of PIs, and the effects of bortezomib or carfilzomib on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress signaling pathways were analyzed by western blotting and real-time PCR. Alizarin red S (ARS) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining were used to determine the osteogenic differentiation in vitro. Specific inhibitors targeting different ER stress signaling and a Tet-on inducible overexpressing system were used to validate the roles of key ER stress components in regulating osteogenic differentiation of MSCs. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay was used to evaluate transcription factor-promoter interaction. MicroCT was applied to measure the microarchitecture of bone in model mice in vivo. RESULTS We found that both PERK-ATF4 and IRE1α-XBP1s ER stress branches are activated during PI-induced osteogenic differentiation. Inhibition of ATF4 or XBP1s signaling can significantly impair PI-induced osteogenic differentiation. Furthermore, we demonstrated that XBP1s can transcriptionally upregulate ATF4 expression and overexpressing XBP1s can induce the expression of ATF4 and other osteogenic differentiation-related genes and therefore drive osteoblast differentiation. MicroCT analysis further demonstrated that inhibition of XBP1s can strikingly abolish bortezomib-induced bone formation in mouse. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrated that XBP1s is a master regulator of PI-induced osteoblast differentiation. Activation of IRE1α-XBP1s ER stress signaling can promote osteogenesis, thus providing a novel strategy for the treatment of myeloma bone disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No.76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Kim De Veirman
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rong Fan
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No.76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Qiang Jian
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No.76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Yuchen Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Li Lei
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No.76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Holly Evans
- Sheffield Myeloma Research Team, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Yanmeng Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No.76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lei Lei
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No.76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Baiyan Wang
- Department of Clinical Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Ramone A Williamson
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No.76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Andrew Chantry
- Sheffield Myeloma Research Team, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Pengcheng He
- Department of Clinical Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Ang Li
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Hendrik De Raeve
- Department of Pathology, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Karin Vanderkerken
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Aili He
- Department of Clinical Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Jinsong Hu
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No.76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China.
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Wang F, Wang X, Li N, Liu J, Zhang L, Hui L, Feng A, Wang Z, Wang Y. Prolonged unfolded protein reaction is involved in the induction of chronic myeloid leukemia cell death upon oprozomib treatment. Cancer Sci 2020; 112:133-143. [PMID: 33067904 PMCID: PMC7780017 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
To select the most efficient chemical to induce apoptosis in leukemia cells, a multidrug screen was applied on bone marrow mononuclear cells from chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients. Oprozomib (Cpd 21) was chosen for the subsequent experiments. The isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) was then performed to identify the responsible pathway relative to apoptosis and the results showed that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperones were upregulated. Apoptosis was attributed to a joint effect of calcium leakage andPERK and IRE1α phosphorylation. The PERK branch was responsible for the first wave of cell death that occurred within 24 hours. The later wave of apoptosis was mediated by IRE1α, which transmit apoptotic signals through the ASK-JNK-BIM axis. Release of Ca2+ from ER into cytosol resulted in activation of calpain, which, in turn, cleaved caspase-12. Our data also explained the selective killing effects of oprozomib on CML cells, which relied on proteasome activity. The present study demonstrated that prolonged inhibition of proteasome to trigger unfolded protein response could be an alternative strategy for treating CML in light of tyrosine kinase inhibitors resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Biobank, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lingyun Hui
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ai Feng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhonglin Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yawen Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Biobank, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- Noboru Mizushima
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo (N.M.); and the Center for Autophagy Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (B.L.)
| | - Beth Levine
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo (N.M.); and the Center for Autophagy Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (B.L.)
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36
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Characterization of a PERK Kinase Inhibitor with Anti-Myeloma Activity. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12102864. [PMID: 33028016 PMCID: PMC7601861 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to increased immunoglobulin production and uncontrolled proliferation, multiple myeloma (MM) plasma cells develop a phenotype of deregulated unfolded protein response (UPR). The eIF2-alpha kinase 3 [EIF2αK3, protein kinase R (PKR)-like ER kinase (PERK)], the third known sensor of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, is a serine-threonine kinase and, like the other two UPR-related proteins, i.e., IRE1 and ATF6, it is bound to the ER membrane. MM, like other tumors showing uncontrolled protein secretion, is highly dependent to UPR for survival; thus, inhibition of PERK can be an effective strategy to suppress growth of malignant plasma cells. Here, we have used GSK2606414, an ATP-competitive potent PERK inhibitor, and found significant anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects in a panel of MM cell lines. These effects were accompanied by the downregulation of key components of the PERK pathway as well as of other UPR elements. Consistently, PERK gene expression silencing significantly increased cell death in MM cells, highlighting the importance of PERK signaling in MM biology. Moreover, GSK2606414, in combination with the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib, exerted an additive toxic effect in MM cells. Overall, our data suggest that PERK inhibition could represent a novel combinatorial therapeutic approach in MM.
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Manfrini N, Mancino M, Miluzio A, Oliveto S, Balestra M, Calamita P, Alfieri R, Rossi RL, Sassoè-Pognetto M, Salio C, Cuomo A, Bonaldi T, Manfredi M, Marengo E, Ranzato E, Martinotti S, Cittaro D, Tonon G, Biffo S. FAM46C and FNDC3A Are Multiple Myeloma Tumor Suppressors That Act in Concert to Impair Clearing of Protein Aggregates and Autophagy. Cancer Res 2020; 80:4693-4706. [PMID: 32963011 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-1357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma is a plasma cell neoplasm characterized by the production of unfolded immunoglobulins, which cause endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and sensitivity to proteasome inhibition. The genomic landscape of multiple myeloma is characterized by the loss of several genes rarely mutated in other cancers that may underline specific weaknesses of multiple myeloma cells. One of these is FAM46C that is lost in more than 10% of patients with multiple myeloma. We show here that FAM46C is part of a new complex containing the ER-associated protein FNDC3A, which regulates trafficking and secretion and, by impairing autophagy, exacerbates proteostatic stress. Reconstitution of FAM46C in multiple myeloma cells that had lost it induced apoptosis and ER stress. Apoptosis was preceded by an increase of intracellular aggregates, which was not linked to increased translation of IgG mRNA, but rather to impairment of autophagy. Biochemical analysis showed that FAM46C requires interaction with ER bound protein FNDC3A to reside in the cytoplasmic side of the ER. FNDC3A was lost in some multiple myeloma cell lines. Importantly, depletion of FNDC3A increased the fitness of FAM46C-expressing cells and expression of FNDC3A in cells that had lost it recapitulated the effects of FAM46C, inducing aggregates and apoptosis. FAM46C and FNDC3A formed a complex that modulates secretion routes, increasing lysosome exocytosis. The cellular landscape generated by FAM46C/FNDC3A expression predicted sensitivity to sphingosine kinase inhibition. These results suggest that multiple myeloma cells remodel their trafficking machinery to cope with ER stress. SIGNIFICANCE: This study identifies a new multiple myeloma-specific tumor suppressor complex that regulates autophagy and unconventional secretion, highlighting the sensitivity of multiple myeloma cells to the accumulation of protein aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Manfrini
- INGM, National Institute of Molecular Genetics, "Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi," Milan, Italy.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Marilena Mancino
- INGM, National Institute of Molecular Genetics, "Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi," Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Annarita Miluzio
- INGM, National Institute of Molecular Genetics, "Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi," Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Oliveto
- INGM, National Institute of Molecular Genetics, "Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi," Milan, Italy.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Balestra
- INGM, National Institute of Molecular Genetics, "Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi," Milan, Italy
| | - Piera Calamita
- INGM, National Institute of Molecular Genetics, "Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi," Milan, Italy.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Alfieri
- INGM, National Institute of Molecular Genetics, "Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi," Milan, Italy
| | - Riccardo L Rossi
- INGM, National Institute of Molecular Genetics, "Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi," Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Sassoè-Pognetto
- Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini," University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Chiara Salio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Cuomo
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Tiziana Bonaldi
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Marcello Manfredi
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.,ISALIT, Novara, Italy.,Department of Translation Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Emilio Marengo
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.,ISALIT, Novara, Italy.,Department of Sciences and Technological Innovation, University of Piemonte Orientale, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Elia Ranzato
- Department of Sciences and Technological Innovation, University of Piemonte Orientale, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Simona Martinotti
- Department of Sciences and Technological Innovation, University of Piemonte Orientale, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Davide Cittaro
- Center for Omics Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tonon
- Center for Omics Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Functional Genomics of Cancer Unit, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Biffo
- INGM, National Institute of Molecular Genetics, "Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi," Milan, Italy. .,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Ikeda S, Abe F, Matsuda Y, Kitadate A, Takahashi N, Tagawa H. Hypoxia-inducible hexokinase-2 enhances anti-apoptotic function via activating autophagy in multiple myeloma. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:4088-4101. [PMID: 32790954 PMCID: PMC7648043 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable hematopoietic neoplasm derived from plasma cells, and existing in the bone marrow. Recent developments in the field of myeloma onco-biology have enabled the use of proteasome inhibitors (PIs) as key drugs for MM. PIs can increase cell sensitivity to endoplasmic reticulum stress, leading to apoptosis of myeloma cells. PI cannot kill all myeloma cells, however; one reason of this might be activation of autophagy via hypoxic stress in the bone marrow microenvironment. Hypoxia-inducible gene(s) that regulate autophagy may be novel therapeutic target(s) for PI-resistant myeloma cells. Here, a hypoxia-inducible glycolytic enzyme hexokinase-2 (HK2) was demonstrated to contribute by autophagy activation to the acquisition of an anti-apoptotic phenotype in myeloma cells. We found that hypoxic stress led to autophagy activation accompanied by HK2 upregulation in myeloma cells. Under hypoxic conditions, HK2 knockdown inhibited glycolysis and impaired autophagy, inducing apoptosis. The cooperative effects of a PI (bortezomib) against immunodeficient mice inoculated with HK2-knocked down myeloma cells were examined and significant tumor reduction was observed. An HK2 inhibitor, 3-bromopyruvate (3-BrPA), also induced apoptosis under hypoxic rather than normoxic conditions. Further examination of the cooperative effects between 3-BrPA and bortezomib on myeloma cells revealed a significant increase in apoptotic myeloma cells. These results strongly suggested that HK2 regulates the activation of autophagy in hypoxic myeloma cells. Cooperative treatment using PI against a dominant fraction, and HK2 inhibitor against a minor fraction, adapted to the bone marrow microenvironment, may lead to deeper remission for refractory MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Ikeda
- Department of Hematology, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Fumito Abe
- Department of Hematology, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Yuka Matsuda
- Department of Life Science, Akita University Graduate School of Engineering Science, Akita, Japan
| | - Akihiro Kitadate
- Department of Hematology, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Naoto Takahashi
- Department of Hematology, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tagawa
- Department of Hematology, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
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Pancheri E, Guglielmi V, Wilczynski GM, Malatesta M, Tonin P, Tomelleri G, Nowis D, Vattemi G. Non-Hematologic Toxicity of Bortezomib in Multiple Myeloma: The Neuromuscular and Cardiovascular Adverse Effects. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092540. [PMID: 32906684 PMCID: PMC7563977 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Multiple myeloma (MM) is a still uncurable tumor of mainly elderly patients originating from the terminally differentiated B cells. Introduction to the treatment of MM patients of a new class of drugs called proteasome inhibitors (bortezomib followed by carfilzomib and ixazomib) significantly improved disease control. Proteasome inhibitors interfere with the major mechanism of protein degradation in a cell leading to the severe imbalance in the protein turnover that is deadly to MM cells. Currently, these drugs are the mainstream of MM therapy but are also associated with an increased rate of the injuries to multiple organs and tissues. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of the first-in-class proteasome inhibitor bortezomib-induced disturbances in the function of peripheral nerves and cardiac and skeletal muscle. Abstract The overall approach to the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM) has undergone several changes during the past decade. and proteasome inhibitors (PIs) including bortezomib, carfilzomib, and ixazomib have considerably improved the outcomes in affected patients. The first-in-class selective PI bortezomib has been initially approved for the refractory forms of the disease but has now become, in combination with other drugs, the backbone of the frontline therapy for newly diagnosed MM patients, as well as in the maintenance therapy and relapsed/refractory setting. Despite being among the most widely used and highly effective agents for MM, bortezomib can induce adverse events that potentially lead to early discontinuation of the therapy with negative effects on the quality of life and outcome of the patients. Although peripheral neuropathy and myelosuppression have been recognized as the most relevant bortezomib-related adverse effects, cardiac and skeletal muscle toxicities are relatively common in MM treated patients, but they have received much less attention. Here we review the neuromuscular and cardiovascular side effects of bortezomib. focusing on the molecular mechanisms underlying its toxicity. We also discuss our preliminary data on the effects of bortezomib on skeletal muscle tissue in mice receiving the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elia Pancheri
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Clinical Neurology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (E.P.); (V.G.); (P.T.); (G.T.)
| | - Valeria Guglielmi
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Clinical Neurology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (E.P.); (V.G.); (P.T.); (G.T.)
| | - Grzegorz M. Wilczynski
- Laboratory of Molecular and Systemic Neuromorphology, Department of Neurophysiology Warsaw, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Manuela Malatesta
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy;
| | - Paola Tonin
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Clinical Neurology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (E.P.); (V.G.); (P.T.); (G.T.)
| | - Giuliano Tomelleri
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Clinical Neurology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (E.P.); (V.G.); (P.T.); (G.T.)
| | - Dominika Nowis
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland;
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Gaetano Vattemi
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Clinical Neurology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (E.P.); (V.G.); (P.T.); (G.T.)
- Correspondence:
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Yamashita Y, Morita S, Hosoi H, Kobata H, Kishimoto S, Ishibashi T, Mishima H, Kinoshita A, Backes BJ, Yoshiura KI, Papa FR, Sonoki T, Tamura S. Targeting Adaptive IRE1α Signaling and PLK2 in Multiple Myeloma: Possible Anti-Tumor Mechanisms of KIRA8 and Nilotinib. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176314. [PMID: 32878237 PMCID: PMC7504392 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α), along with protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), is a principal regulator of the unfolded protein response (UPR). Recently, the 'mono'-specific IRE1α inhibitor, kinase-inhibiting RNase attenuator 6 (KIRA6), demonstrated a promising effect against multiple myeloma (MM). Side-stepping the clinical translation, a detailed UPR phenotype in patients with MM and the mechanisms of how KIRA8 works in MM remains unclear. METHODS We characterized UPR phenotypes in the bone marrow of patients with newly diagnosed MM. Then, in human MM cells we analyzed the possible anti-tumor mechanisms of KIRA8 and a Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drug, nilotinib, which we recently identified as having a strong inhibitory effect against IRE1α activity. Finally, we performed an RNA-sequence analysis to detect key IRE1α-related molecules against MM. RESULTS We illustrated the dominant induction of adaptive UPR markers under IRE1α over the PERK pathway in patients with MM. In human MM cells, KIRA8 decreased cell viability and induced apoptosis, along with the induction of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP); its combination with bortezomib exhibited more anti-myeloma effects than KIRA8 alone. Nilotinib exerted a similar effect compared with KIRA8. RNA-sequencing identified Polo-like kinase 2 (PLK2) as a KIRA8-suppressed gene. Specifically, the IRE1α overexpression induced PLK2 expression, which was decreased by KIRA8. KIRA8 and PLK2 inhibition exerted anti-myeloma effects with apoptosis induction and the regulation of cell proliferation. Finally, PLK2 was pathologically confirmed to be highly expressed in patients with MM. CONCLUSION Dominant activation of adaptive IRE1α was established in patients with MM. Both KIRA8 and nilotinib exhibited anti-myeloma effects, which were enhanced by bortezomib. Adaptive IRE1α signaling and PLK2 could be potential therapeutic targets and biomarkers in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Yamashita
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; (Y.Y.); (H.H.); (H.K.); (T.S.)
| | - Shuhei Morita
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; (S.K.); (T.I.)
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (S.T.); Tel.: +81-73-441-0625 (S.M.); +81-73-441-0665 (S.T.); Fax: +81-73-445-9436 (S.M.); +81-73-441-0653 (S.T.)
| | - Hiroki Hosoi
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; (Y.Y.); (H.H.); (H.K.); (T.S.)
| | - Hiroshi Kobata
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; (Y.Y.); (H.H.); (H.K.); (T.S.)
| | - Shohei Kishimoto
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; (S.K.); (T.I.)
| | - Tatsuya Ishibashi
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; (S.K.); (T.I.)
| | - Hiroyuki Mishima
- Department of Human Genetics, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; (H.M.); (A.K.); (K.-I.Y.)
| | - Akira Kinoshita
- Department of Human Genetics, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; (H.M.); (A.K.); (K.-I.Y.)
| | - Bradley J. Backes
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; (B.J.B.); (F.R.P.)
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Koh-Ichiro Yoshiura
- Department of Human Genetics, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; (H.M.); (A.K.); (K.-I.Y.)
| | - Feroz R. Papa
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; (B.J.B.); (F.R.P.)
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Takashi Sonoki
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; (Y.Y.); (H.H.); (H.K.); (T.S.)
| | - Shinobu Tamura
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; (Y.Y.); (H.H.); (H.K.); (T.S.)
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (S.T.); Tel.: +81-73-441-0625 (S.M.); +81-73-441-0665 (S.T.); Fax: +81-73-445-9436 (S.M.); +81-73-441-0653 (S.T.)
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Proteotoxic Stress and Cell Death in Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092385. [PMID: 32842524 PMCID: PMC7563887 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To maintain proteostasis, cells must integrate information and activities that supervise protein synthesis, protein folding, conformational stability, and also protein degradation. Extrinsic and intrinsic conditions can both impact normal proteostasis, causing the appearance of proteotoxic stress. Initially, proteotoxic stress elicits adaptive responses aimed at restoring proteostasis, allowing cells to survive the stress condition. However, if the proteostasis restoration fails, a permanent and sustained proteotoxic stress can be deleterious, and cell death ensues. Many cancer cells convive with high levels of proteotoxic stress, and this condition could be exploited from a therapeutic perspective. Understanding the cell death pathways engaged by proteotoxic stress is instrumental to better hijack the proliferative fate of cancer cells.
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Zhang D, Fan R, Lei L, Lei L, Wang Y, Lv N, Chen P, Williamson RA, Wang B, Hu J. Cell cycle exit during bortezomib-induced osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells was mediated by Xbp1s-upregulated p21 Cip1 and p27 Kip1. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:9428-9438. [PMID: 32628811 PMCID: PMC7417721 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells capable of differentiating into a variety of cell types. Bortezomib, the first approved proteasome inhibitor used for the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM), has been shown to induce osteoblast differentiation, making it beneficial for myeloma bone disease. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effects and underlying mechanisms of bortezomib on the cell cycle during osteogenic differentiation. We confirmed that low doses of bortezomib can induce MSCs towards osteogenic differentiation, but high doses are toxic. In the course of bortezomib-induced osteogenic differentiation, we observed cell cycle exit characterized by G0 /G1 phase cell cycle arrest with a significant reduction in cell proliferation. Additionally, we found that the cell cycle exit was tightly related to the induction of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21Cip1 and p27Kip1 . Notably, we further demonstrated that the up-regulation of p21Cip1 and p27Kip1 is transcriptionally dependent on the bortezomib-activated ER stress signalling branch Ire1α/Xbp1s. Taken together, these findings reveal an intracellular pathway that integrates proteasome inhibition, osteogenic differentiation and the cell cycle through activation of the ER stress signalling branch Ire1α/Xbp1s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Rong Fan
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Li Lei
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Lei Lei
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Yanmeng Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Nan Lv
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Ramone A Williamson
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Baiyan Wang
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Jinsong Hu
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, China
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Polyphenolic Composition and Anti-Melanoma Activity of White Forsythia ( Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai) Organ Extracts. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9060757. [PMID: 32560393 PMCID: PMC7356668 DOI: 10.3390/plants9060757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai, commonly called white forsythia, is a monotypic genus endemic to Korea. Although A. distichum is mainly used as an ornamental plant because of its horticultural value, recent studies have demonstrated its bioactivities, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, prompting us to investigate the potential anticancer effect of A. distichum organ extracts (leaves, fruit, and branches) against human melanoma SK-MEL-2 cells. The methanol extract of A. distichum leaves (AL) exhibited dose- and time-dependent cytotoxicities against SK-MEL-2 cells but not against HDFa human dermal fibroblasts. Based on high-performance liquid chromatography analysis, we identified 18 polyphenolic compounds from A. distichum organ extracts and suggest that differences in anticancer activity between organ extracts should be caused by different compositions of polyphenolic compounds. Additionally, the Annexin V/propidium iodide staining assay and analysis of caspase activity and expression indicated that AL induced cell death, including early and late apoptosis, as well as necrosis, by inducing the extrinsic pathway. Furthermore, we analyzed the differentially expressed genes between mock- and AL-treated cells using RNA-seq technology, suggesting that the anti-melanoma action of AL is mediated by down-regulation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway. Taken together, these results shed light on the potential use of A. distichum as a green resource with potent anti-melanoma activity.
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The Impact of the NOD2/CARD15 Variant (3020insC) and PSMA6 Polymorphism (-8C>G) on the Development and Outcome of Multiple Myeloma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:7629456. [PMID: 32596371 PMCID: PMC7298267 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7629456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematological malignancy characterized by genetic variety. The 3020insC variant of the NOD2/CARD15 gene results in the upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines. Chronic inflammation and abnormal function of the proteasome system may lead to MM development. The polymorphism (-8C>G) in the PSMA6 gene affects proteasome activity. The aim of our study was to analyze the possible relationship of NOD/CARD15 and PSMA6 genes with the risk of development and outcome of MM, as well as the sensitivity to bortezomib (proteasome inhibitor) in cell cultures derived from MM patients. Objects and Methods. Genomic DNA from 100 newly diagnosed MM patients and 100 healthy blood donors was analyzed by methods such as PCR-RFLP (for PSMA6 genotyping) and automated DNA sequencing (for NOD2/CARD15 genotyping). In a subgroup of 50 MM patients, nucleated bone marrow cells were treated with bortezomib in vitro. Results Patients with PSMA6 CG+GG genotypes had higher chances for progressive disease (OR = 5.0, 95% CI 1.07-23.16, p = 0.05), shorter overall survival taking into account the type of treatment (p = 0.039), and increased risk of death due to MM at the level of tendency (OR = 4.74, 95% CI 1.02-21.97, p = 0.06). The presence of NOD2/CARD15 3020insC decreased the risk of renal dysfunction in MM (OR = 0.23, 95% CI 0.07-0.74, p = 0.009). The analyzed changes in NOD2/CARD15 and PSMA6 genes did not impact the MM risk. In an in vitro study, bortezomib increased the number of apoptotic cells at 8 nM and 12 nM between wild-type and 3030insC variants of NOD2/CARD15 (p = 0.018 and p = 0.03, respectively). Conclusion The presented results suggest a possible impact of PSMA6 CG+GG genotypes on the MM outcome and the association of the NOD2/CARD15 variant with bortezomib in vitro sensitivity.
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Oncolytic immunotherapy and bortezomib synergy improves survival of refractory multiple myeloma in a preclinical model. Blood Adv 2020; 3:797-812. [PMID: 30850386 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2018025593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The oncolytic reovirus (RV) has demonstrated clinical efficacy and minimal toxicity in a variety of cancers, including multiple myeloma (MM). MM is a malignancy of plasma cells that is considered treatable but incurable because of the 90% relapse rate that is primarily from drug resistance. The systemic nature of MM and the antitumor immunosuppression by its tumor microenvironment presents an ongoing therapeutic challenge. In the present study, we demonstrate that RV synergizes with the standard-of-care MM drug bortezomib (BTZ) and, importantly, enhances its therapeutic potential in therapy-resistant human MM cell lines in vitro. Using the syngeneic Vk*MYC BTZ-resistant immunocompetent transplantable MM murine model, we also demonstrate that mice harboring BTZ-insensitive MM tumors respond to the RV/BTZ combination treatment in terms of decreased tumor burden and improved overall survival (P < .00001). We demonstrate that BTZ augments RV replication in tumor-associated endothelial cells and myeloma cells, leading to enhanced viral delivery and thereby stimulating cytokine release, immune activity, apoptosis, and reduction of the MM-associated immune suppression. We conclude that combined RV/BTZ is an attractive therapeutic strategy with no safety signals for the treatment of MM.
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Tang H, Xu L, Cen X, Yang L, Feng J, Li G, Zhu H, Gao S, Yu Y, Zhao Y, Tian Z, Hou L, Yu S, Gao G. CDK5 inhibition in vitro and in vivo induces cell death in myeloma and overcomes the obstacle of bortezomib resistance. Int J Mol Med 2020; 45:1661-1672. [PMID: 32236619 PMCID: PMC7169959 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of new drugs is a major feature of the treatment history of multiple myeloma (MM), which also reflects the current incurability of MM. As a unique member of cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) family, CDK5 participates in numerous tumorigenic or non-tumorigenic processes. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of CDK5 on the viability of MM cells and bortezomib resistance using western blotting, immunohistochemistry, transient transfection, MTT assays, cell cycle analysis, apoptosis assays and a myeloma xenograft mouse model. The present study found that MM patients with high CDK5 expression in the bone marrow do not respond well to bortezomib, have higher DS stage and worse prognosis. Genetic and pharmacological (dinaciclib) inhibition of CDK5 triggers MM cell viability inhibition. Dinaciclib induces G2/M arrest and apoptosis of MM cells. In vivo experiments with myeloma xenograft mice indicate that dinaciclib significantly reduces the volume of tumors with good tolerance. Dinaciclib combined with bortezomib exerts a synergistic anti-myeloma activity accompanied by inhibiting the activation of the nuclear factor-κB pathway. This study demonstrates the important role of CDK5 in the pathogenesis, viability, prognosis and resistance to bortezomib of MM, laying a solid theoretical foundation for further clinical use of CDK5 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Tang
- Department of Hematology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Hematology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Xi Cen
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Juan Feng
- Department of Hematology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Guang Li
- Department of Hematology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Huafeng Zhu
- Department of Hematology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Shan Gao
- Department of Hematology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Yan Yu
- Department of Hematology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Yaping Zhao
- Department of Hematology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Tian
- Department of Hematology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Liping Hou
- Department of Hematology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Shuchun Yu
- Department of Hematology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Guangxun Gao
- Department of Hematology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
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Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Signaling in Cancer Cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 190:934-946. [PMID: 32112719 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To survive, cancer cells must resist numerous internal and environmental insults associated with neoplasia that jeopardize proteostasis within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Solid and hematopoietic tumors often experience genomic instability, oncogene activation, increased protein secretion demands, and somatic mutations in proteins handled by the secretory pathway that impede their folding. Invasion or metastasis into foreign environments can expose tumor cells to hypoxia, oxidative stress, lack of growth signals, inadequate amino acid supplies, glucose deprivation, and lactic acidosis, all of which pose challenges for protein processing in the ER. Together, these conditions can promote the buildup of misfolded proteins in the ER to cause ER stress, which then activates the unfolded protein response (UPR). An intracellular signaling network largely initiated by three ER transmembrane proteins, the UPR constantly surveils protein folding conditions within the ER lumen and when necessary initiates counteractive measures to maintain ER homeostasis. Under mild or moderate levels of ER stress, the homeostatic UPR sets in motion transcriptional and translational changes that promote cell adaption and survival. However, if these processes are unsuccessful at resolving ER stress, a terminal UPR program dominates and actively signals cell suicide. This article summarizes the mounting evidence that cancer cells are predisposed to ER stress and vulnerable to targeted interventions against ongoing UPR signaling.
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Furukawa Y, Kikuchi J. Molecular basis of clonal evolution in multiple myeloma. Int J Hematol 2020; 111:496-511. [DOI: 10.1007/s12185-020-02829-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Korean Red Ginseng Extract Increases Apoptosis by Activation of the Noxa Pathway in Colorectal Cancer. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11092026. [PMID: 31470581 PMCID: PMC6770724 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the anticancer activity of Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) has been known in various cancers, the mechanism of KRG-induced apoptosis is unknown in colorectal cancer (CRC). In our study, we examined whether KRG induces apoptosis in CRC cells. METHODS In the cell viability assay, the concentration of the appropriate KRG extracts was fixed at 2.5 mg/mL in numerous CRC cells. This fixed concentration was in other experiments, and it was confirmed that the KRG extracts induce apoptosis in CRC cells. RESULTS We found that KRG induced Noxa activation and apoptosis and increased endoplasmic reticulum stress via reactive oxygen species production. This indicated that KRG efficiently enhanced cell death in CRC cells. CONCLUSION Our results show that KRG can be used as a possible anticancer drug for patients with CRC.
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MPC-1 expression in myeloma cells is associated with the efficacy of bortezomib therapy. Med Oncol 2019; 36:75. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-019-1298-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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