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Feng Y, Ren Y, Zhang X, Yang S, Jiao Q, Li Q, Jiang W. Metabolites of traditional Chinese medicine targeting PI3K/AKT signaling pathway for hypoglycemic effect in type 2 diabetes. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1373711. [PMID: 38799166 PMCID: PMC11116707 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1373711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by insulin resistance, with high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Due to the tightly intertwined connection between the insulin resistance pathway and the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, regulating the PI3K/AKT pathway and its associated targets is essential for hypoglycemia and the prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus. In recent years, metabolites isolated from traditional Chinese medicine has received more attention and acceptance for its superior bioactivity, high safety, and fewer side effects. Meanwhile, numerous in vivo and in vitro studies have revealed that the metabolites present in traditional Chinese medicine possess better bioactivities in regulating the balance of glucose metabolism, ameliorating insulin resistance, and preventing type 2 diabetes mellitus via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. In this article, we reviewed the literature related to the metabolites of traditional Chinese medicine improving IR and possessing therapeutic potential for type 2 diabetes mellitus by targeting the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, focusing on the hypoglycemic mechanism of the metabolites of traditional Chinese medicine in type 2 diabetes mellitus and elaborating on the significant role of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in type 2 diabetes mellitus. In order to provide reference for clinical prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Wenwen Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
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Xu D, Yuan L, Che M, Liu W, Li X, Yang Y, Wang K, Nan Y. The molecular mechanism of "Dahuang-Shengjiang-Banxia decoction" in the treatment of diabetic kidney disease was verified based on network pharmacology and molecular docking. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24776. [PMID: 38312712 PMCID: PMC10835317 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Explore the molecular mechanism of Dahuang-Shengjiang-Banxia Decoction (DSBD) in the treatment of diabetic kidney disease (DKD), using network pharmacology and molecular docking technology. Method The effective ingredients and targets of the DSBD were taken from the TCMSP database, while the disease targets were obtained via GeneCards, OMIM, DrugBank, TTD, and DisGeNET. Cytoscape 3.9.1 was used to create a drug-ingredient-target network diagram. STRING databases are also used to analyze the Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) network of intersecting targets. The core targets was obtained by the intersection of the differential genes screened from the intersection target and GEO, and the core targets was enriched by Gene ontology (GO), Kyoto gene and genome (KEGG), and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA). CIBERSORTx was used for immunoinfiltration analysis, and then the core targets was analyzed by Nephroseq V5 and KIT for clinical correlation analysis and single-cell sequencing. Lastly, AutoDock Vina was used for molecular docking of both the core targets and the top active elements. Results A total of 177 DSBD and 2906 DKD targets were screened. Six core targets were identified by screening, which were IL1B, MMP9, EGF, VEGFA, HIF1A, and PTGS2. The top 6 active ingredients are 6-gingerol, baicalin, oleic acid, β-sitosterol, linolenic acid, and aloe emodin. The core targets has good docking activity with the active ingredient. Conclusion DSBD may exert its therapeutic effect on DKD through multicomponent, multipath, and multi-target analyses. It is possible that VEGFA is a key target in therapy, and that the VEGF/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway plays a key role in therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duojie Xu
- Traditional Chinese Medicine College, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China
| | - Ling Yuan
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China
| | - Mengying Che
- Traditional Chinese Medicine College, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China
| | - Wenjing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ningxia Ethnomedicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China
| | - Xiangyang Li
- Traditional Chinese Medicine College, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China
| | - Yifan Yang
- Traditional Chinese Medicine College, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China
| | - Kaili Wang
- Traditional Chinese Medicine College, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China
| | - Yi Nan
- Traditional Chinese Medicine College, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China
- Key Laboratory of Ningxia Ethnomedicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China
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An M, Heo H, Park J, Jeong HS, Kim Y, Lee J. Unsaponifiable Matter from Wheat Bran Cultivated in Korea Inhibits Hepatic Lipogenesis by Activating AMPK Pathway. Foods 2023; 12:4016. [PMID: 37959135 PMCID: PMC10650137 DOI: 10.3390/foods12214016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Unsaponifiable matter (USM) from wheat bran, a by-product obtained from wheat milling, is abundant in health-promoting compounds such as phytosterols, tocopherols, policosanols, and alkylresorcinols. This study aimed to examine the effects of USM from the wheat bran of normal and waxy type wheat, Saekeumkang (SKK) and Shinmichal (SMC), on hepatic lipid accumulation in free fatty acid (FFA)-induced hepatocytes and to investigate the cellular mechanism. The total phytochemical contents were 46.562 g/100 g USM and 38.130 g/100 g USM from SKK and SMC, respectively. FFA treatment increased intracellular lipid accumulation by approximately 260% compared to the control group; however, treatment with USM from SKK and SMC significantly attenuated lipid accumulation in the hepatocytes in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, USM downregulated the expression of lipogenic factors such as fatty acid synthase and sterol regulatory-element-binding protein 1c by approximately 40% compared to the FFA treatment group. Treatment with USM promoted lipolysis and positively regulated the expression of the proteins involved in β-oxidation, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α and its downstream protein, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A. Moreover, the blockade of AMPK activation significantly abolished the inhibitory effects of USM on hepatic lipid accumulation. These results indicated that the USM from both SKK and SMC can alleviate lipid accumulation in hepatocytes in an AMPK-dependent manner. Therefore, USM from wheat bran may be useful as a therapeutic intervention for treating metabolic-dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minju An
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea; (M.A.); (H.H.); (H.-S.J.)
| | - Huijin Heo
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea; (M.A.); (H.H.); (H.-S.J.)
| | - Jinhee Park
- Wheat Research Team, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea;
| | - Heon-Sang Jeong
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea; (M.A.); (H.H.); (H.-S.J.)
| | - Younghwa Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungsung University, Busan 48434, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsoo Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea; (M.A.); (H.H.); (H.-S.J.)
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Lakshminarayana L, Veeraraghavan V, Gouthami K, Srihari R, Chowdadenahalli Nagaraja P. Effect of Abutilon indicum (L) Extract on Adipogenesis, Lipolysis and Cholesterol Esterase in 3T3-L1 Adipocyte Cell Lines. Indian J Clin Biochem 2023; 38:22-32. [PMID: 36684487 PMCID: PMC9852410 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-022-01022-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Abutilon indicum (L) is an Indian traditional plant used for the treatment of diabetes and heart diseases. The present study is to evaluate the functional of A. indicum leaf extract as insulin like character to inhibit lipolysis and stimulates Adipogenesis activity. The ability of the A. indicum leaf extract in anti-obesity effect of Adipogenesis, lipolysis and cholesterol esterase functions can be predicted by using 3T3-L1 adipocyte cell lines. Substances were isolated from A. indicum leaves and the double filtered crude sample were used for Adipogenesis, lipolysis and cholesterol esterase activity using 3T3-L1 adipocytes at different concentrations. We used differential media-I, differential media-II and maintenance media (MM1) at concentrations of 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 200 and 400 µg/mL respectively. In addition to the extract, there is a significance increase in glycerol release (p < 0.001) compared with crude and reference compounds. Cholesterol esterase activity predicts the IC50 = 27.11 µg/mL of orlistat positive control compare with IC50 = 8.158 µg/mL of crude extract. Based on the observation, A. indicum leaf extract can promotes lipolysis and differentiated adipocytes. It is potentially used as adjuvant in the treatment of Type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavanya Lakshminarayana
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Applied Sciences, REVA University, Bangalore, 560064 India
| | - V. Veeraraghavan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Applied Sciences, REVA University, Bangalore, 560064 India
| | - Kuruvalli Gouthami
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Applied Sciences, REVA University, Bangalore, 560064 India
| | - Renuka Srihari
- Department of Biochemistry, Maharani Lakshmi Ammanni College for Women, Bangalore, 560012 India
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Pei J, Prasad M, Mohamed Helal G, El-Sherbiny M, Abdelmonem Elsherbini DM, Rajagopal P, Palanisamy CP, Veeraraghavan VP, Jayaraman S, Surapaneni KM. Beta-Sitosterol Facilitates GLUT4 Vesicle Fusion on the Plasma Membrane via the Activation of Rab/IRAP/Munc 18 Signaling Pathways in Diabetic Gastrocnemius Muscle of Adult Male Rats. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2022; 2022:7772305. [PMID: 35992048 PMCID: PMC9388314 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7772305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutritional overload in the form of high-fat and nonglycolysis sugar intake contributes towards the accelerated creation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia. Glucose absorption and its subsequent oxidation processes in fat and muscle tissues alter as a consequence of these modifications. Insulin resistance (IR) caused glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) translocation to encounter a challenge that manifested itself as changes in glycolytic pathways and insulin signaling. We previously found that beta (β)-sitosterol reduces IR in fat tissue via IRS-1/PI3K/Akt facilitated signaling due to its hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic activity. The intention of this research was to see whether the phytosterol β-sitosterol can aid in the translocation of GLUT4 in rats fed on high-fat diet (HFD) and sucrose by promoting Rab/IRAP/Munc 18 signaling molecules. The rats were labeled into four groups, namely control rats, HFD and sucrose-induced diabetic control rats, HFD and sucrose-induced diabetic rats given oral dose of 20 mg/kg body wt./day of β-sitosterol treatment for 30 days, and HFD and sucrose-induced diabetic animals given oral administration of 50 mg/kg body wt./day metformin for 30 days. Diabetic rats administered with β-sitosterol and normalized the titers of blood glucose, serum insulin, serum testosterone, and the status of insulin tolerance and oral glucose tolerance. In comparison with the control group, β-sitosterol effectively regulated both glycolytic and gluconeogenesis enzymes. Furthermore, qRT-PCR analysis of the mRNA levels of key regulatory genes such as SNAP23, VAMP-2, syntaxin-4, IRAP, vimentin, and SPARC revealed that β-sitosterol significantly regulated the mRNA levels of the above genes in diabetic gastrocnemius muscle. Protein expression analysis of Rab10, IRAP, vimentin, and GLUT4 demonstrated that β-sitosterol had a positive effect on these proteins, resulting in effective GLUT4 translocation in skeletal muscle. According to the findings, β-sitosterol reduced HFD and sucrose-induced IR and augmented GLUT4 translocation in gastrocnemius muscle through insulin signaling modulation via Rab/IRAP/Munc 18 and glucose metabolic enzymes. The present work is the first of its kind to show that β-sitosterol facilitates GLUT4 vesicle fusion on the plasma membrane via Rab/IRAP/Munc 18 signaling molecules in gastrocnemius muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- JinJin Pei
- Qinba State Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment, 2011 QinLing-Bashan Mountains, Bioresources Comprehensive Development C. I. C, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723001, Shaanxi, China
| | - Monisha Prasad
- Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College & Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical & Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India
| | - Ghada Mohamed Helal
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohamed El-Sherbiny
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, AlMaarefa University, P.O. Box 71666, Riyadh 11597, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dalia Mahmoud Abdelmonem Elsherbini
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, P.O. Box 2014, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ponnulakshmi Rajagopal
- Central Research Laboratory, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Chennai 600078, India
| | - Chella Perumal Palanisamy
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, College of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Vishnu Priya Veeraraghavan
- Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College & Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical & Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India
| | - Selvaraj Jayaraman
- Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College & Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical & Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India
| | - Krishna Mohan Surapaneni
- Departments of Biochemistry,Molecular Virology,Medical Education,Research,Clinical Skills & Simulation, Panimalar Medical College Hospital & Research Institute, Varadharajapuram, Poonamallee, Chennai 600123, India
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Feng J, Zhou Y, Liao L, Yu L, Yuan P, Zhang J. Network Pharmacology and Transcriptomics Reveal the Mechanism of GuaLouQuMaiWan in Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes and Its Active Small Molecular Compound. J Diabetes Res 2022; 2022:2736504. [PMID: 36248223 PMCID: PMC9560855 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2736504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The main pathophysiological abnormalities in type 2 diabetes (T2D) include pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance. Due to hyperglycemia, patients receive long-term treatment. However, side effects and drug tolerance usually lead to treatment failure. GuaLouQuMaiWan (GLQMW), a common traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescription, has positive effects on controlling blood sugar and improving quality of life, but the mechanism is still unclear. To decipher their molecular mechanisms, we used a novel computational systems pharmacology-based approach consisting of bioinformatics analysis, network pharmacology, and drug similarity comparison. We divided the participants into nondisease (ND), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and type 2 diabetes groups according to the WHO's recommendations for diabetes. By analyzing the gene expression profile of the ND-IGT-T2D (ND to IGT to T2D) process, we found that the function of downregulated genes in the whole process was mainly related to insulin secretion, while the upregulated genes were related to inflammation. Furthermore, other genes in the ND-IGT (ND to IGT) process are mainly related to inflammation and lipid metabolic disorders. We speculate that 17 genes with a consistent trend may play a key role in the process of ND-IGT-T2D. We further performed target prediction for 50 compounds in GLQMW that met the screening criteria and intersected the differentially expressed genes of the T2D process with the compounds of GLQMW; a total of 18 proteins proved potential targets for GLQMW. Among these, RBP4 is considerably related to insulin resistance. GO/KEGG enrichment analyses of the target genes of GLQMW showed enrichment in inflammation- and T2D therapy-related pathways. Based on the RDKit tool and the DrugBank database, we speculate that (-)-taxifolin, dialoside A_qt, spinasterol, isofucosterol, and 11,14-eicosadienoic acid can be used as potential drugs for T2D via molecular docking and drug similarity comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Feng
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China 518000
| | - Yuheng Zhou
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China 510632
| | - Li Liao
- Chongqing Jiangjin District Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, China 404100
| | - Liping Yu
- Shenzhen Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China 518000
| | - Ping Yuan
- Tongren Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China 200000
| | - Jun Zhang
- School of Traditional Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China 510632
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Vezza T, Canet F, de Marañón AM, Bañuls C, Rocha M, Víctor VM. Phytosterols: Nutritional Health Players in the Management of Obesity and Its Related Disorders. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9121266. [PMID: 33322742 PMCID: PMC7763348 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9121266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and its related disorders, such as diabetes and cardiovascular risk, represent an emerging global health issue. Even though genetic factors seem to be the primary actors in the development and progression of these diseases, dietary choices also appear to be of crucial importance. A healthy diet combined with physical activity have been shown to ameliorate glycaemic levels and insulin sensitivity, reduce body weight and the risk of chronic diseases, and contribute to an overall improvement in quality of life. Among nutrients, phytosterols have become the focus of growing attention as novel functional foods in the management of metabolic disorders. Phytosterols are natural plant compounds belonging to the triterpene family and are structurally similar to cholesterol. They are known for their cholesterol-lowering effects, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, and the benefits they offer to the immune system. The present review aims to provide an overview of these bioactive compounds and their therapeutic potential in the fields of obesity and metabolic disorders, with special attention given to oxidative stress, inflammatory status, and gut dysbiosis, all common features of the aforementioned diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Vezza
- Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, University Hospital Doctor Peset, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO), 46017 Valencia, Spain; (T.V.); (F.C.); (A.M.d.M.)
| | - Francisco Canet
- Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, University Hospital Doctor Peset, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO), 46017 Valencia, Spain; (T.V.); (F.C.); (A.M.d.M.)
| | - Aranzazu M. de Marañón
- Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, University Hospital Doctor Peset, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO), 46017 Valencia, Spain; (T.V.); (F.C.); (A.M.d.M.)
| | - Celia Bañuls
- Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, University Hospital Doctor Peset, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO), 46017 Valencia, Spain; (T.V.); (F.C.); (A.M.d.M.)
- Correspondence: (C.B.); (M.R.); (V.M.V.); Tel.: +34-963-189-132 (V.M.V.); Fax: +34-961-622-492 (V.M.V.)
| | - Milagros Rocha
- Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, University Hospital Doctor Peset, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO), 46017 Valencia, Spain; (T.V.); (F.C.); (A.M.d.M.)
- CIBERehd, Department of Pharmacology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.B.); (M.R.); (V.M.V.); Tel.: +34-963-189-132 (V.M.V.); Fax: +34-961-622-492 (V.M.V.)
| | - Víctor Manuel Víctor
- Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, University Hospital Doctor Peset, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO), 46017 Valencia, Spain; (T.V.); (F.C.); (A.M.d.M.)
- CIBERehd, Department of Pharmacology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.B.); (M.R.); (V.M.V.); Tel.: +34-963-189-132 (V.M.V.); Fax: +34-961-622-492 (V.M.V.)
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An update on β-sitosterol: A potential herbal nutraceutical for diabetic management. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 131:110702. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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Babu S, Krishnan M, Rajagopal P, Periyasamy V, Veeraraghavan V, Govindan R, Jayaraman S. Beta-sitosterol attenuates insulin resistance in adipose tissue via IRS-1/Akt mediated insulin signaling in high fat diet and sucrose induced type-2 diabetic rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 873:173004. [PMID: 32045603 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In our previous study, we have shown that β-sitosterol (SIT) enhances glycemic control by increasing the activation of insulin receptor (IR) and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) proteins in adipose tissue. However, the possible role of SIT on the regulation of post-receptor insulin signal transduction is not known. Hence, the study was aimed to assess the effects of SIT on IRS-1/Akt mediated insulin signaling molecules in high-fat diet and sucrose induced type-2 diabetic rats. An oral effective dose of SIT (20 mg/kg b.wt) was given for 30 days to high fat-fed type-2 diabetic rats to find out whether SIT regulates IRS-1/Akt pathway of insulin signaling. The results showed that SIT attenuated the insulin receptor substrate-1 serine phosphorylation (p-IRS-1Ser636) (P = 0.0003). However, it up-regulated the mRNA expression of IR (P = 0.0036) and post-receptor insulin signaling molecules such as IRS-1 (P < 0.0001), β-arrestin-2 (P < 0.0058), Akt (P = 0.0008), AS160 (P = 0.0030) and GLUT4 (P < 0.0001) with a concomitant increase in the levels of IRS-1(P < 0.0001), p-IRS1-1Tyr632 (P = 0.0014), Akt (P < 0.0001), p-AktSer473/Thr308 (P = 0.0006; P < 0.0001), AS160 and p-AS160Thr642 (P < 0.0001) compared with type-2 diabetic rats. In Silico analysis was also performed and it showed that SIT possesses the greater binding affinity with β-arrestin-2, c-Src, and IRS-1 as well as Akt proteins and proved to attenuate insulin resistance as this study coincides with in vivo findings. Our present study clearly shows that SIT attenuates high fat diet-induced detrimental changes in adipose tissue. Therefore, it is concluded from the present findings that, SIT could be used as potential therapeutic phytomedicine for the management of type-2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyamaladevi Babu
- Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Madhan Krishnan
- Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ponnulakshmi Rajagopal
- Central Research Laboratory, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Vishnupriya Veeraraghavan
- Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramajayam Govindan
- Multi Disciplinary Research Unit, Madurai Medical College, TamilNadu, India
| | - Selvaraj Jayaraman
- Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Ponnulakshmi R, Shyamaladevi B, Vijayalakshmi P, Selvaraj J. In silico and in vivo analysis to identify the antidiabetic activity of beta sitosterol in adipose tissue of high fat diet and sucrose induced type-2 diabetic experimental rats. Toxicol Mech Methods 2019; 29:276-290. [PMID: 30461321 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2018.1545815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue is the primary site of storage for excess energy as triglyceride and it helps in synthesizing a number of biologically active compounds that regulate metabolic homeostasis. Consumption of high dietary fat increases stored fat mass and is considered as a main risk factor for metabolic diseases. Beta-sitosterol (β-sitosterol) is a plant sterol. It has the similar chemical structure like cholesterol. Clinical and experimental studies have shown that β-sitosterol has anti-diabetic, hypolipidemic, anti-cancer, anti-arthritic, and hepatoprotective role. However, effect of β-sitosterol on insulin signaling molecules and glucose oxidation has not been explored. Hence in the present study we aimed to discover the protective role of β-sitosterol on the expression of insulin signaling molecules in the adipose tissue of high-fat diet and sucrose-induced type-2 diabetic experimental rats. Effect dose of β-sitosterol (20 mg/kg b.wt, orally for 30 days) was given to high fat diet and sucrose-induced type-2 diabetic rats to study its anti-diabetic activity. Results of the study showed that the treatment with β-sitosterol to diabetes-induced rats normalized the altered levels of blood glucose, serum insulin and testosterone, lipid profile, oxidative stress markers, antioxidant enzymes, insulin receptor (IR), and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) proteins. Our present findings indicate that β-sitosterol improves glycemic control through activation of IR and GLUT4 in the adipose tissue of high fat and sucrose-induced type-2 diabetic rats. Insilico analysis also coincides with invivo results. Hence it is very clear that β-sitosterol can act as potent antidiabetic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ponnulakshmi
- a Central Research Laboratory , Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University) , Chennai , India
| | - B Shyamaladevi
- b Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals , Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Science, Saveetha University , Chennai , India
| | - P Vijayalakshmi
- c Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics , Holy cross college , Trichy , India
| | - J Selvaraj
- b Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals , Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Science, Saveetha University , Chennai , India
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11
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Ramadan AM, Azeiz AA, Baabad S, Hassanein S, Gadalla NO, Hassan S, Algandaby M, Bakr S, Khan T, Abouseadaa HH, Ali HM, Al-Ghamdi A, Osman G, Edris S, Eissa H, Bahieldin A. Control of β-sitosterol biosynthesis under light and watering in desert plant Calotropis procera. Steroids 2019; 141:1-8. [PMID: 30414421 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Most scientific studies on Calotropis procera refer to the plant as an important source of pharmaceutical compounds and its valuable benefits in medicine. One of the most important substances in this plant is the potential immunostimulant β-sitosterol (BS) that acts in improving human health. This study focused on the effects of lighting before and after irrigation on the BS accumulation pathway namely steroid biosynthesis. Studying the enzymes in BS biosynthetic pathway indicated the upregulation at dawn and predusk of the SMT2 and SMO2 genes encoding sterol methyltransferase 2 and methylsterol monooxygenase, two key enzymes in BS accumulation in C. procera. The results almost indicated no regulation at the different time points of the CYP710A gene encoding sterol 22-desaturase, an enzyme that acts in depleting β-sitosterol towards the biosynthesis of stigmasterol. RNA-Seq data was validated via quantitative RT-PCR and results were positive. The data of ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis with regard to BS accumulation also aligned with those of RNA-Seq analysis. We focused on the effects of light before and after watering on BS accumulation in C. procera. Our results show that BS accumulation is high at dawn in both dehydrated and well-watered condition. While, the BS was dramatically decrease at midday in well-watered plants. This increase/decrease in BS content is correlated with rates of expression of SMT 2 gene. This gene is a key convertor between the different branches in the cardiac glycoside biosynthesis. Accordingly, it could be suggested that BS (or one of the descendent product) may play an important role in C. procera tolerance to drought/light intensity conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Ramadan
- Biological Science Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Plant Molecular Biology Department, Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed Abdel Azeiz
- College of Biotechnology, Misr University for Science and Technology (MUST), 6th October City, Egypt
| | - Saeed Baabad
- Biological Science Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sameh Hassanein
- College of Biotechnology, Misr University for Science and Technology (MUST), 6th October City, Egypt; Bioinformatics Department, Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Agriculture Research Center(ARC), Giza, Egypt
| | - Nour O Gadalla
- Department of Arid Land Agriculture, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Genetics and Cytology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Division, National Research Center, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Sabah Hassan
- Biological Science Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mardi Algandaby
- Biological Science Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salwa Bakr
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Hematology, College of Medicine, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt; College of Medicine, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thana Khan
- Biological Science Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Heba H Abouseadaa
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hani Mohammed Ali
- Biological Science Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Areej Al-Ghamdi
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Jeddah University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gamal Osman
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Microbial genetics, Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt.
| | - Sherif Edris
- Biological Science Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hala Eissa
- Plant Molecular Biology Department, Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt; College of Biotechnology, Misr University for Science and Technology (MUST), 6th October City, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Bahieldin
- Biological Science Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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12
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Hsu YA, Kuo YH, Chen CS, Chen YC, Huang CC, Chang CY, Lin CJ, Lin CW, Lin HJ, Liu FT, Wan L. Galectin-12 is Involved in Corn Silk-Induced Anti-Adipogenesis and Anti-Obesity Effects. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2018; 46:1045-1063. [PMID: 29976086 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x18500544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a significant risk factor for various diseases. It is a clinical condition caused by the excessive accumulation of fat, which has a negative impact on human health. Galactin-12 is an adipocyte-expressed protein and possesses adipocyte-inducing activity. We investigated the expression level of candidate proteins involved in galactin-12-mediated adipocyte differentiation pathway. We performed a high-throughput screening assay to monitor galectin-12 promoter activity using 105 traditional Chinese herbs. Corn silk extract and [Formula: see text]-sitosterol reduced the expression of galactin-12 promoter in 3T3-L1 cells. In addition, corn silk extract and [Formula: see text]-sitosterol decreased the level of lipid droplets and downregulated the gene and protein expression level of C/EBP[Formula: see text], C/EBP[Formula: see text], PPAR[Formula: see text], Ap2, and adipsin in 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes via AKT and ERK1/2 inhibition. In vivo study with the oral administration of corn silk extract and [Formula: see text]-sitosterol in a mouse model showed a significant weight reduction and decrease in adipocytes in several organs such as the liver and adipose tissue. Taken together, corn silk extract and [Formula: see text]-sitosterol may effectively reduce pre-adipocyte differentiation by inhibiting galectin-12 activity and exerting anti-obesity effects. These findings highlight the potential use of corn silk extract and [Formula: see text]-sitosterol as potential candidates for the prevention and treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-An Hsu
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsin Kuo
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Sheng Chen
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Division of Chinese Traumatology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Division of Chinese Medicine, Asia University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chi Chen
- Department of Biomedical Science, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Science, Rheinbach, Germany
| | - Chi-Chun Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yao Chang
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Jen Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Changhua Christian Children’s Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Wen Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ju Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Fu-Tong Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Lei Wan
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Research Center for Chinese Medicine & Acupuncture, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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13
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Grace MH, Esposito D, Timmers MA, Xiong J, Yousef G, Komarnytsky S, Lila MA. In vitro lipolytic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of roasted pistachio kernel and skin constituents. Food Funct 2018; 7:4285-4298. [PMID: 27604963 DOI: 10.1039/c6fo00867d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive phytochemical analysis was conducted on pistachios to identify the differential contributions of skin and kernel phytochemicals to in vitro bioactivity. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of skin and kernel non-polar extracts (SNP and KNP, respectively) indicated that the major components are fatty acids (696.36 and 879.70 mg g-1), phytosterols (16.08 and 4.28 mg g-1), and γ-tocopherol (304.17 and 397.10 μg g-1). Analysis of the skin and kernel polar extracts (SP and KP, respectively) showed that skin accumulated higher levels of phenolic compounds, especially flavan-3-ols, compared to the kernel. An (epi)catechin hexoside was the major component in SP and KP (9.8 mg g-1 and 3.3 mg g-1, respectively). Flavan-3-ols with different degrees of polymerization were detected in SP, but only the monomers were identified in the KP. Quercetin glycosides were the major flavonols present in both SP and KP. Bioassays with 3T3L1 mouse adipocytes demonstrated that all extracts decreased lipid accumulation, with SNP demonstrating the highest activity (17% inhibition). Bioassay guided fractionation of SNP indicated that the lipolytic activity was highest in the fraction consisting of linoleic acid (20%), linolenic acid (10%), and β-sitosterol (50%). Radical scavenging assays indicated that all pistachio extracts significantly inhibited ROS, while SP was the most inhibiting to NO production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Gene expression profiles associated with inflammation (IL6, iNOS, and COX2) were characterized in the LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages after treatment with pistachio extracts. SP and KP were the most potent to inhibit the expression of COX2. The SNP had the strongest effect in decreasing non-mitochondrial oxidative burst associated with inflammatory response in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary H Grace
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences Department, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, USA.
| | - Debora Esposito
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences Department, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, USA.
| | - Michael A Timmers
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences Department, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, USA.
| | - Jia Xiong
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences Department, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, USA.
| | - Gad Yousef
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences Department, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, USA.
| | - Slavko Komarnytsky
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences Department, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, USA.
| | - Mary Ann Lila
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences Department, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, USA.
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Natriuretic peptides promote glucose uptake in a cGMP-dependent manner in human adipocytes. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1097. [PMID: 29348496 PMCID: PMC5773662 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19619-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Robust associations between low plasma level of natriuretic peptides (NP) and increased risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) have been recently reported in humans. Adipose tissue (AT) is a known target of NP. However it is unknown whether NP signalling in human AT relates to insulin sensitivity and modulates glucose metabolism. We here show in two European cohorts that the NP receptor guanylyl cyclase-A (GC-A) expression in subcutaneous AT was down-regulated as a function of obesity grade while adipose NP clearance receptor (NPRC) was up-regulated. Adipose GC-A mRNA level was down-regulated in prediabetes and T2D, and negatively correlated with HOMA-IR and fasting blood glucose. We show for the first time that NP promote glucose uptake in a dose-dependent manner. This effect is reduced in adipocytes of obese individuals. NP activate mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1/2 (mTORC1/2) and Akt signalling. These effects were totally abrogated by inhibition of cGMP-dependent protein kinase and mTORC1/2 by rapamycin. We further show that NP treatment favoured glucose oxidation and de novo lipogenesis independently of significant gene regulation. Collectively, our data support a role for NP in blood glucose control and insulin sensitivity by increasing glucose uptake in human adipocytes. This effect is partly blunted in obesity.
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15
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The effects of Ficus carica on the activity of enzymes related to metabolic syndrome. J Food Drug Anal 2017; 26:201-210. [PMID: 29389556 PMCID: PMC9332642 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effects of the various parts of Ficus carica L. (figs) on antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antiobesogenic effects in vitro. Fruit, leaves, and stembark of the F. carica plant were sequentially extracted using organic and inorganic solvents and their total polyphenol and flavonoid contents were estimated. The effects of the extracts on antioxidative, antidiabetic (inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes), and antiobesogenic (antilipase) activities were measured using several experimental models. The fruit ethanolic extract contained a high quantity of polyphenols and flavonoids (104.67 ± 5.51 μg/mL and 81.67 ± 4.00 μg/mL) compared with all other extracts. The activity of the ethanolic extract of F. carica fruit was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than all other extracts and parts of the plant in terms of antioxidative, antidiabetic, and antiobesogenic effects. The IC50 values of the fruit ethanolic extract in terms of antioxidative (134.44 ± 18.43 μg/mL), and inhibition of α-glucosidase (255.57 ± 36.46 μg/mL), α-amylase (315.89 ± 3.83 μg/mL), and pancreatic lipase (230.475 ± 9.65 μg/mL) activity indicate that the activity of fruit ethanolic extract is better than all other extracts of the plant. The gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy analysis of the fruit ethanolic extract showed the presence of a number of bioactive compounds such as butyl butyrate, 5-hydroxymethyl furfural, 1-butoxy-1-isobutoxy butane, malic acid, tetradecanoic acid, phytol acetate, trans phytol, n-hexadecanoic acid, 9Z,12Z-octadecadienoic acid, stearic acid, sitosterol, 3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-2,3-dihydro-4H-pyran-4-one, and 2,4,5-trimethyl-2,4-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one. The results of this study suggest that the ethanolic extract of the fruit of F. carica may have potential antidiabetic and antiobesogenic agents.
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16
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Perona JS. Membrane lipid alterations in the metabolic syndrome and the role of dietary oils. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2017; 1859:1690-1703. [PMID: 28428072 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome is a cluster of pathological conditions, including hypertension, hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, obesity and low HDL levels that is of great concern worldwide, as individuals with metabolic syndrome have an increased risk of type-2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Insulin resistance, the key feature of the metabolic syndrome, might be at the same time cause and consequence of impaired lipid composition in plasma membranes of insulin-sensitive tissues like liver, muscle and adipose tissue. Diet intervention has been proposed as a powerful tool to prevent the development of the metabolic syndrome, since healthy diets have been shown to have a protective role against the components of the metabolic syndrome. Particularly, dietary fatty acids are capable of modulating the deleterious effects of these conditions, among other mechanisms, by modifications of the lipid composition of the membranes in insulin-sensitive tissues. However, there is still scarce data based of high-level evidence on the effects of dietary oils on the effects of the metabolic syndrome and its components. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the effects of dietary oils on improving alterations of the components of the metabolic syndrome. It also examines their influence in the modulation of plasma membrane lipid composition and in the functionality of membrane proteins involved in insulin activity, like the insulin receptor, GLUT-4, CD36/FAT and ABCA-1, and their effect in the metabolism of glucose, fatty acids and cholesterol, and, in turn, the key features of the metabolic syndrome. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Membrane Lipid Therapy: Drugs Targeting Biomembranes edited by Pablo V. Escribá.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier S Perona
- Bioactive Compunds, Nutrition and Health, Instituto de la Grasa-CSIC, Campus Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Ctra. Utrera km 1, Building 46, 41013 Seville, (Spain)
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Tanaka M, Yasuoka A, Shimizu M, Saito Y, Kumakura K, Asakura T, Nagai T. Transcriptomic responses of the liver and adipose tissues to altered carbohydrate-fat ratio in diet: an isoenergetic study in young rats. GENES AND NUTRITION 2017; 12:10. [PMID: 28405243 PMCID: PMC5385083 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-017-0558-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Background To elucidate the effects of altered dietary carbohydrate and fat balance on liver and adipose tissue transcriptomes, 3-week-old rats were fed three kinds of diets: low-, moderate-, and high-fat diets (L, M, and H) containing a different ratio of carbohydrate-fat (C-F) (65:15, 60:20, and 35:45 in energy percent, respectively). Methods The rats consumed the diets for 9 weeks and were subjected to biochemical and DNA microarray analyses. Results The rats in the H-group exhibited lower serum triacylglycerol (TG) levels but higher liver TG and cholesterol content than rats in the L-group. The analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between each group (L vs M, M vs H, and L vs H) in the liver revealed about 35% of L vs H DEGs that were regulated in the same way as M vs H DEGs, and most of the others were L- vs H-specific. Gene ontology analysis of these L vs H DEGs indicated that those related to fatty acid synthesis and circadian rhythm were enriched. Interestingly, about 30% of L vs M DEGs were regulated in a reverse way compared with L vs H and M vs H DEGs. These reversed liver DEGs included M-up/H-down genes (Sds for gluconeogenesis from amino acids) and M-down/H-up genes (Gpd2 for gluconeogenesis from glycerol, Agpat9 for TG synthesis, and Acot1 for beta-oxidation). We also analyzed L vs H DEGs in white (WAT) and brown (BAT) adipose tissues and found that both oxidation and synthesis of fatty acids were inhibited in these tissues. Conclusions These results indicate that the alteration of dietary C-F balance differentially affects the transcriptomes of metabolizing and energy-storing tissues. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12263-017-0558-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuru Tanaka
- Nissin Global Innovation Center, Nissin Foods Holdings, 2100 Tobukimachi, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo 192-0001 Japan
| | - Akihito Yasuoka
- Project on Health and Anti-Aging, Kanagawa Academy of Science and Technology, Life Science and Environment Research Center (LiSE) 4F C-4, 3-25-13 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821 Japan
| | - Manae Shimizu
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, 37-1 Nakaorui-machi, Takasaki, Gunma 370-0033 Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Saito
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657 Japan
| | - Kei Kumakura
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, 37-1 Nakaorui-machi, Takasaki, Gunma 370-0033 Japan
| | - Tomiko Asakura
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657 Japan
| | - Toshitada Nagai
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, 37-1 Nakaorui-machi, Takasaki, Gunma 370-0033 Japan
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Bin Sayeed MS, Karim SMR, Sharmin T, Morshed MM. Critical Analysis on Characterization, Systemic Effect, and Therapeutic Potential of Beta-Sitosterol: A Plant-Derived Orphan Phytosterol. MEDICINES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2016; 3:E29. [PMID: 28930139 PMCID: PMC5456237 DOI: 10.3390/medicines3040029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Beta-sitosterol (BS) is a phytosterol, widely distributed throughout the plant kingdom and known to be involved in the stabilization of cell membranes. To compile the sources, physical and chemical properties, spectral and chromatographic analytical methods, synthesis, systemic effects, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic potentials, toxicity, drug delivery and finally, to suggest future research with BS, classical as well as on-line literature were studied. Classical literature includes classical books on ethnomedicine and phytochemistry, and the electronic search included Pubmed, SciFinder, Scopus, the Web of Science, Google Scholar, and others. BS could be obtained from different plants, but the total biosynthetic pathway, as well as its exact physiological and structural function in plants, have not been fully understood. Different pharmacological effects have been studied, but most of the mechanisms of action have not been studied in detail. Clinical trials with BS have shown beneficial effects in different diseases, but long-term study results are not available. These have contributed to its current status as an "orphan phytosterol". Therefore, extensive research regarding its effect at cellular and molecular level in humans as well as addressing the claims made by commercial manufacturers such as the cholesterol lowering ability, immunological activity etc. are highly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Selim Muhammad Rezaul Karim
- Department of Pharmacy, Daffodil International University, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh.
| | - Tasnuva Sharmin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh.
| | - Mohammed Monzur Morshed
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular, Biology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh.
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Tan X, Chua K, Ravishankar Ram M, Kuppusamy U. Monoterpenes: Novel insights into their biological effects and roles on glucose uptake and lipid metabolism in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Food Chem 2016; 196:242-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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20
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Riya MP, Antu KA, Pal S, Chandrakanth KC, Anilkumar KS, Tamrakar AK, Srivastava AK, Raghu KG. Antidiabetic property of Aerva lanata (L.) Juss. ex Schult. is mediated by inhibition of alpha glucosidase, protein glycation and stimulation of adipogenesis. J Diabetes 2015; 7:548-61. [PMID: 25224159 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.12216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality, with a number currently diagnosed as high as 371 million. Plant-based therapy could be an ideal choice because of fewer side-effects and wider acceptability. Hence, the antihyperglycemic potential of Aerva lanata, a herb prescribed for diabetes in Ayurveda was evaluated to elucidate its possible mechanism of action. METHODS High performance liquid chromatography analysis was used for the characterization of 70% ethanolic (aqueous leaf extract [ALE]) and ethyl acetate (AEA) extracts. Further, they were evaluated for their antioxidant, inhibition of alpha glucosidase, protein glycation dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV), protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) and stimulation of glucose uptake and glitazone like property (adipogenic potential) using in vitro models. The promising alpha glucosidase inhibitory potential of ALE was further evaluated in normal and streptozotocin (STZ) diabetic rats. RESULTS ALE inhibited yeast (IC50 - 81.76 μg/mL) and rat intestinal alpha glucosidase (IC50 - 108.7 μg/mL), protein glycation, DPP IV enzyme (IC50 - 118.62 μg/mL) and PTP1B (IC50 - 94.66 μg/mL). ALE stimulated maximal adipogenesis at 50 μg/mL and enhanced insulin mediated glucose uptake (threefold of basal) at 100 μg/mL in L6 myotubes. ALE (500 mg/kg b.w.) showed a significant antihyperglycemic activity in sucrose loaded STZ normal (15.57%) and diabetic (18.44%) rats. HPLC analysis of ALE revealed the presence of bioactives like alpha amyrin, betulin and beta sitosterol. CONCLUSIONS Alpha glucosidase inhibition, antiglycation, and adipogenic potential significantly contribute to the antidiabetic property of Aerva lanata. In addition, insulin sensitization and antioxidant potential also enhance its therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Philip Riya
- Agroprocessing and Natural Products Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Kalathookunnel Antony Antu
- Agroprocessing and Natural Products Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Savita Pal
- Division of Biochemistry, CSIR - Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Lucknow, India
| | - Karuvakandy Chandrasekharan Chandrakanth
- Agroprocessing and Natural Products Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | | | | | | | - Kozhiparambil Gopalan Raghu
- Agroprocessing and Natural Products Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, India
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21
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Ahn EM. Effects of Ethanol Extracts from Commonly Consumed Vegetables in Korea on Differentiation and Secretion of MCP-1 and Adiponectin in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes and Lipid Accumulation in HepG2 Hepatocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.17495/easdl.2015.2.25.1.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Antu KA, Riya MP, Mishra A, Anilkumar KS, Chandrakanth CK, Tamrakar AK, Srivastava AK, Raghu KG. Antidiabetic property of Symplocos cochinchinensis is mediated by inhibition of alpha glucosidase and enhanced insulin sensitivity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105829. [PMID: 25184241 PMCID: PMC4153544 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The study is designed to find out the biochemical basis of antidiabetic property of Symplocos cochinchinensis (SC), the main ingredient of ‘Nisakathakadi’ an Ayurvedic decoction for diabetes. Since diabetes is a multifactorial disease, ethanolic extract of the bark (SCE) and its fractions (hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and 90% ethanol) were evaluated by in vitro methods against multiple targets relevant to diabetes such as the alpha glucosidase inhibition, glucose uptake, adipogenic potential, oxidative stress, pancreatic beta cell proliferation, inhibition of protein glycation, protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B (PTP-1B) and dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV). Among the extracts, SCE exhibited comparatively better activity like alpha glucosidase inhibition (IC50 value-82.07±2.10 µg/mL), insulin dependent glucose uptake (3 fold increase) in L6 myotubes, pancreatic beta cell regeneration in RIN-m5F (3.5 fold increase) and reduced triglyceride accumulation (22% decrease) in 3T3L1 cells, protection from hyperglycemia induced generation of reactive oxygen species in HepG2 cells (59.57% decrease) with moderate antiglycation and PTP-1B inhibition. Chemical characterization by HPLC revealed the superiority of SCE over other extracts due to presence and quantity of bioactives (beta-sitosterol, phloretin 2′glucoside, oleanolic acid) in addition to minerals like magnesium, calcium, potassium, sodium, zinc and manganese. So SCE has been subjected to oral sucrose tolerance test to evaluate its antihyperglycemic property in mild diabetic and diabetic animal models. SCE showed significant antihyperglycemic activity in in vivo diabetic models. We conclude that SC mediates the antidiabetic activity mainly via alpha glucosidase inhibition, improved insulin sensitivity, with moderate antiglycation and antioxidant activity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antioxidants/chemistry
- Antioxidants/isolation & purification
- Antioxidants/pharmacology
- Cattle
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/chemically induced
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4/metabolism
- Glycation End Products, Advanced/antagonists & inhibitors
- Glycation End Products, Advanced/chemistry
- Hep G2 Cells
- Humans
- Hypoglycemic Agents/chemistry
- Hypoglycemic Agents/isolation & purification
- Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology
- Insulin Resistance
- Magnoliopsida/chemistry
- Male
- Medicine, Ayurvedic
- Plant Bark/chemistry
- Plant Extracts/chemistry
- Plant Extracts/isolation & purification
- Plant Extracts/pharmacology
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 1/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae/chemistry
- Serum Albumin, Bovine/chemistry
- Streptozocin
- alpha-Glucosidases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalathookunnel Antony Antu
- Agroprocessing and Natural Products Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Mariam Philip Riya
- Agroprocessing and Natural Products Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Arvind Mishra
- Division of Biochemistry, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Chandrasekharan K. Chandrakanth
- Agroprocessing and Natural Products Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | | | - Arvind K. Srivastava
- Division of Biochemistry, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - K. Gopalan Raghu
- Agroprocessing and Natural Products Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
- * E-mail:
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Leucaena leucocephala fruit aqueous extract stimulates adipogenesis, lipolysis, and glucose uptake in primary rat adipocytes. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:737263. [PMID: 25180205 PMCID: PMC4142670 DOI: 10.1155/2014/737263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucaena leucocephala had been traditionally used to treat diabetes. The present study was designed to evaluate in vitro “insulin-like” activities of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) deWit. aqueous fruit extract on lipid and glucose metabolisms. The ability of the extract to stimulate adipogenesis, inhibit lipolysis, and activate radio-labeled glucose uptake was assessed using primary rat adipocytes. Quantitative Real-Time RT-PCR was performed to investigate effects of the extract on expression levels of genes (protein kinases B, AKT; glucose transporter 4, GLUT4; hormone sensitive lipase, HSL; phosphatidylinositol-3-kinases, PI3KA; sterol regulatory element binding factor 1, Srebp1) involved in insulin-induced signaling pathways. L. leucocephala aqueous fruit extract stimulated moderate adipogenesis and glucose uptake into adipocytes when compared to insulin. Generally, the extract exerted a considerable level of lipolytic effect at lower concentration but decreased gradually at higher concentration. The findings concurred with RT-PCR analysis. The expressions of GLUT4 and HSL genes were upregulated by twofold and onefold, respectively, whereas AKT, PI3KA, and Srebp1 genes were downregulated. The L. leucocephala aqueous fruit extract may be potentially used as an adjuvant in the treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus and weight management due to its enhanced glucose uptake and balanced adipogenesis and lipolysis properties.
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