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Neuroprotective Role of Acidosis in Ischemia: Review of the Preclinical Evidence. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:6684-6696. [PMID: 34606050 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02578-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Efforts to develop effective neuroprotective therapies for ischemic stroke have had little success to date. One promising approach to neuroprotection is ischemic postconditioning, which utilizes brief bouts of ischemia after acute ischemic stroke to elicit neuroprotection, although the mechanism is largely unknown. As the primary components of transient ischemia are local hypoxia and acidosis, and hypoxic postconditioning has had little success, it is possible that the acidosis component may be the primary driver. To address the evidence behind this, we performed a systematic review of preclinical studies focused on the neuroprotective role of transient acidosis after ischemia. Animal studies demonstrated that mild-to-moderate acidosis after ischemic events led to better functional neurologic outcomes with reduced infarct volumes, while severe acidosis often led to cerebral edema and worse functional outcomes. In vitro studies demonstrated that mild-to-moderate acidosis improves neuronal survival largely through two means: (1) inhibition of harmful superoxide formation in the excitotoxic pathway and (2) remodeling neuronal mitochondria to allow for efficient ATP production (i.e., oxidative phosphorylation), even in the absence of oxygen. Similar to the animal studies, acidotic postconditioning in humans would entail short cycles of carbon dioxide inhalation, which has already been demonstrated to be safe as part of a hypercapnic challenge when measuring cerebrovascular reactivity. Due to the preclinical efficacy of acidotic postconditioning, its relatively straightforward translation into humans, and the growing need for neuroprotective therapies, future preclinical studies should focus on filling the current knowledge gaps that are currently restricting the development of phase I/II clinical trials.
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2
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Natural compounds modulate the autophagy with potential implication of stroke. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:1708-1720. [PMID: 34386317 PMCID: PMC8343111 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is considered a leading cause of mortality and neurological disability, which puts a huge burden on individuals and the community. To date, effective therapy for stroke has been limited by its complex pathological mechanisms. Autophagy refers to an intracellular degrading process with the involvement of lysosomes. Autophagy plays a critical role in maintaining the homeostasis and survival of cells by eliminating damaged or non-essential cellular constituents. Increasing evidence support that autophagy protects neuronal cells from ischemic injury. However, under certain circumstances, autophagy activation induces cell death and aggravates ischemic brain injury. Diverse naturally derived compounds have been found to modulate autophagy and exert neuroprotection against stroke. In the present work, we have reviewed recent advances in naturally derived compounds that regulate autophagy and discussed their potential application in stroke treatment.
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Key Words
- AD, Alzheimer's disease
- ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
- AMPK, 5′-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase
- ATF6, activating transcription factor 6
- ATG, autophagy related genes
- Autophagy
- BCL-2, B-cell lymphoma 2
- BNIP3L, BCL2/adenovirus
- COPII, coat protein complex II
- Cerebral ischemia
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- FOXO, forkhead box O
- FUNDC1, FUN14 domain containing 1
- GPCR, G-protein coupled receptor
- HD, Huntington's disease
- IPC, ischemic preconditioning
- IRE1, inositol-requiring enzyme 1
- JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase
- LAMP, lysosomal-associated membrane protein
- LC3, light chain 3
- LKB1, liver kinase B1
- Lysosomal activation
- Mitochondria
- Mitophagy
- Natural compounds
- Neurological disorders
- Neuroprotection
- OGD/R, oxygen and glucose deprivation-reperfusion
- PD, Parkinson's disease
- PERK, protein kinase R (PKR)-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SQSTM1, sequestosome 1
- TFEB, transcription factor EB
- TIGAR, TP53-induced glycolysis and apoptosis regulator
- ULK, Unc-51- like kinase
- Uro-A, urolithin A
- eIF2a, eukaryotic translation-initiation factor 2
- mTOR, mechanistic target of rapamycin
- ΔΨm, mitochondrial membrane potential
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3
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Xie Q, Li H, Lu D, Yuan J, Ma R, Li J, Ren M, Li Y, Chen H, Wang J, Gong D. Neuroprotective Effect for Cerebral Ischemia by Natural Products: A Review. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:607412. [PMID: 33967750 PMCID: PMC8102015 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.607412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products have a significant role in the prevention of disease and boosting of health in humans and animals. Stroke is a disease with high prevalence and incidence, the pathogenesis is a complex cascade reaction. In recent years, it’s reported that a vast number of natural products have demonstrated beneficial effects on stroke worldwide. Natural products have been discovered to modulate activities with multiple targets and signaling pathways to exert neuroprotection via direct or indirect effects on enzymes, such as kinases, regulatory receptors, and proteins. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the established pharmacological effects and multiple target mechanisms of natural products for cerebral ischemic injury in vitro and in vivo preclinical models, and their potential neuro-therapeutic applications. In addition, the biological activity of natural products is closely related to their structure, and the structure-activity relationship of most natural products in neuroprotection is lacking, which should be further explored in future. Overall, we stress on natural products for their role in neuroprotection, and this wide band of pharmacological or biological activities has made them suitable candidates for the treatment of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China.,School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China.,School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Danni Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China.,School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianmei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China.,School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Rong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China.,School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinxiu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China.,School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Mihong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China.,School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China.,School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China.,School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China.,School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Daoyin Gong
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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4
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Hao Y, Xin M, Feng L, Wang X, Wang X, Ma D, Feng J. Review Cerebral Ischemic Tolerance and Preconditioning: Methods, Mechanisms, Clinical Applications, and Challenges. Front Neurol 2020; 11:812. [PMID: 33071923 PMCID: PMC7530891 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and it is increasing in prevalence. The limited therapeutic window and potential severe side effects prevent the widespread clinical application of the venous injection of thrombolytic tissue plasminogen activator and thrombectomy, which are regarded as the only approved treatments for acute ischemic stroke. Triggered by various types of mild stressors or stimuli, ischemic preconditioning (IPreC) induces adaptive endogenous tolerance to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury by activating a multitude cascade of biomolecules, for example, proteins, enzymes, receptors, transcription factors, and others, which eventually lead to transcriptional regulation and epigenetic and genomic reprogramming. During the past 30 years, IPreC has been widely studied to confirm its neuroprotection against subsequent I/R injury, mainly including local ischemic preconditioning (LIPreC), remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPreC), and cross preconditioning. Although LIPreC has a strong neuroprotective effect, the clinical application of IPreC for subsequent cerebral ischemia is difficult. There are two main reasons for the above result: Cerebral ischemia is unpredictable, and LIPreC is also capable of inducing unexpected injury with only minor differences to durations or intensity. RIPreC and pharmacological preconditioning, an easy-to-use and non-invasive therapy, can be performed in a variety of clinical settings and appear to be more suitable for the clinical management of ischemic stroke. Hoping to advance our understanding of IPreC, this review mainly focuses on recent advances in IPreC in stroke management, its challenges, and the potential study directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulei Hao
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Meiying Xin
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Liangshu Feng
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Di Ma
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiachun Feng
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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5
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Steliga A, Kowiański P, Czuba E, Waśkow M, Moryś J, Lietzau G. Neurovascular Unit as a Source of Ischemic Stroke Biomarkers-Limitations of Experimental Studies and Perspectives for Clinical Application. Transl Stroke Res 2020; 11:553-579. [PMID: 31701356 PMCID: PMC7340668 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-019-00744-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral stroke, which is one of the most frequent causes of mortality and leading cause of disability in developed countries, often leads to devastating and irreversible brain damage. Neurological and neuroradiological diagnosis of stroke, especially in its acute phase, is frequently uncertain or inconclusive. This results in difficulties in identification of patients with poor prognosis or being at high risk for complications. It also makes difficult identification of these stroke patients who could benefit from more aggressive therapies. In contrary to the cardiovascular disease, no single biomarker is available for the ischemic stroke, addressing the abovementioned issues. This justifies the need for identifying of effective diagnostic measures characterized by high specificity and sensitivity. One of the promising avenues in this area is studies on the panels of biomarkers characteristic for processes which occur in different types and phases of ischemic stroke and represent all morphological constituents of the brains' neurovascular unit (NVU). In this review, we present the current state of knowledge concerning already-used or potentially applicable biomarkers of the ischemic stroke. We also discuss the perspectives for identification of biomarkers representative for different types and phases of the ischemic stroke, as well as for different constituents of NVU, which concentration levels correlate with extent of brain damage and patients' neurological status. Finally, a critical analysis of perspectives on further improvement of the ischemic stroke diagnosis is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Steliga
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian University of Slupsk, 64 Bohaterów Westerplatte St., 76-200, Slupsk, Poland
| | - Przemysław Kowiański
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian University of Slupsk, 64 Bohaterów Westerplatte St., 76-200, Slupsk, Poland.
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical University of Gdansk, 1 Debinki St., 80-211, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Ewelina Czuba
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical University of Gdansk, 1 Debinki St., 80-211, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Monika Waśkow
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian University of Slupsk, 64 Bohaterów Westerplatte St., 76-200, Slupsk, Poland
| | - Janusz Moryś
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical University of Gdansk, 1 Debinki St., 80-211, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Grażyna Lietzau
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical University of Gdansk, 1 Debinki St., 80-211, Gdansk, Poland
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Internal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Talhada D, Santos CRA, Gonçalves I, Ruscher K. Thyroid Hormones in the Brain and Their Impact in Recovery Mechanisms After Stroke. Front Neurol 2019; 10:1103. [PMID: 31681160 PMCID: PMC6814074 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones are of fundamental importance for brain development and essential factors to warrant brain functions throughout life. Their actions are mediated by binding to specific intracellular and membranous receptors regulating genomic and non-genomic mechanisms in neurons and populations of glial cells, respectively. Among others, mechanisms include the regulation of neuronal plasticity processes, stimulation of angiogenesis and neurogenesis as well modulating the dynamics of cytoskeletal elements and intracellular transport processes. These mechanisms overlap with those that have been identified to enhance recovery of lost neurological functions during the first weeks and months after ischemic stroke. Stimulation of thyroid hormone signaling in the postischemic brain might be a promising therapeutic strategy to foster endogenous mechanisms of repair. Several studies have pointed to a significant association between thyroid hormones and outcome after stroke. With this review, we will provide an overview on functions of thyroid hormones in the healthy brain and summarize their mechanisms of action in the developing and adult brain. Also, we compile the major thyroid-modulated molecular pathways in the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke that can enhance recovery, highlighting thyroid hormones as a potential target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Talhada
- Laboratory for Experimental Brain Research, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilha, Portugal
- LUBIN Lab-Lunds Laboratorium för Neurokirurgisk Hjärnskadeforskning, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Cecília Reis Alves Santos
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilha, Portugal
| | - Isabel Gonçalves
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilha, Portugal
| | - Karsten Ruscher
- Laboratory for Experimental Brain Research, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- LUBIN Lab-Lunds Laboratorium för Neurokirurgisk Hjärnskadeforskning, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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7
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Huang D, Liu H, Qu Y, Wang P. Non-invasive remote ischemic postconditioning stimulates neurogenesis during the recovery phase after cerebral ischemia. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:1805-1818. [PMID: 28707040 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-0068-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic postconditioning (IPostC) has been reported to have neuroprotection against ischemic diseases, and one cycle of IPostC induces neurogenesis when treated nearby. To expanding these effects, we explored the effects of repetitively remote IPostC (NRIPostC) on neurogenesis in the subgranular zone (SGZ) and subentricular zone (SVZ) during stroke recovery. Animals underwent transient cerebral ischemia were treated with vehicle or NRIPostC immediately after reperfusion. Neurological severity scores, infarct size, neurogenesis, and protein expression levels of nestin and GFAP were quantified at 3d, 7d, 14d, 21d and 28d post-ischemia. Results showed that NRIPostC significantly reduced acute infarction and improved neurological outcomes during the recovery phase. Meanwhile, NRIPostC significantly increased the number of BrdU+/nestin+ cells in SGZ on day 14 and in the SVZ on days 3, 7 and 14 respectively, and the number of DCX+ cells from days 3 to 14. There were significant increments in the number of BrdU+/NeuN+ and BrdU+/GFAP+ cells in the SGZ and SVZ during the stroke recovery. The changing tendency of the protein expression of nestin and GFAP in DG was consistent with the result mentioned above. In conclusion, NRIPostC reduced acute infarction and improved functional outcomes up to 28d, and it induced neurogenesis both in the SGZ and SVZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 402160, People's Republic of China
| | - Honghong Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Qu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China.
| | - Pu Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Ruijin Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong University School, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.
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Nemethova M, Talian I, Danielisova V, Tkacikova S, Bonova P, Bober P, Matiasova M, Sabo J, Burda J. Delayed bradykinin postconditioning modulates intrinsic neuroprotective enzyme expression in the rat CA1 region after cerebral ischemia: a proteomic study. Metab Brain Dis 2016; 31:1391-1403. [PMID: 27393013 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-016-9859-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Pyramidal cells in the CA1 brain region exhibit an ischemic tolerance after delayed postconditioning; therefore, this approach seems to be a promising neuroprotective procedure in cerebral postischemic injury improvement. However, little is known about the effect of postconditioning on protein expression patterns in the brain, especially in the affected hippocampal neurons after global cerebral ischemia. This study is focused on the examination of the ischemia-vulnerable CA1 neuronal layer and on the acquisition of protection from delayed neuronal death after ischemia. Ischemic-reperfusion injury was induced in Wistar rats and bradykinin was applied 2 days after the ischemic insult in an attempt to overcome delayed cell death. Analysis of complex peptide CA1 samples was performed by automated two dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) fractionation coupled to tandem matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI TOF/TOF) mass spectrometry instrumentation. We devoted our attention to differences in protein expression mapping in ischemic injured CA1 neurons in comparison with equally affected neurons, but with bradykinin application. Proteomic analysis identified several proteins occurring only after postconditioning and control, which could have a potentially neuroprotective influence on ischemic injured neurons. Among them, the prominent position occupies a regulator of glutamate level aspartate transaminase AATC, a scavenger of glutamate in brain neuroprotection after ischemia-reperfusion. We identified this enzyme in controls and after postconditioning, but AATC presence was not detected in the ischemic injured CA1 region. This finding was confirmed by two-dimensional differential electrophoresis followed by MALDI-TOF/TOF MS identification. Results suggest that bradykinin as delayed postconditioning may be associated with modulation of protein expression after ischemic injury and thus this procedure can be involved in neuroprotective metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivan Talian
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, P. J. Safarik University, Kosice, Slovakia
| | | | - Sona Tkacikova
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, P. J. Safarik University, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Petra Bonova
- Institute of Neurobiology, SAS, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Peter Bober
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, P. J. Safarik University, Kosice, Slovakia
| | | | - Jan Sabo
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, P. J. Safarik University, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Jozef Burda
- Institute of Neurobiology, SAS, Kosice, Slovakia
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9
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Dong F, Yao R, Yu H, Liu Y. Neuroprotection of Ro25-6981 Against Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Brain Injury via Inhibition of Autophagy. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2016; 37:743-752. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-016-0409-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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10
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Abstract
The selective degradation of damaged or excessive mitochondria by autophagy is termed mitophagy. Mitophagy is crucial for mitochondrial quality control and has been implicated in several neurodegenerative disorders as well as in ischemic brain injury. Emerging evidence suggested that the role of mitophagy in cerebral ischemia may depend on different pathological processes. In particular, a neuroprotective role of mitophagy has been proposed, and the regulation of mitophagy seems to be important in cell survival. For these reasons, extensive investigations aimed to profile the mitophagy process and its underlying molecular mechanisms have been executed in recent years. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the mitophagy process and its role in cerebral ischemia, and focus on the pathological events and molecules that regulate mitophagy in ischemic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology (Ministry of Health of China), College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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Wang LY, Liu J, Li Y, Li B, Zhang YY, Jing ZW, Yu YN, Li HX, Guo SS, Zhao YJ, Wang Z, Wang YY. Time-dependent variation of pathways and networks in a 24-hour window after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2015; 9:11. [PMID: 25884595 PMCID: PMC4355473 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-015-0152-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury may simultaneously result in functional variation of multiple genes/pathways. However, most prior time-sequence studies on its pathomechanism only focused on a single gene or pathway. Our study aimed to systematically analyze the time-dependent variation in the expression of multiple pathways and networks within 24 h after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Results By uploading 374 ischemia-related genes into the MetaCore software, the variation in the expression of multiple pathways and networks in 3 h, 12 h, and 24 h after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury had been analyzed. The conserved TNFR1-signaling pathway, among the top 10 pathways, was consistently enriched in 3 h, 12 h, and 24 h groups. Three overlapping pathways were found between 3 h and 12 h groups; 2 between 12 h and 24 h groups; and 1 between 3 h and 24 h groups. Five, 4, and 6 non-overlapping pathways were observed in 3 h, 12 h, and 24 h groups, respectively. Apart from pathways reported by earlier studies, we identified a novel pathway related to the time-dependent development of cerebral ischemia pathogenesis. The process of apoptosis stimulation by external signals, among the top 10 processes, was consistently enriched in 3 h, 12 h, and 24 h groups; 2, 1, and 2 processes overlapped between 3 h and 12 h groups, 12 h and 24 h groups, and 3 h and 24 h groups, respectively. Four, 5, and 5 non-overlapping processes were found in 3 h, 12 h and 24 h groups, respectively. The presence of apoptotic processes was observed in all the 3 groups; while anti-apoptotic processes only existed in 3 h and 12 h groups. Additionally, according to node degree, network comparison identified 1, 8,and 5 important genes or proteins (e.g. Pyk2, PKC, E2F1, and VEGF-A) in 3 h, 12 h, and 24 h groups, respectively. The Jaccard similarity index revealed a higher level of similarity between 12 h and 24 h groups than that between 3 h and 12 h groups. Conclusion Time-dependent treatment can be utilized to reduce apoptosis, which may activate anti-apoptotic pathways within 12 h after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Pathway and network analyses may help identify novel pathways and genes implicated in disease pathogenesis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12918-015-0152-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ying Wang
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Dongzhimennei Nanxiaojie 16#, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Jun Liu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Dongzhimennei Nanxiaojie 16#, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Yuan Li
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 East Road, North of 3rd Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Bing Li
- Institute of Information on Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Dongzhimennei Nanxiaojie 16#, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Ying-Ying Zhang
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Dongzhimennei Nanxiaojie 16#, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Zhi-Wei Jing
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Dongzhimennei Nanxiaojie 16#, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Ya-Nan Yu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Dongzhimennei Nanxiaojie 16#, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Hai-Xia Li
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of China Medical Sciences, No.5 Beixiange, Beijing, 100053, China.
| | - Shan-Shan Guo
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Dongzhimennei Nanxiaojie 16#, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Yi-Jun Zhao
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Dongzhimennei Nanxiaojie 16#, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Zhong Wang
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Dongzhimennei Nanxiaojie 16#, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Yong-Yan Wang
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Dongzhimennei Nanxiaojie 16#, Beijing, 100700, China.
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12
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Cabrerizo S, De La Cruz JP, López-Villodres JA, Muñoz-Marín J, Guerrero A, Reyes JJ, Labajos MT, González-Correa JA. Role of the inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammatory mediators in the neuroprotective effects of hydroxytyrosol in rat brain slices subjected to hypoxia reoxygenation. J Nutr Biochem 2014; 24:2152-7. [PMID: 24231104 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the mechanism of the neuroprotective effect of hydroxytyrosol (HT) in an experimental model of hypoxia-reoxygenation in rat brain slices. After reoxygenation the increase in lactate dehydrogenase efflux was inhibited by HT in a concentration-dependent manner and dose-dependent inhibition after oral administration to rats for 7 days (1, 5 and 10 mg/kg per day). Maximum inhibition was 57.4% in vitro and 38.7% ex vivo. Hydroxytyrosol reduced oxidative stress parameters: it inhibited lipid peroxidation and increased enzymatic activities related with the glutathione system both in vitro and after oral administration to rats. The increase in prostaglandin E2 and interleukin 1β after reoxygenation were inhibited after incubation of brain slices with HT and after oral administration. The accumulation of nitric oxide in brain slices was reduced in a concentration-dependent manner. In conclusion, HT exerts a neuroprotective effect in a model of hypoxia-reoxygenation in rat brain slices, both in vitro and after 7 days of oral administration to rats. HT exerts an antioxidant activity and lowered some inflammatory markers in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Cabrerizo
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Antitrombóticas e Isquemia Tisular (LIAIT), Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics
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Zhang CH, Fan YY, Wang XF, Xiong JY, Tang YY, Gao JQ, Shen Z, Song XH, Zhang JY, Shen Y, Li Q, Zhang X, Chen Z. Acidic preconditioning protects against ischemia-induced brain injury. Neurosci Lett 2012; 523:3-8. [PMID: 22583767 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic preconditioning protects against cerebral ischemia. Recent investigations indicated that acidic preconditioning (APC) protects against ischemia-induced cardiomyocytes injury. However, it is not clear whether APC can protect against cerebral ischemia. To address this issue, C57BL/6 mice were exposed 3 times at 10-min intervals to a normoxic atmosphere containing 20% CO(2) for 5 min before being further subjected to bilateral common carotid artery occlusion. APC reversed the ischemia-induced brain injury as revealed by improved performance in passive avoidance experiments and decreased neuron loss in the hippocampal CA1 region. Consistently, both APC-treated brain slices and primary cultured neurons were more resistant to oxygen-glucose-deprivation (OGD)-induced injury, in a pH- and time-dependent manner, as revealed by reversed cell/tissue viability. In addition, the APC treatment prevented OGD-induced mitochondrial transmembrane potential loss and apoptosis, which was inhibited by the mitochondrial permeability transport pore opener atractyloside. Taken together, these findings indicated that APC protects against ischemia-induced neuronal injury. The beneficial effects may be attributed, at least in part, to decreased mitochondria-dependent neuronal apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-hui Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou 325035, China
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Wu WN, Wu PF, Chen XL, Zhang Z, Gu J, Yang YJ, Xiong QJ, Ni L, Wang F, Chen JG. Sinomenine protects against ischaemic brain injury: involvement of co-inhibition of acid-sensing ion channel 1a and L-type calcium channels. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 164:1445-59. [PMID: 21585344 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01487.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Sinomenine (SN), a bioactive alkaloid, has been utilized clinically to treat rheumatoid arthritis in China. Our preliminary experiments indicated that it could protect PC12 cells from oxygen-glucose deprivation-reperfusion (OGD-R), we thus investigated the possible effects of SN on cerebral ischaemia and the related mechanism. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats was used as an animal model of ischaemic stroke in vivo. The mechanisms of the effects of SN were investigated in vitro using whole-cell patch-clamp recording, calcium imaging in PC12 cells and rat cortical neurons subjected to OGD-R. KEY RESULTS Pretreatment with SN (10 and 30 mg·kg(-1) , i.p.) significantly decreased brain infarction and the overactivation of calcium-mediated events in rats subjected to 2 h ischaemia followed by 24 h reperfusion. Extracellular application of SN inhibited the currents mediated by acid-sensing ion channel 1a and L-type voltage-gated calcium channels, in the rat cultured neurons, in a concentration-dependent manner. These inhibitory effects contribute to the neuroprotection of SN against OGD-R and extracellular acidosis-induced cytotoxicity. More importantly, administration of SN (30 mg·kg(-1) , i.p.) at 1 and 2 h after cerebral ischaemia also decreased brain infarction and improved functional recovery. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS SN exerts potent protective effects against ischaemic brain injury when administered before ischaemia or even after the injury. The inhibitory effects of SN on acid-sensing ion channel 1a and L-type calcium channels are involved in this neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ning Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Griesmaier E, Keller M. Glutamate receptors — Prenatal insults, long-term consequences. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2012; 100:835-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Revised: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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de Araujo FLB, Bertolino G, Gonçalves RB, Marini LDC, Coimbra NC, de Araujo JE. Neuropathology and behavioral impairments after three types of global ischemia surgery in Meriones unguiculatus: Evidence in motor cortex, hippocampal CA1 region and the neostriatum. J Neurol Sci 2012; 312:73-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2011.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Cai M, Shin BY, Kim DH, Kim JM, Park SJ, Park CS, Won DH, Hong ND, Kang DH, Yutaka Y, Ryu JH. Neuroprotective effects of a traditional herbal prescription on transient cerebral global ischemia in gerbils. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 138:723-730. [PMID: 22020275 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 10/08/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Kyung-Ok-Ko (KOK), a traditional herbal prescription composed of Rehmannia glutinosa var. purpurae, Panax ginseng, Poria cocos, Lycium chinense, Aquillaria agallocha and honey, has been used to treat age-related symptoms, such as amnesia or dementia, and has been shown to ameliorate scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice. However, the effects of KOK on transient cerebral global ischemia-induced brain damage are unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS Transient cerebral global ischemia was induced by occluding the bilateral common carotid artery for 5 min followed by reperfusion for 7 days. KOK (0.25, 0.5, 1, or 2 g/kg) was administered orally immediately after reperfusion and once a day over the next 7 days. Y-maze or novel object recognition tasks were to analyze learning and memory capabilities at 4 or 5 days after reperfusion, respectively. Histochemistry and immunohistochemistry were used for evaluation of the effect of KOK on neuronal degeneration. RESULTS Histochemical studies showed that KOK increased the number of viable cells detected by Nissl staining and decreased the number of degenerated neuronal cells detected by Fluoro-Jade B staining in the hippocampal CA1 region. In the immunohistochemical study, the sub-chronic KOK administration attenuated the ischemia-induced activation of microglia and astrocytes and the increase of cytokine IL-1β (P<0.05). In addition, KOK administration significantly attenuated the ischemia-induced cognitive impairments observed in the Y-maze and novel object recognition tasks (P<0.05). CONCLUSION These findings suggest that the neuroprotective effects of KOK may be mediated by its anti-inflammatory activities, resulting in the attenuation of memory impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudan Cai
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Lin HY, Davis FB, Luidens MK, Mousa SA, Cao JH, Zhou M, Davis PJ. Molecular basis for certain neuroprotective effects of thyroid hormone. Front Mol Neurosci 2011; 4:29. [PMID: 22016721 PMCID: PMC3193027 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2011.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiology of brain damage that is common to ischemia-reperfusion injury and brain trauma include disodered neuronal and glial cell energetics, intracellular acidosis, calcium toxicity, extracellular excitotoxic glutamate accumulation, and dysfunction of the cytoskeleton and endoplasmic reticulum. The principal thyroid hormones, 3,5,3'-triiodo-l-thyronine (T(3)) and l-thyroxine (T(4)), have non-genomic and genomic actions that are relevant to repair of certain features of the pathophysiology of brain damage. The hormone can non-genomically repair intracellular H(+) accumulation by stimulation of the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger and can support desirably low [Ca(2+)](i.c.) by activation of plasma membrane Ca(2+)-ATPase. Thyroid hormone non-genomically stimulates astrocyte glutamate uptake, an action that protects both glial cells and neurons. The hormone supports the integrity of the microfilament cytoskeleton by its effect on actin. Several proteins linked to thyroid hormone action are also neuroprotective. For example, the hormone stimulates expression of the seladin-1 gene whose gene product is anti-apoptotic and is potentially protective in the setting of neurodegeneration. Transthyretin (TTR) is a serum transport protein for T(4) that is important to blood-brain barrier transfer of the hormone and TTR also has been found to be neuroprotective in the setting of ischemia. Finally, the interesting thyronamine derivatives of T(4) have been shown to protect against ischemic brain damage through their ability to induce hypothermia in the intact organism. Thus, thyroid hormone or hormone derivatives have experimental promise as neuroprotective agents.
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Rehni AK, Singh TG, Behl N, Arora S. Possible involvement of ubiquitin proteasome system and other proteases in acute and delayed aspects of ischemic preconditioning of brain in mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2011; 33:1953-7. [PMID: 21139232 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.33.1953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study has been designed to investigate the potential role of ubiquitin proteasome system and other proteases in acute as well as delayed aspects of ischemic preconditioning induced reversal of ischemia-reperfusion injury in mouse brain. Bilateral carotid artery occlusion of 17 min followed by reperfusion for 24 h was employed in present study to produce ischemia and reperfusion induced cerebral injury in mice. Cerebral infarct size was measured using triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. Memory was evaluated using elevated plus-maze test. Rota rod test was employed to assess motor incoordination. Bilateral carotid artery occlusion followed by reperfusion produced cerebral infarction and impaired memory and motor co-ordination. Three preceding episodes of bilateral carotid artery occlusion for 1 min and reperfusion of 1 min (ischemic preconditioning) both immediately before (for acute preconditioning) and 24 h before (for delayed preconditioning) global cerebral ischemia prevented markedly ischemia-reperfusion-induced cerebral injury as measured in terms of infarct size, loss of memory and motor coordination. Z-Leu-Leu-Phe-Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) (2 mg/kg, intraperitoneally (i.p.)), an inhibitor of ubiquitin proteasome system and other proteases attenuated the neuroprotective effect of both the acute as well as delayed ischemic preconditioning. It is concluded that the neuroprotective effect of both the acute as well as delayed phases of ischemic preconditioning may be due to the activation of ubiquitin proteasome system and other proteases.
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Neuroprotective effects of ischemic postconditioning on global brain ischemia in rats through upregulation of hippocampal glutamine synthetase. J Clin Neurosci 2011; 18:685-9. [PMID: 21371894 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2010.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2009] [Revised: 04/27/2010] [Accepted: 08/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Brain ischemic postconditioning is the induction of brief periods of ischemia-reperfusion during the early stages following ischemia, and it has been shown to produce neuroprotective effects. The mechanisms underlying these neuroprotective effects are poorly understood. Glutamate excitotoxicity is one cause of postischemic neuronal death. Glutamine synthetase (GS) is an enzyme that is expressed in glial cells and may affect glutamate excitotoxicity. We induced global ischemia in rats and performed postconditioning with 6 cycles of 10 seconds reperfusion and 10 seconds reocclusion before final reperfusion. Hematoxylin and eosin staining revealed extensive neuronal loss (44.0 ± 2.8% cell survival) in the hippocampal CA1 region. Ischemic postconditioning decreased neuronal death (82.0 ± 5.6% cell survival; p<0.05). Western blotting revealed significantly increased GS expression in the hippocampus for the ischemia-reperfusion group over time compared with the sham group (p<0.05). Ischemic postconditioning resulted in significantly increased (p<0.05) GS expression compared with both the sham and ischemia-reperfusion groups, suggesting that upregulation of GS expression after ischemia constitutes a neuroprotective mechanism.
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Zhang W, Miao Y, Zhou S, Wang B, Luo Q, Qiu Y. Involvement of Glutamate transporter-1 in neuroprotection against global brain ischemia-reperfusion injury induced by postconditioning in rats. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 11:4407-16. [PMID: 21151445 PMCID: PMC3000089 DOI: 10.3390/ijms11114407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic postconditioning refers to several transient reperfusion and ischemia cycles after an ischemic event and before a long duration of reperfusion. The procedure produces neuroprotective effects. The mechanisms underlying these neuroprotective effects are poorly understood. In this study, we found that most neurons in the CA1 region died after 10 minutes of ischemia and is followed by 72 hours of reperfusion. However, brain ischemic postconditioning (six cycles of 10 s/10 s reperfusion/re-occlusion) significantly reduced neuronal death. Significant up-regulation of Glutamate transporter-1 was found after 3, 6, 24, 72 hours of reperfusion. The present study showed that ischemic postconditioning decreases cell death and that upregulation of GLT-1 expression may play an important role on this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China; E-Mails: (W.Z.); (Y.M.); (B.W.); (Q.L.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, YuYao People’s Hospital, Zhejiang Province, 315400, China; E-Mail: (S.Z.)
| | - Yifeng Miao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China; E-Mails: (W.Z.); (Y.M.); (B.W.); (Q.L.)
| | - Sanquan Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, YuYao People’s Hospital, Zhejiang Province, 315400, China; E-Mail: (S.Z.)
| | - Baofeng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China; E-Mails: (W.Z.); (Y.M.); (B.W.); (Q.L.)
| | - Qizhong Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China; E-Mails: (W.Z.); (Y.M.); (B.W.); (Q.L.)
| | - Yongming Qiu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China; E-Mails: (W.Z.); (Y.M.); (B.W.); (Q.L.)
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