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Ashley DL, Zhu W, Watson CH, Bravo R, Ngac PK, Valentin-Blasini L, Pickworth WB, Kurti AN, Cunningham C, Blount BC. Mouth Level Intake of Nicotine from Three Brands of Little Filtered Cigars with Widely Differing Product Characteristics Among Adult Consumers. Chem Res Toxicol 2023; 36:43-52. [PMID: 36598842 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Little filtered cigars are tobacco products with many cigarette-like characteristics. However, despite cigars falling under the U.S. Food and Drug Administration regulatory authority, characterizing flavors, which are still allowed in little filtered cigars, and filter design may influence how people use the products and the resulting exposure to harmful and potentially harmful constituents. We estimated nicotine mouth level intake (MLI) from analyses of little cigar filter butt solanesol levels, brand characteristics, carbon monoxide boost, and puff volume in 48 dual cigarette/cigar users during two repeat bouts of ad lib smoking of three little filtered cigar brands. Mean nicotine MLI for the three brands was significantly different with Swisher Sweets (0.1% ventilation) Cherry at 1.20 mg nicotine, Cheyenne Menthol (1.5%) at 0.63 mg, and Santa Fe unflavored (49%) at 0.94 mg. The association between nicotine MLI and puff volume was the same between Cheyenne Menthol and Santa Fe unflavored. However, these were different from Swisher Sweets Cherry. At least five main factors─flavor, ventilation, filter design, nicotine delivery related to tar, and user puff volume─may directly or indirectly impact MLI and its association with other measures. We found that users of little filtered cigars that have different filter ventilation and flavor draw dissimilar amounts of nicotine from the product, which may be accompanied by differences in exposure to other harmful smoke constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Ashley
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Wanzhe Zhu
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Clifford H Watson
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Roberto Bravo
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Phuong K Ngac
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Liza Valentin-Blasini
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Wallace B Pickworth
- Battelle Public Health Research Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21209, United States
| | - Allison N Kurti
- Center for Tobacco Products, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Colin Cunningham
- Center for Tobacco Products, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Benjamin C Blount
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
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Harada S, Sata M, Matsumoto M, Iida M, Takeuchi A, Kato S, Hirata A, Kuwabara K, Shibuki T, Ishibashi Y, Sugiyama D, Okamura T, Takebayashi T. Changes in smoking habits and behaviors following the introduction and spread of heated tobacco products in Japan and its effect on FEV 1 decline: a longitudinal cohort study. J Epidemiol 2021; 32:180-187. [PMID: 34657910 PMCID: PMC8918621 DOI: 10.2188/jea.je20210075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Heated tobacco product (HTP) use in Japan has rapidly increased. Despite this rapid spread, little is known about the health effects of HTP use. We conducted a longitudinal cohort study to investigate the change in smoking habits following the spread of HTP use and its effect on forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) decline. Methods Participants consisted of a resident population (n = 2,612; mean age, 67.7 years) with FEV1 measurement in 2012–2014 and 2018–2019, and a worksite population (n = 722; mean age 49.3 years) without FEV1 data. Participants were categorized as combustible cigarette-only smokers, HTP-only users, dual users, past smokers, and never smokers. The association between smoking group and the change in smoking consumption over a mean 5.6 years was examined. Differences in annual FEV1 change between smoking groups were examined in the resident population. Results Prevalence of HTP-only and dual users in 2018–2019 was 0.8% and 0.6% in the resident population, and 5.0% and 1.9% in the worksite population, respectively. The overall number of tobacco products smoked/used increased in dual users compared to baseline, but not in others. Annual FEV1 decline in dual users tended to be greater than that in cigarette-only smokers (16; 95% confidence interval, −34 to 2 mL/year after full adjustment). Participants switching to HTP-only use 1.7 years before had a similar FEV1 decline as cigarette-only smokers. Conclusions HTP use, including dual use, is prevalent even in a rural region of Japan. Dual users appear to smoke/use tobacco products more and have a greater FEV1 decline. Tobacco policy should consider dual use as high-risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sei Harada
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine
| | - Mizuki Sata
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine
| | - Minako Matsumoto
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine
| | - Miho Iida
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine
| | - Ayano Takeuchi
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine
| | - Suzuka Kato
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine
| | - Aya Hirata
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine
| | - Kazuyo Kuwabara
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine
| | - Takuma Shibuki
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine
| | - Yoshiki Ishibashi
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine
| | - Daisuke Sugiyama
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine
| | - Tomonori Okamura
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine
| | - Toru Takebayashi
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine
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Yang J, Hashemi S, Han W, Lee C, Song Y, Lim Y. Study on the daily Ad Libitum smoking habits of active Korean smokers and their effect on urinary smoking exposure and impact biomarkers. Biomarkers 2021; 26:691-702. [PMID: 34530669 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2021.1981448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Understanding interactions of smoking topography with biomarkers of exposure to tobacco is essential for accurate smoking risk assessments. METHODS In this study, the smoking topography and the levels of tobacco smoke exposure urinary biomarkers of a sample of active Korean smokers were quantified and measured. The results were used to investigate the effect of daily activities and smoking time on the smoking topography. Moreover, correlations between the smoking topography parameters and biomarkers were assessed. RESULTS No significant effect of either the daily activities or time on the smoking topography of the subjects were observed. Synchronic correlations of the cigarette consumption per day (CPD) and the average flow per puff with both urinary cotinine and trans-3'-hydroxycotinine were significant. For the urinary nicotine metabolites, the peak levels appeared when the CPD was over 19 cigarettes per day and the average puff velocity was between 35 and 45 ml/s. Nevertheless, when the average flow was over 60 ml/s, the levels of cotinine and trans-3'-hydroxycotinine significantly dropped. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study may be beneficial for further smoking risk assessments with contributions of both the smoking topography and biomarkers to provide current smokers with applicable cession programs.Clinical significanceSmoking habits and levels of urinary biomarkers of Korean smokers are investigated.People with a higher dependency on nicotine smoke cigarettes with slower puffs.Effects of daily activities or time on smoking topography were not significant.Correlations between smoking topography and urinary biomarkers were significant.Peak biomarker levels were observed under certain smoking topography conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeon Yang
- Institute for Environmental Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Shervin Hashemi
- Institute for Environmental Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonseok Han
- Institute for Environmental Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaelin Lee
- Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoojin Song
- Institute for Environmental Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngwook Lim
- Institute for Environmental Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Pauwels CG, Boots AW, Visser WF, Pennings JL, Talhout R, Van Schooten FJ, Opperhuizen A. Characteristic Human Individual Puffing Profiles Can Generate More TNCO than ISO and Health Canada Regimes on Smoking Machine When the Same Brand Is Smoked. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17093225. [PMID: 32384697 PMCID: PMC7246490 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17093225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Human smoking behavior influences exposure to smoke toxicants and is important for risk assessment. In a prospective observational study, the smoking behavior of Marlboro smokers was measured for 36 h. Puff volume, duration, frequency, flow and inter-puff interval were recorded with the portable CReSSmicro™ device, as has often been done by other scientists. However, the use of the CReSSmicro™ device may lead to some registration pitfalls since the method of insertion of the cigarette may influence the data collection. Participants demonstrated consistent individual characteristic puffing behavior over the course of the day, enabling the creation of a personalized puffing profile. These puffing profiles were subsequently used as settings for smoking machine experiments and tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide (TNCO) emissions were generated. The application of human puffing profiles led to TNCO exposures more in the range of Health Canada Intense (HCI)-TNCO emissions than for those of the International Standardization Organization (ISO). Compared to the ISO regime, which applies a low puff volume relative to human smokers, the generation of TNCO may be at least two times higher than when human puffing profiles were applied on the smoking machine. Human smokers showed a higher puffing intensity than HCI and ISO because of higher puffing frequency, which resulted in more puffs per cigarette, than both HCI and ISO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte G.G.M. Pauwels
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 3581 CD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (C.G.G.M.P.); (A.W.B.); (F.-J.V.S.)
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (W.F.V.); (J.L.A.P.); (R.T.)
| | - Agnes W. Boots
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 3581 CD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (C.G.G.M.P.); (A.W.B.); (F.-J.V.S.)
| | - Wouter F. Visser
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (W.F.V.); (J.L.A.P.); (R.T.)
| | - Jeroen L.A. Pennings
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (W.F.V.); (J.L.A.P.); (R.T.)
| | - Reinskje Talhout
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (W.F.V.); (J.L.A.P.); (R.T.)
| | - Frederik-Jan Van Schooten
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 3581 CD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (C.G.G.M.P.); (A.W.B.); (F.-J.V.S.)
| | - Antoon Opperhuizen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 3581 CD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (C.G.G.M.P.); (A.W.B.); (F.-J.V.S.)
- Office of Risk Assessment and Research, Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA), 3511 GG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
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Qasim H, Alarabi AB, Alzoubi KH, Karim ZA, Alshbool FZ, Khasawneh FT. The effects of hookah/waterpipe smoking on general health and the cardiovascular system. Environ Health Prev Med 2019; 24:58. [PMID: 31521105 PMCID: PMC6745078 DOI: 10.1186/s12199-019-0811-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hookah or waterpipe smoking or use is an emerging trend in the US population, especially among the youth. The misperception of hookah being less harmful than cigarettes and the availability of different but "appealing" flavors are considered among the main reasons for this trend. Hookah users however are exposed to many of the same toxic compounds/by-products as cigarette users, but at dramatically higher levels, which might lead to more severe negative health effects. In fact, hookah users are at risks of infections, cancers, lung disease, and other medical conditions. Moreover, because of the overlapping toxicant/chemical profile to conventional cigarettes, hookah smoke effects on the cardiovascular system are thought to be comparable to those of conventional cigarettes. A major source of tobacco addiction is nicotine, whose levels in hookah are extremely variable as they depend on the type of tobacco used. Taken together, in this review of literature, we will provide insights on the negative health effects of hookah in general, with a focus on what is known regarding its impact on the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan Qasim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, 79902, USA
| | - Ahmed B Alarabi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, 79902, USA
| | - Karem H Alzoubi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Zubair A Karim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, 79902, USA
| | - Fatima Z Alshbool
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, 79902, USA.
| | - Fadi T Khasawneh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, 79902, USA.
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Pack EC, Kim HS, Jang DY, Koo YJ, Yu HH, Lee SH, Lim KM, Choi DW. Risk assessment of toxicants on WHO TobReg priority list in mainstream cigarette smoke using human-smoked yields of Korean smokers. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 169:206-219. [PMID: 30469000 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the World Health Organization Study Group on Tobacco Product Regulation (WHO TobReg) announced a priority list of 38 toxicants among the more than 7000 chemicals found in cigarette smoke, building upon previous lists of toxicants in cigarette smoke. Here, we conducted a comprehensive study on the quantitative exposure and risk characterization of these priority toxicants in mainstream cigarette smoke listed by the WHO TobReg. The human-smoked toxicant yields estimated from spent cigarette butts of a total of 361 smokers using the part-filter method (PFM) were applied to current exposure and risk estimation for the first time. The PFM can estimate human-smoked yields of toxicants using smokers' maximum mouth-level exposure. The human-smoked yield of each toxicant was converted to systemic uptake by considering bioavailability. Risk indicators-including the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR), cumulative ILCR, hazard quotient (HQ), hazard indices (HIs), and margin of exposure (MOE)-were estimated from the systemic uptake of toxicants combined with Korean exposure factors by gender and age group as well as for total smokers. It was demonstrated that cigarette smoking results in significant cancer and non-cancer health risks. A sensitivity analysis showed that the human-smoked toxicant yield is one of the most important contributors to risk level variations. Our risk estimation suggested that previous risk assessments might have ignored or underestimated the uncertainty of risk assessment. In conclusion, we assessed the risk level of the 38 toxicants on the priority list developed by the WHO TobReg and provided a Korean-specific priority list for the regulations on the emission of cigarette smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Chul Pack
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Soo Kim
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Yong Jang
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Ji Koo
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Hyeon Yu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Ha Lee
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Min Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dal Woong Choi
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Pinheiro GP, Souza-Machado CD, Fernandes AGO, Mota RCL, Lima LL, Vasconcellos DDS, Luz Júnior IPD, Silva YRDS, Lima VB, Oliva STD, Mello LMD, Couto RD, Chatkin JM, Cruz CMS, Cruz ÁA. Self-reported smoking status and urinary cotinine levels in patients with asthma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 44:477-485. [PMID: 30304204 PMCID: PMC6459745 DOI: 10.1590/s1806-37562017000000018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To determine the frequency of active smoking among patients with asthma and individuals without asthma by self-report and urinary cotinine measurement. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in the city of Salvador, Brazil, and involving 1,341 individuals: 498 patients with severe asthma, 417 patients with mild-to-moderate asthma, and 426 individuals without asthma. Smoking status was determined by self-report (with the use of standardized questionnaires) and urinary cotinine measurement. The study variables were compared with the chi-square test and the Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: Of the sample as a whole, 55 (4.1%) reported being current smokers. Of those, 5 had severe asthma, 17 had mild-to-moderate asthma, and 33 had no asthma diagnosis. Of the 55 smokers, 32 (58.2%) were daily smokers and 23 (41.8%) were occasional smokers. Urinary cotinine levels were found to be high in self-reported nonsmokers and former smokers, especially among severe asthma patients, a finding that suggests patient nondisclosure of smoking status. Among smokers, a longer smoking history was found in patients with severe asthma when compared with those with mild-to-moderate asthma. In addition, the proportion of former smokers was higher among patients with severe asthma than among those with mild-to-moderate asthma. Conclusions: Former smoking is associated with severe asthma. Current smoking is observed in patients with severe asthma, and patient nondisclosure of smoking status occurs in some cases. Patients with severe asthma should be thoroughly screened for smoking, and findings should be complemented by objective testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Pimentel Pinheiro
- . Programa para o Controle da Asma na Bahia - ProAR - Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA - Salvador (BA) Brasil.,. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA - Salvador (BA) Brasil
| | - Carolina de Souza-Machado
- . Programa para o Controle da Asma na Bahia - ProAR - Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA - Salvador (BA) Brasil.,. Escola de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA - Salvador (BA) Brasil
| | | | | | - Liranei Limoeiro Lima
- . Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA - Salvador (BA) Brasil
| | | | - Ives Pereira da Luz Júnior
- . Laboratório de Química Analítica e Ambiental, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA - Salvador (BA) Brasil
| | | | - Valmar Bião Lima
- . Programa para o Controle da Asma na Bahia - ProAR - Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA - Salvador (BA) Brasil.,. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA - Salvador (BA) Brasil
| | - Sérgio Telles de Oliva
- . Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA - Salvador (BA) Brasil
| | - Luane Marques de Mello
- . Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto (SP) Brasil
| | - Ricardo David Couto
- . Laboratório de Bioquímica Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA - Salvador (BA) Brasil
| | - José Miguel Chatkin
- . Escola de Medicina, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (RS) Brasil
| | - Constança Margarida Sampaio Cruz
- . Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Saúde Humana, Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador (BA) Brasil.,. Obras Sociais Irmã Dulce, Hospital Santo Antônio, Salvador (BA) Brasil
| | - Álvaro Augusto Cruz
- . Programa para o Controle da Asma na Bahia - ProAR - Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA - Salvador (BA) Brasil.,. Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA - Salvador (BA) Brasil
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Smoking Topography among Korean Smokers: Intensive Smoking Behavior with Larger Puff Volume and Shorter Interpuff Interval. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15051024. [PMID: 29783674 PMCID: PMC5982063 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15051024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The difference of smoker’s topography has been found to be a function many factors, including sex, personality, nicotine yield, cigarette type (i.e., flavored versus non-flavored) and ethnicity. We evaluated the puffing behaviors of Korean smokers and its association with smoking-related biomarker levels. A sample of 300 participants was randomly recruited from metropolitan areas in South Korea. Topography measures during a 24-hour period were obtained using a CReSS pocket device. Korean male smokers smoked two puffs less per cigarette compared to female smokers (15.0 (13.0–19.0) vs. 17.5 (15.0–21.0) as the median (Interquartile range)), but had a significantly larger puff volume (62.7 (52.7–75.5) mL vs. 53.5 (42.0–64.2) mL); p = 0.012). The interpuff interval was similar between men and women (8.9 (6.5–11.2) s vs. 8.3 (6.2–11.0) s; p = 0.122) but much shorter than other study results. A dose-response association (p = 0.0011) was observed between daily total puff volumes and urinary cotinine concentrations, after controlling for sex, age, household income level and nicotine addiction level. An understanding of the difference of topography measures, particularly the larger puff volume and shorter interpuff interval of Korean smokers, may help to overcome a potential underestimation of internal doses of hazardous byproducts of smoking.
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9
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Pack EC, Jang DY, Kim HS, Lee SH, Kim HY, Song SH, Cho HS, Kwon KH, Park KH, Lim KM, Choi DW. Mixture risk assessment of selected mainstream cigarette smoke constituents generated from low-yield cigarettes in South Korean smokers. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 94:152-162. [PMID: 29408505 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A total of 38 hazardous constituents in mainstream cigarette smoke of low-yield cigarettes sold in Korea were selected and analyzed using established methods. Risk calculations were performed using risk algorithms employed in previous studies and Korean population-based exposure parameters. The median cumulative incremental lifetime cancer risk of male smokers could vary from 828 × 10-6 to 2510 × 10-6, and that of female smokers could range from 440 × 10-6 to 1300 × 10-6, depending on the smoking regimens. The median hazard index as the sum of hazard quotients of male smokers varied from 367 to 1,225, and that of female smokers varied from 289 to 970, depending on the smoking regimens. The sensitivity analysis for this risk assessment indicated that the constituent yields in mainstream cigarette smoke, average number of cigarettes smoked per day or year, and mouth-spill rate are the main risk factors. Statistical positive correlations between the average daily dose calculated by the exposure algorithm used in this study for individual smokers and biomarkers verified the reliability of this assessment. It could be concluded that inhalation of the constituents present in the mainstream of low-yield cigarettes has significant cancer and non-cancer health risks, although its effect on risk reduction is still unknown under the fixed machine-smoking conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Chul Pack
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Yong Jang
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Soo Kim
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Ha Lee
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Young Kim
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Ho Song
- Korea Conformity Laboratories, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoon Sik Cho
- Korea Conformity Laboratories, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyeng Hee Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang-city, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kun Ho Park
- Korea Chemical Management Association, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Min Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dal Woong Choi
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Ogasawara M, Otani M, Takano M, Shudou M, Inaba Y, Nirasawa S, Takahashi S, Kiyoi T, Tanaka Y, Kameda K, Kunugita N, Maeyama K, Sano K, Yamashita M, Yamauchi K. The protective role of protein L-isoaspartyl (D-aspartate) O-methyltransferase for maintenance of mitochondrial morphology in A549 cell. Exp Lung Res 2016; 42:245-62. [PMID: 27327778 DOI: 10.1080/01902148.2016.1197984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The increasing amounts of evidence with abnormal aging process have been involved in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Mice with deficient protein L-isoaspartate (D-aspartate) O-methyl transferase 1 (PCMT1) expression reveal acceleration of aging and result in the increased proportion of D-aspartate (D-Asp) residues and dysfunction in proteins. Furthermore, mitochondrial morphology and functions are associated with COPD and IPF pathogenesis. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the role of PCMT1 on mitochondrial morphology using A549 cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS We investigated PCMT1, prohibitin1 (PHB1), mitochondrial membrane proteins expression, mitochondrial morphology, and the proportion of D-Asp residues in PHB1 in A549 cells with (PCMT1-KD) and without the context of decreased PCMT1 expression (PCMT1-Cont) using electron microscopy, fluorescence staining, Western blot analysis, and the ATP content per cells. To investigate the effects of the PCMT1-KD cells, we developed double-transfected cell lines containing either the cytosolic or the endoplasmic isoform of PCMT1. RESULTS We found a significantly higher proportion of D-Asp residues in PHB1 in PCMT1-KD cells than that in PCMT1-Cont cells. The PCMT1-KD cells without cigarette smoke extract exposure were characterized by a significantly increased proportion of the D-Asp residues in PHB1, damaged mitochondrial ultrastructure, and a tendency toward the fission direction of the mitochondrial dynamics followed by a significant decrease in the cellular ATP content. CONCLUSIONS The increased proportion of the D-Asp residues may contribute to COPD pathogenesis, via irreversible protein conformational changes, followed by mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Ogasawara
- a Department of Pharmacology , Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine , Toon City , Japan
| | - Mieko Otani
- b Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology , Department of Life Sciences Pharmacy , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University , Chuo-ku, Kobe City , Japan
| | - Masaoki Takano
- b Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology , Department of Life Sciences Pharmacy , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University , Chuo-ku, Kobe City , Japan
| | - Masachika Shudou
- c Integrated Center for Science , Shigenobu Station, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine , Toon City , Japan
| | - Yohei Inaba
- d Department of Environment Health , National Institute of Public Health , Minami, Wako City , Saitama , Japan
| | - Satoru Nirasawa
- e Biological Resources and Post-Harvest Division , Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences , Tsukuba City , Ibaraki , Japan
| | - Saori Takahashi
- f Akita Research Institute of Food and Brewing , Akita City , Japan
| | - Takeshi Kiyoi
- c Integrated Center for Science , Shigenobu Station, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine , Toon City , Japan
| | - Yuki Tanaka
- c Integrated Center for Science , Shigenobu Station, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine , Toon City , Japan
| | - Kenji Kameda
- c Integrated Center for Science , Shigenobu Station, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine , Toon City , Japan
| | - Naoki Kunugita
- d Department of Environment Health , National Institute of Public Health , Minami, Wako City , Saitama , Japan
| | - Kazutaka Maeyama
- a Department of Pharmacology , Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine , Toon City , Japan
| | - Keiji Sano
- b Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology , Department of Life Sciences Pharmacy , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University , Chuo-ku, Kobe City , Japan
| | - Masahiro Yamashita
- g Department of Respiratory Medicine , Iwate Medical University School of Medicine , Morioka City , Japan
| | - Kohei Yamauchi
- g Department of Respiratory Medicine , Iwate Medical University School of Medicine , Morioka City , Japan
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The goal of this review was to evaluate which standard machine-smoking regimen may be most appropriate to inform tobacco product regulation based on the fraction of cigarette smoke yields that best represents the range of human smoke exposures. METHODS We searched PubMed and Web of Science to identify peer-reviewed studies that reported percentages of smokers who smoked more or less like a particular machine-smoking regimen based on human mouth level exposure (MLE) tobacco constituent yields. RESULTS Three studies met our inclusion criteria and were reviewed. Studies found that Canadian Intense (CI) yields were equal to or greater than 86% to 97% of smokers' nicotine and tar MLE yields. CONCLUSIONS MLE yields indicate that a small percentage of individuals (less than 14%) are exposed to nicotine and tar yields equal to or greater than those measured by the CI regimen. Whereas no machine-smoking regimen reflects human puffing behavior with complete accuracy, based on MLE data, CI constituent yields constitute the best representation of exposure that encompasses the majority of smokers, and may be the most informative for regulatory purposes.
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Chung S, Kim SS, Kini N, Fang HJ, Kalman D, Ziedonis DM. Smoking topography in Korean American and white men: preliminary findings. J Immigr Minor Health 2015; 17:860-6. [PMID: 24068611 PMCID: PMC3966984 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-013-9921-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED This is the first study of Korean Americans' smoking behavior using a topography device. Korean American men smoke at higher rates than the general U.S. POPULATION Korean American and White men were compared based on standard tobacco assessment and smoking topography measures. They smoked their preferred brand of cigarettes ad libitum with a portable smoking topography device for 24 h. Compared to White men (N = 26), Korean American men (N = 27) were more likely to smoke low nicotine-yield cigarettes (p < 0.001) and have lower Fagerstrom nicotine dependence scores (p = 0.04). Koreans smoked fewer cigarettes with the device (p = 0.01) than Whites. Controlling for the number of cigarettes smoked, Koreans smoked with higher average puff flows (p = 0.05), greater peak puff flows (p = 0.02), and shorter interpuff intervals (p < 0.001) than Whites. Puff counts, puff volumes, and puff durations did not differ between the two groups. This study offers preliminary insight into unique smoking patterns among Korean American men who are likely to smoke low nicotine-yield cigarettes. We found that Korean American men compensated their lower number and low nicotine-yield cigarettes by smoking with greater puff flows and shorter interpuff intervals than White men, which may suggest exposures to similar amounts of nicotine and harmful tobacco toxins by both groups. Clinicians will need to consider in identifying and treating smokers in a mutually aggressive manner, irrespective of cigarette type and number of cigarette smoked per day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangkeun Chung
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonbuk National University Hospital, and Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Sun S Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Nisha Kini
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Hua J Fang
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - David Kalman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Douglas M. Ziedonis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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Inaba Y, Uchiyama S, Kunugita N. [The need for tobacco control in Japan based on Articles 9 and 10 of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC), regulation of the contents of tobacco products, and regulation of tobacco product disclosures]. Nihon Eiseigaku Zasshi 2015; 70:15-23. [PMID: 25744789 DOI: 10.1265/jjh.70.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In Japan, ultralow-nicotine cigarette brands with ventilation holes on the cigarette filters have been widely marketed to smokers. The use of these cigarette brands leads to compensation smoking. Menthol cigarette brands that have a cooling and numbing effect are also sold. In 2013, smokeless tobacco products similar to the Swedish snus, which is banned for sale in the European Union except in Sweden, were released in Japanese markets. These tobacco products have "toxicity," have a "ventilation filter," are "attractive," and promote "dependence." Tobacco smoke and smokeless tobacco are classified into "Group 1: Carcinogenic to humans" by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). The purpose of Articles 9 and 10 of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC) is to regulate the contents of tobacco products as well as to regulate tobacco product disclosures. The implementation of some other articles has gradually advanced in Japan. However, that of Articles 9 and 10 is late. Japanese governmental authorities are being urged to immediately implement Articles 9 and 10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Inaba
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health
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Inaba Y, Ohkubo T, Uchiyama S, Kunugita N. Determination of amounts of tar, nicotine, carbon monoxide, and tobacco-specific nitrosamines in the fillers of and mainstream smoke from privately imported cigarettes. Nihon Eiseigaku Zasshi 2014; 69:205-10. [PMID: 25253522 DOI: 10.1265/jjh.69.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The tobacco tax in Japan was increased in October, 2010. Subsequently, the quantity of sales of domestic cigarette products decreased temporarily. However, smokers could import cigarettes directly through the internet. Because of the high value of the yen and the low price of foreign cigarettes, an individual could import cigarettes easily; however, the contents and emissions from privately imported cigarettes have not been investigated yet. In this study, we carried out a comparative analysis of domestic and privately imported cigarettes. METHODS Privately imported cigarettes from five brands and domestic cigarettes from the brand "Mild Seven" were selected for the study. For the fillers of the cigarettes, the levels of nicotine and tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) were determined by methods that are usually used for cigarette products. For the mainstream smoke, the levels of tar, nicotine, carbon monoxide, and TSNAs were also determined by the methods used for cigarettes. RESULTS The average nicotine and TSNA levels in the fillers of the domestic cigarettes were 15.1 ± 0.19 mg/g and 1,920 ± 85.1 ng/g, respectively. The amounts of nicotine and tar in the mainstream smoke from the privately imported cigarettes were lower than those from the domestic cigarettes. However, the levels of TSNAs in the mainstream smoke from the privately imported cigarettes were higher than those from the domestic cigarettes. CONCLUSIONS The amounts of TSNAs in the fillers of and mainstream smoke from the privately imported cigarettes were higher than those from the domestic cigarettes. Japanese smokers should be careful about consuming privately imported cigarettes because there is a variation in the amount of hazardous constituents in these cigarettes, even when they are from the same brand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Inaba
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health
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Inaba Y, Ohkubo T, Sugita K, Uchiyama S, Ogata H, Kunugita N. [Measurement of hazardous chemical constituents and mutagenic activity in fillers and mainstream smoke from Neo Cedar]. Nihon Eiseigaku Zasshi 2014; 69:31-8. [PMID: 24476593 DOI: 10.1265/jjh.69.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine constituents of fillers and mainstream smoke from Neo Cedar. METHODS Neo Cedar is a second-class over-the-counter (OTC) drug and similar to cigarettes in a number of ways. In particular, the design and usage are very similar to those of cigarettes. For the fillers of the drug, the levels of nicotine, tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNA), and heavy metals, and mutagenicity were determined using the methods for cigarette products. For the mainstream smoke, the levels of tar, nicotine, carbon monoxide (CO), TSNA, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and carbonyl compounds were also determined using the methods for cigarettes. The mainstream smoke from the drug were collected with a smoking machine using two smoking protocols (ISO and Health Canada Intense methods). RESULTS The nicotine and total TSNA levels in the fillers of the drug averaged 2.86 mg/g and 185 ng/g, respectively. The nine species of heavy metals were also detected in the fillers of the drug. The levels of nicotine, tar, CO, TSNA, PAH, and carbonyl compounds of mainstream smoke from the drug were higher when determined using the HCI regime than when using the ISO regime. The mutagenicity of the mainstream smoke determined using the HCI regime was also higher than that determined using the ISO regime. CONCLUSION In this study, all constituents of Neo Cedar were determined by methods for cigarette products. The drug had a ventilation hole on its filter. Thus, its constituents are different from those determined by the smoking protocols. Neo Cedar users should be careful of higher exposure to the hazardous gases owing to smoking patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Inaba
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health
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A systematic review and analysis of data reduction techniques for the CReSS smoking topography device. J Smok Cessat 2013. [DOI: 10.1017/jsc.2013.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Characterising smoking behaviour in an objective and ecologically valid manner is integral to understanding health complications associated with tobacco use. Smoking topography (ST) provides a representation of the physical attributes of smoking. However, there is no clear guidance on ST data exclusion and reduction techniques and the impact of different techniques.Methods: A search was conducted using MEDLINE, PubMed, and Scopus and limited to studies published between 2001‒2012. The search identified 23 studies using the CReSS device.Results: Few studies reported data reduction (n = 9) and exclusion (n = 4) criteria. Four data reduction techniques emerged and were applied to an existing dataset (n = 193, Mage = 38.98, FTND = 5.19, mean 17.23 cigarettes/day). Using repeated measures ANOVA, there were significant (p < 0.05) differences among all techniques for puff volume, peak flow, puff duration and interpuff interval, which were attenuated upon controlling for puff count.Conclusions: This review highlights the inconsistency in the literature regarding the disclosure of smoking topography data treatment and provides clear evidence that outcomes vary depending on the technique used. Greater transparency is needed and consideration should be given by researchers to the potential impact of methodological decisions on study findings.
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Inaba Y, Ohkubo T, Uchiyama S, Kunugita N. [Determination of nicotine, tobacco-specific nitrosamine and mutagenic activity of whole tobacco in Japanese cigarettes]. Nihon Eiseigaku Zasshi 2013; 68:46-52. [PMID: 23358375 DOI: 10.1265/jjh.68.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To measure the nicotine and tobacco-specific nitrosamine (TSNA) contents in whole tobacco from a variety of Japanese domestic cigarette brands and to determine mutagencity. METHODS The test cigarettes were the top ten best selling cigarette brands in Japan in 2006. The nicotine content in whole tobacco was measured by a modified version of the CORESTA Recommended method. The level of TSNA was measured by a modified version of the Health Canada method. Mutagenicity was assessed using the Salmonella typhimurium strains TA100, TA98 and YG1024 with the metabolic activation system (S9mix) by preincubation assays. RESULTS The nicotine content in the test cigarettes averaged 15.7±1.2 mg/g, and was in the range between 13.7 and 17.2 mg/g. The level of TSNA averaged 1,750 ng/g, and was in the range between 931 and 2,490 ng/g. Mutagenicity was pseudopositive in several samples of the YG1024 tester strain with and without S9mix. CONCLUSION The cigarettes brands were categorized into four groups (Ultra-low, Low, Medium, and High) based on the nominal nicotine yield figures printed on the cigarette packets. The nicotine content in whole tobacco of the High group was the highest. However, the level of TSNA of the high group was the lowest. The analyses of hazardous chemical compounds in whole tobacco can contribute to the reduction and regulation of the toxicity of tobacco products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Inaba
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health
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