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Aghajani Mir M. Illuminating the pathogenic role of SARS-CoV-2: Insights into competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) regulatory networks. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2024; 122:105613. [PMID: 38844190 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2024.105613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
The appearance of SARS-CoV-2 in 2019 triggered a significant economic and health crisis worldwide, with heterogeneous molecular mechanisms that contribute to its development are not yet fully understood. Although substantial progress has been made in elucidating the mechanisms behind SARS-CoV-2 infection and therapy, it continues to rank among the top three global causes of mortality due to infectious illnesses. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), being integral components across nearly all biological processes, demonstrate effective importance in viral pathogenesis. Regarding viral infections, ncRNAs have demonstrated their ability to modulate host reactions, viral replication, and host-pathogen interactions. However, the complex interactions of different types of ncRNAs in the progression of COVID-19 remains understudied. In recent years, a novel mechanism of post-transcriptional gene regulation known as "competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA)" has been proposed. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), and viral ncRNAs function as ceRNAs, influencing the expression of associated genes by sequestering shared microRNAs. Recent research on SARS-CoV-2 has revealed that disruptions in specific ceRNA regulatory networks (ceRNETs) contribute to the abnormal expression of key infection-related genes and the establishment of distinctive infection characteristics. These findings present new opportunities to delve deeper into the underlying mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis, offering potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets. This progress paves the way for a more comprehensive understanding of ceRNETs, shedding light on the intricate mechanisms involved. Further exploration of these mechanisms holds promise for enhancing our ability to prevent viral infections and develop effective antiviral treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Aghajani Mir
- Deputy of Research and Technology, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
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2
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Dabrowska A, Botwina P, Barreto-Duran E, Kubisiak A, Obloza M, Synowiec A, Szczepanski A, Targosz-Korecka M, Szczubialka K, Nowakowska M, Pyrc K. Reversible rearrangement of the cellular cytoskeleton: A key to the broad-spectrum antiviral activity of novel amphiphilic polymers. Mater Today Bio 2023; 22:100763. [PMID: 37600352 PMCID: PMC10433002 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The battle against emerging viral infections has been uneven, as there is currently no broad-spectrum drug available to contain the spread of novel pathogens throughout the population. Consequently, the pandemic outbreak that occurred in early 2020 laid bare the almost empty state of the pandemic box. Therefore, the development of novel treatments with broad specificity has become a paramount concern in this post-pandemic era. Here, we propose copolymers of poly (sodium 2-(acrylamido)-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonate) (PAMPS) and poly (sodium 11-(acrylamido)undecanoate (AaU), both block (PAMPS75-b-PAaUn) and random (P(AMPSm-co-AaUn)) that show efficacy against a broad range of alpha and betacoronaviruses. Owing to their intricate architecture, these polymers exhibit a highly distinctive mode of action, modulating nano-mechanical properties of cells and thereby influencing viral replication. Through the employment of confocal and atomic force microscopy techniques, we discerned perturbations in actin and vimentin filaments, which correlated with modification of cellular elasticity and reduction of glycocalyx layer. Intriguingly, this process was reversible upon polymer removal from the cells. To ascertain the applicability of our findings, we assessed the efficacy and underlying mechanism of the inhibitors using fully differentiated human airway epithelial cultures, wherein near-complete abrogation of viral replication was documented. Given their mode of action, these polymers can be classified as biologically active nanomaterials that exploit a highly conserved molecular target-cellular plasticity-proffering the potential for truly broad-spectrum activity while concurrently for drug resistance development is minimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Dabrowska
- Virogenetics Laboratory of Virology, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387, Cracow, Poland
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Cracow, Poland
| | - Pawel Botwina
- Virogenetics Laboratory of Virology, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387, Cracow, Poland
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Cracow, Poland
| | - Emilia Barreto-Duran
- Virogenetics Laboratory of Virology, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387, Cracow, Poland
| | - Agata Kubisiak
- Department of Physics of Nanostructures and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348, Cracow, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348, Cracow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Obloza
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Cracow, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Synowiec
- Virogenetics Laboratory of Virology, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387, Cracow, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348, Cracow, Poland
| | - Artur Szczepanski
- Virogenetics Laboratory of Virology, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387, Cracow, Poland
| | - Marta Targosz-Korecka
- Department of Physics of Nanostructures and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348, Cracow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Szczubialka
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Cracow, Poland
| | - Maria Nowakowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Cracow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Pyrc
- Virogenetics Laboratory of Virology, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387, Cracow, Poland
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3
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Sharma M, Marin M, Wu H, Prikryl D, Melikyan GB. Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 Preferentially Fuses with pH-Neutral Endocytic Vesicles in Cell Lines and Human Primary CD4+ T-Cells. ACS NANO 2023; 17:17436-17450. [PMID: 37589658 PMCID: PMC10510587 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c05508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Despite extensive efforts, the principal sites of productive HIV-1 entry in different target cells─plasma membrane (PM) vs endosomes─remain controversial. To delineate the site(s) of HIV-1 fusion, we implemented a triple labeling approach that involves tagging pseudoviruses with the fluid-phase viral content marker, iCherry, the viral membrane marker, DiD, and the extraviral pH sensor, ecliptic pHluorin. The viral content marker iCherry is released into the cytoplasm upon virus-cell fusion irrespective of the sites of fusion. In contrast, the extent of dilution of the membrane marker upon fusion with the PM (loss of signal) vs the endosomal membrane (no change in punctate DiD appearance) discriminates between the principal sites of viral fusion. Additionally, ecliptic pHluorin incorporated into the viral membrane reports whether virus fusion occurs in acidic endosomes. Real-time single virus imaging in living HeLa-derived cells, a CD4+ T-cell line, and activated primary human CD4+ T-cells revealed a strong (80-90%) HIV-1 preference for fusion with endosomes. Intriguingly, we observed HIV-1 fusion only with pH-neutral intracellular vesicles and never with acidified endosomes. These endocytic fusion events are likely culminating in productive infection since endocytic inhibitors, such as EIPA, Pitstop2, and Dynasore, as well as a dominant-negative dynamin-2 mutant, inhibited HIV-1 infection in HeLa-derived and primary CD4+ T-cells. Furthermore, the inhibition of endocytosis in HeLa-derived cells promoted hemifusion at the PM but abrogated complete fusion. Collectively, these data reveal that the primary HIV-1 entry pathway in diverse cell types is through fusion with pH-neutral intracellular vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Sharma
- Department
of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
- Children’s
Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Mariana Marin
- Department
of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
- Children’s
Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Hui Wu
- Department
of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - David Prikryl
- Department
of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Gregory B. Melikyan
- Department
of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
- Children’s
Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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4
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Ogorek TJ, Golden JE. Advances in the Development of Small Molecule Antivirals against Equine Encephalitic Viruses. Viruses 2023; 15:413. [PMID: 36851628 PMCID: PMC9958955 DOI: 10.3390/v15020413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Venezuelan, western, and eastern equine encephalitic alphaviruses (VEEV, WEEV, and EEEV, respectively) are arboviruses that are highly pathogenic to equines and cause significant harm to infected humans. Currently, human alphavirus infection and the resulting diseases caused by them are unmitigated due to the absence of approved vaccines or therapeutics for general use. These circumstances, combined with the unpredictability of outbreaks-as exemplified by a 2019 EEE surge in the United States that claimed 19 patient lives-emphasize the risks posed by these viruses, especially for aerosolized VEEV and EEEV which are potential biothreats. Herein, small molecule inhibitors of VEEV, WEEV, and EEEV are reviewed that have been identified or advanced in the last five years since a comprehensive review was last performed. We organize structures according to host- versus virus-targeted mechanisms, highlight cellular and animal data that are milestones in the development pipeline, and provide a perspective on key considerations for the progression of compounds at early and later stages of advancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J. Ogorek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jennifer E. Golden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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5
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Liu W, Tang D, Xu XX, Liu YJ, Jiu Y. How Physical Factors Coordinate Virus Infection: A Perspective From Mechanobiology. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:764516. [PMID: 34778236 PMCID: PMC8585752 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.764516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pandemics caused by viruses have threatened lives of thousands of people. Understanding the complicated process of viral infection provides significantly directive implication to epidemic prevention and control. Viral infection is a complex and diverse process, and substantial studies have been complemented in exploring the biochemical and molecular interactions between viruses and hosts. However, the physical microenvironment where infections implement is often less considered, and the role of mechanobiology in viral infection remains elusive. Mechanobiology focuses on sensation, transduction, and response to intracellular and extracellular physical factors by tissues, cells, and extracellular matrix. The intracellular cytoskeleton and mechanosensors have been proven to be extensively involved in the virus life cycle. Furthermore, innovative methods based on micro- and nanofabrication techniques are being utilized to control and modulate the physical and chemical cell microenvironment, and to explore how extracellular factors including stiffness, forces, and topography regulate viral infection. Our current review covers how physical factors in the microenvironment coordinate viral infection. Moreover, we will discuss how this knowledge can be harnessed in future research on cross-fields of mechanobiology and virology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology), Department of Systems Biology for Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Daijiao Tang
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Xin Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology), Department of Systems Biology for Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan-Jun Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology), Department of Systems Biology for Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaming Jiu
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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6
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Wang Q, Ren X, Liu P, Li J, Lv J, Wang J, Zhang H, Wei W, Zhou Y, He Y, Li J. Improved genome assembly of Chinese shrimp (Fenneropenaeus chinensis) suggests adaptation to the environment during evolution and domestication. Mol Ecol Resour 2021; 22:334-344. [PMID: 34240531 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A high-quality reference genome is necessary to determine the molecular mechanisms underlying important biological phenomena; therefore, in the present study, a chromosome-level genome assembly of the Chinese shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis was performed. Muscle of a male shrimp was sequenced using PacBio platform, and assembled by Hi-C technology. The assembled F. chinensis genome was 1.47 Gb with contig N50 of 472.84 Kb, including 57.73% repetitive sequences, and was anchored to 43 pseudochromosomes, with scaffold N50 of 36.87 Mb. In total, 25,026 protein-coding genes were predicted. The genome size of F. chinensis showed significant contraction in comparison with that of other penaeid species, which is likely related to migration observed in this species. However, the F. chinensis genome included several expanded gene families related to cellular processes and metabolic processes, and the contracted gene families were associated with virus infection process. The findings signify the adaptation of F. chinensis to the selection pressure of migration and cold environment. Furthermore, the selection signature analysis identified genes associated with metabolism, phototransduction, and nervous system in cultured shrimps when compared with wild population, indicating targeted, artificial selection of growth, vision, and behavior during domestication. The construction of the genome of F. chinensis provided valuable information for the further genetic mechanism analysis of important biological processes, and will facilitate the research of genetic changes during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Xianyun Ren
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Jitao Li
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Jianjian Lv
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiajia Wang
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Haien Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuxin Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuying He
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Jian Li
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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7
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Reimer D, Meyer-Hermann M, Rakhymzhan A, Steinmetz T, Tripal P, Thomas J, Boettcher M, Mougiakakos D, Schulz SR, Urbanczyk S, Hauser AE, Niesner RA, Mielenz D. B Cell Speed and B-FDC Contacts in Germinal Centers Determine Plasma Cell Output via Swiprosin-1/EFhd2. Cell Rep 2021; 32:108030. [PMID: 32783949 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma cells secreting affinity-matured antibodies develop in germinal centers (GCs), where B cells migrate persistently and directionally over defined periods of time. How modes of GC B cell migration influence plasma cell development remained unclear. Through genetic deletion of the F-actin bundling protein Swiprosin-1/EF-hand domain family member 2 (EFhd2) and by two-photon microscopy, we show that EFhd2 restrains B cell speed in GCs and hapten-specific plasma cell output. Modeling the GC reaction reveals that increasing GC B cell speed promotes plasma cell generation. Lack of EFhd2 also reduces contacts of GC B cells with follicular dendritic cells in vivo. Computational modeling uncovers that both GC output and antibody affinity depend quantitatively on contacts of GC B cells with follicular dendritic cells when B cells migrate more persistently. Collectively, our data explain how GC B cells integrate speed and persistence of cell migration with B cell receptor affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea Reimer
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Zentrum, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Meyer-Hermann
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig, Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Tobit Steinmetz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Zentrum, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Philipp Tripal
- Optical Imaging Center (OICE), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jana Thomas
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Zentrum, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Boettcher
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dimitrios Mougiakakos
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian R Schulz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Zentrum, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sophia Urbanczyk
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Zentrum, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anja E Hauser
- Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Raluca A Niesner
- Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany; Dynamic and Functional In Vivo Imaging, Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dirk Mielenz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Zentrum, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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8
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Smith LK, Babcock IW, Minamide LS, Shaw AE, Bamburg JR, Kuhn TB. Direct interaction of HIV gp120 with neuronal CXCR4 and CCR5 receptors induces cofilin-actin rod pathology via a cellular prion protein- and NOX-dependent mechanism. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248309. [PMID: 33705493 PMCID: PMC7951892 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nearly 50% of individuals with long-term HIV infection are affected by the onset of progressive HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). HIV infiltrates the central nervous system (CNS) early during primary infection where it establishes persistent infection in microglia (resident macrophages) and astrocytes that in turn release inflammatory cytokines, small neurotoxic mediators, and viral proteins. While the molecular mechanisms underlying pathology in HAND remain poorly understood, synaptodendritic damage has emerged as a hallmark of HIV infection of the CNS. Here, we report that the HIV viral envelope glycoprotein gp120 induces the formation of aberrant, rod-shaped cofilin-actin inclusions (rods) in cultured mouse hippocampal neurons via a signaling pathway common to other neurodegenerative stimuli including oligomeric, soluble amyloid-β and proinflammatory cytokines. Previous studies showed that synaptic function is impaired preferentially in the distal proximity of rods within dendrites. Our studies demonstrate gp120 binding to either chemokine co-receptor CCR5 or CXCR4 is capable of inducing rod formation, and signaling through this pathway requires active NADPH oxidase presumably through the formation of superoxide (O2-) and the expression of cellular prion protein (PrPC). These findings link gp120-mediated oxidative stress to the generation of rods, which may underlie early synaptic dysfunction observed in HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa K. Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States of America
| | - Isaac W. Babcock
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Laurie S. Minamide
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Alisa E. Shaw
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - James R. Bamburg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Thomas B. Kuhn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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9
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He S, Wu Y. Relationships Between HIV-Mediated Chemokine Coreceptor Signaling, Cofilin Hyperactivation, Viral Tropism Switch and HIV-Mediated CD4 Depletion. Curr HIV Res 2021; 17:388-396. [PMID: 31702526 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x17666191106112018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
HIV infection causes CD4 depletion and immune deficiency. The virus infects CD4 T cells through binding to CD4 and one of the chemokine coreceptors, CXCR4 (X4) or CCR5 (R5). It has also been known that HIV tropism switch, from R5 to X4, is associated with rapid CD4 depletion, suggesting a key role of viral factors in driving CD4 depletion. However, the virological driver for HIV-mediated CD4 depletion has not been fully elucidated. We hypothesized that HIV-mediated chemokine coreceptor signaling, particularly chronic signaling through CXCR4, plays a major role in CD4 dysfunction and depletion; we also hypothesized that there is an R5X4 signaling (R5X4sig) viral subspecies, evolving from the natural replication course of R5-utilizing viruses, that is responsible for CD4 T cell depletion in R5 virus infection. To gain traction for our hypothesis, in this review, we discuss a recent finding from Cui and co-authors who described the rapid tropism switch and high pathogenicity of an HIV-1 R5 virus, CRF01_AE. We speculate that CRF01_AE may be the hypothetical R5X4sig viral species that is rapidly evolving towards the X4 phenotype. We also attempt to discuss the intricate relationships between HIV-mediated chemokine coreceptor signaling, viral tropism switch and HIV-mediated CD4 depletion, in hopes of providing a deeper understanding of HIV pathogenesis in blood CD4 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia He
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States
| | - Yuntao Wu
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States
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10
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Abedi F, Rezaee R, Hayes AW, Nasiripour S, Karimi G. MicroRNAs and SARS-CoV-2 life cycle, pathogenesis, and mutations: biomarkers or therapeutic agents? Cell Cycle 2021; 20:143-153. [PMID: 33382348 PMCID: PMC7889196 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2020.1867792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, proposed therapies and antiviral drugs have been failed to cure coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. However, at least two drug companies have applied for emergency use authorization with the United States Food and Drug Administration for their coronavirus vaccine candidates and several other vaccines are in various stages of development to determine safety and efficacy. Recently, some studies have shown the role of different human and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) microRNAs (miRNAs) in the pathophysiology of COVID-19. miRNAs are non-coding single-stranded RNAs, which are involved in several physiological and pathological conditions, such as cell proliferation, differentiation, and metabolism. They act as negative regulators of protein synthesis through binding to the 3' untranslated region (3' UTR) of the complementary target mRNA, leading to mRNA degradation or inhibition. The databases of Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science were searched for literature regarding the importance of miRNAs in the SARS-CoV-2 life cycle, pathogenesis, and genomic mutations. Furthermore, promising miRNAs as a biomarker or antiviral agent in COVID-19 therapy are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farshad Abedi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ramin Rezaee
- Clinical Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - A. Wallace Hayes
- University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Somayyeh Nasiripour
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Karimi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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11
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Simón O, Palma L, Fernández AB, Williams T, Caballero P. Baculovirus Expression and Functional Analysis of Vpa2 Proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12090543. [PMID: 32842608 PMCID: PMC7551607 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12090543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The mode of action underlying the insecticidal activity of the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) binary pesticidal protein Vpa1/Vpa2 is uncertain. In this study, three recombinant baculoviruses were constructed using Bac-to-Bac technology to express Vpa2Ac1 and two novel Vpa2-like genes, Vpa2-like1 and Vpa2-like2, under the baculovirus p10 promoter in transfected Sf9 cells. Pairwise amino acid analyses revealed a higher percentage of identity and a lower number of gaps between Vpa2Ac1 and Vpa2-like2 than to Vpa2-like1. Moreover, Vpa2-like1 lacked the conserved Ser-Thr-Ser motif, involved in NAD binding, and the (F/Y)xx(Q/E)xE consensus sequence, characteristic of the ARTT toxin family involved in actin polymerization. Vpa2Ac1, Vpa2-like1 and Vpa2-like2 transcripts and proteins were detected in Sf9 culture cells, but the signals of Vpa2Ac1 and Vpa2-like2 were weak and decreased over time. Sf9 cells infected by a recombinant bacmid expressing Vpa2-like1 showed typical circular morphology and produced viral occlusion bodies (OBs) at the same level as the control virus. However, expression of Vpa2Ac1 and Vpa2-like2 induced cell polarization, similar to that produced by the microfilament-destabilizing agent cytochalasin D and OBs were not produced. The presence of filament disrupting agents, such as nicotinamide and nocodazole, during transfection prevented cell polarization and OB production was observed. We conclude that Vpa2Ac1 and Vpa2-like2 proteins likely possess ADP-ribosyltransferase activity that modulated actin polarization, whereas Vpa2-like1 is not a typical Vpa2 protein. Vpa2-like2 has now been designated Vpa2Ca1 (accession number AAO86513) by the Bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxin nomenclature committee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oihane Simón
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology, Universidad Pública de Navarra, 31006 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; (A.B.F.); (P.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-948168012
| | - Leopoldo Palma
- Instituto Académico Pedagógico de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Villa María (CITVM-CONICET), Universidad Nacional De Villa María, Villa María, Córdoba 5900, Argentina;
| | - Ana Beatriz Fernández
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology, Universidad Pública de Navarra, 31006 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; (A.B.F.); (P.C.)
- Departamento de Investigación y Desarrollo, Bioinsectis SL, Polígono Industrial Mocholi Plaza Cein 5, Nave A14, 31110 Noain, Navarra, Spain
| | | | - Primitivo Caballero
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology, Universidad Pública de Navarra, 31006 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; (A.B.F.); (P.C.)
- Departamento de Investigación y Desarrollo, Bioinsectis SL, Polígono Industrial Mocholi Plaza Cein 5, Nave A14, 31110 Noain, Navarra, Spain
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12
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Yin W, Li W, Li Q, Liu Y, Liu J, Ren M, Ma Y, Zhang Z, Zhang X, Wu Y, Jiang S, Zhang XE, Cui Z. Real-time imaging of individual virion-triggered cortical actin dynamics for human immunodeficiency virus entry into resting CD4 T cells. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:115-129. [PMID: 31773115 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr07359k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Real-time imaging of single virus particles allows the visualization of subtle dynamic events of virus-host interaction. During the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection of resting CD4 T lymphocytes, overcoming cortical actin restriction is an essential step, but the dynamic process and mechanism remain to be characterized. Herein, by using quantum dot (QD) encapsulated fluorescent viral particles and single-virus tracking, we explored detailed scenarios of HIV dynamic entry and crossing the cortical actin barrier. The fine-scale temporal and spatial processes of single HIV virion interaction with the cortical actin were studied in depth during virus entry via plasma membrane fusion. Individual HIV virions modulate the subtle rearrangement of the cortical actin barrier to open a door to facilitate viral entry. The actin-binding protein, α-actinin, was found to be critical for actin dynamics during HIV entry. An α-actinin-derived peptide, actin-binding site 1 peptide (ABS1p), was developed to block HIV infection. Our findings reveal an α-actinin-mediated dynamic cortical actin rearrangement for HIV entry, and identify an antiviral target as well as a corresponding peptide inhibitor based on HIV interaction with the actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingxin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhiping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuntao Wu
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Microbiology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia 22030, USA
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, Shanghai Medical College and Institute of Medical Microbiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian-En Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongqiang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China.
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Lv X, Li Z, Guan J, Zhang J, Xu B, He W, Lan Y, Zhao K, Lu H, Song D, Gao F. ATN-161 reduces virus proliferation in PHEV-infected mice by inhibiting the integrin α5β1-FAK signaling pathway. Vet Microbiol 2019; 233:147-153. [PMID: 31176401 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV) is a typical neurotropic virus that can cause obvious nerve damage. Integrin α5β1 is a transmembrane macromolecular that closely related to neurological function. We recently demonstrated that integrin α5β1 plays a critical role in PHEV invasion in vitro. To determine the function and mechanism of integrin α5β1 in virus proliferation in vivo, we established a mouse model of PHEV infection. Integrin α5β1-FAK signaling pathway was activated in PHEV-infected mice by qPCR, Western blotting, and GST pull-down assays. Viral proliferation and integrin α5β1-FAK signaling pathway were significantly inhibited after intravenous injection of ATN-161, an integrin α5β1 inhibitor. Through a histological analysis, we found that ATN-161-treated mice only showed pathological changes in neuronal cytoplasmic swelling at 5 day post-infection. In summary, our results provide the first evidence that ATN-161 inhibits the proliferation of PHEV in mice and explores its underlying mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Lv
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Zi Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Jiyu Guan
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Baofeng Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Wenqi He
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yungang Lan
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Kui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Huijun Lu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Deguang Song
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
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14
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de Macêdo Mendes C, Teixeira DG, Lima JPMS, Lanza DCF. Characterization of putative proteins encoded by variable ORFs in white spot syndrome virus genome. BMC STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2019; 19:8. [PMID: 30999895 PMCID: PMC6474068 DOI: 10.1186/s12900-019-0106-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Background White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) is an enveloped double-stranded DNA virus which causes mortality of several species of shrimp, being considered one of the main pathogens that affects global shrimp farming. This virus presents a complex genome of ~ 300 kb and viral isolates that present genomes with great identity. Despite this conservation, some variable regions in the WSSV genome occur in coding regions, and these putative proteins may have some relationship with viral adaptation and virulence mechanisms. Until now, the functions of these proteins were little studied. In this work, sequences and putative proteins encoded by WSSV variable regions were characterized in silico. Results The in silico approach enabled determining the variability of some sequences, as well as the identification of some domains resembling the Formin homology 2, RNA recognition motif, Xeroderma pigmentosum group D repair helicase, Hemagglutinin and Ankyrin motif. The information obtained from the sequences and the analysis of secondary and tertiary structure models allow to infer that some of these proteins possibly have functions related to protein modulation/degradation, intracellular transport, recombination and endosome fusion events. Conclusions The bioinformatics approaches were efficient in generating three-dimensional models and to identify domains, thereby enabling to propose possible functions for the putative polypeptides produced by the ORFs wsv129, wsv178, wsv249, wsv463a, wsv477, wsv479, wsv492, and wsv497. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12900-019-0106-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cayro de Macêdo Mendes
- Applied Molecular Biology Lab - LAPLIC, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Bioinformatics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Diego Gomes Teixeira
- Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Matos Santos Lima
- Postgraduate Program in Bioinformatics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Daniel Carlos Ferreira Lanza
- Applied Molecular Biology Lab - LAPLIC, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil. .,Postgraduate Program in Bioinformatics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil. .,Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.
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15
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Porcine Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Virus Activation of the Integrin α5β1-FAK-Cofilin Pathway Causes Cytoskeletal Rearrangement To Promote Its Invasion of N2a Cells. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01736-18. [PMID: 30541856 PMCID: PMC6384086 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01736-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PHEV, a member of the Coronaviridae family, is a typical neurotropic virus that primarily affects the nervous system of piglets to produce typical neurological symptoms. However, the mechanism of nerve damage caused by the virus has not been fully elucidated. Actin is an important component of the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells and serves as the first obstacle to the entry of pathogens into host cells. Additionally, the morphological structure and function of nerve cells depend on the dynamic regulation of the actin skeleton. Therefore, exploring the mechanism of neuronal injury induced by PHEV from the perspective of the actin cytoskeleton not only helps elucidate the pathogenesis of PHEV but also provides a theoretical basis for the search for new antiviral targets. This is the first report to define a mechanistic link between alterations in signaling from cytoskeleton pathways and the mechanism of PHEV invading nerve cells. Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV) is a highly neurotropic virus that causes diffuse neuronal infection with neurological damage and high mortality. Virus-induced cytoskeletal dynamics are thought to be closely related to this type of nerve damage. Currently, the regulation pattern of the actin cytoskeleton and its molecular mechanism remain unclear when PHEV enters the host cells. Here, we demonstrate that entry of PHEV into N2a cells induces a biphasic remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton and a dynamic change in cofilin activity. Viral entry is affected by the disruption of actin kinetics or alteration of cofilin activity. PHEV binds to integrin α5β1 and then initiates the integrin α5β1-FAK signaling pathway, leading to virus-induced early cofilin phosphorylation and F-actin polymerization. Additionally, Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1), cell division cycle 42 (Cdc42), and downstream regulatory gene p21-activated protein kinases (PAKs) are recruited as downstream mediators of PHEV-induced dynamic changes of the cofilin activity pathway. In conclusion, we demonstrate that PHEV utilizes the integrin α5β1-FAK-Rac1/Cdc42-PAK-LIMK-cofilin pathway to cause an actin cytoskeletal rearrangement to promote its own invasion, providing theoretical support for the development of PHEV pathogenic mechanisms and new antiviral targets. IMPORTANCE PHEV, a member of the Coronaviridae family, is a typical neurotropic virus that primarily affects the nervous system of piglets to produce typical neurological symptoms. However, the mechanism of nerve damage caused by the virus has not been fully elucidated. Actin is an important component of the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells and serves as the first obstacle to the entry of pathogens into host cells. Additionally, the morphological structure and function of nerve cells depend on the dynamic regulation of the actin skeleton. Therefore, exploring the mechanism of neuronal injury induced by PHEV from the perspective of the actin cytoskeleton not only helps elucidate the pathogenesis of PHEV but also provides a theoretical basis for the search for new antiviral targets. This is the first report to define a mechanistic link between alterations in signaling from cytoskeleton pathways and the mechanism of PHEV invading nerve cells.
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16
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Ohta K, Matsumoto Y, Yumine N, Nishio M. The V protein of human parainfluenza virus type 2 promotes RhoA-induced filamentous actin formation. Virology 2018; 524:90-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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17
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García-Pérez CA, Guo X, Navarro JG, Aguilar DAG, Lara-Ramírez EE. Proteome-wide analysis of human motif-domain interactions mapped on influenza a virus. BMC Bioinformatics 2018; 19:238. [PMID: 29940841 PMCID: PMC6019528 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-018-2237-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The influenza A virus (IAV) is a constant threat for humans worldwide. The understanding of motif-domain protein participation is essential to combat the pathogen. Results In this study, a data mining approach was employed to extract influenza-human Protein-Protein interactions (PPI) from VirusMentha,Virus MINT, IntAct, and Pfam databases, to mine motif-domain interactions (MDIs) stored as Regular Expressions (RegExp) in 3DID database. A total of 107 RegExp related to human MDIs were searched on 51,242 protein fragments from H1N1, H1N2, H2N2, H3N2 and H5N1 strains obtained from Virus Variation database. A total 46 MDIs were frequently mapped on the IAV proteins and shared between the different strains. IAV kept host-like MDIs that were associated with the virus survival, which could be related to essential biological process such as microtubule-based processes, regulation of cell cycle check point, regulation of replication and transcription of DNA, etc. in human cells. The amino acid motifs were searched for matches in the immune epitope database and it was found that some motifs are part of experimentally determined epitopes on IAV, implying that such interactions exist. Conclusion The directed data-mining method employed could be used to identify functional motifs in other viruses for envisioning new therapies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12859-018-2237-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A García-Pérez
- Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa, Tamaulipas, Mexico
| | - Xianwu Guo
- Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa, Tamaulipas, Mexico
| | | | | | - Edgar E Lara-Ramírez
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica de Zacatecas, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Interior Alameda # 45, Colonia Centro, CP. 98000, Zacatecas, Zac, Mexico.
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18
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Ospina Stella A, Turville S. All-Round Manipulation of the Actin Cytoskeleton by HIV. Viruses 2018; 10:v10020063. [PMID: 29401736 PMCID: PMC5850370 DOI: 10.3390/v10020063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
While significant progress has been made in terms of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) therapy, treatment does not represent a cure and remains inaccessible to many people living with HIV. Continued mechanistic research into the viral life cycle and its intersection with many aspects of cellular biology are not only fundamental in the continued fight against HIV, but also provide many key observations of the workings of our immune system. Decades of HIV research have testified to the integral role of the actin cytoskeleton in both establishing and spreading the infection. Here, we review how the virus uses different strategies to manipulate cellular actin networks and increase the efficiency of various stages of its life cycle. While some HIV proteins seem able to bind to actin filaments directly, subversion of the cytoskeleton occurs indirectly by exploiting the power of actin regulatory proteins, which are corrupted at multiple levels. Furthermore, this manipulation is not restricted to a discrete class of proteins, but rather extends throughout all layers of the cytoskeleton. We discuss prominent examples of actin regulators that are exploited, neutralized or hijacked by the virus, and address how their coordinated deregulation can lead to changes in cellular behavior that promote viral spreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Ospina Stella
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Stuart Turville
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney NSW 2052, Australia.
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Alterations in the host transcriptome in vitro following Rift Valley fever virus infection. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14385. [PMID: 29085037 PMCID: PMC5662566 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14800-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) causes major outbreaks among livestock, characterized by "abortion storms" in which spontaneous abortion occurs in almost 100% of pregnant ruminants. Humans can also become infected with mild symptoms that can progress to more severe symptoms, such as hepatitis, encephalitis, and hemorrhagic fever. The goal of this study was to use RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) to analyze the host transcriptome in response to RVFV infection. G2/M DNA damage checkpoint, ATM signaling, mitochondrial dysfunction, regulation of the antiviral response, and integrin-linked kinase (ILK) signaling were among the top altered canonical pathways with both the attenuated MP12 strain and the fully virulent ZH548 strain. Although several mRNA transcripts were highly upregulated, an increase at the protein level was not observed for the selected genes, which was at least partially due to the NSs dependent block in mRNA export. Inhibition of ILK signaling, which is involved in cell motility and cytoskeletal reorganization, resulted in reduced RVFV replication, indicating that this pathway is important for viral replication. Overall, this is the first global transcriptomic analysis of the human host response following RVFV infection, which could give insight into novel host responses that have not yet been explored.
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Pan Y, Zhang F, Zhang L, Liu S, Cai M, Shan Y, Wang X, Wang H, Wang H. The Process of Wrapping Virus Revealed by a Force Tracing Technique and Simulations. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2017; 4:1600489. [PMID: 28932658 PMCID: PMC5604396 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201600489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Viral entry into the host cell is the first step of virus infection; however, its dynamic process via endocytosis remains largely elusive. Here, the force tracing technique and single particle simulation are combined to investigate the invagination of single human enterovirus 71 (HEV71, a positive single-stranded RNA virus that is associated with hand, foot, and mouth disease) via cell membranes during its host cell entry. The experimental results reveal that the HEV71 invaginates in membrane vesicles at a force of 58 ± 16 pN, a duration time of 278 ± 68 ms. The simulation further shows that the virus can reach a partially wrapped state very fast, then the upper surface of the virus is covered by the membrane traveling over a long period of time. Combining the experiment with the simulation, the mechanism of membrane wrapping of virus is uncovered, which provides new insights into how the cell is operated to initiate the endocytosis of virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical ChemistryChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesChangchunJilin130022P. R. China
| | - Fuxian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and BiosafetyCenter for Emerging Infectious DiseasesWuhan Institute of VirologyChinese Academy of SciencesWuhan430071China
| | - Liuyang Zhang
- College of EngineeringUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGA30602USA
| | - Shuheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical ChemistryChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesChangchunJilin130022P. R. China
| | - Mingjun Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical ChemistryChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesChangchunJilin130022P. R. China
| | - Yuping Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical ChemistryChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesChangchunJilin130022P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Life ScienceAdvanced Institute of Materials ScienceChangchun University of TechnologyChangchun130012China
| | - Xianqiao Wang
- College of EngineeringUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGA30602USA
| | - Hanzhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and BiosafetyCenter for Emerging Infectious DiseasesWuhan Institute of VirologyChinese Academy of SciencesWuhan430071China
| | - Hongda Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical ChemistryChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesChangchunJilin130022P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical ChemistryUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
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21
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Mu J, Zhang Y, Hu Y, Hu X, Zhou Y, Zhao H, Pei R, Wu C, Chen J, Zhao H, Yang K, van Oers MM, Chen X, Wang Y. Autographa californica Multiple Nucleopolyhedrovirus Ac34 Protein Retains Cellular Actin-Related Protein 2/3 Complex in the Nucleus by Subversion of CRM1-Dependent Nuclear Export. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005994. [PMID: 27802336 PMCID: PMC5089780 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin, nucleation-promoting factors (NPFs), and the actin-related protein 2/3 complex (Arp2/3) are key elements of the cellular actin polymerization machinery. With nuclear actin polymerization implicated in ever-expanding biological processes and the discovery of the nuclear import mechanisms of actin and NPFs, determining Arp2/3 nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling mechanism is important for understanding the function of nuclear actin. A unique feature of alphabaculovirus infection of insect cells is the robust nuclear accumulation of Arp2/3, which induces actin polymerization in the nucleus to assist in virus replication. We found that Ac34, a viral late gene product encoded by the alphabaculovirus Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV), is involved in Arp2/3 nuclear accumulation during virus infection. Further assays revealed that the subcellular distribution of Arp2/3 under steady-state conditions is controlled by chromosomal maintenance 1 (CRM1)-dependent nuclear export. Upon AcMNPV infection, Ac34 inhibits CRM1 pathway and leads to Arp2/3 retention in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingfang Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yangyang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - He Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Rongjuan Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunchen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jizheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Han Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Xinwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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22
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Jaishankar D, Shukla D. Genital Herpes: Insights into Sexually Transmitted Infectious Disease. MICROBIAL CELL (GRAZ, AUSTRIA) 2016; 3:438-450. [PMID: 28357380 PMCID: PMC5354570 DOI: 10.15698/mic2016.09.528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Etiology, transmission and protection: Herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) is a leading cause of sexually transmitted infections with recurring manifestations throughout the lifetime of infected hosts. Currently no effective vaccines or prophylactics exist that provide complete protection or immunity from the virus, which is endemic throughout the world. Pathology/Symptomatology: Primary and recurrent infections result in lesions and inflammation around the genital area and the latter accounts for majority of genital herpes instances. Immunocompromised patients including neonates are susceptible to additional systemic infections including debilitating consequences of nervous system inflammation. Epidemiology, incidence and prevalence: More than 500 million people are infected worldwide and most reported cases involve the age groups between 16-40 years, which coincides with an increase in sexual activity among this age group. While these numbers are an estimate, the actual numbers may be underestimated as many people are asymptomatic or do not report the symptoms. Treatment and curability: Currently prescribed medications, mostly nucleoside analogs, only reduce the symptoms caused by an active infection, but do not eliminate the virus or reduce latency. Therefore, no cure exists against genital herpes and infected patients suffer from periodic recurrences of disease symptoms for their entire lives. Molecular mechanisms of infection: The last few decades have generated many new advances in our understanding of the mechanisms that drive HSV infection. The viral entry receptors such as nectin-1 and HVEM have been identified, cytoskeletal signaling and membrane structures such as filopodia have been directly implicated in viral entry, host motor proteins and their viral ligands have been shown to facilitate capsid transport and many host and HSV proteins have been identified that help with viral replication and pathogenesis. New understanding has emerged on the role of autophagy and other innate immune mechanisms that are subverted to enhance HSV pathogenesis. This review summarizes our current understanding of HSV-2 and associated diseases and available or upcoming new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Jaishankar
- Departments of Bioengineering and Ophthalmology and Visual
Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL
60612
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Departments of Bioengineering and Ophthalmology and Visual
Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at
Chicago, IL 60612
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23
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The Roles of RNase-L in Antimicrobial Immunity and the Cytoskeleton-Associated Innate Response. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17010074. [PMID: 26760998 PMCID: PMC4730318 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17010074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The interferon (IFN)-regulated endoribonuclease RNase-L is involved in multiple aspects of the antimicrobial innate immune response. It is the terminal component of an RNA cleavage pathway in which dsRNA induces the production of RNase-L-activating 2-5A by the 2′-5′-oligoadenylate synthetase. The active nuclease then cleaves ssRNAs, both cellular and viral, leading to downregulation of their expression and the generation of small RNAs capable of activating retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-like receptors or the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. This leads to IFNβ expression and IL-1β activation respectively, in addition to broader effects on immune cell function. RNase-L is also one of a growing number of innate immune components that interact with the cell cytoskeleton. It can bind to several cytoskeletal proteins, including filamin A, an actin-binding protein that collaborates with RNase-L to maintain the cellular barrier to viral entry. This antiviral activity is independent of catalytic function, a unique mechanism for RNase-L. We also describe here the interaction of RNase-L with the E3 ubiquitin ligase and scaffolding protein, ligand of nump protein X (LNX), a regulator of tight junction proteins. In order to better understand the significance and context of these novel binding partners in the antimicrobial response, other innate immune protein interactions with the cytoskeleton are also discussed.
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24
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Agelidis AM, Shukla D. Cell entry mechanisms of HSV: what we have learned in recent years. Future Virol 2015; 10:1145-1154. [PMID: 27066105 DOI: 10.2217/fvl.15.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
HSV type-1 and -2 are widespread pathogens producing lifelong infection with multiple sequelae, including oral, ocular and genital disease. The process of herpesvirus entry is a highly complex process involving numerous viral and cellular factors. Entry begins with attachment of virus to the cell surface followed by interactions between viral glycoproteins and cellular receptors to facilitate capsid penetration. The nucleocapsid is then transported along microtubules to the nuclear membrane, where viral DNA is released for replication in the nucleus. The work reviewed here comprises the most recent advancements in our understanding of the mechanism involved in the herpesvirus entry process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex M Agelidis
- Ocular Virology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1855 West Taylor Street, M/C 648, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, E-704 Medical Sciences Building, University of Illinois at Chicago, M/C 790, 835 South Wolcott Avenue, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Ocular Virology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1855 West Taylor Street, M/C 648, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, E-704 Medical Sciences Building, University of Illinois at Chicago, M/C 790, 835 South Wolcott Avenue, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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25
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Rom S, Reichenbach NL, Dykstra H, Persidsky Y. The dual action of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase -1 (PARP-1) inhibition in HIV-1 infection: HIV-1 LTR inhibition and diminution in Rho GTPase activity. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:878. [PMID: 26379653 PMCID: PMC4548080 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Multifactorial mechanisms comprising countless cellular factors and virus-encoded transactivators regulate the transcription of HIV-1 (HIV). Since poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1) regulates numerous genes through its interaction with various transcription factors, inhibition of PARP-1 has surfaced recently as a powerful anti-inflammatory tool. We suggest a novel tactic to diminish HIV replication via PARP-1 inhibition in an in vitro model system, exploiting human primary monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM). PARP-1 inhibition was capable to lessen HIV replication in MDM by 60–80% after 7 days infection. Tat, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) are known triggers of the Long Terminal Repeat (LTR), which can switch virus replication. Tat overexpression in MDM transfected with an LTR reporter plasmid resulted in a 4.2-fold increase in LTR activation; PARP inhibition caused 70% reduction of LTR activity. LTR activity, which increased 3-fold after PMA or TNFα treatment, was reduced by PARP inhibition (by 85–95%). PARP inhibition in MDM exhibited 90% diminution in NFκB activity (known to mediate TNFα- and PMA-induced HIV LTR activation). Cytoskeleton rearrangements are important in effective HIV-1 infection. PARP inactivation reduced actin cytoskeleton rearrangements by affecting Rho GTPase machinery. These discoveries suggest that inactivation of PARP suppresses HIV replication in MDM by via attenuation of LTR activation, NFκB suppression and its effects on the cytoskeleton. PARP appears to be essential for HIV replication and its inhibition may provide an effective approach to management of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slava Rom
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nancy L Reichenbach
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Holly Dykstra
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yuri Persidsky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine Philadelphia, PA, USA
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26
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Klasse PJ. Molecular determinants of the ratio of inert to infectious virus particles. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2014; 129:285-326. [PMID: 25595808 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2014.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The ratio of virus particles to infectious units is a classic measurement in virology and ranges widely from several million to below 10 for different viruses. Much evidence suggests a distinction be made between infectious and infecting particles or virions: out of many potentially infectious virions, few infect under regular experimental conditions, largely because of diffusion barriers. Still, some virions are inert from the start; others become defective through decay. And with increasing cell- and molecular-biological knowledge of each step in the replicative cycle for different viruses, it emerges that many processes entail considerable losses of potential viral infectivity. Furthermore, all-or-nothing assumptions about virion infectivity are flawed and should be replaced by descriptions that allow for spectra of infectious propensities. A more realistic understanding of the infectivity of individual virions has both practical and theoretical implications for virus neutralization, vaccine research, antiviral therapy, and the use of viral vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Klasse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, USA.
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