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Haines DD, Cowan FM, Tosaki A. Evolving Strategies for Use of Phytochemicals in Prevention and Long-Term Management of Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD). Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6176. [PMID: 38892364 PMCID: PMC11173167 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
This report describes major pathomechanisms of disease in which the dysregulation of host inflammatory processes is a major factor, with cardiovascular disease (CVD) as a primary model, and reviews strategies for countermeasures based on synergistic interaction between various agents, including drugs and generally regarded as safe (GRAS) natural medical material (NMM), such as Ginkgo biloba, spice phytochemicals, and fruit seed flavonoids. The 15 well-defined CVD classes are explored with particular emphasis on the extent to which oxidative stressors and associated ischemia-reperfusion tissue injury contribute to major symptoms. The four major categories of pharmaceutical agents used for the prevention of and therapy for CVD: statins, beta blockers (β-blockers), blood thinners (anticoagulants), and aspirin, are presented along with their adverse effects. Analyses of major cellular and molecular features of drug- and NMM-mediated cardioprotective processes are provided in the context of their development for human clinical application. Future directions of the evolving research described here will be particularly focused on the characterization and manipulation of calcium- and calcineurin-mediated cascades of signaling from cell surface receptors on cardiovascular and immune cells to the nucleus, with the emergence of both protective and pathological epigenetic features that may be modulated by synergistically-acting combinations of drugs and phytochemicals in which phytochemicals interact with cells to promote signaling that reduces the effective dosage and thus (often) toxicity of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fred M. Cowan
- Uppsala Inc., 67 Shady Brook Drive, Colora, MD 21917, USA;
| | - Arpad Tosaki
- Department Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- HUN-REN-UD Pharmamodul Research Group, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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2
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Manibalan S, Thirukumaran K, Varshni M, Shobana A, Achary A. Report on biopharmaceutical profile of recent biotherapeutics and insilco docking studies on target bindings of known aptamer biotherapeutics. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2021; 36:57-80. [PMID: 33393433 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2020.1858395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Accumulated Toxicity, disease recurrence and drug resistivity problems have been observed due to the synthetic and semisynthetic therapeutic practices, which alternatively led to focus on Bio-therapeutics production than xenobiotics. Quick plasma clearance and high potency are the reasons for trending research with huge pharma market of numerous Bio-therapeutics than ever before. Researchers proved that most of the nano and micro Bio-therapeutics have multiple beneficial therapeutic effects. We have analyzed the past, and present scenario of some notable clinically approved Bio-therapeutics to identify the future formulation needs with advanced techniques. Protein-related drugs are the foremost Bio-therapeutics such as antibodies, enzymes, and short, fragmented polypeptides show aggregation properties during storage, naked peptide moieties are resisted by the polar cell membrane, and also the antidrug antibodies were reported. Even though Nucleic acid nano-bodies are excellent target binders than proteins, they had only a few minutes of half-life. Maintaining homogeneousness upon storage of Bio-therapeutics is still a significant challenge in industrial-scale formulation. Notably, plant systems are identified as most useful cost-effective hosts to produce human enzymes than animal systems without any possible viral loads. Irrespective of numerous advancements in routes of administration and additives, subcutaneous is still a golden one to achieve better dynamics. Additionally, the interactions and effective bonds made by each class of well-known aptamer biotherapeutics which are considered as future drugs were studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramaniyan Manibalan
- Center for Research, Department of Biotechnology, Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology , Madurai, India
| | - Kandasamy Thirukumaran
- Center for Research, Department of Biotechnology, Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology , Madurai, India
| | - Mathimaran Varshni
- Center for Research, Department of Biotechnology, Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology , Madurai, India
| | - Ayyasamy Shobana
- Center for Research, Department of Biotechnology, Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology , Madurai, India
| | - Anant Achary
- Center for Research, Department of Biotechnology, Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology , Madurai, India
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3
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Haines DD, Tosaki A. Heme Degradation in Pathophysiology of and Countermeasures to Inflammation-Associated Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249698. [PMID: 33353225 PMCID: PMC7766613 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The class of tetrapyrrol "coordination complexes" called hemes are prosthetic group components of metalloproteins including hemoglobin, which provide functionality to these physiologically essential macromolecules by reversibly binding diatomic gasses, notably O2, which complexes to ferrous (reduced/Fe(II)) iron within the heme porphyrin ring of hemoglobin in a pH- and PCO2-dependent manner-thus allowing their transport and delivery to anatomic sites of their function. Here, pathologies associated with aberrant heme degradation are explored in the context of their underlying mechanisms and emerging medical countermeasures developed using heme oxygenase (HO), its major degradative enzyme and bioactive metabolites produced by HO activity. Tissue deposits of heme accumulate as a result of the removal of senescent or damaged erythrocytes from circulation by splenic macrophages, which destroy the cells and internal proteins, including hemoglobin, leaving free heme to accumulate, posing a significant toxicogenic challenge. In humans, HO uses NADPH as a reducing agent, along with molecular oxygen, to degrade heme into carbon monoxide (CO), free ferrous iron (FeII), which is sequestered by ferritin protein, and biliverdin, subsequently metabolized to bilirubin, a potent inhibitor of oxidative stress-mediated tissue damage. CO acts as a cellular messenger and augments vasodilation. Nevertheless, disease- or trauma-associated oxidative stressors sufficiently intense to overwhelm HO may trigger or exacerbate a wide range of diseases, including cardiovascular and neurologic syndromes. Here, strategies are described for counteracting the effects of aberrant heme degradation, with a particular focus on "bioflavonoids" as HO inducers, shown to cause amelioration of severe inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald David Haines
- Advanced Biotherapeutics, London W2 1EB, UK;
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Arpad Tosaki
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +36-52-255586
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4
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Tukaj S, Mantej J, Sobala M, Potrykus K, Sitko K. Autologous extracellular Hsp70 exerts a dual role in rheumatoid arthritis. Cell Stress Chaperones 2020; 25:1105-1110. [PMID: 32358783 PMCID: PMC7591667 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-020-01114-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular heat shock proteins (Hsp) influence the adaptive immune response and may ameliorate pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. While some preclinical observations suggest that highly conserved bacterial and/or murine Hsp70 peptides have potential utility in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) via induction of T regulatory cells (Treg), the role of extracellular inducible human Hsp70 in adaptive immune processes requires further investigation. The present study evaluated Hsp70 influence on inflammatory cytokine-mediated modulation of T cell immunophenotype in ways that influence RA onset and severity. Initial experiments in the present investigation revealed that serum levels of Hsp70 are approximately 2-fold higher in RA patients versus healthy control subjects. To explore the effect of extracellular Hsp70 on key processes underlying the adaptive immune system, the effects of a highly pure, substrate-, and endotoxin-free human Hsp70 on polarization of the T helper cell subpopulations, including CD4+IL-17+ (Th17), CD4+FoxP3+ (Treg), CD4+IFN-γ+ (Th1), and CD4+IL-4+ (Th2), were studied in naïve human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) cultures stimulated with anti-CD3/28 mAb. Major findings included an observation that while Hsp70 treatment increased Th17 frequencies and Th17/Treg ratio, the frequency of Th1 cells and the Th1/Th2 ratio were significantly decreased in the Hsp70-treated PBMC cultures. Moreover, data shown here provides preliminary suggestion that major contributing Hsp70-mediated immunomodulation includes interleukin 6 (IL-6) influence on Th17/Treg and Th1/Th2, since expression of this inflammatory cytokine is enhanced by in vitro Hsp70 treatment. These results are nevertheless preliminary and require further investigation to validate the above model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Tukaj
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Jagoda Mantej
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Michał Sobala
- Department of Bacterial Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Potrykus
- Department of Bacterial Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Sitko
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
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5
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Ahmad N, Ansari MY, Haqqi TM. Role of iNOS in osteoarthritis: Pathological and therapeutic aspects. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:6366-6376. [PMID: 32017079 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that inflammation has a key role in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA). Nitric oxide (NO) has been established as one of the major inflammatory mediators in OA and drives many pathological changes during the development and progression of OA. Excessive production of NO in chondrocytes promotes cartilage destruction and cellular injury. The synthesis of NO in chondrocytes is catalyzed by inducible NO synthase (iNOS), which is thereby an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of OA. A number of direct and indirect iNOS inhibitors, bioactive compounds, and plant-derived small molecules have been shown to exhibit chondroprotective effects by suppressing the expression of iNOS. Many of these iNOS inhibitors hold promise for the development of new, disease-modifying therapies for OA; however, attempts to demonstrate their success in clinical trials are not yet successful. Many plant extracts and plant-derived small molecules have also shown promise in animal models of OA, though further studies are needed in human clinical trials to confirm their therapeutic potential. In this review, we discuss the role of iNOS in OA pathology and the effects of various iNOS inhibitors in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nashrah Ahmad
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio
| | - Mohammad Y Ansari
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio
| | - Tariq M Haqqi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio
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6
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Mahmoud FF, Haines D, Dashti AA, El-Shazly S, Al-Najjar F. Correlation between heat shock proteins, adiponectin, and T lymphocyte cytokine expression in type 2 diabetics. Cell Stress Chaperones 2018; 23:955-965. [PMID: 29752628 PMCID: PMC6111097 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-018-0903-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) features insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, overproduction of inflammatory cytokines, and systemic oxidative stress. Here, heat shock proteins Hsp70 and Hsp 90, adiponectin, and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1, Hsp32) are profiled in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and serum from 25 T2DM patients and 25 healthy control subjects. Cells cultured with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate/ionomycin were evaluated by three-color flow cytometry for immunophenotypic biomarkers. Plasma HO-1, Hsp, and adiponectin levels were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Relative to healthy controls, T2DM patients exhibited significantly elevated plasma Hsp70, and representation of T helper immunophenotypes activated to express inflammatory cytokines, including CD4+ IFN-γ+, CD4+ TNF-α+, CD4+ IL-6+, CD4+ IL-1β+ T cells, significantly lower representation of CD4+ IL-10+ T cells, plasma adiponectin and cell-associated HO-1 expression-with no significant differences in plasma Hsp90 between T2DM and healthy controls. Plasma HO-1 and adiponectin in T2DM patients inversely correlated with TNF-α and showed inverse correlation between serum LDL and plasma HO-1. Moreover, TNF-α and Hsp90 in T2DM patients correlated positively with fasting blood glucose (FBG). These results demonstrate correlation between potentially pathogenic T cells, HO-1, and adiponectin, additionally revealing a T helper (Th)1-related character of T2DM immunopathogenesis, suggesting potential for novel T cell-related management strategies for T2DM and related co-morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadia F Mahmoud
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait.
| | - David Haines
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
- Advanced Immune Biotherapeutics LLP, London, UK
| | - Ali A Dashti
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Sherief El-Shazly
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Fawzia Al-Najjar
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
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7
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Barta T, Tosaki A, Haines D, Balla G, Lekli I, Tosaki A. Endothelin-1-induced hypertrophic alterations and heme oxygenase-1 expression in cardiomyoblasts are counteracted by beta estradiol: in vitro and in vivo studies. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2018; 391:371-383. [PMID: 29354880 PMCID: PMC5851684 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-018-1462-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Endothelin-1 (ET-1), a potent vasoconstrictor normally active in maintaining vascular tone, may mediate significant pathogenic effects, contributing to several serious diseases when aberrantly expressed or regulated. The present study evaluates the capacity of ET-1 to affect endothelin-1-associated hypertrophic activity and decreased expression of heme oxygenase-1 by H9c2 rat cardiomyoblasts in vitro, corresponding to in vivo processes underlying cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Beta estradiol (β-E) is tested for its capacity to alter the effects of ET-1. H9c2 cells, cultured 48 h, were stimulated with 100-10,000 nM of ET-1 and evaluated for changes in cell size, cell viability, and expression of the cytoprotective heat shock protein heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), with 200 nM of β-E included in selected cultures to evaluate its effect on ET-1-mediated changes. The application of 100 to 10,000 nM of ET-1 resulted in a significant increase in average cell size and decreases in both cell viability and HO-1 protein content (p < 0.05). Moreover, 200 nM of β-E was observed to significantly counteract these effects by cardiomyoblasts stimulated with 1000 nM of ET-1 (p < 0.05). Sprague-Dawley rats treated intravenously with 1000 ng/kg of ET-1 demonstrated reduced HO-1 expression in peripheral blood and left ventricular tissue, which was counteracted by injection of 200 ng/kg β-E-demonstrating a possible correspondence between in vitro and in vivo effects. An outcome of particular value for clinical use of β-E, in the management of cardiac hypertrophy, is the observed capacity of the drug to abate ET-1-mediated suppression of HO-1 expression. It has been previously demonstrated that HO-1 inducers exhibit potent cardioprotective properties, thus offering the promise of combining them with β-E, allowing lower effective dosage of the drug and concomitantly lower adverse side effects associated with its clinical use. Major findings of this investigation are that pretreatment of cardiomyoblasts with β-E inhibited their hypertrophic response to ET-1 and counteracts the decrease of cell viability. These effects were associated with a restoration of HO-1 protein expression in both under in vitro and in vivo conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tunde Barta
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt., 98, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Agnes Tosaki
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt., 98, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - David Haines
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt., 98, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Gyorgy Balla
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Hemostasis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Istvan Lekli
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt., 98, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Arpad Tosaki
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt., 98, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
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8
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Alpha-Melanocyte-stimulating Hormone Induces Vasodilation and Exerts Cardioprotection Through the Heme-Oxygenase Pathway in Rat Hearts. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2018; 69:286-297. [PMID: 28195947 PMCID: PMC5426697 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Alpha–melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) is a protein with known capacity for protection against cardiovascular ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury. This investigation evaluates the capacity of α-MSH to mitigate I/R effects in an isolated working rat heart model and determine the dependency of these alterations on the activity of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1, hsp-32), a heat shock protein that functions as a major antioxidant defense molecule. Healthy male Sprague Dawley rats were used for all experiments. After treatment with selected doses of α-MSH, echocardiographic examinations were performed on live, anesthetized animals. Hearts were harvested from anesthetized rats pretreated with α-MSH and/or the HO-1 inhibitor SnPP, followed by cardiac function assessment on isolated working hearts, which were prepared using the Langendorff protocol. Induction of global ischemia was performed, followed by during reperfusion assessment of cardiac functions. Determination of incidence of cardiac arrhythmias was made by electrocardiogram. Major outcomes include echocardiographic data, suggesting that α-MSH has mild effects on systolic parameters, along with potent antiarrhythmic effects. Of particular significance was the specificity of dilatative effects on coronary vasculature, and similar outcomes of aortic ring experiments, which potentially allow different doses of the compound to be used to selectively target various portions of the vasculature for dilation.
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9
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Varga B, Priksz D, Lampé N, Bombicz M, Kurucz A, Szabó AM, Pósa A, Szabó R, Kemény-Beke Á, Remenyik J, Gesztelyi R, Juhász B. Protective Effect of Prunus Cerasus (Sour Cherry) Seed Extract on the Recovery of Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Retinal Damage in Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rat. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22101782. [PMID: 29065463 PMCID: PMC6151469 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Among diabetes patients, ophthalmological complications are very frequent. High blood glucose and (consequential) ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury contribute significantly to the severity of retinopathies. Diabetic retinopathy is among the leading causes of blindness. Our study demonstrates the effect of sour cherry seed extract (SCSE) on blood glucose and function of the retina with electroretinography (ERG) in a diabetic setting with or without ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rats. Our results prove that the SCSE has a retinoprotective effect in diabetic rats: according to ERG measurements, SCSE treatment mitigated the retinal function-damaging effect of diabetes, and proved to be protective in the diabetic eye against ischemia-reperfusion injuries of the retina. Outcomes suggest that the protective effects of SCSE may occur through several pathways, including HO-1 dependent mechanisms. The observation that SCSE treatment decreases blood glucose is also novel. These findings offer the possibility for development of novel therapeutic strategies utilizing this emerging functional food, in particular in the prevention of conditions resulting from high blood glucose or I/R injury, such as deterioration of retinal microcirculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Varga
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen H4032, Hungary.
| | - Dániel Priksz
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen H4032, Hungary.
| | - Nóra Lampé
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen H4032, Hungary.
| | - Mariann Bombicz
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen H4032, Hungary.
| | - Andrea Kurucz
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen H4032, Hungary.
| | - Adrienn Mónika Szabó
- Department of Internal Medicine, Building C, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen H4032, Hungary.
| | - Anikó Pósa
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged H6726, Hungary.
| | - Renáta Szabó
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged H6726, Hungary.
| | - Ádám Kemény-Beke
- Department of Ophtalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen H4032, Hungary.
| | - Judit Remenyik
- Institute of Food Technology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Debrecen H4032, Hungary.
| | - Rudolf Gesztelyi
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen H4032, Hungary.
| | - Béla Juhász
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen H4032, Hungary.
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Czompa A, Gyongyosi A, Szoke K, Bak I, Csepanyi E, Haines DD, Tosaki A, Lekli I. Effects of Momordica charantia (Bitter Melon) on Ischemic Diabetic Myocardium. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22030488. [PMID: 28335529 PMCID: PMC6155383 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22030488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: A rat model is here used to test a hypothesis that Momordica charantia (Bitter melon (BM)) extract favorably alters processes in cardiovascular tissue and is systemically relevant to the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and related cardiovascular disease. Methods: Male Lean and Zucker Obese (ZO) rats were gavage-treated for six weeks with 400 mg/kg body weight bitter melon (BM) extract suspended in mucin–water vehicle, or with vehicle (Control). Animals were segregated into four treatment groups, 10 animals in each group, according to strain (Lean or ZO) and treatment (Control or BM). Following six-week treatment periods, peripheral blood was collected from selected animals, followed by sacrifice, thoracotomy and mounting of isolated working heart setup. Results: Body mass of both Lean and ZO rats was unaffected by treatment, likewise, peripheral blood fasting glucose levels showed no significant treatment-related effects. However, some BM treatment-related improvement was noted in postischemic cardiac functions when Lean, BM-treated animals were compared to vehicle treated Lean control rats. Treatment of Lean, but not ZO, rats significantly reduced the magnitude of infarcted zone in isolated hearts subjected to 30 min of ischemia followed by 2 h of working mode reperfusion. Immunohistochemical demonstration of caspase-3 expression by isolated heart tissues subjected to 30 min of ischemia followed by 2 h of reperfusion, revealed significant correlation between BM treatment and reduced expression of this enzyme in hearts obtained from both Lean and ZO animals. The hierarchy and order of caspase-3 expression from highest to lowest was as follows: ZO rats receiving vehicle > ZO rats receiving BM extract > Lean rats treated receiving vehicle > Lean rats administered BM extract. Outcomes of analyses of peripheral blood content of cardiac-related analytics: with particular relevance to clinical application was a significant elevation in blood of ZO and ZO BM-treated, versus Lean rats of total cholesterol (high density lipoprotein HDL-c + low density lipoprotein LDL-c), with an inferred increase in HDL-c/LDL-c ratio—an outcome associated with decreased risk of atherosclerotic disease. Conclusions: BM extract failed to positively affect T2DM- and cardiovascular-related outcomes at a level suggesting use as a standalone treatment. Nevertheless, the encouraging effects of BM in enhancement of cardiac function, suppression of post-ischemic/reperfused infarct size extent and capacity to modulate serum cholesterol, will likely make it useful as an adjuvant therapy for the management of T2DM and related cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Czompa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen 4032, Hungary.
| | - Alexandra Gyongyosi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen 4032, Hungary.
| | - Kitti Szoke
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen 4032, Hungary.
| | - Istvan Bak
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen 4032, Hungary.
| | - Evelin Csepanyi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen 4032, Hungary.
| | - David D Haines
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen 4032, Hungary.
| | - Arpad Tosaki
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen 4032, Hungary.
| | - Istvan Lekli
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen 4032, Hungary.
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11
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Lekli I, Haines DD, Balla G, Tosaki A. Autophagy: an adaptive physiological countermeasure to cellular senescence and ischaemia/reperfusion-associated cardiac arrhythmias. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 21:1058-1072. [PMID: 27997746 PMCID: PMC5431132 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress placed on tissues that involved in pathogenesis of a disease activates compensatory metabolic changes, such as DNA damage repair that in turn causes intracellular accumulation of detritus and ‘proteotoxic stress’, leading to emergence of ‘senescent’ cellular phenotypes, which express high levels of inflammatory mediators, resulting in degradation of tissue function. Proteotoxic stress resulting from hyperactive inflammation following reperfusion of ischaemic tissue causes accumulation of proteinaceous debris in cells of the heart in ways that cause potentially fatal arrhythmias, in particular ventricular fibrillation (VF). An adaptive response to VF is occurrence of autophagy, an intracellular bulk degradation of damaged macromolecules and organelles that may restore cellular and tissue homoeostasis, improving chances for recovery. Nevertheless, depending on the type and intensity of stressors and inflammatory responses, autophagy may become pathological, resulting in excessive cell death. The present review examines the multilayered defences that cells have evolved to reduce proteotoxic stress by degradation of potentially toxic material beginning with endoplasmic reticulum‐associated degradation, and the unfolded protein response, which are mechanisms for removal from the endoplasmic reticulum of misfolded proteins, and then progressing through the stages of autophagy, including descriptions of autophagosomes and related vesicular structures which process material for degradation and autophagy‐associated proteins including Beclin‐1 and regulatory complexes. The physiological roles of each mode of proteotoxic defence will be examined along with consideration of how emerging understanding of autophagy, along with a newly discovered regulatory cell type called telocytes, may be used to augment existing strategies for the prevention and management of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Istvan Lekli
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - David Donald Haines
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gyorgy Balla
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Hemostasis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Arpad Tosaki
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Mahmoud F, Haines D, Al-Ozairi E, Dashti A. Effect of Black Tea Consumption on Intracellular Cytokines, Regulatory T Cells and Metabolic Biomarkers in Type 2 Diabetes Patients. Phytother Res 2015; 30:454-62. [PMID: 26692322 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of black tea intake on inflammatory cytokines and metabolic biomarkers in Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Thirty patients with T2DM were randomly assigned either to a High Intake (HI) group, consuming three cups (600 mL) of black tea per day; and a Low Intake (LI) group, administered 1 cup (200 mL) per day, each during a 12-week period. Intracellular cytokine expression, regulatory T cells (Treg), glycemic and lipid profiles were measured at baseline and following the tea intake period. Tea consumption correlated with major effects measured in peripheral blood of subjects that included significantly reduced glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, along with increased regulatory T cells CD3+ CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3, CD3+ CD4+ IL-10+ cells (an immunosuppressive phenotype), reduced (pro-inflammatory) CD3+ CD4+ IL-17+ cells and reduced Th1-associated CD3+ CD4+ IFN-Υ+ cells. Tea consumption was also observed to abolish the significance of an inverse correlation between total serum cholesterol and representation of CD4+ IL-4+ T cells, which may reflect protection against atopy-related oxidative stress. Outcomes of this study describe both advantages and limitations to consumption of black tea as an aid to sustained health maintenance by persons at-risk for TD2M and related obesity-associated metabolic syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadia Mahmoud
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Kuwait University, Kuwait
| | - David Haines
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Debrecen University, Hungary.,Essential Biotherapeutics Sarl, Rte. de la Vallee 26, 1874, Champery, Switzerland
| | - Ebaa Al-Ozairi
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait
| | - Ali Dashti
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Kuwait University, Kuwait
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