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Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Utilization of immunological ratios in HIV: Implications for monitoring and therapeutic strategies. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e37354. [PMID: 38428854 PMCID: PMC10906605 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000037354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection remains a significant global health concern, necessitating ongoing research and innovation in the quest for improved disease management. Traditional markers for monitoring HIV progression and the effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy have limitations in capturing the intricate immune responses and inflammatory dynamics in people with HIV. In recent years, the concept of inflammation ratios has gained prominence as a valuable tool for assessing and understanding the complex interplay between inflammation, immune function, and HIV. In this abstract, we provide an overview of the emerging field of utilizing inflammation ratios in the context of HIV and its implications for disease monitoring and therapeutic strategies. These ratios, such as the CD4/CD8 ratio, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, and monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio, offer a more comprehensive assessment of an individual's immune status and inflammatory state. By exploring the clinical implications of inflammation ratios, including their potential to predict disease complications and guide personalized treatment approaches, this publication sheds light on the potential benefits of incorporating inflammation ratios into routine HIV care. Furthermore, we emphasize the importance of ongoing research in this field to further refine our understanding of the utility and significance of inflammation ratios in improving the lives of people with HIV.
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Zhang J, Yuan Z, Li X, Wang F, Wei X, Kang Y, Mo C, Jiang J, Liang H, Ye L. Activation of the JNK/COX-2/HIF-1α axis promotes M1 macrophage via glycolytic shift in HIV-1 infection. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202302148. [PMID: 37798121 PMCID: PMC10556724 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is recognized as a major risk factor for the severity of HIV infection. Whether metabolism reprogramming of macrophages caused by HIV-1 is related to chronic inflammatory activation, especially M1 polarization of macrophages, is inconclusive. Here, we show that HIV-1 infection induces M1 polarization and enhanced glycolysis in macrophages. Blockade of glycolysis inhibits M1 polarization of macrophages, indicating that HIV-1-induced M1 polarization is supported by enhanced glycolysis. Moreover, we find that this immunometabolic adaptation is dependent on hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), a strong inducer of glycolysis. HIF-1α-target genes, including HK2, PDK1, and LDHA, are also involved in this process. Further research discovers that COX-2 regulates HIF-1α-dependent glycolysis. However, the elevated expression of COX-2, enhanced glycolysis, and M1 polarization of macrophages could be reversed by inactivation of JNK in the context of HIV-1 infection. Our study mechanistically elucidates that the JNK/COX-2/HIF-1α axis is activated to strengthen glycolysis, thereby promoting M1 polarization in macrophages in HIV-1 infection, providing a new idea for resolving chronic inflammation in clinical AIDS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhan Zhang
- https://ror.org/03dveyr97 Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zongxiang Yuan
- https://ror.org/03dveyr97 Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xuanrong Li
- https://ror.org/03dveyr97 Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Fengyi Wang
- https://ror.org/03dveyr97 Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xueqin Wei
- https://ror.org/03dveyr97 Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yiwen Kang
- https://ror.org/03dveyr97 Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Chuye Mo
- https://ror.org/03dveyr97 Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Junjun Jiang
- https://ror.org/03dveyr97 Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Hao Liang
- https://ror.org/03dveyr97 Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Li Ye
- https://ror.org/03dveyr97 Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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Cossarizza A, Cozzi-Lepri A, Mattioli M, Paolini A, Neroni A, De Biasi S, Tartaro DL, Borella R, Fidanza L, Gibellini L, Beghetto B, Roncaglia E, Nardini G, Milic J, Menozzi M, Cuomo G, Digaetano M, Orlando G, Borghi V, Guaraldi G, Mussini C. Evaluating immunological and inflammatory changes of treatment-experienced people living with HIV switching from first-line triple cART regimens to DTG/3TC vs. B/F/TAF: the DEBATE trial. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1279390. [PMID: 37908359 PMCID: PMC10613634 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1279390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this randomized clinical trial (RCT) was to compare immunological changes in virally suppressed people living with HIV (PLWH) switching from a three-drug regimen (3DR) to a two-drug regimen (2DR). Methods An open-label, prospective RCT enrolling PLWH receiving a 3DR who switched to bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (B/F/TAF) or dolutegravir/lamivudine (DTG/3TC) was performed. Blood was taken at baseline and months 6 and 12. The primary outcome was the change in CD4+ or CD8+ T-cell counts and CD4/CD8 ratio over time points. The secondary outcomes were the changes in immunological and inflammatory parameters. Parametric mixed-linear models with random intercepts and slopes were fitted separately for each marker after controlling for potential confounders. Results Between the two arms (33 PLWH each), there was no difference in CD4+ or CD8+ T cells, CD4/CD8 ratio, and IL-6 trajectories. PLWH switching to DTG/3TC had increased levels of both transitional memory and terminally differentiated CD4+ T cells (arm-time interaction p-value = 0.02) and to a lesser extent for the corresponding CD8+ T-cell subsets (p = 0.09). Significantly lower levels of non-classical monocytes were detected in the B/F/TAF arm at T6 (diff = -6.7 cells/mm3; 95% CI; -16, +2.6; p-value for interaction between arm and time = 0.03). All differences were attenuated at T12. Conclusion No evidence for a difference in absolute CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell counts, CD4/CD8 ratio, and IL-6 trajectories by study arm over 12 months was found. PLWH on DTG/3TC showed higher levels of terminally differentiated and exhausted CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes and non-classical monocytes at T6. Further studies are warranted to better understand the clinical impact of our results. Clinical Trial Registration https://clinicaltrials.gov, identifier NCT04054089.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cossarizza
- Chair of Pathology and Immunology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia School of Medicine, Modena, Italy
| | - Alessandro Cozzi-Lepri
- Centre for Clinical Research, Epidemiology, Modelling and Evaluation (CREME), Institute for Global Health, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Mattioli
- Chair of Pathology and Immunology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia School of Medicine, Modena, Italy
| | - Annamaria Paolini
- Chair of Pathology and Immunology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia School of Medicine, Modena, Italy
| | - Anita Neroni
- Chair of Pathology and Immunology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia School of Medicine, Modena, Italy
| | - Sara De Biasi
- Chair of Pathology and Immunology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia School of Medicine, Modena, Italy
| | - Domenico Lo Tartaro
- Chair of Pathology and Immunology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia School of Medicine, Modena, Italy
| | - Rebecca Borella
- Chair of Pathology and Immunology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia School of Medicine, Modena, Italy
| | - Lucia Fidanza
- Chair of Pathology and Immunology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia School of Medicine, Modena, Italy
| | - Lara Gibellini
- Chair of Pathology and Immunology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia School of Medicine, Modena, Italy
| | - Barbara Beghetto
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Enrica Roncaglia
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Giulia Nardini
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Jovana Milic
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Marianna Menozzi
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Gianluca Cuomo
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Margherita Digaetano
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Gabriella Orlando
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Vanni Borghi
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Giovanni Guaraldi
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Cristina Mussini
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico of Modena, Modena, Italy
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Masenga SK, Mweene BC, Luwaya E, Muchaili L, Chona M, Kirabo A. HIV-Host Cell Interactions. Cells 2023; 12:1351. [PMID: 37408185 DOI: 10.3390/cells12101351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) was a great milestone in the management of HIV infection. ARVs suppress viral activity in the host cell, thus minimizing injury to the cells and prolonging life. However, an effective treatment has remained elusive for four decades due to the successful immune evasion mechanisms of the virus. A thorough understanding of the molecular interaction of HIV with the host cell is essential in the development of both preventive and curative therapies for HIV infection. This review highlights several inherent mechanisms of HIV that promote its survival and propagation, such as the targeting of CD4+ lymphocytes, the downregulation of MHC class I and II, antigenic variation and an envelope complex that minimizes antibody access, and how they collaboratively render the immune system unable to mount an effective response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepiso K Masenga
- HAND Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mulungushi University, Livingstone Campus, Livingstone 10101, Zambia
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Room 536 Robinson Research Building, Nashville, TN 37232-6602, USA
| | - Bislom C Mweene
- HAND Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mulungushi University, Livingstone Campus, Livingstone 10101, Zambia
| | - Emmanuel Luwaya
- HAND Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mulungushi University, Livingstone Campus, Livingstone 10101, Zambia
| | - Lweendo Muchaili
- HAND Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mulungushi University, Livingstone Campus, Livingstone 10101, Zambia
| | - Makondo Chona
- HAND Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mulungushi University, Livingstone Campus, Livingstone 10101, Zambia
| | - Annet Kirabo
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Room 536 Robinson Research Building, Nashville, TN 37232-6602, USA
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Farias-Jofre M, Romero R, Xu Y, Levenson D, Tao L, Kanninen T, Galaz J, Arenas-Hernandez M, Liu Z, Miller D, Bhatti G, Seyerle M, Tarca AL, Gomez-Lopez N. Differential immunophenotype of circulating monocytes from pregnant women in response to viral ligands. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2023; 23:323. [PMID: 37149573 PMCID: PMC10163583 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-023-05562-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral infections during pregnancy can have deleterious effects on mothers and their offspring. Monocytes participate in the maternal host defense against invading viruses; however, whether pregnancy alters monocyte responses is still under investigation. Herein, we undertook a comprehensive in vitro study of peripheral monocytes to characterize the differences in phenotype and interferon release driven by viral ligands between pregnant and non-pregnant women. METHODS Peripheral blood was collected from third-trimester pregnant (n = 20) or non-pregnant (n = 20, controls) women. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated and exposed to R848 (TLR7/TLR8 agonist), Gardiquimod (TLR7 agonist), Poly(I:C) (HMW) VacciGrade™ (TLR3 agonist), Poly(I:C) (HMW) LyoVec™ (RIG-I/MDA-5 agonist), or ODN2216 (TLR9 agonist) for 24 h. Cells and supernatants were collected for monocyte phenotyping and immunoassays to detect specific interferons, respectively. RESULTS The proportions of classical (CD14hiCD16-), intermediate (CD14hiCD16+), non-classical (CD14loCD16+), and CD14loCD16- monocytes were differentially affected between pregnant and non-pregnant women in response to TLR3 stimulation. The proportions of pregnancy-derived monocytes expressing adhesion molecules (Basigin and PSGL-1) or the chemokine receptors CCR5 and CCR2 were diminished in response to TLR7/TLR8 stimulation, while the proportions of CCR5- monocytes were increased. Such differences were found to be primarily driven by TLR8 signaling, rather than TLR7. Moreover, the proportions of monocytes expressing the chemokine receptor CXCR1 were increased during pregnancy in response to poly(I:C) stimulation through TLR3, but not RIG-I/MDA-5. By contrast, pregnancy-specific changes in the monocyte response to TLR9 stimulation were not observed. Notably, the soluble interferon response to viral stimulation by mononuclear cells was not diminished in pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide insight into the differential responsiveness of pregnancy-derived monocytes to ssRNA and dsRNA, mainly driven by TLR8 and membrane-bound TLR3, which may help to explain the increased susceptibility of pregnant women to adverse outcomes resulting from viral infection as observed during recent and historic pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Farias-Jofre
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8330024, Santiago, Chile
| | - Roberto Romero
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Yi Xu
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA
| | - Dustyn Levenson
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Li Tao
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA
| | - Tomi Kanninen
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA
| | - Jose Galaz
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8330024, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcia Arenas-Hernandez
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA
| | - Zhenjie Liu
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA
| | - Derek Miller
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA
| | - Gaurav Bhatti
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA
| | - Megan Seyerle
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Adi L Tarca
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University College of Engineering, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Nardhy Gomez-Lopez
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA.
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
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Lake JE, Wang R, Barrett BW, Bowman E, Hyatt AN, Debroy P, Candelario J, Teplin L, Bodnar K, McKay H, Plankey M, Brown TT, Funderburg N, Currier JS. Trans women have worse cardiovascular biomarker profiles than cisgender men independent of hormone use and HIV serostatus. AIDS 2022; 36:1801-1809. [PMID: 35950945 PMCID: PMC9529791 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Feminizing hormonal therapy (FHT) and HIV potentially alter cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in transgender women (TW). METHODS TW were enrolled in Los Angeles, California and Houston, Texas and frequency-matched to Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study cisgender men (CM) on age, race, substance use, and abacavir use. Biomarkers of CVD risk and inflammation were assessed via ELISA. Wilcoxon rank sum and Fisher's exact tests compared TW and CM. Multivariable linear regression assessed factors associated with biomarker concentrations. RESULTS TW (HIV+ n = 75, HIV- n = 47) and CM (HIV+ n = 40, HIV- n = 40) had mean age 43-45 years; TW/CM were 90%/91% non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, or Multiracial, 26%/53% obese, and 34%/24% current smokers; 67% of TW were on FHT. Among people with HIV (PWH), TW had higher median extracellular newly-identified receptor for advanced glycation end-products (EN-RAGE), lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (LpPLA2), oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL), soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type (sTNFR) I/II, interleukin (IL)-8 and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1, but lower soluble CD14, von Willebrand factor (vWF) and endothelin (ET)-1 levels than CM. Findings were similar for participants without HIV (all P < 0.05). In multivariable analysis, TW had higher EN-RAGE, IL-6, IL-8, P selectin, PAI-1, oxLDL and sTNFRI/II concentrations, and lower vWF, independent of HIV serostatus and current FHT use. Both being a TW and a PWH were associated with lower ET-1. CONCLUSIONS Compared to matched cisgender men, trans women have altered profiles of biomarkers associated with systemic inflammation and CVD. Further work is needed to decipher the contributions of FHT to CVD risk in TW with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan E Lake
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Ruibin Wang
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | | | - Ana N Hyatt
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Paula Debroy
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | | | | | | | - Heather McKay
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Todd T Brown
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Judith S Currier
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Teer E, Dominick L, Mukonowenzou NC, Essop MF. HIV-Related Myocardial Fibrosis: Inflammatory Hypothesis and Crucial Role of Immune Cells Dysregulation. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182825. [PMID: 36139400 PMCID: PMC9496784 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the underlying mechanisms driving human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-mediated cardiovascular diseases (CVD) onset and progression remain unclear, the role of chronic immune activation as a significant mediator is increasingly being highlighted. Chronic inflammation is a characteristic feature of CVD and considered a contributor to diastolic dysfunction, heart failure, and sudden cardiac death. This can trigger downstream effects that result in the increased release of pro-coagulant, pro-fibrotic, and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Subsequently, this can lead to an enhanced thrombotic state (by platelet activation), endothelial dysfunction, and myocardial fibrosis. Of note, recent studies have revealed that myocardial fibrosis is emerging as a mediator of HIV-related CVD. Together, such factors can eventually result in systolic and diastolic dysfunction, and an increased risk for CVD. In light of this, the current review article will focus on (a) the contributions of a chronic inflammatory state and persistent immune activation, and (b) the role of immune cells (mainly platelets) and cardiac fibrosis in terms of HIV-related CVD onset/progression. It is our opinion that such a focus may lead to the development of promising therapeutic targets for the treatment and management of CVD in HIV-positive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Teer
- Centre for Cardio-Metabolic Research in Africa, Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | - Leanne Dominick
- Centre for Cardio-Metabolic Research in Africa, Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | - Nyasha C. Mukonowenzou
- Centre for Cardio-Metabolic Research in Africa, Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | - M. Faadiel Essop
- Centre for Cardio-Metabolic Research in Africa, Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 8000, South Africa
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-21-938-9388
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8
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Claudio U, Antonio A, Marcella R, Erica C, Jacopo V, Katia F. Association of inflammatory biomarkers and cardiovascular risk scores in an Italian cohort of HIV positive patient undergoing antiretroviral therapy. Curr HIV Res 2022; 20:CHR-EPUB-124764. [PMID: 35748553 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x2002220623163705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several algorithms have been developed to predict cardiovascular risk (CVR) over time, however none of them seem to be accurate when applied to HIV patients. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess plasma inflammatory biomarkers in relation to multiple CVR scores (FRS, ASCVD, PROCAM and the DAD-5 Years-Estimated-Risk) in an Italian cohort of HIV patients undergoing a combined Antiretroviral Therapy (cART). METHODS We enrolled HIV patients undergoing cART without any change in the HIV-related pharmacological therapy over the last 48 weeks Demographic and anamnestic data were collected, and a biochemical panel including the following biomarkers was collected: CRP, Cystatin-C, microalbuminuria, IL-18, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α and IFN- γ. CVR scores were obtained for each patient and compared to the biochemical panel to assess statistical correlation. RESULTS 90 Caucasian HIV patients were enrolled. Assessment of CVR scores showed FRS values of 6.98±6.11%, ASCVD 7.18±6.25%, PROCAM 6.7±7.4% and DAD-5 Years Estimated Risk 3.10±3.41%. We found correlations between the levels of circulating cytokines measured and the cardiovascular risk prediction scores. CONCLUSIONS Our data showed that the values of selected inflammatory biomarkers strongly correlate with the CVR scores, suggesting that they can be employed as reliable predictors of cardiovascular disease in HIV patients. The routine use of selected biomarkers associated with systemic inflammation could be a valid and readily available tool for clinicians to assess and monitor cardiovascular risk in HIV patients. .
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Affiliation(s)
- Ucciferri Claudio
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine and Science of Aging, University "G. d' Annunzio", Chieti-Pescara, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Auricchio Antonio
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine and Science of Aging, University "G. d' Annunzio", Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Reale Marcella
- Unit of Immunodiagnostic and Molecular Pathology, Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University \'G. d\'Annunzio\', Chieti- Pescara, Italy
| | - Costantini Erica
- Unit of Immunodiagnostic and Molecular Pathology, Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University \'G. d\'Annunzio\', Chieti- Pescara, Italy
| | - Vecchiet Jacopo
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine and Science of Aging, University "G. d' Annunzio", Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Falasca Katia
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases Dept. of Medicine and Science of Aging University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti, Italy
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9
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Navigating the complexity of chronic HIV-1 associated immune dysregulation. Curr Opin Immunol 2022; 76:102186. [PMID: 35567953 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2022.102186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite successful viral suppression with antiretroviral therapy, chronic HIV-1 infection is associated with ongoing immune dysfunction. Investigation of the complex immune response in treated and untreated individuals with chronic HIV-1 infection is warranted. Immune alterations such as monocyte phenotype and Th-17/Treg ratios often persist years after the reduction in viraemia and predispose many individuals to long-term comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease or cancer. Furthermore, while there has been extensive research on the latent reservoir of treated patients with chronic HIV-1, which prevents the discontinuation of treatment, the mechanism behind this remains elusive and needs further investigation. In this review, we assist in navigating the recent research on these groups of individuals and provide a basis for further investigation.
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10
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Bai R, Li Z, Lv S, Wang R, Hua W, Wu H, Dai L. Persistent Inflammation and Non-AIDS Comorbidities During ART: Coming of the Age of Monocytes. Front Immunol 2022; 13:820480. [PMID: 35479083 PMCID: PMC9035604 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.820480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes are innate immune cells that serve as the first line of defense against pathogens by engulfing and destroying pathogens or by processing and presenting antigens to initiate adaptive immunity and stimulate immunological responses. Monocytes are classified into three types: classical, intermediate, and non-classical monocytes, each of which plays a particular function in response to pathogens. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection disrupts the balance of monocyte subsets, and the quantity and function of monocytes will not fully recover even with long-term antiretroviral therapy (ART). Monocytes are vital for the establishment and maintenance of HIV-1 latent viral reservoirs and are closely related to immune dysfunction even after ART. Therefore, the present review focuses on the phenotypic function of monocytes and their functions in HIV-1 infection to elucidate their roles in HIV patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruojing Bai
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shiyun Lv
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Hua
- Travel Clinic, Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Dai
- Travel Clinic, Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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11
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Kaplan-Lewis E, Banga J, Khan M, Casey E, Mazumdar M, Bratu S, Abdallah M, Pitts R, Leider J, Hennessey K, Cohen GM, Cleland CM, Salama C. HIV Diagnosis and the Clinical Course of COVID-19 Among Patients Seeking Care Within the New York City Public Hospital System During the Initial Pandemic Peak. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2021; 35:457-466. [PMID: 34780305 DOI: 10.1089/apc.2021.0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Reports conflict on how HIV infection influences the clinical course of COVID-19. The New York City (NYC) public hospital system provides care for over 14,000 people with HIV, was central in responding to the COVID-19 pandemic, and is therefore in a unique position to evaluate the intersection of these concurrent infections. Retrospective chart review of patients presenting to NYC Health and Hospitals (NYC H+H) diagnosed with COVID-19 infection from March 1, 2020, through April 28, 2020, compared people living with HIV (PLWH) and a propensity-matched (PM) control group of patients without HIV to evaluate associations between HIV status and COVID-19 outcomes. Two hundred thirty-four PLWH presented for COVID-19 testing and 110 (47%) were diagnosed with COVID-19. Among 17,413 patients with COVID-19 and without HIV, 1:n nearest neighbor propensity score matching identified 194 patients matched on age, sex, race, and any comorbidity. In the sample with COVID-19 (N = 304), PLWH (9.1%) had lower rates of mortality than controls [19.1%; PM odds ratio (PM-OR): 0.41, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.19-0.86]. Among hospitalized COVID-19 patients (N = 179), HIV infection was associated with lower rates of mechanical ventilation (PM-OR: 0.31, 95% CI: 0.11-0.84) and mortality (PM-OR: 0.40, 95% CI: 0. 17-0.95). In the extended pandemic period through April 2021, aggregate data by HIV status suggested elevated hospitalization and mortality rates in PLWH versus people without HIV. These results suggest that the direct biological impacts of the HIV virus do not negatively influence COVID-19-related outcomes when controlling for comorbidity and demographic variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Kaplan-Lewis
- Office of Ambulatory Care and Population Health, HIV Services, NYC Health and Hospitals, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jaspreet Banga
- Department of Medicine, NYC Health and Hospitals/Elmhurst, Elmhurst, New York, USA
| | - Maria Khan
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Eunice Casey
- Office of Ambulatory Care and Population Health, HIV Services, NYC Health and Hospitals, New York, New York, USA
| | - Medha Mazumdar
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Simona Bratu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, NYC Health and Hospitals/Harlem, New York, New York, USA
| | - Marie Abdallah
- Division of Infectious Diseases, NYC Health and Hospitals/Kings County, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Robert Pitts
- Division of Infectious Diseases, NYC Health and Hospitals/Bellevue, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jason Leider
- Division of Infectious Diseases, NYC Health and Hospitals/Jacobi, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Karen Hennessey
- Division of Infectious Diseases, NYC Health and Hospitals/Lincoln, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Gabriel M. Cohen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, NYC Health and Hospitals/Bellevue, New York, New York, USA
| | - Charles M. Cleland
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Carlos Salama
- Division of Infectious Diseases, NYC Health and Hospitals/Elmhurst, Elmhurst, New York, USA
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12
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Duerr R, Crosse KM, Valero-Jimenez AM, Dittmann M. SARS-CoV-2 Portrayed against HIV: Contrary Viral Strategies in Similar Disguise. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1389. [PMID: 34198973 PMCID: PMC8307803 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9071389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 and HIV are zoonotic viruses that rapidly reached pandemic scale, causing global losses and fear. The COVID-19 and AIDS pandemics ignited massive efforts worldwide to develop antiviral strategies and characterize viral architectures, biological and immunological properties, and clinical outcomes. Although both viruses have a comparable appearance as enveloped viruses with positive-stranded RNA and envelope spikes mediating cellular entry, the entry process, downstream biological and immunological pathways, clinical outcomes, and disease courses are strikingly different. This review provides a systemic comparison of both viruses' structural and functional characteristics, delineating their distinct strategies for efficient spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Duerr
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; (K.M.C.); (A.M.V.-J.); (M.D.)
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