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Liang Y, Liu B, Xiao L, Ren S, Sheng X, Qi X, Zhang Z, Yuan N, Guo K, Wang X. Exosomes-mediated transmission of standard bovine viral diarrhea strain OregonC24Va in bovine trophoblast cells. J Reprod Immunol 2024; 164:104254. [PMID: 38761508 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2024.104254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) can infect cows on days 30-110 of gestation and crossing the placental barrier, resulting in persistently infected (PI) and causing significant economic losses to dairy farming. Bovine placental trophoblast cells (BTCs) are the major cells in the early chorionic tissue of the placenta and play important roles in placental resistance to viral transmission. In this study, we have confirmed that BTCs is among a groups of cell types those could be infected by BVDV in vivo, and BVDV infection stimulates the autophagic responses in BTCs and promotes the release of exosomes. Meanwhile, the exosomes derived from BTCs can be used by BVDV to spread between placental trophoblast cells, and this mode of transmission cannot be blocked by antibodies against the BVDV E2 protein, whereas the replication and spread of BVDV in BTCs can be blocked by inhibiting autophagy and exosomogenesis. Our study provides a theoretical and practical basis for scientific prediction and intervention of reproductive disorders caused by BVDV infection in cows of different gestation periods from a novel perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Liang
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Bingying Liu
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Longfei Xiao
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Siqi Ren
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Xihui Sheng
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Xiaolong Qi
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Zhenhao Zhang
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Naihan Yuan
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Kaijun Guo
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Xiangguo Wang
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China.
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Meng S, Zhang X, Yu Y, Tong M, Yuan Y, Cao Y, Zhang W, Shi X, Liu K. New-QiangGuYin-Containing Serum Inhibits Osteoclast-Derived Exosome Secretion and Down-Regulates Notum to Promote Osteoblast Differentiation. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2024:e2400166. [PMID: 38935529 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202400166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
New-QiangGuYin (N-QGY), the addition of sea buckthorn on the basis of QGY formula, is herbal formula widely used clinically in China for the treatment of osteoporosis (OP), but its mechanism warrants further exploration. The mechanisms of QGY and N-QGY in the treatment of OP are probed from the perspective of osteoclast-osteoblast balance. Thirty Sprague-Dawley rats are randomly divided into N-QGY group, QGY group, and Control group. Beyond control rats that orally took normal saline, other rats are orally administered with isometric N-QGY or QGY twice every day for 3 days. The drug-containing serum and control serum are prepared and their effects on osteoclast-derived exosome secretion are determined by bicinchoninic acid assay (BCA), nanoparticle tracking analysis, and Western blot. GW4869 and Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) are adopted as the exosome inhibitor and inducer, respectively. Exosome uptake, cell counting kit-8, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining, alizarin red staining, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and Western blot are performed to examine the effects of altered osteoclast exosome content on osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). N-QGY, QGY, and GW4869 inhibit osteoclast-derived exosome secretion and exosome uptake by MSCs, whereas IL-1β exerted the opposite effects (p < 0.05). Different from IL-1β, N-QGY, QGY, and GW4869 partially elevated MSC viability, osteocalcin secretion, ALP, RUNX Family Transcription Factor 2 (RUNX2) and Osteopontin (OPN) expressions, and calcium deposition in the osteoclast-MSCs coculture system (p < 0.05). Mechanically, osteoclasts increased Notum protein level but decreased β-catenin level, which is enhanced by IL-1β but is reversed by GW4869, QGY, and N-QGY (p < 0.05). And the effect of N-QGY is more conspicuous than that of QGY (P<0.05). N-QGY-containing serum inhibits exosome levels in osteoclasts, thereby enhancing osteogenic differentiation of MSCs via inhibition of Notum protein and promotion of β-catenin protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilong Meng
- The Second Clinical School, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- The Second Clinical School, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Yang Yu
- The Second Clinical School, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Minghao Tong
- The Second Clinical School, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Yifeng Yuan
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 310005, China
| | - Yanguang Cao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 310005, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Xianju Branch of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, Taizhou, 317300, China
| | - Xiaolin Shi
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 310005, China
| | - Kang Liu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 310005, China
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3
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Lee KS, Park JY, Jeong YJ, Lee MS. The Fatal Role of Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli Shiga Toxin-associated Extracellular Vesicles in Host Cells. J Microbiol 2023; 61:715-727. [PMID: 37665555 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-023-00066-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) is a specific subset of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains that are characterized by their ability to cause bloody diarrhea (hemorrhagic colitis) and potentially life-threatening, extraintestinal complications such as hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), which is associated with acute renal failure., contributing to severe clinical outcomes. The Shiga toxins (Stxs), produced by EHEC, are primary virulence factors. These potent cytotoxins are composed of one enzymatically active A subunit (StxA) and five receptor-binding B subunits (StxB). Although the toxins are primarily associated with cytotoxic effects, they also elicit other pathogenic consequences due to their induction of a number of biological processes, including apoptosis through ER-stress, pro-inflammatory responses, autophagy, and post-translational modification (PTM). Moreover, several studies have reported the association between Stxs and extracellular vesicles (EVs), including microvesicles and exosomes, demonstrating that Stx-containing EVs secreted by intoxicated macrophages are taken up by recipient cells, such as toxin-sensitive renal proximal tubular epithelial cells. This mechanism likely contributes to the spreading of Stxs within the host, and may exacerbate gastrointestinal illnesses and kidney dysfunction. In this review, we summarize recent findings relating to the host responses, in different types of cells in vitro and in animal models, mediated by Stxs-containing exosomes. Due to their unique properties, EVs have been explored as therapeutic agents, drug delivery systems, and diagnostic tools. Thus, potential therapeutic applications of EVs in EHEC Stxs-mediated pathogenesis are also briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Soo Lee
- Environmental Diseases Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Young Park
- Environmental Diseases Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Jeong
- Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Moo-Seung Lee
- Environmental Diseases Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
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Shen X, Yin L, Xu S, Wang J, Yin D, Zhao R, Pan X, Dai Y, Hou H, Zhou X, Hu X. Altered Proteomic Profile of Exosomes Secreted from Vero Cells Infected with Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus. Viruses 2023; 15:1640. [PMID: 37631983 PMCID: PMC10459195 DOI: 10.3390/v15081640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection causes severe diarrhea in pigs and can be fatal in newborn piglets. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles secreted by cells that transfer biologically active proteins, lipids, and RNA to neighboring or distant cells. Herein, the morphology, particle size, and secretion of exosomes derived from a control and PEDV-infected group are examined, followed by a proteomic analysis of the exosomes. The results show that the exosomes secreted from the Vero cells had a typical cup-shaped structure. The average particle size of the exosomes from the PEDV-infected group was 112.4 nm, whereas that from the control group was 150.8 nm. The exosome density analysis and characteristic protein determination revealed that the content of exosomes in the PEDV-infected group was significantly higher than that in the control group. The quantitative proteomics assays revealed 544 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in the PEDV-infected group's exosomes compared with those in the controls, with 236 upregulated and 308 downregulated proteins. The DEPs were closely associated with cellular regulatory pathways, such as the phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K)-protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway, extracellular matrix-receptor interaction, focal adhesion, and cytoskeletal regulation. These findings provide the basis for further investigation of the pathogenic mechanisms of PEDV and the discovery of novel antiviral targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehuai Shen
- Livestock and Poultry Epidemic Diseases Research Center of Anhui Province, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Science, Hefei 230031, China; (X.S.); (L.Y.); (S.X.); (J.W.); (D.Y.); (R.Z.); (Y.D.); (H.H.); (X.Z.); (X.H.)
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Hefei 230031, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lei Yin
- Livestock and Poultry Epidemic Diseases Research Center of Anhui Province, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Science, Hefei 230031, China; (X.S.); (L.Y.); (S.X.); (J.W.); (D.Y.); (R.Z.); (Y.D.); (H.H.); (X.Z.); (X.H.)
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Shuangshuang Xu
- Livestock and Poultry Epidemic Diseases Research Center of Anhui Province, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Science, Hefei 230031, China; (X.S.); (L.Y.); (S.X.); (J.W.); (D.Y.); (R.Z.); (Y.D.); (H.H.); (X.Z.); (X.H.)
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Jieru Wang
- Livestock and Poultry Epidemic Diseases Research Center of Anhui Province, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Science, Hefei 230031, China; (X.S.); (L.Y.); (S.X.); (J.W.); (D.Y.); (R.Z.); (Y.D.); (H.H.); (X.Z.); (X.H.)
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Dongdong Yin
- Livestock and Poultry Epidemic Diseases Research Center of Anhui Province, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Science, Hefei 230031, China; (X.S.); (L.Y.); (S.X.); (J.W.); (D.Y.); (R.Z.); (Y.D.); (H.H.); (X.Z.); (X.H.)
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Ruihong Zhao
- Livestock and Poultry Epidemic Diseases Research Center of Anhui Province, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Science, Hefei 230031, China; (X.S.); (L.Y.); (S.X.); (J.W.); (D.Y.); (R.Z.); (Y.D.); (H.H.); (X.Z.); (X.H.)
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Xiaocheng Pan
- Livestock and Poultry Epidemic Diseases Research Center of Anhui Province, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Science, Hefei 230031, China; (X.S.); (L.Y.); (S.X.); (J.W.); (D.Y.); (R.Z.); (Y.D.); (H.H.); (X.Z.); (X.H.)
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Yin Dai
- Livestock and Poultry Epidemic Diseases Research Center of Anhui Province, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Science, Hefei 230031, China; (X.S.); (L.Y.); (S.X.); (J.W.); (D.Y.); (R.Z.); (Y.D.); (H.H.); (X.Z.); (X.H.)
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Hongyan Hou
- Livestock and Poultry Epidemic Diseases Research Center of Anhui Province, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Science, Hefei 230031, China; (X.S.); (L.Y.); (S.X.); (J.W.); (D.Y.); (R.Z.); (Y.D.); (H.H.); (X.Z.); (X.H.)
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Xueli Zhou
- Livestock and Poultry Epidemic Diseases Research Center of Anhui Province, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Science, Hefei 230031, China; (X.S.); (L.Y.); (S.X.); (J.W.); (D.Y.); (R.Z.); (Y.D.); (H.H.); (X.Z.); (X.H.)
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Xiaomiao Hu
- Livestock and Poultry Epidemic Diseases Research Center of Anhui Province, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Science, Hefei 230031, China; (X.S.); (L.Y.); (S.X.); (J.W.); (D.Y.); (R.Z.); (Y.D.); (H.H.); (X.Z.); (X.H.)
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Hefei 230031, China
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5
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Song B, Sheng X, Justice JL, Lum KK, Metzger PJ, Cook KC, Kostas JC, Cristea IM. Intercellular communication within the virus microenvironment affects the susceptibility of cells to secondary viral infections. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg3433. [PMID: 37163594 PMCID: PMC10171814 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg3433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Communication between infected cells and cells in the surrounding tissue is a determinant of viral spread. However, it remains unclear how cells in close or distant proximity to an infected cell respond to primary or secondary infections. We establish a cell-based system to characterize a virus microenvironment, distinguishing infected, neighboring, and distal cells. Cell sorting, microscopy, proteomics, and cell cycle assays allow resolving cellular features and functional consequences of proximity to infection. We show that human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection primes neighboring cells for both subsequent HCMV infections and secondary infections with herpes simplex virus 1 and influenza A. Neighboring cells exhibit mitotic arrest, dampened innate immunity, and altered extracellular matrix. Conversely, distal cells are poised to slow viral spread due to enhanced antiviral responses. These findings demonstrate how infection reshapes the microenvironment through intercellular signaling to facilitate spread and how spatial proximity to an infection guides cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joshua L. Justice
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | | | - Peter J. Metzger
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | | | - James C. Kostas
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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6
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Zhang C, Zhang Y, Li Y, Lu J, Xiong S, Yue Y. Exosome-based delivery of VP1 protein conferred enhanced resistance of mice to CVB3-induced viral myocarditis. Virology 2023; 579:46-53. [PMID: 36603532 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is an important cause of viral myocarditis with no vaccine available in clinic. Herein we constructed an exosome-based anti-CVB3 vaccine (Exo-VP1), and compared its immunogenicity and immunoprotection with our previously reported recombinant VP1 protein (rVP1) vaccine. We found that compared with the 25 μg rVP1 vaccine, Exo-VP1 vaccine containing only 2 μg VP1 protein induced much stronger CVB3-specific T cell proliferation and CTL responses (with an increase of more than 70% and 40% respectively), and elicited greater splenic Th1/CTL associated cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-12). Furthermore, higher IgG levels with increased neutralizing titers and avidity were also evidenced in Exo-VP1 group. Consistently, Exo-VP1 group exhibited enhanced resistance to viral myocarditis than rVP1 vaccine, reflected by reduced cardiac viral loads, improved myocardial inflammation and an increased survival rate. Collectively, we reported that Exo-VP1 might present a more potent CVB3 vaccine candidate than rVP1 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changwei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuanyu Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Juan Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Sidong Xiong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Yan Yue
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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7
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Mardi N, Haiaty S, Rahbarghazi R, Mobarak H, Milani M, Zarebkohan A, Nouri M. Exosomal transmission of viruses, a two-edged biological sword. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:19. [PMID: 36691072 PMCID: PMC9868521 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-01037-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
As a common belief, most viruses can egress from the host cells as single particles and transmit to uninfected cells. Emerging data have revealed en bloc viral transmission as lipid bilayer-cloaked particles via extracellular vesicles especially exosomes (Exo). The supporting membrane can be originated from multivesicular bodies during intra-luminal vesicle formation and autophagic response. Exo are nano-sized particles, ranging from 40-200 nm, with the ability to harbor several types of signaling molecules from donor to acceptor cells in a paracrine manner, resulting in the modulation of specific signaling reactions in target cells. The phenomenon of Exo biogenesis consists of multiple and complex biological steps with the participation of diverse constituents and molecular pathways. Due to similarities between Exo biogenesis and virus replication and the existence of shared pathways, it is thought that viruses can hijack the Exo biogenesis machinery to spread and evade immune cells. To this end, Exo can transmit complete virions (as single units or aggregates), separate viral components, and naked genetic materials. The current review article aims to scrutinize challenges and opportunities related to the exosomal delivery of viruses in terms of viral infections and public health. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Mardi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sanya Haiaty
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Rahbarghazi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Imam Reza St., Golgasht St., Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Halimeh Mobarak
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Imam Reza St., Golgasht St., Tabriz, Iran
| | - Morteza Milani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Zarebkohan
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Nouri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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8
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Ren Y, Zhang H. Emerging role of exosomes in vascular diseases. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1090909. [PMID: 36937921 PMCID: PMC10017462 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1090909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are biological small spherical lipid bilayer vesicles secreted by most cells in the body. Their contents include nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. Exosomes can transfer material molecules between cells and consequently have a variety of biological functions, participating in disease development while exhibiting potential value as biomarkers and therapeutics. Growing evidence suggests that exosomes are vital mediators of vascular remodeling. Endothelial cells (ECs), vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), inflammatory cells, and adventitial fibroblasts (AFs) can communicate through exosomes; such communication is associated with inflammatory responses, cell migration and proliferation, and cell metabolism, leading to changes in vascular function and structure. Essential hypertension (EH), atherosclerosis (AS), and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) are the most common vascular diseases and are associated with significant vascular remodeling. This paper reviews the latest research progress on the involvement of exosomes in vascular remodeling through intercellular information exchange and provides new ideas for understanding related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ren
- Institute of Microcirculation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Honggang Zhang
- Institute of Microcirculation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Honggang Zhang,
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9
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Ge Y, Liu K, Chi Y, Zhu X, Wu T, Zhao K, Qiao Q, Wu B, Zhu F, Cui L. Exosomal microRNA expression profiles derived from A549 human lung cells in response to influenza A/H1N1pdm09 infection. Virology 2022; 574:9-17. [PMID: 35868217 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes participate in intercellular communication by shuttling various small molecules from donor to recipient cells. We aimed to examine the role of exosomes and exosomal miRNAs in influenza virus infection. The results showed that influenza A/H1N1pdm09 infection could promote A549 cells to secrete exosomes, while blocking the generation of exosomes reduced viral RNA production. A total of 97 exosomal miRNAs with significantly altered expression were identified during influenza infection. Of 12 candidate miRNAs chosen for further validation, ten were confirmed by qRT-PCR. Among 5978 predicted target genes,we found 37 interferon pathway-related genes to be the potential targets of 29 differentially expressed miRNAs. Many target genes were annotated to various KEGG signaling pathways, some of which played important roles in influenza infection. These data will help to further understand the mechanism of influenza virus-host interactions, which is important for the development of preventative and therapeutic strategies against influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyue Ge
- Institute of Pathogenic Microbiology, NHC Key Laboratories of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Health Emergency, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Kang Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Ying Chi
- Institute of Pathogenic Microbiology, NHC Key Laboratories of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Health Emergency, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhu
- Institute of Pathogenic Microbiology, NHC Key Laboratories of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Health Emergency, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Institute of Pathogenic Microbiology, NHC Key Laboratories of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Health Emergency, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Kangchen Zhao
- Institute of Pathogenic Microbiology, NHC Key Laboratories of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Health Emergency, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Qiao Qiao
- Institute of Pathogenic Microbiology, NHC Key Laboratories of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Health Emergency, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Institute of Pathogenic Microbiology, NHC Key Laboratories of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Health Emergency, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Fengcai Zhu
- Institute of Pathogenic Microbiology, NHC Key Laboratories of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Health Emergency, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Lunbiao Cui
- Institute of Pathogenic Microbiology, NHC Key Laboratories of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Health Emergency, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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Xie S, Zhang Q, Jiang L. Current Knowledge on Exosome Biogenesis, Cargo-Sorting Mechanism and Therapeutic Implications. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12050498. [PMID: 35629824 PMCID: PMC9144303 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12050498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoscale membrane vesicles released by donor cells that can be taken up by recipient cells. The study of EVs has the potential to identify unknown cellular and molecular mechanisms in intercellular communication and disease. Exosomes, with an average diameter of ≈100 nanometers, are a subset of EVs. Different molecular families have been shown to be involved in the formation of exosomes and subsequent secretion of exosomes, which largely leads to the complexity of the form, structure and function of exosomes. In addition, because of their low immunogenicity and ability to transfer a variety of bioactive components to recipient cells, exosomes are regarded as effective drug delivery systems. This review summarizes the known mechanisms of exosomes biogenesis, cargo loading, exosomes release and bioengineering, which is of great importance for further exploration into the clinical applications of EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenmin Xie
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding & Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science & Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (S.X.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Qin Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding & Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science & Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (S.X.); (Q.Z.)
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Li Jiang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding & Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science & Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (S.X.); (Q.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-6273-2634; Fax: +86-10-6273-2634
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11
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Vectorial Release of Human RNA Viruses from Epithelial Cells. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020231. [PMID: 35215825 PMCID: PMC8875463 DOI: 10.3390/v14020231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells are apico-basolateral polarized cells that line all tubular organs and are often targets for infectious agents. This review focuses on the release of human RNA virus particles from both sides of polarized human cells grown on transwells. Most viruses that infect the mucosa leave their host cells mainly via the apical side while basolateral release is linked to virus propagation within the host. Viruses do this by hijacking the cellular factors involved in polarization and trafficking. Thus, understanding epithelial polarization is essential for a clear understanding of virus pathophysiology.
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12
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Farr RJ, Godde N, Cowled C, Sundaramoorthy V, Green D, Stewart C, Bingham J, O'Brien CM, Dearnley M. Machine Learning Identifies Cellular and Exosomal MicroRNA Signatures of Lyssavirus Infection in Human Stem Cell-Derived Neurons. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:783140. [PMID: 35004351 PMCID: PMC8739477 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.783140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite being vaccine preventable, rabies (lyssavirus) still has a significant impact on global mortality, disproportionally affecting children under 15 years of age. This neurotropic virus is deft at avoiding the immune system while travelling through neurons to the brain. Until recently, research efforts into the role of non-coding RNAs in rabies pathogenicity and detection have been hampered by a lack of human in vitro neuronal models. Here, we utilized our previously described human stem cell-derived neural model to investigate the effect of lyssavirus infection on microRNA (miRNA) expression in human neural cells and their secreted exosomes. Conventional differential expression analysis identified 25 cellular and 16 exosomal miRNAs that were significantly altered (FDR adjusted P-value <0.05) in response to different lyssavirus strains. Supervised machine learning algorithms determined 6 cellular miRNAs (miR-99b-5p, miR-346, miR-5701, miR-138-2-3p, miR-651-5p, and miR-7977) were indicative of lyssavirus infection (100% accuracy), with the first four miRNAs having previously established roles in neuronal function, or panic and impulsivity-related behaviors. Another 4-miRNA signatures in exosomes (miR-25-3p, miR-26b-5p, miR-218-5p, miR-598-3p) can independently predict lyssavirus infected cells with >99% accuracy. Identification of these robust lyssavirus miRNA signatures offers further insight into neural lineage responses to infection and provides a foundation for utilizing exosome miRNAs in the development of next-generation molecular diagnostics for rabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Farr
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Australian Animal Health Laboratory at the Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Nathan Godde
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Australian Animal Health Laboratory at the Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Christopher Cowled
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Health and Biosecurity at the Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Vinod Sundaramoorthy
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Australian Animal Health Laboratory at the Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Diane Green
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Australian Animal Health Laboratory at the Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Cameron Stewart
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Health and Biosecurity at the Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - John Bingham
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Australian Animal Health Laboratory at the Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Carmel M O'Brien
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Manufacturing, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Megan Dearnley
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Australian Animal Health Laboratory at the Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC, Australia
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13
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Liao L, Wu Z, Chen W, Zhang H, Li A, Yan Y, Xie Z, Li H, Lin W, Ma J, Zhang X, Xie Q. Anti-CD81 antibody blocks vertical transmission of avian leukosis virus subgroup J. Vet Microbiol 2021; 264:109293. [PMID: 34883334 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Control of ALV-J in breed of chicken is still a serious issue that need more attention to be paid. Vertical transmission of ALV-J often give rise to more adverse pathogenicity. However, the way to elimination of ALV-J underlying vertical transmission remains not-well understood. In addition, effective vaccines or drugs have not been developed to prevent and control the transmission of ALV-J so far. CD81, a member of the tetraspanins superfamily, plays important roles in regulating membrane proteins, facilitating cells adhesion or fusion, and also participates in viral infection. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether antibodies against certain tetraspanins affect infection of ALV-J. Here, we showed that anti-CD81 antibody could inhibit viral RNA and protein level. We also found that anti-CD81 antibody interacts with viral protein p27, p32 and gp37. Moreover, treatment with antibody to CD81 can effectively prevent the vertical transmission of ALV-J in animal model. Collectively, current study provides new avenues for the control of ALV-J transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqin Liao
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China; Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; College of Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Zhiqiang Wu
- Wen's Group Academy, Wen's Foodstuffs Group Co., Ltd., Xinxing, 527400, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Weiguo Chen
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China; Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; College of Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China
| | - Huanmin Zhang
- USDA, Agriculture Research Service, Avian Disease and Oncology Laboratory, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA
| | - Aijun Li
- College of Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Yiming Yan
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China; Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China
| | - Zi Xie
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China; Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China
| | - Hongxin Li
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China; Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China
| | - Wencheng Lin
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China; Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China
| | - Jingyun Ma
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China; Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China
| | - Xinheng Zhang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China; Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China.
| | - Qingmei Xie
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China; Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China.
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14
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Mosquera-Heredia MI, Morales LC, Vidal OM, Barceló E, Silvera-Redondo C, Vélez JI, Garavito-Galofre P. Exosomes: Potential Disease Biomarkers and New Therapeutic Targets. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1061. [PMID: 34440265 PMCID: PMC8393483 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9081061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles released by cells, both constitutively and after cell activation, and are present in different types of biological fluid. Exosomes are involved in the pathogenesis of diseases, such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, pregnancy disorders and cardiovascular diseases, and have emerged as potential non-invasive biomarkers for the detection, prognosis and therapeutics of a myriad of diseases. In this review, we describe recent advances related to the regulatory mechanisms of exosome biogenesis, release and molecular composition, as well as their role in health and disease, and their potential use as disease biomarkers and therapeutic targets. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of their main isolation methods, characterization and cargo analysis, as well as the experimental methods used for exosome-mediated drug delivery, are discussed. Finally, we present potential perspectives for the use of exosomes in future clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria I. Mosquera-Heredia
- Department of Medicine, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia; (L.C.M.); (O.M.V.); (C.S.-R.)
| | - Luis C. Morales
- Department of Medicine, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia; (L.C.M.); (O.M.V.); (C.S.-R.)
| | - Oscar M. Vidal
- Department of Medicine, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia; (L.C.M.); (O.M.V.); (C.S.-R.)
| | - Ernesto Barceló
- Instituto Colombiano de Neuropedagogía, Barranquilla 080020, Colombia;
| | - Carlos Silvera-Redondo
- Department of Medicine, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia; (L.C.M.); (O.M.V.); (C.S.-R.)
| | - Jorge I. Vélez
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia;
| | - Pilar Garavito-Galofre
- Department of Medicine, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia; (L.C.M.); (O.M.V.); (C.S.-R.)
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15
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Patil M, Singh S, Henderson J, Krishnamurthy P. Mechanisms of COVID-19-induced cardiovascular disease: Is sepsis or exosome the missing link? J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:3366-3382. [PMID: 33078408 PMCID: PMC7920909 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has reached a pandemic level, spreading across the globe by affecting over 33 million people and causing over 1,009,270 deaths. SARS-CoV-2 is highly infectious with a high basic reproduction number (R0 ) of 2.2-5.7 that has led to its exponential spread. Besides, very little is known about it in terms of immunogenicity and its molecular targets. SARS-CoV-2 causes acute respiratory distress syndrome, followed by multiple organ failure and death in a small percentage of individuals. Cardiac injury has emerged as another dreaded outcome of COVID-19 complications. However, a thorough understanding of the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 is lacking. In this review, we discuss the virus, possible mechanisms of COVID-19-induced cardiac injury, and potential therapeutic strategies, and we explore if exosomes could be targeted to treat symptoms of COVID-19. Furthermore, we discussed the virus-induced sepsis, which may be the cause of multiple organ failure, including myocardial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallikarjun Patil
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Schools of Medicine and Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Sarojini Singh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Schools of Medicine and Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - John Henderson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Schools of Medicine and Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Prasanna Krishnamurthy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Schools of Medicine and Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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16
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Tallon C, Hollinger KR, Pal A, Bell BJ, Rais R, Tsukamoto T, Witwer KW, Haughey NJ, Slusher BS. Nipping disease in the bud: nSMase2 inhibitors as therapeutics in extracellular vesicle-mediated diseases. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:1656-1668. [PMID: 33798648 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are indispensable mediators of intercellular communication, but they can also assume a nefarious role by ferrying pathological cargo that contributes to neurological, oncological, inflammatory, and infectious diseases. The canonical pathway for generating EVs involves the endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) machinery, but an alternative pathway is induced by the enrichment of lipid membrane ceramides generated by neutral sphingomyelinase 2 (nSMase2). Inhibition of nSMase2 has become an attractive therapeutic strategy for inhibiting EV biogenesis, and a growing number of small-molecule nSMase2 inhibitors have shown promising therapeutic activity in preclinical disease models. This review outlines the function of EVs, their potential role in disease, the discovery and efficacy of nSMase2 inhibitors, and the path to translate these findings into therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Tallon
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Kristen R Hollinger
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Arindom Pal
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Benjamin J Bell
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Rana Rais
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Takashi Tsukamoto
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Kenneth W Witwer
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Norman J Haughey
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Barbara S Slusher
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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17
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Martins SDT, Alves LR. Extracellular Vesicles in Viral Infections: Two Sides of the Same Coin? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:593170. [PMID: 33335862 PMCID: PMC7736630 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.593170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are small membrane structures containing proteins and nucleic acids that are gaining a lot of attention lately. They are produced by most cells and can be detected in several body fluids, having a huge potential in therapeutic and diagnostic approaches. EVs produced by infected cells usually have a molecular signature that is very distinct from healthy cells. For intracellular pathogens like viruses, EVs can have an even more complex function, since the viral biogenesis pathway can overlap with EV pathways in several ways, generating a continuum of particles, like naked virions, EVs containing infective viral genomes and quasi-enveloped viruses, besides the classical complete viral particles that are secreted to the extracellular space. Those particles can act in recipient cells in different ways. Besides being directly infective, they also can prime neighbor cells rendering them more susceptible to infection, block antiviral responses and deliver isolated viral molecules. On the other hand, they can trigger antiviral responses and cytokine secretion even in uninfected cells near the infection site, helping to fight the infection and protect other cells from the virus. This protective response can also backfire, when a massive inflammation facilitated by those EVs can be responsible for bad clinical outcomes. EVs can help or harm the antiviral response, and sometimes both mechanisms are observed in infections by the same virus. Since those pathways are intrinsically interlinked, understand the role of EVs during viral infections is crucial to comprehend viral mechanisms and respond better to emerging viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon de Toledo Martins
- Gene Expression Regulation Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Institute, ICC-Fiocruz, Curitiba, Brazil.,Biological Sciences Sector, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Lysangela Ronalte Alves
- Gene Expression Regulation Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Institute, ICC-Fiocruz, Curitiba, Brazil
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18
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Streck NT, Zhao Y, Sundstrom JM, Buchkovich NJ. Human Cytomegalovirus Utilizes Extracellular Vesicles To Enhance Virus Spread. J Virol 2020; 94:e00609-20. [PMID: 32522858 PMCID: PMC7394901 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00609-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) manipulates cellular processes associated with secretory pathways within an infected cell to facilitate efficient viral replication. However, little is known about how HCMV infection alters the surrounding cellular environment to promote virus spread to uninfected cells. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are key signaling molecules that are commonly altered in numerous disease states. Previous reports have shown that viruses commonly alter EVs, which can significantly impact infection. This study finds that HCMV modulates EV biogenesis machinery through upregulation of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) proteins. This regulation appears to increase the activity of EV biogenesis, since HCMV-infected fibroblasts have increased vesicle release and altered vesicle size compared to EVs from uninfected cells. EVs generated through ESCRT-independent pathways are also beneficial to virus spread in fibroblasts, as treatment with the EV inhibitor GW4869 slowed the efficiency of HCMV spread. Importantly, the transfer of EVs purified from HCMV-infected cells enhanced virus spread. This suggests that HCMV modulates the EV pathway to transfer proviral signals to uninfected cells that prime the cellular environment for incoming infection and enhance the efficiency of virus spread.IMPORTANCE Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a herpesvirus that leads to serious health consequences in neonatal or immunocompromised patients. Clinical management of infection in these at-risk groups remains a serious concern even with approved antiviral therapies available. It is necessary to increase our understanding of the cellular changes that occur during infection and their importance to virus spread. This may help to identify new targets during infection that will lead to the development of novel treatment strategies. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) represent an important method of intercellular communication in the human host. This study finds that HCMV manipulates this pathway to increase the efficiency of virus spread to uninfected cells. This finding defines a new layer of host manipulation induced by HCMV infection that leads to enhanced virus spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas T Streck
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yuanjun Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Sundstrom
- Department of Ophthalmology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nicholas J Buchkovich
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
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