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Regoni M, Valtorta F, Sassone J. Dopaminergic neuronal death via necroptosis in Parkinson's disease: A review of the literature. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 59:1079-1098. [PMID: 37667848 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive dysfunction and loss of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). Several pathways of programmed cell death are likely to play a role in dopaminergic neuron death, such as apoptosis, necrosis, pyroptosis and ferroptosis, as well as cell death associated with proteasomal and mitochondrial dysfunction. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying dopaminergic neuron death could inform the design of drugs that promote neuron survival. Necroptosis is a recently characterized regulated cell death mechanism that exhibits morphological features common to both apoptosis and necrosis. It requires activation of an intracellular pathway involving receptor-interacting protein 1 kinase (RIP1 kinase, RIPK1), receptor-interacting protein 3 kinase (RIP3 kinase, RIPK3) and mixed lineage kinase domain-like pseudokinase (MLKL). The potential involvement of this programmed cell death pathway in the pathogenesis of PD has been studied by analysing biomarkers for necroptosis, such as the levels and oligomerization of phosphorylated RIPK3 (pRIPK3) and phosphorylated MLKL (pMLKL), in several PD preclinical models and in PD human tissue. Although there is evidence that other types of cell death also have a role in DA neuron death, most studies support the hypothesis that this cell death mechanism is activated in PD tissues. Drugs that prevent or reduce necroptosis may provide neuroprotection for PD. In this review, we summarize the findings from these studies. We also discuss how manipulating necroptosis might open a novel therapeutic approach to reduce neuronal degeneration in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Regoni
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Flavia Valtorta
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Jenny Sassone
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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2
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Li C, Zhang H, Tong K, Cai M, Gao F, Yang J, Xu Y, Wang H, Chen H, Hu Y, He W, Zhang J. Genetic Deletion of Thorase Causes Purkinje Cell Loss and Impaired Motor Coordination Behavior. Cells 2023; 12:2032. [PMID: 37626842 PMCID: PMC10453921 DOI: 10.3390/cells12162032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Thorase belongs to the AAA+ ATPase family, which plays a critical role in maintaining cellular homeostasis. Our previous work reported that Thorase was highly expressed in brain tissue, especially in the cerebellum. However, the roles of Thorase in the cerebellum have still not been characterized. In this study, we generated conditional knockout mice (cKO) with Thorase deletion in Purkinje cells. Thorase cKO mice exhibited cerebellar degenerative diseases-like behavior and significant impairment in motor coordination. Thorase deletion resulted in more Purkinje neuron apoptosis, leading to Purkinje cell loss in the cerebellum of Thorase cKO mice. We also found enhanced expression of the inflammatory protein ASC, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in the Thorase cKO cerebellum, which contributed to the pathogenesis of cerebellar degenerative disease. Our findings provide a better understanding of the role of Thorase in the cerebellum, which is a theoretical basis for Thorase as a therapeutic drug target for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Department of Immunology, CAMS Key Laboratory T Cell and Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing 100005, China; (C.L.); (H.Z.); (K.T.); (M.C.); (F.G.); (J.Y.); (Y.X.); (H.W.); (H.C.); (Y.H.)
| | - Han Zhang
- Department of Immunology, CAMS Key Laboratory T Cell and Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing 100005, China; (C.L.); (H.Z.); (K.T.); (M.C.); (F.G.); (J.Y.); (Y.X.); (H.W.); (H.C.); (Y.H.)
| | - Kexin Tong
- Department of Immunology, CAMS Key Laboratory T Cell and Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing 100005, China; (C.L.); (H.Z.); (K.T.); (M.C.); (F.G.); (J.Y.); (Y.X.); (H.W.); (H.C.); (Y.H.)
| | - Menghua Cai
- Department of Immunology, CAMS Key Laboratory T Cell and Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing 100005, China; (C.L.); (H.Z.); (K.T.); (M.C.); (F.G.); (J.Y.); (Y.X.); (H.W.); (H.C.); (Y.H.)
| | - Fei Gao
- Department of Immunology, CAMS Key Laboratory T Cell and Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing 100005, China; (C.L.); (H.Z.); (K.T.); (M.C.); (F.G.); (J.Y.); (Y.X.); (H.W.); (H.C.); (Y.H.)
| | - Jia Yang
- Department of Immunology, CAMS Key Laboratory T Cell and Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing 100005, China; (C.L.); (H.Z.); (K.T.); (M.C.); (F.G.); (J.Y.); (Y.X.); (H.W.); (H.C.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Immunology, CAMS Key Laboratory T Cell and Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing 100005, China; (C.L.); (H.Z.); (K.T.); (M.C.); (F.G.); (J.Y.); (Y.X.); (H.W.); (H.C.); (Y.H.)
| | - Huaishan Wang
- Department of Immunology, CAMS Key Laboratory T Cell and Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing 100005, China; (C.L.); (H.Z.); (K.T.); (M.C.); (F.G.); (J.Y.); (Y.X.); (H.W.); (H.C.); (Y.H.)
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Immunology, CAMS Key Laboratory T Cell and Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing 100005, China; (C.L.); (H.Z.); (K.T.); (M.C.); (F.G.); (J.Y.); (Y.X.); (H.W.); (H.C.); (Y.H.)
- Changzhou Xitaihu Institute for Frontier Technology of Cell Therapy, Changzhou 213000, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300010, China
| | - Yu Hu
- Department of Immunology, CAMS Key Laboratory T Cell and Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing 100005, China; (C.L.); (H.Z.); (K.T.); (M.C.); (F.G.); (J.Y.); (Y.X.); (H.W.); (H.C.); (Y.H.)
- Changzhou Xitaihu Institute for Frontier Technology of Cell Therapy, Changzhou 213000, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300010, China
| | - Wei He
- Department of Immunology, CAMS Key Laboratory T Cell and Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing 100005, China; (C.L.); (H.Z.); (K.T.); (M.C.); (F.G.); (J.Y.); (Y.X.); (H.W.); (H.C.); (Y.H.)
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Immunology, CAMS Key Laboratory T Cell and Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing 100005, China; (C.L.); (H.Z.); (K.T.); (M.C.); (F.G.); (J.Y.); (Y.X.); (H.W.); (H.C.); (Y.H.)
- Changzhou Xitaihu Institute for Frontier Technology of Cell Therapy, Changzhou 213000, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300010, China
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Anosike NL, Adejuwon JF, Emmanuel GE, Adebayo OS, Etti-Balogun H, Nathaniel JN, Omotosho OI, Aschner M, Ijomone OM. Necroptosis in the developing brain: role in neurodevelopmental disorders. Metab Brain Dis 2023; 38:831-837. [PMID: 36964816 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-023-01203-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Cell death is vital to various organismal developmental processes including brain development. Apoptosis, the most recognized programmed cell death, has been linked to several developmental processes and implicated in pruning cells to provide the ultimate tissue integrity. However, more recently, other forms of non-apoptotic programmed cell death have been identified, of which necroptosis is of predominant interest. Necroptosis is a regulated form of necrosis, activated under apoptotic-deficient conditions. Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) is a major activator of necroptosis, and the process is mediated by several kinases including receptor-interacting protein kinase (RIPK) and mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL). Potential roles for necroptosis during brain development have been muted. Necroptosis has been implicated in mediating neurological disorders, and contributing to the severity of these disorders. Here we will review the literature on the role of necroptosis in neurodevelopment, summarizing its molecular mechanisms and highlighting potential implications for disorders of the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nnenna Loveth Anosike
- The Neuro- Lab, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University of Technology Akure, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Joy Funsho Adejuwon
- The Neuro- Lab, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University of Technology Akure, Akure, Nigeria
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University of Technology Akure, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Godslove Emeka Emmanuel
- The Neuro- Lab, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University of Technology Akure, Akure, Nigeria
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University of Technology Akure, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Oluwatosin Samuel Adebayo
- The Neuro- Lab, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University of Technology Akure, Akure, Nigeria
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University of Technology Akure, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Hassanat Etti-Balogun
- The Neuro- Lab, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University of Technology Akure, Akure, Nigeria
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University of Technology Akure, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Jannie Nathaniel Nathaniel
- The Neuro- Lab, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University of Technology Akure, Akure, Nigeria
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University of Technology Akure, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Omolabake Ifeoluwa Omotosho
- The Neuro- Lab, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University of Technology Akure, Akure, Nigeria
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University of Technology Akure, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Paediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Omamuyovwi Meashack Ijomone
- The Neuro- Lab, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University of Technology Akure, Akure, Nigeria.
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University of Technology Akure, Akure, Nigeria.
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
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4
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Zhong Y, Tu Y, Ma Q, Chen L, Zhang W, Lu X, Yang S, Wang Z, Zhang L. Curcumin alleviates experimental colitis in mice by suppressing necroptosis of intestinal epithelial cells. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1170637. [PMID: 37089942 PMCID: PMC10119427 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1170637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Curcumin, the primary bioactive substance in turmeric, exhibits potential therapeutic effects on ulcerative colitis. However, its mechanism for regulating necroptosis in colitis has not been fully elucidated. In this study, the effect of curcumin on experimental colitis-induced necroptosis of intestinal epithelial cells was investigated, and its molecular mechanism was further explored. We found that curcumin blocked necroptosis in a dose-dependent manner by inhibiting the phosphorylation of RIP3 and MLKL instead of RIP1 in HT-29 cells. Co-Immunoprecipitation assay showed that curcumin weakened the interaction between RIP1 and RIP3, possibly due to the direct binding of curcumin to RIP3 as suggested by drug affinity responsive target stability analysis. In a classical in vivo model of TNF-α and pan-caspase inhibitor-induced necroptosis in C57BL/6 mice, curcumin potently inhibited systemic inflammatory responses initiated by the necroptosis signaling pathway. Then, using a dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis model in C57BL/6 mice, we found that curcumin inhibited the expression of p-RIP3 in the intestinal epithelium, reduced intestinal epithelial cells loss, improved the function of the intestinal tight junction barrier, and reduced local intestinal inflammation. Collectively, our findings suggest that curcumin is a potent targeted RIP3 inhibitor with anti-necroptotic and anti-inflammatory effects, maintains intestinal barrier function, and effectively alleviates colitis injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Zhong
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ye Tu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Anesthesiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingshan Ma
- Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Linlin Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Anesthesiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenzhao Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Anesthesiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Lu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Anesthesiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuo Yang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Anesthesiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Lichao Zhang, ; Zhibin Wang, ; Shuo Yang,
| | - Zhibin Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Anesthesiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Lichao Zhang, ; Zhibin Wang, ; Shuo Yang,
| | - Lichao Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Lichao Zhang, ; Zhibin Wang, ; Shuo Yang,
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FU JIAWEI, WU CHUNSHUAI, XU GUANHUA, ZHANG JINLONG, LI YIQIU, JI CHUNYAN, CUI ZHIMING. Role of necroptosis in spinal cord injury and its therapeutic implications. BIOCELL 2023. [DOI: 10.32604/biocell.2023.026881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
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6
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Li G, Xu Z, Peng J, Yan Y, Liu Y, Zhang X, Qiu Y, Fu C. The RIPK family: expression profile and prognostic value in lung adenocarcinoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:5946-5958. [PMID: 35907206 PMCID: PMC9365553 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Receptor interacting protein kinases (RIPKs) are a family of serine/threonine kinases which are supposed to regulate tumor generation and progression. Rare study illustrates the roles and functions of RIPKs family in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) comprehensively. Our results indicated that the expression of RIPK2 higher in LUAD patients while RIPK5 (encoded by gene DSTYK) expression was lower. Only RIPK2 had a strong correlation with pathological stage in LUAD patients. Kaplan-Meier plotter revealed that LUAD patients with low RIPK2 or RIPK3 level showed better overall survival (OS), but worse when LUAD patients with high RIPK5. Further, lower expression of RIPK2 and higher expression of RIPK1, RIPK4 and RIPK5 prompted a longer disease free survival (DFS). Genetic alterations based on cBioPortal revealing 16% alteration rates of RIPK2, as well as RIPK5. We also found that the functions of RIPKs family were linked to cellular senescence, protein serine/threonine kinase activity, apoptosis process et al. TIMER database indicated that the RIPKs family members had distinct relationships with the infiltration of six types of immune cells (macrophages, neutrophils, CD8+ T-cells, B-cells, CD4+ T-cells and dendritic cells). Moreover, RIPK2 could be observed as an independent prognostic factor with Cox proportional hazard model analysis. DiseaseMeth databases revealed that the global methylation levels of RIPK2 increased in LUAD patients. Thus, the findings above will enhance the understanding of RIPKs family in LUAD pathology and progression, providing novel insights into RIPKs-core therapy for LUAD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Li
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.,Otolaryngology Major Disease Research Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.,Clinical Research Center for Laryngopharyngeal and Voice Disorders in Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Zhijie Xu
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.,Department of Pathology, Xiangya Changde Hospital, Changde 415000, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Jinwu Peng
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.,Department of Pathology, Xiangya Changde Hospital, Changde 415000, China
| | - Yuanliang Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.,Otolaryngology Major Disease Research Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.,Clinical Research Center for Laryngopharyngeal and Voice Disorders in Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.,Otolaryngology Major Disease Research Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.,Clinical Research Center for Laryngopharyngeal and Voice Disorders in Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Yuanzheng Qiu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.,Otolaryngology Major Disease Research Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.,Clinical Research Center for Laryngopharyngeal and Voice Disorders in Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Chencheng Fu
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Changde Hospital, Changde 415000, China
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Hu X, Xu Y, Zhang H, Li Y, Wang X, Xu C, Ni W, Zhou K. Role of necroptosis in traumatic brain and spinal cord injuries. J Adv Res 2021; 40:125-134. [PMID: 36100321 PMCID: PMC9481937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xinli Hu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou 325027, China; The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Yu Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou 325027, China; The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Haojie Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou 325027, China; The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Yao Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou 325027, China; The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Xiangyang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou 325027, China; The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.
| | - Cong Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou 325027, China; The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.
| | - Wenfei Ni
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou 325027, China; The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.
| | - Kailiang Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou 325027, China; The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.
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Sakti YM, Malueka RG, Dwianingsih EK, Kusumaatmaja A, Mafaza A, Emiri DM. Diamond Concept as Principle for the Development of Spinal Cord Scaffold: A Literature Review. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2021.7438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Spinal cord injury (SCI) has been bringing detrimental impacts on the affected individuals. However, not only that, it also brings a tremendous effect on the socioeconomic and health-care system. Treatment regimen and strategy for SCI patient have been under further research.
DISCUSSION: The main obstacles of regeneration on neuronal structure are the neuroinflammatory process and poor debris clearance, causing a longer healing process and an extensive inflammation process due to this particular inflammatory process. To resolve all of the mentioned significant issues in SCIs neuronal regeneration, a comprehensive model is necessary to analyze each step of progressive condition in SCI. In this review, we would like to redefine a comprehensive concept of the “Diamond Concept” from previously used in fracture management to SCI management, which consists of cellular platform, cellular inductivity, cellular conductivity, and material integrity. The scaffolding treatment strategy for SCI has been widely proposed due to its flexibility. It enables the physician to combine another treatment method such as neuroprotective or neuroregenerative or both in one intervention.
CONCLUSION: Diamond concept perspective in the implementation of scaffolding could be advantageous to increase the outcome of SCI treatment.
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Shi Z, Yuan S, Shi L, Li J, Ning G, Kong X, Feng S. Programmed cell death in spinal cord injury pathogenesis and therapy. Cell Prolif 2021; 54:e12992. [PMID: 33506613 PMCID: PMC7941236 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) always leads to functional deterioration due to a series of processes including cell death. In recent years, programmed cell death (PCD) is considered to be a critical process after SCI, and various forms of PCD were discovered in recent years, including apoptosis, necroptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis, pyroptosis and paraptosis. Unlike necrosis, PCD is known as an active cell death mediated by a cascade of gene expression events, and it is crucial for elimination unnecessary and damaged cells, as well as a defence mechanism. Therefore, it would be meaningful to characterize the roles of PCD to not only enhance our understanding of the pathophysiological processes, but also improve functional recovery after SCI. This review will summarize and explore the most recent advances on how apoptosis, necroptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis, pyroptosis and paraptosis are involved in SCI. This review can help us to understand the various functions of PCD in the pathological processes of SCI, and contribute to our novel understanding of SCI of unknown aetiology in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongju Shi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Shiyang Yuan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Linlin Shi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiahe Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Guangzhi Ning
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaohong Kong
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shiqing Feng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin, China
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Mallarpu CS, Ponnana M, Prasad S, Singarapu M, Kim J, Haririparsa N, Bratic N, Brar H, Chelluri LK, Madiraju C. Distinct cell death markers identified in critical care patient survivors diagnosed with sepsis. Immunol Lett 2021; 231:1-10. [PMID: 33406390 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2020.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is an abnormal immune response to infection characterized by an overwhelming systemic inflammation and cell death. Non-apoptotic cell death pertaining to pyroptosis, necroptosis and autophagy contribute to sepsis pathogenesis apart from classical apoptotic cell death. The objective of the current study is to investigate the presence of molecular markers of relevance to apoptotic and non-apoptotic cell death in control healthy subjects and septic patient survivors. Sepsis survivors (N = 24) and healthy human volunteers (N = 16) [40 total subjects] were recruited into the study. Clinical intervention included antibiotic treatment regimen administered to patients upon clinical diagnosis of sepsis followed by blood draw 18-24 hr post-antibiotic dose. Serum samples analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by flow cytometry analysis for identification of cell death markers. Cell death markers analyzed by ELISA and flow cytometry included caspase-1, caspase-3, MLKL, RIPK3, p62 and LC3B. Serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of septic survivors and healthy controls analyzed for the presence of distinct cell death markers. Markers of relevance to apoptosis (caspase-3), pyroptosis (caspase-1), necroptosis (MLKL) and autophagy (p62 and LC3B) were compared between septic survivors and healthy controls. ELISA analysis suggested significant alterations in the serum levels of non-apoptotic cell death markers, caspase-1 and p62/SQSTM1, in septic survivors compared to healthy controls (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the serum levels of caspase-3 and MLKL between septic survivors and healthy control subjects (p> 0.05). Intracellular caspase-1 levels did not show any significant alterations between septic survivors and healthy control subjects (p > 0.05). Flow cytometry analysis suggested significant increase in the intracellular expression of caspase-3, MLKL and its associated kinase RIPK3, and p62/SQSTM1 (p < 0.05) in sepsis patient survivors when compared to healthy human subjects. The current observational study identified significantly elevated levels of non-apoptotic cell death markers in sepsis patients compared to healthy controls. Noteworthy observation is the significant modulation of non-apoptotic cell death markers in serum samples derived from septic survivors post-antibiotic administration compared to healthy control subjects. Preliminary results serve as a basis for further mechanistic investigations to elucidate the role of distinct cell death markers in the prediction of clinical outcomes in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Shekar Mallarpu
- Department of Transplant Immunology & Stem Cell Unit, Gleneagles Global Hospitals, Lakdi-ka-Pul, Hyderabad, 500 004, India
| | - Meenakshi Ponnana
- Department of Transplant Immunology & Stem Cell Unit, Gleneagles Global Hospitals, Lakdi-ka-Pul, Hyderabad, 500 004, India
| | - Sudhir Prasad
- Department of Transplant Immunology & Stem Cell Unit, Gleneagles Global Hospitals, Lakdi-ka-Pul, Hyderabad, 500 004, India
| | - Maneendra Singarapu
- Department of Transplant Immunology & Stem Cell Unit, Gleneagles Global Hospitals, Lakdi-ka-Pul, Hyderabad, 500 004, India
| | - Jean Kim
- Marshall B. Ketchum University, College of Pharmacy, 2575 Yorba Linda Blvd, Fullerton, CA, 92831, USA
| | - Neda Haririparsa
- Marshall B. Ketchum University, College of Pharmacy, 2575 Yorba Linda Blvd, Fullerton, CA, 92831, USA
| | - Nemanja Bratic
- Marshall B. Ketchum University, College of Pharmacy, 2575 Yorba Linda Blvd, Fullerton, CA, 92831, USA
| | - Harvinder Brar
- Marshall B. Ketchum University, College of Pharmacy, 2575 Yorba Linda Blvd, Fullerton, CA, 92831, USA
| | - Lakshmi Kiran Chelluri
- Department of Transplant Immunology & Stem Cell Unit, Gleneagles Global Hospitals, Lakdi-ka-Pul, Hyderabad, 500 004, India.
| | - Charitha Madiraju
- Marshall B. Ketchum University, College of Pharmacy, 2575 Yorba Linda Blvd, Fullerton, CA, 92831, USA.
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Spinal Cord Injury: Pathophysiology, Multimolecular Interactions, and Underlying Recovery Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207533. [PMID: 33066029 PMCID: PMC7589539 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 452] [Impact Index Per Article: 113.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a destructive neurological and pathological state that causes major motor, sensory and autonomic dysfunctions. Its pathophysiology comprises acute and chronic phases and incorporates a cascade of destructive events such as ischemia, oxidative stress, inflammatory events, apoptotic pathways and locomotor dysfunctions. Many therapeutic strategies have been proposed to overcome neurodegenerative events and reduce secondary neuronal damage. Efforts have also been devoted in developing neuroprotective and neuro-regenerative therapies that promote neuronal recovery and outcome. Although varying degrees of success have been achieved, curative accomplishment is still elusive probably due to the complex healing and protective mechanisms involved. Thus, current understanding in this area must be assessed to formulate appropriate treatment modalities to improve SCI recovery. This review aims to promote the understanding of SCI pathophysiology, interrelated or interlinked multimolecular interactions and various methods of neuronal recovery i.e., neuroprotective, immunomodulatory and neuro-regenerative pathways and relevant approaches.
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Park J, Kim HD, Lee SH, Kwak CH, Chang YC, Lee YC, Chung TW, Magae J, Kim CH. Ascochlorin induces caspase-independent necroptosis in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 239:111898. [PMID: 31028855 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.111898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Plant-specific fungus of natural compound of Ascochyta viciae has traditionally been used in the treatment of sleeping sickness and tumors. The anti-tumor activities of the compounds obtained from Pisum sativum L were evaluated in this study. AIM OF THE STUDY In this study, during the prolonged incubation, treatment of the LPS-stimulated tumor-like macrophage RAW 264.7 cells with ASC exhibited the shift of anti-inflammatory behavior to a type of necroptotic cell death named necroptosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ascochlorin (ASC) purified from plant-specific fungus Ascochyta viciae is a natural compound with the trimethyl oxocyclohexyl structure and an anti-cancer and antibiotic agent. The fungus contributes to the Ascochyta blight disease complex of pea (Pisum sativum L). RAW 264.7 cells have been stimulated with LPS and treated with ASC. Cell viability of the LPS-treated RAW 264.7 cells and bone marrow-derived macrophage (BMDM) cells were examined. Flow cytometry analysis with 7AAD and Annexin V was examined for the apoptotic or necroptosis/late-apoptosis. Cleaved caspase-3, -7 and -8 as well as cleaved PARP were assessed with a caspase inhibitor, z-VAD-fmk. LPS-responsible human leukemic U937 and colon cancer SW480 and HT-29 cells were also examined for the cell viabilities. RESULTS Flow cytometry analysis after Annexin V and 7AAD double staining showed that ASC alone induces apoptosis in RAW 264.7 cells, while it induces necroptosis/late-apoptosis in LPS-treated RAW 264.7 cells. 7AAD and Annexin V positive populations were increased in the LPS-treated cells with ASC. Although viability of LPS-treated cells with ASC was decreased, the amounts of cleaved caspase-3, -7 and -8 as well as cleaved PARP were reduced when compared with ASC-treated cells. Upon ASC treatment, the cleaved caspase-8 level was not changed, however, cleaved caspase-3, -7, and PARP were reduced in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells treated with ASC, claiming a caspase-8 independent necroptosis of ASC. Furthermore, ASC and LPS-cotreated cells which a caspase inhibitor, z-VAD-fmk, was pretreated, showed the decreased cell viability compared with control cells without the inhibitor. Cell viability of RAW 264.7 cells co-treated with ASC and LPS when treated with z-VAD was decreased. In the LPS-responsible human leukemic U937 and colon cancer SW480 and HT-29 cells, cell viabilities were decreased by 10 μM ASC. CONCLUSION Prolonged stimulation of ASC with LPS induces the necroptosis in RAW cells. Activated immune cells may share the susceptibility of antitumor agents with the cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyoung Park
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Laboratory, Department of Biological Science, SungKyunKwan University, Seoburo 2066, Suwon City, Kyunggi-Do, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hee-Do Kim
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Laboratory, Department of Biological Science, SungKyunKwan University, Seoburo 2066, Suwon City, Kyunggi-Do, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sook-Hyun Lee
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Laboratory, Department of Biological Science, SungKyunKwan University, Seoburo 2066, Suwon City, Kyunggi-Do, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Choong-Hwan Kwak
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Laboratory, Department of Biological Science, SungKyunKwan University, Seoburo 2066, Suwon City, Kyunggi-Do, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young-Chae Chang
- Research Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young-Choon Lee
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Science, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, South Korea.
| | - Tae-Wook Chung
- Division of Applied Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan City, Gyeongsangnam-Do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Junji Magae
- Magae Bioscience Institute, 49-4 Fujimidai, Tsukuba, 300-1263, Japan.
| | - Cheorl-Ho Kim
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Laboratory, Department of Biological Science, SungKyunKwan University, Seoburo 2066, Suwon City, Kyunggi-Do, 16419, Republic of Korea; Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology (SAIHST), Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, 06351, South Korea.
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Ligustroflavone reduces necroptosis in rat brain after ischemic stroke through targeting RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL pathway. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2019; 392:1085-1095. [PMID: 31055628 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-019-01656-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Receptor-interacting protein kinase 1/3 (RIPK1/3) and mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL)-mediated necroptosis contributes to brain injury after ischemic stroke. Ligustroflavone is an ingredient of common privet with activities of anti-inflammation and complement inhibition. This study aims to explore the effect of ligustroflavone on ischemic brain injury in stroke rat and the underlying mechanisms. A rat model of ischemic stroke was established by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), which showed ischemic injury (increase in neurological deficit score and infarct volume) and upregulation of necroptosis-associated proteins (RIPK1, RIPK3 and MLKL/p-MLKL). Administration of ligustroflavone (30 mg/kg, i.g.) 15 min before ischemia evidently improved neurological function, reduced infarct volume, and decreased the levels of necroptosis-associated proteins except the RIPK1. Consistently, hypoxia-cultured PC12 cells (O2/N2/CO2, 1:94:5, 8 h) caused cellular injury (LDH release and necroposis) concomitant with up-regulation of necroptosis-associated proteins, and these phenomena were blocked in the presence of ligustroflavone (25 μM) except the elevated RIPK1 levels. Using the Molecular Operating Environment (MOE) program, we identified RIPK1, RIPK3, and MLKL as potential targets of ligustroflavone. Further studies showed that the interaction between RIPK3 and RIPK1 or MLKL was significantly enhanced, which was blocked in the presence of ligustroflavone. Based on these observations, we conclude that ligustroflavone protects rat brain from ischemic injury, and its beneficial effect is related to the prevention of necroptosis through a mechanism involving targeting RIPK1, RIPK3, and/or MLKL.
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Alizadeh A, Dyck SM, Karimi-Abdolrezaee S. Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: An Overview of Pathophysiology, Models and Acute Injury Mechanisms. Front Neurol 2019; 10:282. [PMID: 30967837 PMCID: PMC6439316 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 587] [Impact Index Per Article: 117.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is a life changing neurological condition with substantial socioeconomic implications for patients and their care-givers. Recent advances in medical management of SCI has significantly improved diagnosis, stabilization, survival rate and well-being of SCI patients. However, there has been small progress on treatment options for improving the neurological outcomes of SCI patients. This incremental success mainly reflects the complexity of SCI pathophysiology and the diverse biochemical and physiological changes that occur in the injured spinal cord. Therefore, in the past few decades, considerable efforts have been made by SCI researchers to elucidate the pathophysiology of SCI and unravel the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms of tissue degeneration and repair in the injured spinal cord. To this end, a number of preclinical animal and injury models have been developed to more closely recapitulate the primary and secondary injury processes of SCI. In this review, we will provide a comprehensive overview of the recent advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of SCI. We will also discuss the neurological outcomes of human SCI and the available experimental model systems that have been employed to identify SCI mechanisms and develop therapeutic strategies for this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsalan Alizadeh
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Spinal Cord Research Center, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Scott Matthew Dyck
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Spinal Cord Research Center, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Soheila Karimi-Abdolrezaee
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Spinal Cord Research Center, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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15
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Watson CS, Koong L, Jeng YJ, Vinas R. Xenoestrogen interference with nongenomic signaling actions of physiological estrogens in endocrine cancer cells. Steroids 2019; 142:84-93. [PMID: 30012504 PMCID: PMC6339598 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2018.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Rapid nongenomic signaling by estrogens (Es), initiated near the cell membrane, provides new explanations for the potent actions of environmental chemicals that imperfectly mimic physiological Es. These pathways can affect tumor growth, stabilization, or shrinkage via a number of signaling streams such as activation/inactivation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and caspases, generation of second messengers, and phospho-triggering of cyclin instability. Though prostate cancers are better known for their responsiveness to androgen deprivation, ∼17% of late stage tumors regress in response to high dose natural or pharmaceutical Es; however, the mechanisms at the cellular level are not understood. More accurate recent measurements show that estradiol (E2) levels decline in aging men, leading to the hypothesis that maintaining young male levels of E2 may prevent the growth of prostate cancers. Major contributions to reducing prostate cancer cell numbers included low E2 concentrations producing sustained ERK phospho-activation correlated with generation of reactive oxygen species causing cancer cell death, and phospho-activation of cyclin D1 triggering its rapid degradation by interrupting cell cycle progression. These therapeutic actions were stronger in early stage tumor cells (with higher membrane estrogen receptor levels), and E2 was far more effective compared to diethylstilbestrol (the most frequently prescribed E treatment). Xenoestrogens (XEs) exacerbated the growth of prostate cancer cells, and as we know from previous studies in pituitary cancer cells, can interfere with the nongenomic signaling actions of endogenous Es. Therefore, nongenomic actions of physiological levels of E2 may be important deterrents to the growth of prostate cancers, which could be undermined by the actions of XEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl S Watson
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Dept., University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States.
| | - Luke Koong
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Dept., University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Yow-Jiun Jeng
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Dept., University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Rene Vinas
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Dept., University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
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Bagnjuk K, Mayerhofer A. Human Luteinized Granulosa Cells-A Cellular Model for the Human Corpus Luteum. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:452. [PMID: 31338068 PMCID: PMC6629826 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the ovary, the corpus luteum (CL) forms a temporal structure. Luteinized mural granulosa cells (GCs), which stem from the ruptured follicle, are the main cells of the CL. They can be isolated from follicular fluid of woman undergoing in vitro fertilization. In culture, human GCs are viable for several days and produce progesterone, yet eventually steroid production stops and GCs with increasing time in culture undergo changes reminiscent of the ones observed during the demise of the CL in vivo. This short review summarizes the general use of human GCs as a model for the primate CL and some of the data from our lab, which indicate that viability, functionality, survival and death of GCs can be regulated by local signal molecules (e.g., oxytocin and PEDF) and the extracellular matrix (e.g., via the proteoglycan decorin). We further summarize studies, which identified autophagocytotic events in human GCs linked to the activation of an ion channel. More recent studies identified a form of regulated cell death, namely necroptosis. This form of cell death may, in addition to apoptosis, contribute to the demise of the human CL. We believe that human GCs are a unique window into the human CL. Studies employing these cells may lead to the identification of molecular events and novel targets, which may allow to interfere with CL functions.
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17
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Zhao L, Lin H, Chen S, Chen S, Cui M, Shi D, Wang B, Ma K, Shao Z. Hydrogen peroxide induces programmed necrosis in rat nucleus pulposus cells through the RIP1/RIP3-PARP-AIF pathway. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:1269-1282. [PMID: 28960436 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to systematically investigate whether programmed necrosis contributes to H2 O2 -induced nucleus pulposus (NP) cells death and to further explore the underlying mechanism involved. Rat NP cells were subjected to different concentrations of H2 O2 for various time periods. The cell viability was measured using a cell counting kit-8, and the death rate was detected by Hoechst 33258/propidium iodide (PI) staining. The programmed necrosis-related molecules receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIP1), receptor-interacting protein 3 (RIP3), poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), and apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting, respectively. The morphologic and ultrastructural changes were examined by phasecontrast microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In addition, the necroptosis inhibitor Necrostatin-1 (Nec-1), the PARP inhibitor diphenyl-benzoquinone (DPQ) and small interfering RNA (siRNA) technology were used to indirectly evaluate programmed necrosis. Our results indicated that H2 O2 induced necrotic morphologic and ultrastructural changes and an elevated PI positive rate in NP cells; these effects were mediated by the upregulation of RIP1 and RIP3, hyperactivation of PARP, and translocation of AIF from mitochondria to nucleus. Additionally, NP cells necrosis was significantly attenuated by Nec-1, DPQ pretreatment and knockdown of RIP3 and AIF, while knockdown of RIP1 produced the opposite effects. In conclusion, these results suggested that under oxidative stress, RIP1/RIP3-mediated programmed necrosis, executed through the PARP-AIF pathway, played an important role in NP cell death. Protective strategies aiming to regulate programmed necrosis may exert a beneficial effect for NP cells survival, and ultimately retard intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:1269-1282, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Hui Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Songfeng Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Min Cui
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Deyao Shi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Baichuan Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Kaige Ma
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Zengwu Shao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
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Spyrelli ED, Kyriazou AV, Virgiliou C, Nakas A, Deda O, Papageorgiou VP, Assimopoulou AN, Gika HG. Metabolic profiling study of shikonin's cytotoxic activity in the Huh7 human hepatoma cell line. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2018; 13:841-851. [PMID: 28265634 DOI: 10.1039/c6mb00830e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Shikonin and its enantiomer alkannin, which are natural products, have been extensively studied in vitro and in vivo for, among others, their antitumor activity. The investigation of the molecular pathways involved in their action is of interest, since they are not yet clearly defined. Metabolic profiling in cells can provide a picture of a cell's phenotype upon intervention, assisting in the elucidation of the mechanism of action. In this study, the cytotoxic effect of shikonin on a human hepatocarcinoma cell line was studied. Huh7 cells were treated with shikonin at 5 μM, and it was found that shikonin markedly inhibited cell growth. Metabolic profiling indicated alterations in the metabolic content of the cells and the culture media upon treatment, detecting the metabolic response of the cells. This study demonstrates the potential of metabolomics to improve knowledge on the mechanisms involved in shikonin's antitumor action.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D Spyrelli
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Mengying Z, Yiyue X, Tong P, Yue H, Limpanont Y, Ping H, Okanurak K, Yanqi W, Dekumyoy P, Hongli Z, Watthanakulpanich D, Zhongdao W, Zhi W, Zhiyue L. Apoptosis and necroptosis of mouse hippocampal and parenchymal astrocytes, microglia and neurons caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:611. [PMID: 29258580 PMCID: PMC5735806 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2565-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiostrongylus cantonensis has been the only parasite among Angiostrongylidae to cause human central nervous system infection characterized by eosinophilic meningitis or meningoencephalitis. The mechanism of the extensive neurological impairments of hosts caused by A. cantonensis larvae remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate apoptosis, necroptosis and autophagy in the brains of mice infected with A. cantonensis, which will be valuable for better understanding the pathogenesis of angiostrongyliasis cantonensis. METHODS Functional and histological neurological impairments of brain tissues from mice infected with A. cantonensis were measured by the Morris water maze test and haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, respectively. The transcriptional and translational levels of apoptosis-, necroptosis- and autophagy-related genes were quantified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and assessed by western blot and immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis. Apoptotic and necroptotic cells and their distributions in infected brain tissues were analysed by flow cytometry and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). RESULTS Inflammatory response in the central nervous system deteriorated as A. cantonensis infection evolved, as characterized by abundant inflammatory cell infiltration underneath the meninges, which peaked at 21 days post-infection (dpi). The learning and memory capacities of the mice were significantly decreased at 14 dpi, indicating prominent impairment of their cognitive functions. Compared with those of the control group, the mRNA levels of caspase-3, -4, -6, and RIP3 and the protein levels of caspase-4, cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-6, RIP3, and pRIP3 were obviously elevated. However, no changes in the mRNA or protein levels of FADD, Beclin-1 or LC3B were evident, indicating that apoptosis and necroptosis, but not autophagy, occurred in the brain tissues of mice infected with A. cantonensis. The quantitative RT-PCR, western blot, IHC, flow cytometry and TEM results further revealed the apoptotic and necroptotic microglia, astrocytes and neurons in the parenchymal and hippocampal regions of infected mice. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, we showed for the first time that A. cantonensis infection causes the apoptosis and necroptosis of microglia and astrocytes in the parenchymal and hippocampal regions of host brain tissues, further demonstrating the pathogenesis of A. cantonensis infection and providing potential therapeutic targets for the management of angiostrongyliasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Mengying
- Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080 China
- Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, 510080 China
| | - Xu Yiyue
- Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080 China
| | - Pan Tong
- Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080 China
| | - Hu Yue
- Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080 China
- Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, 510080 China
| | - Yanin Limpanont
- Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Huang Ping
- Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080 China
- Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, 510080 China
| | - Kamolnetr Okanurak
- Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Wu Yanqi
- Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080 China
- Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, 510080 China
| | - Paron Dekumyoy
- Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Zhou Hongli
- Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080 China
- Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, 510080 China
| | | | - Wu Zhongdao
- Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080 China
- Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, 510080 China
| | - Wang Zhi
- College of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, 410128 China
| | - Lv Zhiyue
- Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080 China
- Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, 510080 China
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Liao L, Shang L, Li N, Wang S, Wang M, Huang Y, Chen D, Huang J, Xiong K. Mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein induces RGC-5 necroptosis following elevated hydrostatic pressure. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2017; 49:879-889. [PMID: 28981598 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmx088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor-interacting protein 3 (RIP3) is an essential component of the necroptosis signaling pathway. Phosphorylation of its downstream target, mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL), has been proposed to induce necroptosis by initiating Ca2+ influx. Our previous studies have shown that RGC-5 retinal ganglion cells undergo RIP3-mediated necroptosis following elevated hydrostatic pressure (EHP). However, the molecular mechanism underlying necroptosis induction downstream of RIP3 is still not well understood. Here, we investigated the effects of MLKL during EHP-induced necroptosis, and primarily explored the relationship between MLKL and Ca2+ influx. Immunofluorescence staining showed that the expression of MLKL was increased 12 h after EHP. Western blot analysis demonstrated that the phosphorylated and unphosphorylated forms of both RIP3 and MLKL were up-regulated 12 h after EHP, while inhibition of RIP3 by GSK'872 decreased the expression of phosphorylated MLKL at the same stage. Propidium iodide staining, lactate dehydrogenase release assays, flow cytometry, and electron microscopy revealed the increased necrosis of RGC-5 cells 12 h after EHP, which coincided with elevated cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations. Depletion of extracellular Ca2+ and siRNA-mediated silencing of MLKL significantly reduced EHP-induced necrosis. Both MLKL-specific siRNA and GSK'872 treatment diminished Ca2+ influx. Thus, our findings suggest that MLKL may be the key mediator of necroptosis downstream of RIP3 phosphorylation and may be involved in increasing intracellular Ca2+ concentrations in EHP-induced RGC-5 necroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lvshuang Liao
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Lei Shang
- Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Shuchao Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Mi Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Yanxia Huang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Dan Chen
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Jufang Huang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Kun Xiong
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
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Arora D, Sharma PK, Siddiqui MH, Shukla Y. Necroptosis: Modules and molecular switches with therapeutic implications. Biochimie 2017; 137:35-45. [PMID: 28263777 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Among the various programmed cell death (PCD) pathways, "Necroptosis" has gained much importance as a novel paradigm of cell death. This pathway has emerged as a backup mechanism when physiologically conserved PCD (apoptosis) is non-functional either genetically or pathogenically. The expanding spectrum of necroptosis from physiological development to diverse patho-physiological disorders, including xenobiotics-mediated toxicity has now grabbed the attention worldwide. The efficient role of necroptosis regulators in disease development and management are under constant examination. In fact, few regulators (e.g. MLKL) have already paved their way towards clinical trials and others are in queue. In this review, emphasis has been paid to the various contributing factors and molecular switches that can regulate necroptosis. Here we linked the overview of current knowledge of this enigmatic signaling with magnitude of therapeutics that may underpin the opportunities for novel therapeutic approaches to suppress the pathogenesis of necroptosis-driven disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Arora
- Environmental Carcinogenesis & Proteomics Laboratory, Food, Drug & Chemical Toxicology Group, VishvigyanBhawan 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Integral University, Lucknow, 226026, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar Sharma
- Environmental Carcinogenesis & Proteomics Laboratory, Food, Drug & Chemical Toxicology Group, VishvigyanBhawan 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohammed Haris Siddiqui
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Integral University, Lucknow, 226026, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Yogeshwer Shukla
- Environmental Carcinogenesis & Proteomics Laboratory, Food, Drug & Chemical Toxicology Group, VishvigyanBhawan 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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22
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Cai J, Zhang Y, Yang J, Liu Q, Zhao R, Hamid S, Wang H, Xu S, Zhang Z. Antagonistic effects of selenium against necroptosis injury via adiponectin-necrotic pathway induced by cadmium in heart of chicken. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra07952d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most toxic heavy metals having a destructive impact on various organ systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingzeng Cai
- College of Veterinary Medicine
- Northeast Agricultural University
- Harbin 150030
- P. R. China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine
- Northeast Agricultural University
- Harbin 150030
- P. R. China
| | - Jie Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine
- Northeast Agricultural University
- Harbin 150030
- P. R. China
| | - Qi Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine
- Northeast Agricultural University
- Harbin 150030
- P. R. China
| | - Rihong Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine
- Northeast Agricultural University
- Harbin 150030
- P. R. China
| | - Sattar Hamid
- College of Veterinary Medicine
- Northeast Agricultural University
- Harbin 150030
- P. R. China
| | - Hong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine
- Northeast Agricultural University
- Harbin 150030
- P. R. China
| | - Shiwen Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine
- Northeast Agricultural University
- Harbin 150030
- P. R. China
| | - Ziwei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine
- Northeast Agricultural University
- Harbin 150030
- P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment
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23
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Pivotal Role of Receptor-Interacting Protein Kinase 1 and Mixed Lineage Kinase Domain-Like in Neuronal Cell Death Induced by the Human Neuroinvasive Coronavirus OC43. J Virol 2016; 91:JVI.01513-16. [PMID: 27795420 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01513-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human coronaviruses (HCoV) are respiratory pathogens with neuroinvasive, neurotropic, and neurovirulent properties, highlighting the importance of studying the potential implication of these viruses in neurological diseases. The OC43 strain (HCoV-OC43) was reported to induce neuronal cell death, which may participate in neuropathogenesis. Here, we show that HCoV-OC43 harboring two point mutations in the spike glycoprotein (rOC/Us183-241) was more neurovirulent than the wild-type HCoV-OC43 (rOC/ATCC) in mice and induced more cell death in murine and human neuronal cells. To evaluate the role of regulated cell death (RCD) in HCoV-OC43-mediated neural pathogenesis, we determined if knockdown of Bax, a key regulator of apoptosis, or RIP1, a key regulator of necroptosis, altered the percentage of neuronal cell death following HCoV-OC43 infection. We found that Bax-dependent apoptosis did not play a significant role in RCD following infection, as inhibition of Bax expression mediated by RNA interference did not confer cellular protection against the cell death process. On the other hand, we demonstrated that RIP1 and MLKL were involved in neuronal cell death, as RIP1 knockdown and chemical inhibition of MLKL significantly increased cell survival after infection. Taken together, these results indicate that RIP1 and MLKL contribute to necroptotic cell death after HCoV-OC43 infection to limit viral replication. However, this RCD could lead to neuronal loss in the mouse CNS and accentuate the neuroinflammation process, reflecting the severity of neuropathogenesis. IMPORTANCE Because they are naturally neuroinvasive and neurotropic, human coronaviruses are suspected to participate in the development of neurological diseases. Given that the strain OC43 is neurovirulent in mice and induces neuronal cell death, we explored the neuronal response to infection by characterizing the activation of RCD. Our results revealed that classical apoptosis associated with the Bax protein does not play a significant role in HCoV-OC43-induced neuronal cell death and that RIP1 and MLKL, two cellular proteins usually associated with necroptosis (an RCD back-up system when apoptosis is not adequately induced), both play a pivotal role in the process. As necroptosis disrupts cellular membranes and allows the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMP) and possibly induces the production of proinflammatory cytokines, it may represent a proinflammatory cell death mechanism that contributes to excessive neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration and eventually to neurological disorders after a coronavirus infection.
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24
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Cui H, Zhu Y, Jiang D. The RIP1-RIP3 Complex Mediates Osteocyte Necroptosis after Ovariectomy in Rats. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150805. [PMID: 26985994 PMCID: PMC4795547 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteocyte apoptosis has been reported to play a central role in bone remodeling. In addition to apoptosis, other mechanisms may be involved in osteocyte loss. This study aimed to investigate the effect of necroptosis on osteocytes in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Ninety-six female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into an OVX group and a sham group. At 0, 4, 8 and 12 weeks after surgery, specimens from each group (n = 12 each) were harvested. Bone mineral density (BMD) and body weight were measured. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and micro-CT were used to observe the changes in cellular morphology and bone microarchitecture induced by estrogen deficiency. Osteocyte apoptosis and necroptosis were evaluated via TUNEL and immunofluorescence staining for active caspase-3. At 8 weeks after ovariectomy, a greater number of osteocytes with typical necrotic morphological features were TUNEL positive but negative for active caspase-3. Western blotting, quantitative real-time PCR and immunofluorescence assessments demonstrated that the levels of receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase 1 (RIP1) and RIP3 in osteocytes were significantly increased at 8 weeks after ovariectomy. These data are the first to suggest that necroptosis accelerates osteocyte loss under conditions of estrogen deficiency-induced osteoporosis in OVX rats. These findings provide evidence of a potential mechanism through which osteocyte necroptosis is associated with postmenopausal osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwang Cui
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongjun Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dianming Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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25
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Zhao H, Wang C, Lu B, Zhou Z, Jin Y, Wang Z, Zheng L, Liu K, Luo T, Zhu D, Chi G, Luo Y, Ge P. Pristimerin triggers AIF-dependent programmed necrosis in glioma cells via activation of JNK. Cancer Lett 2016; 374:136-148. [PMID: 26854718 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 12/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Programmed necrosis is established as a new form of programmed cell death and is emerging as a new strategy of treatment for cancers. Pristimerin is a natural chemical with anti-tumor effect despite the fact that its mechanism remains poorly understood. In this study, we used glioma cell lines and mice model of xenograft glioma to investigate the effect of pristimerin on glioma and its underlying mechanism. We found that pristimerin inhibited the viabilities of glioma cells in vitro and the growth of xenograft gliomas in vivo, which was accompanied by upregulation of JNK and phosphor-JNK, nuclear accumulation of AIF, and elevation in the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2. In vitro studies showed that pristimerin induced necrosis in glioma cells, as well as mitochondrial depolarization, overproduction of ROS and reduction of GSH. Ablation of AIF level with SiRNA mitigated pristimerin-induced nuclear accumulation of AIF and prevented necrosis in glioma cells. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of JNK with SP600125 or knockdown of its level with SiRNA reversed mitochondrial depolarization attenuated the elevation of Bax/Bcl-2 and suppressed nuclear accumulation of AIF. Further, inhibition of ROS with NAC not only rescued glioma cell necrosis but also suppressed JNK activation, mitigated Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, maintained mitochondrial membrane potential, and inhibited AIF translocation into nucleus. Therefore, we demonstrated first in this study that pristimerin triggered AIF-dependent necroptosis in glioma cells via induction of mitochondrial dysfunction by activation of JNK through overproduction of ROS. These results suggest that pristimerin has potential therapeutic effects on glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Bin Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Zijian Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yong Jin
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Zongqi Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Linjie Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Kai Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Tianfei Luo
- Research Center of Neuroscience, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; Department of Neurology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Dong Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Guangfan Chi
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yinan Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; Research Center of Neuroscience, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Pengfei Ge
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; Research Center of Neuroscience, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
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26
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Liu M, Wu W, Li H, Li S, Huang LT, Yang YQ, Sun Q, Wang CX, Yu Z, Hang CH. Necroptosis, a novel type of programmed cell death, contributes to early neural cells damage after spinal cord injury in adult mice. J Spinal Cord Med 2015; 38:745-53. [PMID: 24970278 PMCID: PMC4725808 DOI: 10.1179/2045772314y.0000000224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Necroptosis is an emerging programmed necrosis other than traditional necrosis and apoptosis. Until recently, there have not been studies that have investigated a relationship between necroptosis and pathogenesis of cell death after spinal cord injury (SCI). OBJECTIVE To investigate whether necroptosis takes part in the early pathophysiological processes of traumatic SCI in mice. METHODS Female ICR mice were randomized equally into three groups: the sham, the vehicle-treated + SCI group, and the Nec-1-treated + SCI group. To induce SCI, the mice were subjected to a laminectomy at T9 and compression with a vascular clip. After mice were sacrificed 24 hours post-SCI, propidium iodide (PI)-positive cells were detected using in vivo PI labeling. Morphological analyses were performed by hematoxylin and eosin staining and Nissl staining. The samples were evaluated for apoptosis by the in situ TUNEL assay. The expression of caspase-3 was assessed by western blot. Locomotor behavior of hindlimb was evaluated by BMS (Basso mouse scale) score at 1, 3, 5, 7, and 14 days post-injury. RESULTS Compared with dimethyl sulfoxide -treated mice, necrostatin-1-treated mice showed decreased PI-positive cells (P < 0.05), alleviated tissue damage, more surviving neuron at 24 hours after SCI (P < 0.05), and improved functional recovery from days 7 to 14 (P < 0.05). Necrostatin-1 did not reduce the expression of caspase-3 and the number of TUNEL-positive cells at 24 hours after SCI (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Necroptosis contributes to necroptotic cell death and influences functional outcome after SCI in adult mice. The inhibition of necroptosis by necrostatin-1 may have therapeutic potential for patients with SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hua Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Song Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southern Medical University (Guangzhou), Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Li-tian Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southern Medical University (Guangzhou), Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yi-qing Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qing Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chun-xi Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhuang Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chun-hua Hang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southern Medical University (Guangzhou), Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China,Correspondence to: Chun-hua Hang, Department of Neurosurgery, Southern Medical University (Guangzhou), Jinling Hospital, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Chen Y, Zou Z, Wu Z, Zhao Z, Luo X, Xie C, Liang Y. TNF-α-induced programmed cell death in the pathogenesis of acquired aplastic anemia. Expert Rev Hematol 2015; 8:515-26. [PMID: 26149913 DOI: 10.1586/17474086.2015.1049593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of acquired aplastic anemia (AA), a bone marrow hematopoiesis failure disease, has not been fully understood. TNF-α is a pleiotropic cytokine involved in cell proliferation, differentiation and death, and inflammation through binding to specific receptors on cell membranes. Aberrant secretion of TNF-α contributes to a number of human diseases, including tumor development and inflammation. TNF-α is also an important negative regulator of hematopoiesis. Over-expression of TNF-α not only directly inhibits the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic cells, but also initiates the intracellular death pathway to induce hematopoietic cell death, leading to bone marrow hematopoiesis failure. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms underlying extrinsic apoptosis and necroptosis of hematopoietic cells induced by TNF-α, and discuss the role of TNF-α-induced programmed cell death in the pathogenesis of acquired AA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Chen
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine of Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, Zhejiang, China
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28
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Zhu Y, Cui H, Gan H, Xia Y, Wang L, Wang Y, Sun Y. Necroptosis mediated by receptor interaction protein kinase 1 and 3 aggravates chronic kidney injury of subtotal nephrectomised rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 461:575-81. [PMID: 25907058 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.03.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Necroptosis, an alternative mode of programmed cell death, has crucial pathophysiological roles in many diseases, but its effect on chronic kidney disease (CKD) is poorly understood. Therefore, we assessed necroptosis and its pathophysiological effects in a widely used remnant-kidney rat model. We found that necroptotic cell death and the highest level of receptor interaction protein kinase 1 (RIP1) and receptor interaction protein kinase 3 (RIP3), critical signalling molecules for necroptosis, appeared 8 weeks after subtotal nephrectomy (SNX) surgery. After treatment with Necrostatin-1 (Nec-1), renal function and renal pathologic changes were significantly improved; the overexpression of RIP1, RIP3, mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) and dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) was reduced; and necroptosis was inhibited. These results indicated that necroptosis mediated by RIP1 and RIP3 participates in the loss of renal cells of subtotal nephrectomised rats and might be one of main causes of the excessive loss of renal cells during the sustained progression of renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongwang Cui
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hua Gan
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Yunfeng Xia
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Lizhen Wang
- Department of Pathology, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Yuxuan Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yue Sun
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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29
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Koong LY, Watson CS. Direct estradiol and diethylstilbestrol actions on early- versus late-stage prostate cancer cells. Prostate 2014; 74:1589-603. [PMID: 25213831 PMCID: PMC4205220 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diethylstilbestrol (DES) and other pharmaceutical estrogens have been used at ≥ µM concentrations to treat advanced prostate tumors, with successes primarily attributed to indirect hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis control mechanisms. However, estrogens also directly affect tumor cells, though the mechanisms involved are not well understood. METHODS LAPC-4 (androgen-dependent) and PC-3 (androgen-independent) cell viability was measured after estradiol (E2) or DES treatment across wide concentration ranges. We then examined multiple rapid signaling mechanisms at 0.1 nM E2 and 1 µM DES optima including levels of: activation (phosphorylation) for mitogen-activated protein kinases, cell-cycle proteins, and caspase 3, necroptosis, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). RESULTS LAPC-4 cells were more responsive than PC-3 cells. Robust and sustained extracellular-regulated kinase activation with E2 , but not DES, correlated with ROS generation and cell death. c-Jun N-terminal kinase was only activated in E2-treated PC-3 cells and was not correlated with caspase 3-mediated apoptosis; necroptosis was not involved. The cell-cycle inhibitor protein p16(INK4A) was phosphorylated in both cell lines by both E2 and DES, but to differing extents. In both cell types, both estrogens activated p38 kinase, which subsequently phosphorylated cyclin D1, tagging it for degradation, except in DES-treated PC-3 cells. CONCLUSIONS Cyclin D1 status correlated most closely with disrupted cell cycling as a cause of reduced cell numbers, though other mechanisms also contributed. As low as 0.1 nM E2 effectively elicited these mechanisms, and its use could dramatically improve outcomes for both early- and late-stage prostate cancer patients, while avoiding the side effects of high-dose DES treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Y Koong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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30
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Wang G, He Q, Feng C, Liu Y, Deng Z, Qi X, Wu W, Mei P, Chen Z. The atomic resolution structure of human AlkB homolog 7 (ALKBH7), a key protein for programmed necrosis and fat metabolism. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:27924-36. [PMID: 25122757 PMCID: PMC4183825 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.590505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
ALKBH7 is the mitochondrial AlkB family member that is required for alkylation- and oxidation-induced programmed necrosis. In contrast to the protective role of other AlkB family members after suffering alkylation-induced DNA damage, ALKBH7 triggers the collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential and promotes cell death. Moreover, genetic ablation of mouse Alkbh7 dramatically increases body weight and fat mass. Here, we present crystal structures of human ALKBH7 in complex with Mn(II) and α-ketoglutarate at 1.35 Å or N-oxalylglycine at 2.0 Å resolution. ALKBH7 possesses the conserved double-stranded β-helix fold that coordinates a catalytically active iron by a conserved HX(D/E) … Xn … H motif. Self-hydroxylation of Leu-110 was observed, indicating that ALKBH7 has the potential to catalyze hydroxylation of its substrate. Unlike other AlkB family members whose substrates are DNA or RNA, ALKBH7 is devoid of the "nucleotide recognition lid" which is essential for binding nucleobases, and thus exhibits a solvent-exposed active site; two loops between β-strands β6 and β7 and between β9 and β10 create a special outer wall of the minor β-sheet of the double-stranded β-helix and form a negatively charged groove. These distinct features suggest that ALKBH7 may act on protein substrate rather than nucleic acids. Taken together, our findings provide a structural basis for understanding the distinct function of ALKBH7 in the AlkB family and offer a foundation for drug design in treating cell death-related diseases and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Wang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193 and
| | - Qingzhong He
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Chong Feng
- From the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193 and
| | - Yang Liu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193 and
| | - Zengqin Deng
- From the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193 and
| | - Xiaoxuan Qi
- From the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193 and
| | - Wei Wu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193 and
| | - Pinchao Mei
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Zhongzhou Chen
- From the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193 and
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Park EJ, Lee SY, Lee GH, Kim DW, Kim Y, Cho MH, Kim JH. Sheet-type titania, but not P25, induced paraptosis accompanying apoptosis in murine alveolar macrophage cells. Toxicol Lett 2014; 230:69-79. [PMID: 25111187 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we identified the toxic effects of sheet-type titania (TNS), which are being developed as a material for UV-blocking glass, comparing with P25, a benchmark control for titania, in MH-S cells, a mouse alveolar macrophage cell line. After 24 h exposure, the TNS-exposed cells formed large vacuoles while the P25-exposed ones did not. The decreased levels of cell viability were similar between the P25 and TNS groups, but ATP production was clearly lower in cells exposed to the TNS. P25 decreased the expression of calnexin protein, an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane marker, and increased the number of cells generating ROS in a dose dependent manner. Meanwhile, TNS dilated the ER and mitochondria and increased the secretion of NO and pro-inflammatory cytokines, but not of ROS. Subsequently, we studied the molecular response following TNS-induced vacuolization. TNS started to form vacuoles in the cytosol since 20 min after exposure, and the expression of the mitochondria function-related genes were down-regulated the most in the cells exposed for 1 h. After 24 h exposure, the number of apoptotic cells and the relative levels of BAX to Bcl-2 increased. The expression of SOD1 protein, but not of SOD2, also dose-dependently increased with an increase in caspase-8 activity. Additionally, the MAPK pathway was significantly activated, even though the expression of p-EGFR did not change significantly. Furthermore, the number of apoptotic cells increased rapidly with time and with the inhibition of vacuole formation. Taken together, we suggest that P25 and TNS may target different organelles. In addition, TNS, but not P25, induced paraptosis accompanied by apoptosis in MH-S cells, and the formation of the cytoplasmic vacuoles allowed delay apoptosis following TNS exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jung Park
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seung Yun Lee
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwang-Hee Lee
- School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Wan Kim
- School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghun Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 139-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Haing Cho
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Republic of Korea.
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Retinal pigment epithelial cells undergoing mitotic catastrophe are vulnerable to autophagy inhibition. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1303. [PMID: 24967965 PMCID: PMC4611738 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The increased mitochondrial DNA damage leads to altered functional capacities of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. A previous study showed the increased autophagy in RPE cells caused by low concentrations of rotenone, a selective inhibitor of mitochondrial complex I. However, the mechanism by which autophagy regulates RPE cell death is still unclear. In the present study, we examined the mechanism underlying the regulation of RPE cell death through the inhibition of mitochondrial complex I. We report herein that rotenone induced mitotic catastrophe (MC) in RPE cells. We further observed an increased level of autophagy in the RPE cells undergoing MC (RPE-MC cells). Importantly, autophagy inhibition induced nonapoptotic cell death in RPE-MC cells. These findings indicate that autophagy has a pivotal role in the survival of RPE-MC cells. We next observed PINK1 accumulation in the mitochondrial membrane and parkin translocation into the mitochondria from the cytosol in the rotenone-treated RPE-MC cells, which indicates that increased mitophagy accompanies MC in ARPE-19 cells. Noticeably, the mitophagy also contributed to the cytoprotection of RPE-MC cells. Although there might be a significant gap in the roles of autophagy and mitophagy in the RPE cells in vivo, our in vitro study suggests that autophagy and mitophagy presumably prevent the RPE-MC cells from plunging into cell death, resulting in the prevention of RPE cell loss.
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Magnetite- and maghemite-induced different toxicity in murine alveolar macrophage cells. Arch Toxicol 2014; 88:1607-18. [PMID: 24525745 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1210-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The unique properties of nanoparticles and biological systems are important factors affecting the biological response following nanoparticle exposure. Iron oxide nanoparticles are classified mainly as magnetite (M-FeNPs) and maghemite (NM-FeNPs). In our previous study, NM-FeNPs induced autophagic cell death in RAW264.7, a murine peritoneal macrophage cell line, which has excellent lysosomal activity. In this study, we compared the toxicity of M-FeNPs and NM-FeNPs in MH-S, a murine alveolar macrophage cell line, which has relatively low lysosomal activity. At 24 h post-exposure, M-FeNPs decreased cell viability and ATP production, and elevated the levels of reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, and pro-inflammatory cytokines to a higher extent than NM-FeNPs. Damage of mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum and the down-regulation of mitochondrial function and transcription-related genes were also higher in cells exposed to M-FeNPs than in cells exposed to NM-FeNPs (50 μg/ml). In addition, cells exposed to M-FeNPs (50 μg/ml) showed an increase in the number of autophagosome-like vacuoles, whereas cells exposed to NM-FeNPs formed large vacuoles in the cytosol. However, an autophagy-related molecular response was not induced by exposure to either FeNPs, unlike the results seen in our previous study with RAW264.7 cells. We suggest that M-FeNPs induced higher toxicity compared to NM-FeNPs in MH-S cells, and lysosomal activity plays an important role in determining cell death pathway.
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Schilling R, Geserick P, Leverkus M. Characterization of the ripoptosome and its components: implications for anti-inflammatory and cancer therapy. Methods Enzymol 2014; 545:83-102. [PMID: 25065887 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801430-1.00004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Most intracellular signaling cascades rely on the formation of multiprotein signaling complexes assembled in large protein signaling platforms. Especially in cell death signaling, there is a large variety of these complexes, including the apoptosome, the necrosome, or the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC), to name only a few. During the last years, a number of cellular conditions were identified that lead to the formation of another signaling platform, the so-called ripoptosome. Diverse stimuli such as genotoxic stress, death receptor or Toll-like-receptor (TLR) ligation, or degradation of cellular inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (cIAPs) are able to induce ripoptosome formation. The ripoptosome is tightly regulated by cIAPs that control intracellular RIP1 assembly and the association with other cell death-regulating proteins, most likely by ubiquitin linkage. The suppression of cIAP activity results in accumulation of RIP1 platforms that ultimately triggers necroptosis by activation of RIP3-MLKL-dependent necrosis signaling pathways. The ripoptosome is a 2-MDa protein complex, which consists of the core components caspase-8, FADD, different cFLIP isoforms, and RIP1. It represents one of the rheostats in cell death signaling, as it can activate apoptotic and necroptotic cell death responses. The specific formation and activation of the ripoptosome in cancer but not in primary cells suggests that this complex is a potential novel target for cancer or anti-inflammatory therapy, as suggested by the potential proinflammatory effects of necroptosis. Therefore, the better understanding and characterization of this signaling platform is of enormous importance for the development of novel cancer therapeutics. In this chapter, we describe several methods for purification and investigation of the ripoptosome in human cells. We also describe methods for monitoring apoptotic as well as necroptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Schilling
- Section of Molecular Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Geserick
- Section of Molecular Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Leverkus
- Section of Molecular Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Wree A, Broderick L, Canbay A, Hoffman HM, Feldstein AE. From NAFLD to NASH to cirrhosis-new insights into disease mechanisms. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 10:627-36. [PMID: 23958599 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2013.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 449] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
NAFLD has evolved as a serious public health problem in the USA and around the world. In fact, NASH-the most serious form of NAFLD-is predicted to become the leading cause of liver transplantation in the USA by the year 2020. The pathogenesis of NAFLD and NASH, in particular the mechanisms responsible for liver injury and fibrosis, is the result of a complex interplay between host and environmental factors, and is at the centre of intense investigation. In this Review, we focus on recently uncovered aspects of the genetic, biochemical, immunological and molecular events that are responsible for the development and progression of this highly prevalent and potentially serious disease. These studies bring new insight into this complex disorder and have led to the development of novel therapeutic and diagnostic strategies that might enable a personalized approach in the management of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Wree
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037-0715, USA
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36
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Grassilli E, Narloch R, Federzoni E, Ianzano L, Pisano F, Giovannoni R, Romano G, Masiero L, Leone BE, Bonin S, Donada M, Stanta G, Helin K, Lavitrano M. Inhibition of GSK3B bypass drug resistance of p53-null colon carcinomas by enabling necroptosis in response to chemotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:3820-31. [PMID: 23729362 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-3289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Evasion from chemotherapy-induced apoptosis due to p53 loss strongly contributes to drug resistance. Identification of specific targets for the treatment of drug-resistant p53-null tumors would therefore increase the effectiveness of cancer therapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN By using a kinase-directed short hairpin RNA library and HCT116p53KO drug-resistant colon carcinoma cells, glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3B) was identified as a target whose silencing bypasses drug resistance due to loss of p53. p53-null colon cancer cell lines with different sets of mutations were used to validate the role of GSK3B in sustaining resistance and to characterize cell death mechanisms triggered by chemotherapy when GSK3B is silenced. In vivo xenograft studies were conducted to confirm resensitization of drug-resistant cells to chemotherapy upon GSK3 inhibition. Colon cancer samples from a cohort of 50 chemotherapy-treated stage II patients were analyzed for active GSK3B expression. RESULTS Downregulation of GSK3B in various drug-resistant p53-null colon cancer cell lines abolished cell viability and colony growth after drug addition without affecting cell proliferation or cell cycle in untreated cells. Cell death of 5-fluorouracil (5FU)-treated p53-null GSK3B-silenced colon carcinoma cells occurred via PARP1-dependent and AIF-mediated but RIP1-independent necroptosis. In vivo studies showed that drug-resistant xenograft tumor mass was significantly reduced only when 5FU was given after GSK3B inhibition. Tissue microarray analysis of colon carcinoma samples from 5FU-treated patients revealed that GSK3B is significantly more activated in drug-resistant versus responsive patients. CONCLUSIONS Targeting GSK3B, in combination with chemotherapy, may represent a novel strategy for the treatment of chemotherapy-resistant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Grassilli
- Department of Surgery and Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy.
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Maki JL, Tres Brazell J, Teng X, Cuny GD, Degterev A. Expression and purification of active receptor interacting protein 1 kinase using a baculovirus system. Protein Expr Purif 2013; 89:156-61. [PMID: 23523699 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Receptor Interacting Protein 1 (RIP1) kinase is one of the key mediators of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) signaling and is critical for activation of necroptotic cell death. We developed a method for expression of recombinant kinase, utilizing baculovirus co-infection of Cdc37, an Hsp90 co-chaperone, and RIP1-His, followed by a two-step purification scheme. After optimization, 1-3mg of highly purified RIP1 kinase was typically obtained from a 1L of Sf9 cells. The recombinant protein displayed kinase activity that was blocked by RIP1 inhibitors, necrostatins. The purified protein was used to develop a simple and robust thermal shift assay for further assessment of RIP1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny L Maki
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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38
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McNamara CR, Ahuja R, Osafo-Addo AD, Barrows D, Kettenbach A, Skidan I, Teng X, Cuny GD, Gerber S, Degterev A. Akt Regulates TNFα synthesis downstream of RIP1 kinase activation during necroptosis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56576. [PMID: 23469174 PMCID: PMC3585731 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Necroptosis is a regulated form of necrotic cell death that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases including intestinal inflammation and systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). In this work, we investigated the signaling mechanisms controlled by the necroptosis mediator receptor interacting protein-1 (RIP1) kinase. We show that Akt kinase activity is critical for necroptosis in L929 cells and plays a key role in TNFα production. During necroptosis, Akt is activated in a RIP1 dependent fashion through its phosphorylation on Thr308. In L929 cells, this activation requires independent signaling inputs from both growth factors and RIP1. Akt controls necroptosis through downstream targeting of mammalian Target of Rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). Akt activity, mediated in part through mTORC1, links RIP1 to JNK activation and autocrine production of TNFα. In other cell types, such as mouse lung fibroblasts and macrophages, Akt exhibited control over necroptosis-associated TNFα production without contributing to cell death. Overall, our results provide new insights into the mechanism of necroptosis and the role of Akt kinase in both cell death and inflammatory regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen R. McNamara
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachussets, United States of America
| | - Ruchita Ahuja
- Department of Biochemistry, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachussets, United States of America
| | - Awo D. Osafo-Addo
- Department of Biochemistry, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachussets, United States of America
| | - Douglas Barrows
- Department of Biochemistry, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachussets, United States of America
| | - Arminja Kettenbach
- Department of Genetics, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Igor Skidan
- Department of Biochemistry, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachussets, United States of America
| | - Xin Teng
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery in Neurodegeneration, Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachussets, United States of America
| | - Gregory D. Cuny
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery in Neurodegeneration, Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachussets, United States of America
| | - Scott Gerber
- Department of Genetics, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Alexei Degterev
- Department of Biochemistry, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachussets, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Maki JL, Degterev A. Activity assays for receptor-interacting protein kinase 1:a key regulator of necroptosis. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1004:31-42. [PMID: 23733567 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-383-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Necroptosis is a novel form of regulated non-apoptotic cell death, which displays morphological features of necrosis. The kinase activity of receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIP1) is a critical component in signaling for necroptosis. The development of assays to evaluate RIP1 kinase activity is important in the further development of existing and novel inhibitors of necroptosis. Here, we describe RIP1 protein expression and purification from mammalian and insect cells as well as two in vitro kinase assays to detect RIP1 kinase activity and inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny L Maki
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
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40
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Barrasa JI, Olmo N, Lizarbe MA, Turnay J. Bile acids in the colon, from healthy to cytotoxic molecules. Toxicol In Vitro 2012; 27:964-77. [PMID: 23274766 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids are natural detergents mainly involved in facilitating the absorption of dietary fat in the intestine. In addition to this absorptive function, bile acids are also essential in the maintenance of the intestinal epithelium homeostasis. To accomplish this regulatory function, bile acids may induce programmed cell death fostering the renewal of the epithelium. Here we first discuss on the different molecular pathways of cell death focusing on apoptosis in colon epithelial cells. Bile acids may induce apoptosis in colonocytes through different mechanisms. In contrast to hepatocytes, the extrinsic apoptotic pathway seems to have a low relevance regarding bile acid cytotoxicity in the colon. On the contrary, these molecules mainly trigger apoptosis through direct or indirect mitochondrial perturbations, where oxidative stress plays a key role. In addition, bile acids may also act as regulatory molecules involved in different cell signaling pathways in colon cells. On the other hand, there is increasing evidence that the continuous exposure to certain hydrophobic bile acids, due to a fat-rich diet or pathological conditions, may induce oxidative DNA damage that, in turn, may lead to colorectal carcinogenesis as a consequence of the appearance of cell populations resistant to bile acid-induced apoptosis. Finally, some bile acids, such as UDCA, or low concentrations of hydrophobic bile acids, can protect colon cells against apoptosis induced by high concentrations of cytotoxic bile acids, suggesting a dual behavior of these agents as pro-death or pro-survival molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan I Barrasa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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41
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Yan C, Oh JS, Yoo SH, Lee JS, Yoon YG, Oh YJ, Jang MS, Lee SY, Yang J, Lee SH, Kim HY, Yoo YH. The targeted inhibition of mitochondrial Hsp90 overcomes the apoptosis resistance conferred by Bcl-2 in Hep3B cells via necroptosis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 266:9-18. [PMID: 23147571 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported that a Gamitrinib variant containing triphenylphosphonium (G-TPP) binds to mitochondrial Hsp90 and rapidly inhibits its activity, thus inducing the apoptotic pathway in the cells. Accordingly, G-TPP shows a potential as a promising drug for the treatment of cancer. A cell can die from different types of cell death such as apoptosis, necrosis, necroptosis, and autophagic cell death. In this study, we further investigated the mechanisms and modes of cell death in the G-TPP-treated Hep3B and U937 cell lines. We discovered that G-TPP kills the U937 cells through the apoptotic pathway and the overexpression of Bcl-2 significantly inhibits U937 cell death to G-TPP. We further discovered that G-TPP kills the Hep3B cells by activating necroptosis in combination with the partial activation of caspase-dependent apoptosis. Importantly, G-TPP overcomes the apoptosis resistance conferred by Bcl-2 in Hep3B cells via necroptosis. We also observed that G-TPP induces compensatory autophagy in the Hep3B cell line. We further found that whereas there is a Bcl-2-Beclin 1 interaction in response to G-TPP, silencing the beclin 1 gene failed to block LC3-II accumulation in the Hep3B cells, indicating that G-TPP triggers Beclin 1-independent protective autophagy in Hep3B cells. Taken together, these data reveal that G-TPP induces cell death through a combination of death pathways, including necroptosis and apoptosis, and overcomes the apoptosis resistance conferred by Bcl-2 in Hep3B cells via necroptosis. These findings are important for the therapeutic exploitation of necroptosis as an alternative cell death program to bypass the resistance to apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlan Yan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Dong-A University College of Medicine and Mitochondria Hub Regulation Center, Busan, 602-714, South Korea
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Butler M, Meneses-Acosta A. Recent advances in technology supporting biopharmaceutical production from mammalian cells. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 96:885-94. [PMID: 23053101 PMCID: PMC7080107 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4451-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The demand for production of glycoproteins from mammalian cell culture continues with an increased number of approvals as biopharmaceuticals for the treatment of unmet medical needs. This is particularly the case for humanized monoclonal antibodies which are the largest and fastest growing class of therapeutic pharmaceuticals. This demand has fostered efforts to improve the efficiency of production as well as to address the quality of the final product. Chinese hamster ovary cells are the predominant hosts for stable transfection and high efficiency production on a large scale. Specific productivity of recombinant glycoproteins from these cells can be expected to be above 50 pg/cell/day giving rise to culture systems with titers of around 5 g/L if appropriate fed-batch systems are employed. Cell engineering can delay the onset of programmed cell death to ensure prolonged maintenance of productive viable cells. The clinical efficacy and quality of the final product can be improved by strategic metabolic engineering. The best example of this is the targeted production of afucosylated antibodies with enhanced antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity, an important function for use in cancer therapies. The development of culture media from non-animal sources continues and is important to ensure products of consistent quality and without the potential danger of contamination. Process efficiencies may also be improved by employing disposable bioreactors with the associated minimization of downtime. Finally, advances in downstream processing are needed to handle the increased supply of product from the bioreactor but maintaining the high purity demanded of these biopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Butler
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada.
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Park MK, Lee BD, Chae SW, Chi J, Kwon SK, Song JJ. Protective effect of NecroX, a novel necroptosis inhibitor, on gentamicin-induced ototoxicity. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2012; 76:1265-9. [PMID: 22704672 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2012.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION NecroX is a novel necrosis and necroptosis inhibitor that shows scavenger activity against mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cytoprotective activity against various insults. These findings raise the possibility of its protective effect in ototoxicity. This study was performed to investigate the protective effect of NecroX on gentamicin (GM)-induced hair cell loss in neonatal mouse cochlea cultures. MATERIALS AND METHODS The protective effects of NecroX were measured by phalloidin staining of cultures from postnatal day 2-3 mice with GM-induced hair cell loss. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining was used to detect apoptosis. The radical-scavenging activity of NecroX was assessed using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. RESULTS NecroX showed a significant and concentration-dependent protective effect against GM-induced hair cell loss, and hair cells retained their stereocilia well. NecroX decreased GM-induced apoptosis of hair cells as assessed by TUNEL staining. Additionally, NecroX showed direct radical scavenging activity in the DPPH assay. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we demonstrated the protective effect of NecroX on GM-induced hair cell loss in neonatal cochlea cultures, and suggest that it may be of therapeutic use in the treatment of drug-induced ototoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moo Kyun Park
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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44
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Dunai ZA, Imre G, Barna G, Korcsmaros T, Petak I, Bauer PI, Mihalik R. Staurosporine induces necroptotic cell death under caspase-compromised conditions in U937 cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41945. [PMID: 22860037 PMCID: PMC3409216 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
For a long time necrosis was thought to be an uncontrolled process but evidences recently have revealed that necrosis can also occur in a regulated manner. Necroptosis, a type of programmed necrosis is defined as a death receptor-initiated process under caspase-compromised conditions. The process requires the kinase activity of receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 and 3 (RIPK1 and RIPK3) and mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL), as a substrate of RIPK3. The further downstream events remain elusive. We applied known inhibitors to characterize the contributing enzymes in necroptosis and their effect on cell viability and different cellular functions were detected mainly by flow cytometry. Here we report that staurosporine, the classical inducer of intrinsic apoptotic pathway can induce necroptosis under caspase-compromised conditions in U937 cell line. This process could be hampered at least partially by the RIPK1 inhibitor necrotstin-1 and by the heat shock protein 90 kDa inhibitor geldanamycin. Moreover both the staurosporine-triggered and the classical death ligand-induced necroptotic pathway can be effectively arrested by a lysosomal enzyme inhibitor CA-074-OMe and the recently discovered MLKL inhibitor necrosulfonamide. We also confirmed that the enzymatic role of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase (PARP) is dispensable in necroptosis but it contributes to membrane disruption in secondary necrosis. In conclusion, we identified a novel way of necroptosis induction that can facilitate our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of necroptosis. Our results shed light on alternative application of staurosporine, as a possible anticancer therapeutic agent. Furthermore, we showed that the CA-074-OMe has a target in the signaling pathway leading to necroptosis. Finally, we could differentiate necroptotic and secondary necrotic processes based on participation of PARP enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna A Dunai
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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45
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Fluorescence polarization assay for inhibitors of the kinase domain of receptor interacting protein 1. Anal Biochem 2012; 427:164-74. [PMID: 22658960 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2012.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Necrotic cell death is prevalent in many different pathological disease states and in traumatic injury. Necroptosis is a form of necrosis that stems from specific signaling pathways, with the key regulator being receptor interacting protein 1 (RIP1), a serine/threonine kinase. Specific inhibitors of RIP1, termed necrostatins, are potent inhibitors of necroptosis. Necrostatins are structurally distinct from one another yet still possess the ability to inhibit RIP1 kinase activity. To further understand the differences in the binding of the various necrostatins to RIP1 and to develop a robust high-throughput screening (HTS) assay, which can be used to identify new classes of RIP1 inhibitors, we synthesized fluorescein derivatives of Necrostatin-1 (Nec-1) and Nec-3. These compounds were used to establish a fluorescence polarization (FP) assay to directly measure the binding of necrostatins to RIP1 kinase. The fluorescein-labeled compounds are well suited for HTS because the assays have a dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) tolerance up to 5% and Z' scores of 0.62 (fluorescein-Nec-1) and 0.57 (fluorescein-Nec-3). In addition, results obtained from the FP assays and ligand docking studies provide insights into the putative binding sites of Nec-1, Nec-3, and Nec-4.
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Programmed Necrosis: A Prominent Mechanism of Cell Death following Neonatal Brain Injury. Neurol Res Int 2012; 2012:257563. [PMID: 22666585 PMCID: PMC3362209 DOI: 10.1155/2012/257563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the introduction of therapeutic hypothermia, neonatal hypoxic ischemic (HI) brain injury remains a common cause of developmental disability. Development of rational adjuvant therapies to hypothermia requires understanding of the pathways of cell death and survival modulated by HI. The conceptualization of the apoptosis-necrosis “continuum” in neonatal brain injury predicts mechanistic interactions between cell death and hydrid forms of cell death such as programmed or regulated necrosis. Many of the components of the signaling pathway regulating programmed necrosis have been studied previously in models of neonatal HI. In some of these investigations, they participate as part of the apoptotic pathways demonstrating clear overlap of programmed death pathways. Receptor interacting protein (RIP)-1 is at the crossroads between types of cellular death and survival and RIP-1 kinase activity triggers formation of the necrosome (in complex with RIP-3) leading to programmed necrosis. Neuroprotection afforded by the blockade of RIP-1 kinase following neonatal HI suggests a role for programmed necrosis in the HI injury to the developing brain. Here, we briefly review the state of the knowledge about the mechanisms behind programmed necrosis in neonatal brain injury recognizing that a significant proportion of these data derive from experiments in cultured cell and some from in vivo adult animal models. There are still more questions than answers, yet the fascinating new perspectives provided by the understanding of programmed necrosis in the developing brain may lay the foundation for new therapies for neonatal HI.
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Walczak H. TNF and ubiquitin at the crossroads of gene activation, cell death, inflammation, and cancer. Immunol Rev 2012; 244:9-28. [PMID: 22017428 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2011.01066.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is crucial for innate immunity, but deregulated TNF signaling also plays an eminent role in the pathogenesis of many chronic inflammatory diseases and cancer-related inflammation. The signals that mediate both the beneficial and the harmful effects of TNF are initiated when TNF binds to its receptors on the surface of target cells. TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) is ubiquitously expressed, whereas TNFR2 is mainly expressed on lymphocytes and endothelial cells. This review focuses on the molecular and physiological consequences of the interaction of TNF with TNFR1. The different outcomes of TNF signaling originate at the apical signaling complex that forms when TNF binds to TNFR1, the TNFR1 signaling complex (TNF-RSC). By integrating recently gained insight on the functional importance of the presence of different types of ubiquitination in the TNF-RSC, including linear ubiquitin linkages generated by the linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC), with the equally recent elucidation of the mode in which ubiquitin-binding domains interact with specific di-ubiquitin linkages, this review develops a new concept for the way the concerted action of different ubiquitination events enables the TNF-RSC to generate its signaling output in a spatio-temporally controlled manner. Finally, it will be explained how these new findings and the emerging concept of differential ubiquitination governing the TNF-RSC may impact future research on the molecular mechanism of TNF signaling and the function of this cytokine in normal physiology, chronic inflammation, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Walczak
- Tumour Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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