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Foglio E, D'Avorio E, Nieri R, Russo MA, Limana F. Epicardial EMT and cardiac repair: an update. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:219. [PMID: 39026298 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03823-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Epicardial epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a pivotal role in both heart development and injury response and involves dynamic cellular changes that are essential for cardiogenesis and myocardial repair. Specifically, epicardial EMT is a crucial process in which epicardial cells lose polarity, migrate into the myocardium, and differentiate into various cardiac cell types during development and repair. Importantly, following EMT, the epicardium becomes a source of paracrine factors that support cardiac growth at the last stages of cardiogenesis and contribute to cardiac remodeling after injury. As such, EMT seems to represent a fundamental step in cardiac repair. Nevertheless, endogenous EMT alone is insufficient to stimulate adequate repair. Redirecting and amplifying epicardial EMT pathways offers promising avenues for the development of innovative therapeutic strategies and treatment approaches for heart disease. In this review, we present a synthesis of recent literature highlighting the significance of epicardial EMT reactivation in adult heart disease patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Foglio
- Technoscience, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico Pontino, Latina, Italy
| | - Erica D'Avorio
- Dipartimento di Promozione delle Scienze Umane e della Qualità della Vita, San Raffaele University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Nieri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Federica Limana
- Dipartimento di Promozione delle Scienze Umane e della Qualità della Vita, San Raffaele University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
- Laboratorio di Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Rome, Italy.
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2
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Sjölin J, Jonsson M, Orback C, Oldfors A, Jeppsson A, Synnergren J, Rotter Sopasakis V, Vukusic K. Expression of Stem Cell Niche-Related Biomarkers at the Base of the Human Tricuspid Valve. Stem Cells Dev 2023; 32:140-151. [PMID: 36565027 PMCID: PMC9986114 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2022.0253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell niches have been thoroughly investigated in tissue with high regenerative capacity but not in tissues where cell turnover is slow, such as the human heart. The left AtrioVentricular junction (AVj), the base of the mitral valve, has previously been proposed as a niche region for cardiac progenitors in the adult human heart. In the present study, we explore the right side of the human heart, the base of the tricuspid valve, to investigate the potential of this region as a progenitor niche. Paired biopsies from explanted human hearts were collected from multi-organ donors (N = 12). The lateral side of the AVj, right atria (RA), and right ventricle (RV) were compared for the expression of stem cell niche-related biomarkers using RNA sequencing. Gene expression data indicated upregulation of genes related to embryonic development and extracellular matrix (ECM) composition in the proposed niche region, that is, the AVj. In addition, immunohistochemistry showed high expression of the fetal cardiac markers MDR1, SSEA4, and WT1 within the same region. Nuclear expression of HIF1α was detected suggesting hypoxia. Rare cells were found with the co-staining of the proliferation marker PCNA and Ki67 with cardiomyocyte nuclei marker PCM1 and cardiac Troponin T (cTnT), indicating proliferation of small cardiomyocytes. WT1+/cTnT+ and SSEA4+/cTnT+ cells were also found, suggesting cardiomyocyte-specific progenitors. The expression of the stem cell markers gradually decreased with distance from the tricuspid valve. No expression of these markers was observed in the RV tissue. In summary, the base of the tricuspid valve is an ECM-rich region containing cells with expression of several stem cell niche-associated markers. Co-expression of stem cell markers with cTnT indicates cardiomyocyte-specific progenitors. We previously reported similar data from the base of the mitral valve and thus propose that human adult cardiomyocyte progenitors reside around both atrioventricular valves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Sjölin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, and Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marianne Jonsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, and Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Charlotta Orback
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, and Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Oldfors
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, and Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Pathology, and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Jeppsson
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jane Synnergren
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Biology and Bioinformatics, School of Bioscience, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden
| | - Victoria Rotter Sopasakis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, and Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristina Vukusic
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, and Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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3
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Albayrak E, Kocabaş F. Therapeutic targeting and HSC proliferation by small molecules and biologicals. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2023; 135:425-496. [PMID: 37061339 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2022.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) have considerably therapeutic value on autologous and allogeneic transplantation for many malignant/non-malignant hematological diseases, especially with improvement of gene therapy. However, acquirement of limited cell dose from HSC sources is the main handicap for successful transplantation. Therefore, many strategies based on the utilization of various cytokines, interaction of stromal cells, modulation of several extrinsic and intrinsic factors have been developed to promote ex vivo functional HSC expansion with high reconstitution ability until today. Besides all these strategies, small molecules become prominent with their ease of use and various advantages when they are translated to the clinic. In the last two decades, several small molecule compounds have been investigated in pre-clinical studies and, some of them were evaluated in different stages of clinical trials for their safety and efficiencies. In this chapter, we will present an overview of HSC biology, function, regulation and also, pharmacological HSC modulation with small molecules from pre-clinical and clinical perspectives.
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4
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Hypoxia promotes a perinatal-like progenitor state in the adult murine epicardium. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9250. [PMID: 35661120 PMCID: PMC9166725 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13107-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The epicardium is a reservoir of progenitors that give rise to coronary vasculature and stroma during development and mediates cardiac vascular repair. However, its role as a source of progenitors in the adult mammalian heart remains unclear due to lack of clear lineage markers and single-cell culture systems to elucidate epicardial progeny cell fate. We found that in vivo exposure of mice to physiological hypoxia induced adult epicardial cells to re-enter the cell cycle and to express a subset of developmental genes. Multiplex single cell transcriptional profiling revealed a lineage relationship between epicardial cells and smooth muscle, stromal cells, as well as cells with an endothelial-like fate. We found that physiological hypoxia promoted a perinatal-like progenitor state in the adult murine epicardium. In vitro clonal analyses of purified epicardial cells showed that cell growth and subsequent differentiation is dependent upon hypoxia, and that resident epicardial cells retain progenitor identity in the adult mammalian heart with self-renewal and multilineage differentiation potential. These results point to a source of progenitor cells in the adult heart that can be stimulated in vivo and provide an in vitro model for further studies.
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5
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The Vascular Niche for Adult Cardiac Progenitor Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11050882. [PMID: 35624750 PMCID: PMC9137669 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11050882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Research on cardiac progenitor cell populations has generated expectations about their potential for cardiac regeneration capacity after acute myocardial infarction and during physiological aging; however, the endogenous capacity of the adult mammalian heart is limited. The modest efficacy of exogenous cell-based treatments can guide the development of new approaches that, alone or in combination, can be applied to boost clinical efficacy. The identification and manipulation of the adult stem cell environment, termed niche, will be critical for providing new evidence on adult stem cell populations and improving stem-cell-based therapies. Here, we review and discuss the state of our understanding of the interaction of adult cardiac progenitor cells with other cardiac cell populations, with a focus on the description of the B-CPC progenitor population (Bmi1+ cardiac progenitor cell), which is a strong candidate progenitor for all main cardiac cell lineages, both in the steady state and after cardiac damage. The set of all interactions should be able to define the vascular cardiac stem cell niche, which is associated with low oxidative stress domains in vasculature, and whose manipulation would offer new hope in the cardiac regeneration field.
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6
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Mehanna RA, Essawy MM, Barkat MA, Awaad AK, Thabet EH, Hamed HA, Elkafrawy H, Khalil NA, Sallam A, Kholief MA, Ibrahim SS, Mourad GM. Cardiac stem cells: Current knowledge and future prospects. World J Stem Cells 2022; 14:1-40. [PMID: 35126826 PMCID: PMC8788183 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v14.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Regenerative medicine is the field concerned with the repair and restoration of the integrity of damaged human tissues as well as whole organs. Since the inception of the field several decades ago, regenerative medicine therapies, namely stem cells, have received significant attention in preclinical studies and clinical trials. Apart from their known potential for differentiation into the various body cells, stem cells enhance the organ's intrinsic regenerative capacity by altering its environment, whether by exogenous injection or introducing their products that modulate endogenous stem cell function and fate for the sake of regeneration. Recently, research in cardiology has highlighted the evidence for the existence of cardiac stem and progenitor cells (CSCs/CPCs). The global burden of cardiovascular diseases’ morbidity and mortality has demanded an in-depth understanding of the biology of CSCs/CPCs aiming at improving the outcome for an innovative therapeutic strategy. This review will discuss the nature of each of the CSCs/CPCs, their environment, their interplay with other cells, and their metabolism. In addition, important issues are tackled concerning the potency of CSCs/CPCs in relation to their secretome for mediating the ability to influence other cells. Moreover, the review will throw the light on the clinical trials and the preclinical studies using CSCs/CPCs and combined therapy for cardiac regeneration. Finally, the novel role of nanotechnology in cardiac regeneration will be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radwa A Mehanna
- Medical Physiology Department/Center of Excellence for Research in Regenerative Medicine and Applications, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21500, Egypt
| | - Marwa M Essawy
- Oral Pathology Department, Faculty of Dentistry/Center of Excellence for Research in Regenerative Medicine and Applications, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21500, Egypt
| | - Mona A Barkat
- Human Anatomy and Embryology Department/Center of Excellence for Research in Regenerative Medicine and Applications, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21500, Egypt
| | - Ashraf K Awaad
- Center of Excellence for Research in Regenerative Medicine and Applications, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21500, Egypt
| | - Eman H Thabet
- Medical Physiology Department/Center of Excellence for Research in Regenerative Medicine and Applications, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21500, Egypt
| | - Heba A Hamed
- Histology and Cell Biology Department/Center of Excellence for Research in Regenerative Medicine and Applications, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21500, Egypt
| | - Hagar Elkafrawy
- Medical Biochemistry Department/Center of Excellence for Research in Regenerative Medicine and Applications, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21500, Egypt
| | - Nehal A Khalil
- Medical Biochemistry Department/Center of Excellence for Research in Regenerative Medicine and Applications, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21500, Egypt
| | - Abeer Sallam
- Medical Physiology Department/Center of Excellence for Research in Regenerative Medicine and Applications, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21500, Egypt
| | - Marwa A Kholief
- Forensic Medicine and Clinical toxicology Department/Center of Excellence for Research in Regenerative Medicine and Applications, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21500, Egypt
| | - Samar S Ibrahim
- Center of Excellence for Research in Regenerative Medicine and Applications, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21500, Egypt
| | - Ghada M Mourad
- Histology and Cell Biology Department/Center of Excellence for Research in Regenerative Medicine and Applications, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21500, Egypt
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7
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Mehanna RA, Essawy MM, Barkat MA, Awaad AK, Thabet EH, Hamed HA, Elkafrawy H, Khalil NA, Sallam A, Kholief MA, Ibrahim SS, Mourad GM. Cardiac stem cells: Current knowledge and future prospects. World J Stem Cells 2022. [PMID: 35126826 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v14.i1.1]] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Regenerative medicine is the field concerned with the repair and restoration of the integrity of damaged human tissues as well as whole organs. Since the inception of the field several decades ago, regenerative medicine therapies, namely stem cells, have received significant attention in preclinical studies and clinical trials. Apart from their known potential for differentiation into the various body cells, stem cells enhance the organ's intrinsic regenerative capacity by altering its environment, whether by exogenous injection or introducing their products that modulate endogenous stem cell function and fate for the sake of regeneration. Recently, research in cardiology has highlighted the evidence for the existence of cardiac stem and progenitor cells (CSCs/CPCs). The global burden of cardiovascular diseases' morbidity and mortality has demanded an in-depth understanding of the biology of CSCs/CPCs aiming at improving the outcome for an innovative therapeutic strategy. This review will discuss the nature of each of the CSCs/CPCs, their environment, their interplay with other cells, and their metabolism. In addition, important issues are tackled concerning the potency of CSCs/CPCs in relation to their secretome for mediating the ability to influence other cells. Moreover, the review will throw the light on the clinical trials and the preclinical studies using CSCs/CPCs and combined therapy for cardiac regeneration. Finally, the novel role of nanotechnology in cardiac regeneration will be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radwa A Mehanna
- Medical Physiology Department/Center of Excellence for Research in Regenerative Medicine and Applications, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21500, Egypt
| | - Marwa M Essawy
- Oral Pathology Department, Faculty of Dentistry/Center of Excellence for Research in Regenerative Medicine and Applications, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21500, Egypt
| | - Mona A Barkat
- Human Anatomy and Embryology Department/Center of Excellence for Research in Regenerative Medicine and Applications, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21500, Egypt
| | - Ashraf K Awaad
- Center of Excellence for Research in Regenerative Medicine and Applications, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21500, Egypt
| | - Eman H Thabet
- Medical Physiology Department/Center of Excellence for Research in Regenerative Medicine and Applications, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21500, Egypt
| | - Heba A Hamed
- Histology and Cell Biology Department/Center of Excellence for Research in Regenerative Medicine and Applications, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21500, Egypt
| | - Hagar Elkafrawy
- Medical Biochemistry Department/Center of Excellence for Research in Regenerative Medicine and Applications, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21500, Egypt
| | - Nehal A Khalil
- Medical Biochemistry Department/Center of Excellence for Research in Regenerative Medicine and Applications, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21500, Egypt
| | - Abeer Sallam
- Medical Physiology Department/Center of Excellence for Research in Regenerative Medicine and Applications, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21500, Egypt
| | - Marwa A Kholief
- Forensic Medicine and Clinical toxicology Department/Center of Excellence for Research in Regenerative Medicine and Applications, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21500, Egypt
| | - Samar S Ibrahim
- Center of Excellence for Research in Regenerative Medicine and Applications, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21500, Egypt
| | - Ghada M Mourad
- Histology and Cell Biology Department/Center of Excellence for Research in Regenerative Medicine and Applications, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21500, Egypt.
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8
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Meriç N, Kocabaş F. The Historical Relationship Between Meis1 and Leukemia. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1387:127-144. [DOI: 10.1007/5584_2021_705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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Turgutalp B, Uslu M, Helvacioglu S, Charehsaz M, Gurdal EE, Sippl W, Kocabas F, Yarim M. Lead Optimization and Structure-Activity Relationship Studies on Myeloid Ecotropic Viral Integration Site 1 Inhibitor. J Med Chem 2021; 64:14448-14464. [PMID: 34542289 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The pivotal role of the myeloid ecotropic viral integration site 1 (MEIS1) transcriptional factor was reported in cardiac regeneration and hematopoietic stem-cell (HSC) regulation with our previous findings. MEIS1 as a promising target in the context of pharmacological inhibition, we identified a potent myeloid ecotropic viral integration site (MEIS) inhibitor, MEISi-1, to induce murine and human HSC expansion ex vivo and in vivo. In this work, we performed lead optimization on MEISi-1 by synthesizing 45 novel analogues. Structure-activity relationship studies revealed the significance of a para-methoxy group on ring A and a hydrophobic moiety at the meta position of ring B. Obtained biological data were supported by inhibitor docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies. Eleven compounds were depicted as potent inhibitors demonstrating a better inhibitory profile on MEIS1 and target genes Meis1, Hif-1α, and p21. Among those, 4h, 4f, and 4b were the most potent inhibitors. The predicted pharmacokinetics properties fulfill drug-likeness criteria. In addition, compounds exerted neither cytotoxicity on human dermal fibroblasts nor mutagenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bengisu Turgutalp
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yeditepe University, Istanbul 34755, Turkey.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Helmholtz Association, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Merve Uslu
- Regenerative Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul 34755, Turkey
| | - Sinem Helvacioglu
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yeditepe University, Istanbul 34755, Turkey
| | - Mohammad Charehsaz
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yeditepe University, Istanbul 34755, Turkey
| | - Enise Ece Gurdal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yeditepe University, Istanbul 34755, Turkey.,Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Sippl
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany
| | - Fatih Kocabas
- Regenerative Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul 34755, Turkey
| | - Mine Yarim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yeditepe University, Istanbul 34755, Turkey
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10
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Hesse J, Groterath W, Owenier C, Steinhausen J, Ding Z, Steckel B, Czekelius C, Alter C, Marzoq A, Schrader J. Normoxic induction of HIF-1α by adenosine-A 2B R signaling in epicardial stromal cells formed after myocardial infarction. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21517. [PMID: 33913581 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002545r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) activates the epicardium to form epicardial stromal cells (EpiSC) that reside in the epicardial hypoxic microenvironment. Paracrine factors secreted by EpiSC were shown to modulate the injury response of the post-MI heart and improve cardiac function. We have previously reported that the expression of the angiogenic cytokines vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) and IL-6 is strongly upregulated in EpiSC by adenosine acting via the A2B receptor (A2B R). Since tissue hypoxia is well known to be a potent stimulus for the generation of extracellular adenosine, the present study explored the crosstalk of A2B R activation and hypoxia-hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α) signaling in cultured EpiSC, isolated from rat hearts 5 days after MI. We found substantial nuclear accumulation of HIF-1α after A2B R activation even in the absence of hypoxia. This normoxic HIF-1α induction was PKC-dependent and involved upregulation of HIF-1α mRNA expression. While the influence of hypoxia on adenosine generation and A2B R signaling was only minor, hypoxia and A2B R activation cumulatively increased VEGFA expression. Normoxic A2B R activation triggered an HIF-1α-associated cell-protective metabolic switch and reduced oxygen consumption. HIF-1α targets and negative regulators PHD2 and PHD3 were only weakly induced by A2B R signaling, which may result in a sustained HIF-1α activity. The A2B R-mediated normoxic HIF-1α induction was also observed in cardiac fibroblasts from healthy mouse hearts, suggesting that this mechanism is also functional in other A2B R-expressing cell types. Altogether, we identified A2B R-mediated HIF-1α induction as novel aspect in the HIF-1α-adenosine crosstalk, which modulates EpiSC activity and can amplify HIF-1α-mediated cardioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Hesse
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Wiebke Groterath
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christoph Owenier
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Julia Steinhausen
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Zhaoping Ding
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Bodo Steckel
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Constantin Czekelius
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christina Alter
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Aseel Marzoq
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schrader
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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11
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Albayrak E, Uslu M, Akgol S, Tuysuz EC, Kocabas F. Small molecule-mediated modulation of ubiquitination and neddylation improves HSC function ex vivo. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:8122-8136. [PMID: 34101829 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are particularly characterized by their quiescence and self-renewal. Cell cycle regulators tightly control quiescence and self-renewal capacity. Studies suggest that modulation of ubiquitination and neddylation could contribute to HSC function via cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKIs). S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (SKP2) is responsible for ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis of CDKIs. Here, we modulated overall neddylation and SKP2-associated ubiquitination in HSCs by using SKP2-C25, an SKP2 inhibitor, and MLN4924 (Pevonedistat) as an inhibitor of the NEDD8 system. Treatments of SKP2-C25 and MLN4924 increased both murine and human stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) compartments. This is associated with the improved quiescence of murine HSC by upregulation of p27 and p57 CDKIs. A colony-forming unit assay showed an enhanced in vitro self-renewal potential post inhibition of ubiquitination and neddylation. In addition, MLN4924 triggered the mobilization of bone marrow HSPCs to peripheral blood. Intriguingly, MLN4924 treatment could decrease the proliferation of murine bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells or endothelial cells. These findings shed light on the contribution of SKP2, and associated ubiquitination and neddylation in HSC maintenance, self-renewal, and expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Albayrak
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Merve Uslu
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sezer Akgol
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Emre Can Tuysuz
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatih Kocabas
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
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12
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Stem Cell Metabolism: Powering Cell-Based Therapeutics. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112490. [PMID: 33207756 PMCID: PMC7696341 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-based therapeutics for cardiac repair have been extensively used during the last decade. Preclinical studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of adoptively transferred stem cells for enhancement of cardiac function. Nevertheless, several cell-based clinical trials have provided largely underwhelming outcomes. A major limitation is the lack of survival in the harsh cardiac milieu as only less than 1% donated cells survive. Recent efforts have focused on enhancing cell-based therapeutics and understanding the biology of stem cells and their response to environmental changes. Stem cell metabolism has recently emerged as a critical determinant of cellular processes and is uniquely adapted to support proliferation, stemness, and commitment. Metabolic signaling pathways are remarkably sensitive to different environmental signals with a profound effect on cell survival after adoptive transfer. Stem cells mainly generate energy through glycolysis while maintaining low oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos), providing metabolites for biosynthesis of macromolecules. During commitment, there is a shift in cellular metabolism, which alters cell function. Reprogramming stem cell metabolism may represent an attractive strategy to enhance stem cell therapy for cardiac repair. This review summarizes the current literature on how metabolism drives stem cell function and how this knowledge can be applied to improve cell-based therapeutics for cardiac repair.
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13
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Sidal H, Colakoglu Erkan P, Uslu M, Kocabas F. Development of small-molecule-induced fibroblast expansion technologies. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2020; 14:1476-1487. [PMID: 32770632 DOI: 10.1002/term.3112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dermal fibroblasts are responsible from the production of extracellular matrix and take role in the closure of skin wounds. Dermal fibroblasts are major cells of origin in the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSCs) and are historically being used as feeder layer and biofiller in the restorative surgeries. ex vivo expansion of the dermal fibroblasts provides a suitable model to study skin biology and to engineer bioartifical skins. Thus, development of efficient fibroblast expansion technologies gets outmost importance day by day. We sought to identify small molecules that induce ex vivo fibroblast expansion and understand their mechanisms. We analyzed the effect of 35 small molecules, which are expected to target molecular pathways involving cellular quiescence. We have found that small molecules, especially AS1949490 and SKF96365, increase human dermal fibroblast expansion of at least three different fibroblasts. Cell cycle analysis confirms that these small molecules allow cell cycle progression, as evident by increased percentage of cells in S-G2 -M phase of cell cycle. They led to a lower profile of apoptotic or necrotic fibroblasts. Intriguingly, we have found that identified small molecules could also endogenously induce the expression of IPSC generation, collagen synthesis, and aging-related genes. Identified small molecules may contribute to the induction of collagen synthesis in the biofiller products, the development of fibroblast products with better aging profile, and the improvement of IPSC generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humeyra Sidal
- Biology Department, Claude Bernard University, Lyon, France.,Regenerative Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Pinar Colakoglu Erkan
- Regenerative Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Biotechnology Program, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Merve Uslu
- Regenerative Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Biotechnology Program, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatih Kocabas
- Regenerative Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Biotechnology Program, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
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14
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Turan RD, Albayrak E, Uslu M, Siyah P, Alyazici LY, Kalkan BM, Aslan GS, Yucel D, Aksoz M, Tuysuz EC, Meric N, Durdagi S, Gulbas Z, Kocabas F. Development of Small Molecule MEIS Inhibitors that modulate HSC activity. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7994. [PMID: 32409701 PMCID: PMC7224207 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64888-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Meis1, which belongs to TALE-type class of homeobox gene family, appeared as one of the key regulators of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) self-renewal and a potential therapeutical target. However, small molecule inhibitors of MEIS1 remained unknown. This led us to develop inhibitors of MEIS1 that could modulate HSC activity. To this end, we have established a library of relevant homeobox family inhibitors and developed a high-throughput in silico screening strategy against homeodomain of MEIS proteins using the AutoDock Vina and PaDEL-ADV platform. We have screened over a million druggable small molecules in silico and selected putative MEIS inhibitors (MEISi) with no predicted cytotoxicity or cardiotoxicity. This was followed by in vitro validation of putative MEIS inhibitors using MEIS dependent luciferase reporter assays and analysis in the ex vivo HSC assays. We have shown that small molecules named MEISi-1 and MEISi-2 significantly inhibit MEIS-luciferase reporters in vitro and induce murine (LSKCD34l°w cells) and human (CD34+, CD133+, and ALDHhi cells) HSC self-renewal ex vivo. In addition, inhibition of MEIS proteins results in downregulation of Meis1 and MEIS1 target gene expression including Hif-1α, Hif-2α and HSC quiescence modulators. MEIS inhibitors are effective in vivo as evident by induced HSC content in the murine bone marrow and downregulation of expression of MEIS target genes. These studies warrant identification of first-in-class MEIS inhibitors as potential pharmaceuticals to be utilized in modulation of HSC activity and bone marrow transplantation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raife Dilek Turan
- Regenerative Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey.,LabCell, Acibadem University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Esra Albayrak
- Regenerative Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Merve Uslu
- Regenerative Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Pinar Siyah
- Regenerative Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Lamia Yazgi Alyazici
- Regenerative Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | | | - Dogacan Yucel
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minnesota, USA
| | - Merve Aksoz
- MRC Molecular Hematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Emre Can Tuysuz
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Neslihan Meric
- Regenerative Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, Anadolu Medical Center, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Serdar Durdagi
- Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zafer Gulbas
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, Anadolu Medical Center, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Fatih Kocabas
- Regenerative Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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15
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Kalkan BM, Kala EY, Yuce M, Karadag Alpaslan M, Kocabas F. Development of gene editing strategies for human β-globin (HBB) gene mutations. Gene 2020; 734:144398. [PMID: 31987908 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in gene editing technology have enabled scientists to modify DNA sequence by using engineered endonucleases. These gene editing tools are promising candidates for clinical applications, especially for treatment of inherited disorders like sickle cell disease (SCD). SCD is caused by a point mutation in human β-globin gene (HBB). Clinical strategies have demonstrated substantial success, however there is not any permanent cure for SCD available. CRISPR/Cas9 platform uses a single endonuclease and a single guide RNA (gRNA) to induce sequence-specific DNA double strand break (DSB). When this accompanies a repair template, it allows repairing the mutated gene. In this study, it was aimed to target HBB gene via CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing tool to introduce nucleotide alterations for efficient genome editing and correction of point mutations causing SCD in human cell line, by Homology Directed Repair (HDR). We have achieved to induce target specific nucleotide changes on HBB gene in the locus of mutation causing SCD. The effect of on-target activity of bone fide standard gRNA and newly developed longer gRNA were examined. It is observed that longer gRNA has higher affinity to target DNA while having the same performance for targeting and Cas9 induced DSBs. HDR mechanism was triggered by co-delivery of donor DNA repair templates in circular plasmid form. In conclusion, we have suggested methodological pipeline for efficient targeting with higher affinity to target DNA and generating desired modifications on HBB gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batuhan Mert Kalkan
- Regenerative Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey; Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ezgi Yagmur Kala
- Regenerative Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey; Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Melek Yuce
- Regenerative Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Medine Karadag Alpaslan
- Regenerative Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Fatih Kocabas
- Regenerative Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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16
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Kalkan BM, Akgol S, Ak D, Yucel D, Guney Esken G, Kocabas F. CASIN and AMD3100 enhance endothelial cell proliferation, tube formation and sprouting. Microvasc Res 2020; 130:104001. [PMID: 32198058 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2020.104001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction is prominent in atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes, peripheral and cardiovascular diseases, and stroke. Novel therapeutic approaches to these conditions often involve development of tissue-engineered veins with ex vivo expanded endothelial cells. However, high cell number requirements limit these approaches to become applicable to clinical applications and highlight the requirement of technologies that accelerate expansion of vascular-forming cells. We have previously shown that novel small molecules could induce hematopoietic stem cell expansion ex vivo. We hypothesized that various small molecules targeting hematopoietic stem cell quiescence and mobilization could be used to induce endothelial cell expansion and angiogenesis due to common origin and shared characteristics of endothelial and hematopoietic cells. Here, we have screened thirty-five small molecules and found that CASIN and AMD3100 increase endothelial cell expansion up to two-fold and induce tube formation and ex vivo sprouting. In addition, we have studied how CASIN and AMD3100 affect cell migration, apoptosis and cell cycle of endothelial cells. CASIN and AMD3100 upregulate key endothelial marker genes and downregulate a number of cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors. These findings suggest that CASIN and AMD3100 could be further tested in the development of artificial vascular systems and vascular gene editing technologies. Furthermore, these findings may have potential to contribute to the development of alternative treatment methods for diseases that cause endothelial damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batuhan Mert Kalkan
- Regenerative Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey; Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sezer Akgol
- Regenerative Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Deniz Ak
- Regenerative Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey; Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Dogacan Yucel
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Minnesota, MN, USA
| | - Gulen Guney Esken
- Regenerative Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatih Kocabas
- Regenerative Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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17
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Vukusic K, Sandstedt M, Jonsson M, Jansson M, Oldfors A, Jeppsson A, Dellgren G, Lindahl A, Sandstedt J. The Atrioventricular Junction: A Potential Niche Region for Progenitor Cells in the Adult Human Heart. Stem Cells Dev 2019; 28:1078-1088. [PMID: 31146637 PMCID: PMC6686725 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2019.0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A stem cell niche is a microenvironment where stem cells reside in a quiescent state, until activated. In a previous rat model, we combined 5-bromo-2-deoxy-uridine labeling with activation of endogenous stem cells by physical exercise and revealed a distinct region, in the atrioventricular junction (AVj), with features of a stem cell niche. In this study, we aim to investigate whether a similar niche exists in the human heart. Paired biopsies from AVj and left ventricle (LV) were collected both from explanted hearts of organ donors, not used for transplantation (N = 7) and from severely failing hearts from patients undergoing heart transplantation (N = 7). Using antibodies, we investigated the expression of stem cell, hypoxia, proliferation and migration biomarkers. In the collagen-dense region of the AVj in donor hearts, progenitor markers, MDR1, SSEA4, ISL1, WT1, and hypoxia marker, HIF1-α, were clearly detected. The expression gradually decreased with distance from the valve. At the myocardium border in the AVj costaining of the proliferation marker Ki67 with cardiomyocyte nuclei marker PCM1 and cardiac Troponin-T (cTnT) indicated proliferation of small cardiomyocytes. In the same site we also detected ISL1+/WT1+/cTnT cells. In addition, heterogeneity in cardiomyocyte sizes was noted. Altogether, these findings indicate different developmental stages of cardiomyocytes below the region dense in stem cell marker expression. In patients suffering from heart failure the AVj region showed signs of impairment generally displaying much weaker or no expression of progenitor markers. We describe an anatomic structure in the human hearts, with features of a progenitor niche that coincided with the same region previously identified in rats with densely packed cells expressing progenitor and hypoxia markers. The data provided in this study indicate that the adult heart contains progenitor cells and that AVj might be a specific niche region from which the progenitors migrate at the time of regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Vukusic
- 1Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden.,2Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mikael Sandstedt
- 1Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden.,2Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marianne Jonsson
- 1Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden.,2Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Märta Jansson
- 1Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Oldfors
- 3Department of Pathology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Jeppsson
- 4Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.,5Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Göran Dellgren
- 4Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.,5Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Lindahl
- 1Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden.,2Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Joakim Sandstedt
- 1Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden.,2Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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18
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Leitolis A, Robert AW, Pereira IT, Correa A, Stimamiglio MA. Cardiomyogenesis Modeling Using Pluripotent Stem Cells: The Role of Microenvironmental Signaling. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:164. [PMID: 31448277 PMCID: PMC6695570 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSC) can be used as a model to study cardiomyogenic differentiation. In vitro modeling can reproduce cardiac development through modulation of some key signaling pathways. Therefore, many studies make use of this strategy to better understand cardiomyogenesis complexity and to determine possible ways to modulate cell fate. However, challenges remain regarding efficiency of differentiation protocols, cardiomyocyte (CM) maturation and therapeutic applications. Considering that the extracellular milieu is crucial for cellular behavior control, cardiac niche studies, such as those identifying secreted molecules from adult or neonatal tissues, allow the identification of extracellular factors that may contribute to CM differentiation and maturation. This review will focus on cardiomyogenesis modeling using PSC and the elements involved in cardiac microenvironmental signaling (the secretome - extracellular vesicles, extracellular matrix and soluble factors) that may contribute to CM specification and maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Leitolis
- Stem Cell Basic Biology Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Institute, FIOCRUZ-PR, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Anny W Robert
- Stem Cell Basic Biology Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Institute, FIOCRUZ-PR, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Isabela T Pereira
- Stem Cell Basic Biology Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Institute, FIOCRUZ-PR, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Alejandro Correa
- Stem Cell Basic Biology Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Institute, FIOCRUZ-PR, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Marco A Stimamiglio
- Stem Cell Basic Biology Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Institute, FIOCRUZ-PR, Curitiba, Brazil
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19
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Relevance of Oxygen Concentration in Stem Cell Culture for Regenerative Medicine. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051195. [PMID: 30857245 PMCID: PMC6429522 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The key hallmark of stem cells is their ability to self-renew while keeping a differentiation potential. Intrinsic and extrinsic cell factors may contribute to a decline in these stem cell properties, and this is of the most importance when culturing them. One of these factors is oxygen concentration, which has been closely linked to the maintenance of stemness. The widely used environmental 21% O2 concentration represents a hyperoxic non-physiological condition, which can impair stem cell behaviour by many mechanisms. The goal of this review is to understand these mechanisms underlying the oxygen signalling pathways and their negatively-associated consequences. This may provide a rationale for culturing stem cells under physiological oxygen concentration for stem cell therapy success, in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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20
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Herrero D, Cañón S, Albericio G, Carmona RM, Aguilar S, Mañes S, Bernad A. Age-related oxidative stress confines damage-responsive Bmi1 + cells to perivascular regions in the murine adult heart. Redox Biol 2019; 22:101156. [PMID: 30851670 PMCID: PMC6407305 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult progenitor cells reside in specialized microenvironments which maintain their undifferentiated cell state and trigger regenerative responses following injury. Although these environments are well described in several tissues, the cellular components that comprise the cardiac environment where progenitor cells are located remain unknown. Here we use Bmi1CreERT and Bmi1GFP mice as genetic tools to trace cardiac damage-responsive cells throughout the mouse lifespan. In adolescent mice, Bmi1+ damage-responsive cells are broadly distributed throughout the myocardium. In adult mice, however, Bmi1+ cells are confined predominately in perivascular areas with low levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and their number decline in an age-dependent manner. In vitro co-culture experiments with endothelial cells supported a regulatory role of the endothelium in damage-responsive cell behavior. Accordingly, in vivo genetic decrease of ROS levels in adult heart disengaged Bmi1+ cells from the cardiovascular network, recapitulating an adolescent-like Bmi1 expression profile. Thus, we identify cardiac perivascular regions as low-stress microenvironments that favor the maintenance of adult damage-responsive cells. Bmi1+ cardiac damage-responsive cells are sheltered in areas with low ROS levels. Aging-related oxidative damage confines cardiac Bmi1+ cells to perivascular regions. Microvasculature-derived signals regulate adult Bmi1+ damage-responsive cell behavior. Genetic ROS levels manipulation modifies the percentage and identity of Bmi1+ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Herrero
- Cardiac Stem Cells Group, Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Center for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Cañón
- Cardiac Stem Cells Group, Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Center for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Albericio
- Cardiac Stem Cells Group, Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Center for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa María Carmona
- Cardiac Stem Cells Group, Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Center for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Aguilar
- Cardiac Stem Cells Group, Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Center for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Santos Mañes
- Signaling Networks in Inflammation and Cancer Group, Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Center for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Bernad
- Cardiac Stem Cells Group, Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Center for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), 28049, Madrid, Spain.
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21
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Evolving approaches to heart regeneration by therapeutic stimulation of resident cardiomyocyte cell cycle. Anatol J Cardiol 2018; 16:881-886. [PMID: 27872447 PMCID: PMC5324893 DOI: 10.14744/anatoljcardiol.2016.7245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart has long been considered a terminally differentiated organ. Recent studies, however, have suggested that there is a modest degree of cardiomyocyte (CM) turnover in adult mammalian heart, albeit not sufficient for replacement of lost CMs following cardiac injuries. Cardiac regeneration studies in various model organisms including zebrafish, newt, and more recently in neonatal mouse, have demonstrated that CM dedifferentiation and concomitant proliferation play important roles in replacement of lost CMs and restoration of cardiac contractility. Further studies with neonatal cardiac regeneration mouse model suggested that major source of new CMs is existing CMs, with the possibility of involvement of cardiac stem cells. Numerous studies have now been conducted on induction of cardiac regeneration and have identified various cardiogenic factors, cardiogenic micro ribonucleic acid and cardiogenic small molecules. This report is a review of studies regarding generation of CM and prospects for application.
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22
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Sayed A, Valente M, Sassoon D. Does cardiac development provide heart research with novel therapeutic approaches? F1000Res 2018; 7. [PMID: 30450195 PMCID: PMC6221076 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.15609.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryonic heart progenitors arise at specific spatiotemporal periods that contribute to the formation of distinct cardiac structures. In mammals, the embryonic and fetal heart is hypoxic by comparison to the adult heart. In parallel, the cellular metabolism of the cardiac tissue, including progenitors, undergoes a glycolytic to oxidative switch that contributes to cardiac maturation. While oxidative metabolism is energy efficient, the glycolytic-hypoxic state may serve to maintain cardiac progenitor potential. Consistent with this proposal, the adult epicardium has been shown to contain a reservoir of quiescent cardiac progenitors that are activated in response to heart injury and are hypoxic by comparison to adjacent cardiac tissues. In this review, we discuss the development and potential of the adult epicardium and how this knowledge may provide future therapeutic approaches for cardiac repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeliqua Sayed
- Cellular, Molecular, and Physiological Mechanisms of Heart Failure, Paris-Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), European Georges Pompidou Hospital (HEGP), INSERM U970, F-75737 Paris Cedex 15, Paris, France
| | - Mariana Valente
- Cellular, Molecular, and Physiological Mechanisms of Heart Failure, Paris-Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), European Georges Pompidou Hospital (HEGP), INSERM U970, F-75737 Paris Cedex 15, Paris, France
| | - David Sassoon
- Cellular, Molecular, and Physiological Mechanisms of Heart Failure, Paris-Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), European Georges Pompidou Hospital (HEGP), INSERM U970, F-75737 Paris Cedex 15, Paris, France
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23
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Tao J, Barnett JV, Watanabe M, Ramírez-Bergeron D. Hypoxia Supports Epicardial Cell Differentiation in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells through the Activation of the TGFβ Pathway. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2018; 5:jcdd5020019. [PMID: 29652803 PMCID: PMC6023394 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd5020019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epicardium-derived cells (EPDCs) are an important pool of multipotent cardiovascular progenitor cells. Through epithelial-to-mesenchymal-transition (EMT), EPDCs invade the subepicardium and myocardium and further differentiate into several cell types required for coronary vessel formation. We previously showed that epicardial hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) signaling mediates the invasion of vascular precursor cells critical for patterning the coronary vasculature. Here, we examine the regulatory role of hypoxia (1% oxygen) on EPDC differentiation into vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Results: Hypoxia stimulates EMT and enhances expression of several VSMC markers in mouse epicardial cell cultures. This stimulation is specifically blocked by inhibiting transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) receptor I. Further analyses indicated that hypoxia increases the expression level of TGFβ-1 ligand and phosphorylation of TGFβ receptor II, suggesting an indispensable role of the TGFβ pathway in hypoxia-stimulated VSMC differentiation. We further demonstrate that the non-canonical RhoA/Rho kinase (ROCK) pathway acts as the main downstream effector of TGFβ to modulate hypoxia’s effect on VSMC differentiation. Conclusion: Our results reveal a novel role of epicardial HIF in mediating coronary vasculogenesis by promoting their differentiation into VSMCs through noncanonical TGFβ signaling. These data elucidate that patterning of the coronary vasculature is influenced by epicardial hypoxic signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Tao
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Joey V Barnett
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Michiko Watanabe
- Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, The Congenital Heart Collaborative, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Diana Ramírez-Bergeron
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
- University Hospitals Harrington-McLaughlin Heart & Vascular Institute, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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24
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Simões FC, Riley PR. The ontogeny, activation and function of the epicardium during heart development and regeneration. Development 2018; 145:145/7/dev155994. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.155994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The epicardium plays a key role during cardiac development, homeostasis and repair, and has thus emerged as a potential target in the treatment of cardiovascular disease. However, therapeutically manipulating the epicardium and epicardium-derived cells (EPDCs) requires insights into their developmental origin and the mechanisms driving their activation, recruitment and contribution to both the embryonic and adult injured heart. In recent years, studies of various model systems have provided us with a deeper understanding of the microenvironment in which EPDCs reside and emerge into, of the crosstalk between the multitude of cardiovascular cell types that influence the epicardium, and of the genetic programmes that orchestrate epicardial cell behaviour. Here, we review these discoveries and discuss how technological advances could further enhance our knowledge of epicardium-based repair mechanisms and ultimately influence potential therapeutic outcomes in cardiovascular regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa C. Simões
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Paul R. Riley
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
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Herrero D, Tomé M, Cañón S, Cruz FM, Carmona RM, Fuster E, Roche E, Bernad A. Redox-dependent BMI1 activity drives in vivo adult cardiac progenitor cell differentiation. Cell Death Differ 2018; 25:809-822. [PMID: 29323265 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-017-0022-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is associated with several cardiovascular pathologies and with cell cycle exit by neonanatal cardiomyocytes, a key limiting factor in the regenerative capacity of the adult mammalian heart. The polycomb complex component BMI1 is linked to adult progenitors and is an important partner in DNA repair and redox regulation. We found that high BMI1 expression is associated with an adult Sca1+ cardiac progenitor sub-population with low ROS levels. In homeostasis, BMI1 repressed cell fate genes, including a cardiogenic differentiation program. Oxidative damage nonetheless modified BMI1 activity in vivo by derepressing canonical target genes in favor of their antioxidant and anticlastogenic functions. This redox-mediated mechanism is not restricted to damage situations, however, and we report ROS-associated differentiation of cardiac progenitors in steady state. These findings demonstrate how redox status influences the cardiac progenitor response, and identify redox-mediated BMI1 regulation with implications in maintenance of cellular identity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Herrero
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Spanish National Center for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Tomé
- Cardiovascular Development and Repair Department, Spanish National Cardiovascular Research Center (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Cañón
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Spanish National Center for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Cardiovascular Development and Repair Department, Spanish National Cardiovascular Research Center (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco M Cruz
- Cardiovascular Development and Repair Department, Spanish National Cardiovascular Research Center (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa María Carmona
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Spanish National Center for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Encarna Fuster
- Department of Applied Biology-Nutrition and Institute of Bioengineering, University Miguel Hernández, Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL-FISABIO Fundation), Alicante, Spain
| | - Enrique Roche
- CIBERobn (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition CB12/03/30038), Carlos III Health Research Institute (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Applied Biology-Nutrition and Institute of Bioengineering, University Miguel Hernández, Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL-FISABIO Fundation), Alicante, Spain
| | - Antonio Bernad
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Spanish National Center for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain. .,Cardiovascular Development and Repair Department, Spanish National Cardiovascular Research Center (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.
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Quaife-Ryan GA, Sim CB, Ziemann M, Kaspi A, Rafehi H, Ramialison M, El-Osta A, Hudson JE, Porrello ER. Multicellular Transcriptional Analysis of Mammalian Heart Regeneration. Circulation 2017; 136:1123-1139. [PMID: 28733351 PMCID: PMC5598916 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.117.028252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The inability of the adult mammalian heart to regenerate following injury represents a major barrier in cardiovascular medicine. In contrast, the neonatal mammalian heart retains a transient capacity for regeneration, which is lost shortly after birth. Defining the molecular mechanisms that govern regenerative capacity in the neonatal period remains a central goal in cardiac biology. Here, we assemble a transcriptomic framework of multiple cardiac cell populations during postnatal development and following injury, which enables comparative analyses of the regenerative (neonatal) versus nonregenerative (adult) state for the first time. METHODS Cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, leukocytes, and endothelial cells from infarcted and noninfarcted neonatal (P1) and adult (P56) mouse hearts were isolated by enzymatic dissociation and fluorescence-activated cell sorting at day 3 following surgery. RNA sequencing was performed on these cell populations to generate the transcriptome of the major cardiac cell populations during cardiac development, repair, and regeneration. To complement our transcriptomic data, we also surveyed the epigenetic landscape of cardiomyocytes during postnatal maturation by performing deep sequencing of accessible chromatin regions by using the Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin from purified mouse cardiomyocyte nuclei (P1, P14, and P56). RESULTS Profiling of cardiomyocyte and nonmyocyte transcriptional programs uncovered several injury-responsive genes across regenerative and nonregenerative time points. However, the majority of transcriptional changes in all cardiac cell types resulted from developmental maturation from neonatal stages to adulthood rather than activation of a distinct regeneration-specific gene program. Furthermore, adult leukocytes and fibroblasts were characterized by the expression of a proliferative gene expression network following infarction, which mirrored the neonatal state. In contrast, cardiomyocytes failed to reactivate the neonatal proliferative network following infarction, which was associated with loss of chromatin accessibility around cell cycle genes during postnatal maturation. CONCLUSIONS This work provides a comprehensive framework and transcriptional resource of multiple cardiac cell populations during cardiac development, repair, and regeneration. Our findings define a regulatory program underpinning the neonatal regenerative state and identify alterations in the chromatin landscape that could limit reinduction of the regenerative program in adult cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Quaife-Ryan
- From School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia (G.A.Q.-R., C.B.S., J.E.H., E.R.P.); Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (M.Z., A.K., H.R., A.E.-O.); Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (M.Z., A.K., H.R., A.E.-O.); Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, EMBL-Australia Collaborating Group, Systems Biology Institute Australia, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria (M.R.); Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, Prince of Wales Hospital, Chinese University of Hong Kong (A.E.-O.); Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (E.R.P.); and Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (E.R.P.)
| | - Choon Boon Sim
- From School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia (G.A.Q.-R., C.B.S., J.E.H., E.R.P.); Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (M.Z., A.K., H.R., A.E.-O.); Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (M.Z., A.K., H.R., A.E.-O.); Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, EMBL-Australia Collaborating Group, Systems Biology Institute Australia, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria (M.R.); Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, Prince of Wales Hospital, Chinese University of Hong Kong (A.E.-O.); Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (E.R.P.); and Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (E.R.P.)
| | - Mark Ziemann
- From School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia (G.A.Q.-R., C.B.S., J.E.H., E.R.P.); Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (M.Z., A.K., H.R., A.E.-O.); Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (M.Z., A.K., H.R., A.E.-O.); Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, EMBL-Australia Collaborating Group, Systems Biology Institute Australia, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria (M.R.); Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, Prince of Wales Hospital, Chinese University of Hong Kong (A.E.-O.); Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (E.R.P.); and Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (E.R.P.)
| | - Antony Kaspi
- From School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia (G.A.Q.-R., C.B.S., J.E.H., E.R.P.); Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (M.Z., A.K., H.R., A.E.-O.); Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (M.Z., A.K., H.R., A.E.-O.); Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, EMBL-Australia Collaborating Group, Systems Biology Institute Australia, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria (M.R.); Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, Prince of Wales Hospital, Chinese University of Hong Kong (A.E.-O.); Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (E.R.P.); and Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (E.R.P.)
| | - Haloom Rafehi
- From School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia (G.A.Q.-R., C.B.S., J.E.H., E.R.P.); Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (M.Z., A.K., H.R., A.E.-O.); Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (M.Z., A.K., H.R., A.E.-O.); Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, EMBL-Australia Collaborating Group, Systems Biology Institute Australia, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria (M.R.); Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, Prince of Wales Hospital, Chinese University of Hong Kong (A.E.-O.); Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (E.R.P.); and Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (E.R.P.)
| | - Mirana Ramialison
- From School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia (G.A.Q.-R., C.B.S., J.E.H., E.R.P.); Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (M.Z., A.K., H.R., A.E.-O.); Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (M.Z., A.K., H.R., A.E.-O.); Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, EMBL-Australia Collaborating Group, Systems Biology Institute Australia, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria (M.R.); Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, Prince of Wales Hospital, Chinese University of Hong Kong (A.E.-O.); Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (E.R.P.); and Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (E.R.P.)
| | - Assam El-Osta
- From School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia (G.A.Q.-R., C.B.S., J.E.H., E.R.P.); Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (M.Z., A.K., H.R., A.E.-O.); Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (M.Z., A.K., H.R., A.E.-O.); Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, EMBL-Australia Collaborating Group, Systems Biology Institute Australia, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria (M.R.); Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, Prince of Wales Hospital, Chinese University of Hong Kong (A.E.-O.); Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (E.R.P.); and Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (E.R.P.)
| | - James E Hudson
- From School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia (G.A.Q.-R., C.B.S., J.E.H., E.R.P.); Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (M.Z., A.K., H.R., A.E.-O.); Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (M.Z., A.K., H.R., A.E.-O.); Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, EMBL-Australia Collaborating Group, Systems Biology Institute Australia, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria (M.R.); Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, Prince of Wales Hospital, Chinese University of Hong Kong (A.E.-O.); Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (E.R.P.); and Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (E.R.P.).
| | - Enzo R Porrello
- From School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia (G.A.Q.-R., C.B.S., J.E.H., E.R.P.); Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (M.Z., A.K., H.R., A.E.-O.); Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (M.Z., A.K., H.R., A.E.-O.); Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, EMBL-Australia Collaborating Group, Systems Biology Institute Australia, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria (M.R.); Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, Prince of Wales Hospital, Chinese University of Hong Kong (A.E.-O.); Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (E.R.P.); and Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (E.R.P.).
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Abstract
Efficient cardiac regeneration is closely associated with the ability of cardiac myocytes to proliferate. Fetal or neonatal mouse hearts containing proliferating cardiac myocytes regenerate even extensive injuries, whereas adult hearts containing mostly post-mitotic cardiac myocytes have lost this ability. The same correlation is seen in some homoiotherm species such as teleost fish and urodelian amphibians leading to the hypothesis that cardiac myocyte proliferation is a major driver of heart regeneration. Although cardiomyocyte proliferation might not be the only prerequisite to restore full organ function after cardiac damage, induction of cardiac myocyte proliferation is an attractive therapeutic option to cure the injured heart and prevent heart failure. To (re)initiate cardiac myocyte proliferation in adult mammalian hearts, a thorough understanding of the molecular circuitry governing cardiac myocyte cell cycle regulation is required. Here, we review the current knowledge in the field focusing on the withdrawal of cardiac myocytes from the cell cycle during the transition from neonatal to adult stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejun Yuan
- From the Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (X.Y., T.B.); and Department of Internal Medicine II, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Member of the German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany (T.B.)
| | - Thomas Braun
- From the Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (X.Y., T.B.); and Department of Internal Medicine II, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Member of the German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany (T.B.).
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Cesselli D, Aleksova A, Sponga S, Cervellin C, Di Loreto C, Tell G, Beltrami AP. Cardiac Cell Senescence and Redox Signaling. Front Cardiovasc Med 2017; 4:38. [PMID: 28612009 PMCID: PMC5447053 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2017.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is characterized by a progressive loss of the ability of the organism to cope with stressors and to repair tissue damage. As a result, chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease, increase their prevalence with aging, underlining the existence of common mechanisms that lead to frailty and age-related diseases. In this frame, the progressive decline of the homeostatic and reparative function of primitive cells has been hypothesized to play a major role in the evolution of cardiac pathology to heart failure. Although initially it was believed that reactive oxygen species (ROS) were produced in an unregulated manner as a byproduct of cellular metabolism, causing macromolecular damage and aging, accumulating evidence indicate the major role played by redox signaling in physiology. Aim of this review is to critically revise evidence linking ROS to cell senescence and aging and to provide evidence of the primary role played by redox signaling, with a particular emphasis on the multifunctional protein APE1/Ref in stem cell biology. Finally, we will discuss evidence supporting the role of redox signaling in cardiovascular cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aneta Aleksova
- Cardiovascular Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata di Trieste, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Sandro Sponga
- Cardiothoracic Surgery, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata di Udine, Udine, Italy
| | | | | | - Gianluca Tell
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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29
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Arbatlı S, Aslan GS, Kocabaş F. Stem Cells in Regenerative Cardiology. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1079:37-53. [PMID: 29064067 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2017_113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The common prevalence of heart failure and limitations in its treatment are leading cause of attention and interest towards the induction of cardiac regeneration with novel approaches. Recent studies provide growing evidence regarding bona fide cardiac regeneration post genetic manipulations, administration of stimulatory factors and myocardial injuries in animal models and human studies. To this end, stem cells of different sources have been tested to treat heart failure for the development of cellular therapies. Endogenous and exogenous stem cells sources used in regenerative cardiology have provided a proof of concept and applicability of cellular therapies in myocardial improvement. Recent clinical studies, especially, based on the endogenous cardiac progenitor and stem cells highlighted the possibility to regenerate lost cardiomyocytes in the myocardium. This review discusses emerging concepts in cardiac stem cell therapy, their sources and route of administration, and plausibility of de novo cardiomyocyte formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semih Arbatlı
- Regenerative Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Galip Servet Aslan
- Regenerative Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatih Kocabaş
- Regenerative Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey.
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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30
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Nonaka PN, Uriarte JJ, Campillo N, Oliveira VR, Navajas D, Farré R. Lung bioengineering: physical stimuli and stem/progenitor cell biology interplay towards biofabricating a functional organ. Respir Res 2016; 17:161. [PMID: 27894293 PMCID: PMC5126992 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-016-0477-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A current approach to obtain bioengineered lungs as a future alternative for transplantation is based on seeding stem cells on decellularized lung scaffolds. A fundamental question to be solved in this approach is how to drive stem cell differentiation onto the different lung cell phenotypes. Whereas the use of soluble factors as agents to modulate the fate of stem cells was established from an early stage of the research with this type of cells, it took longer to recognize that the physical microenvironment locally sensed by stem cells (e.g. substrate stiffness, 3D architecture, cyclic stretch, shear stress, air-liquid interface, oxygenation gradient) also contributes to their differentiation. The potential role played by physical stimuli would be particularly relevant in lung bioengineering since cells within the organ are physiologically subjected to two main stimuli required to facilitate efficient gas exchange: air ventilation and blood perfusion across the organ. The present review focuses on describing how the cell mechanical microenvironment can modulate stem cell differentiation and how these stimuli could be incorporated into lung bioreactors for optimizing organ bioengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula N Nonaka
- Unitat de Biofísica i Bioenginyeria, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan J Uriarte
- Unitat de Biofísica i Bioenginyeria, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Noelia Campillo
- Unitat de Biofísica i Bioenginyeria, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vinicius R Oliveira
- Unitat de Biofísica i Bioenginyeria, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Navajas
- Unitat de Biofísica i Bioenginyeria, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain.,Institut de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon Farré
- Unitat de Biofísica i Bioenginyeria, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036, Barcelona, Spain. .,CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain. .,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain.
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31
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Santini MP, Forte E, Harvey RP, Kovacic JC. Developmental origin and lineage plasticity of endogenous cardiac stem cells. Development 2016; 143:1242-58. [PMID: 27095490 DOI: 10.1242/dev.111591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, several populations of cardiac stem cells have been described in the adult mammalian heart. For the most part, however, their lineage origins and in vivo functions remain largely unexplored. This Review summarizes what is known about different populations of embryonic and adult cardiac stem cells, including KIT(+), PDGFRα(+), ISL1(+)and SCA1(+)cells, side population cells, cardiospheres and epicardial cells. We discuss their developmental origins and defining characteristics, and consider their possible contribution to heart organogenesis and regeneration. We also summarize the origin and plasticity of cardiac fibroblasts and circulating endothelial progenitor cells, and consider what role these cells have in contributing to cardiac repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Paola Santini
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Elvira Forte
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, 405 Liverpool Street, Darlinghurst 2010, Australia St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Kensington 2052, Australia Stem Cells Australia, Melbourne Brain Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Richard P Harvey
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, 405 Liverpool Street, Darlinghurst 2010, Australia St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Kensington 2052, Australia Stem Cells Australia, Melbourne Brain Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington 2052, Australia
| | - Jason C Kovacic
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA Stem Cells Australia, Melbourne Brain Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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34
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Germani A, Foglio E, Capogrossi MC, Russo MA, Limana F. Generation of cardiac progenitor cells through epicardial to mesenchymal transition. J Mol Med (Berl) 2015; 93:735-48. [PMID: 25943780 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-015-1290-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a biological process that drives the formation of cells involved both in tissue repair and in pathological conditions, including tissue fibrosis and tumor metastasis by providing cancer cells with stem cell properties. Recent findings suggest that EMT is reactivated in the heart following ischemic injury. Specifically, epicardial EMT might be involved in the formation of cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) that can differentiate into endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and, possibly, cardiomyocytes. The identification of mechanisms and signaling pathways governing EMT-derived CPC generation and differentiation may contribute to the development of a more efficient regenerative approach for adult heart repair. Here, we summarize key literature in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Germani
- Laboratorio di Patologia Vascolare, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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35
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Pimton P, Lecht S, Stabler CT, Johannes G, Schulman ES, Lelkes PI. Hypoxia enhances differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into definitive endoderm and distal lung cells. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 24:663-76. [PMID: 25226206 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of hypoxia on spontaneous (SP)- and activin A (AA)-induced definitive endoderm (DE) differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) and their subsequent differentiation into distal pulmonary epithelial cells. SP differentiation for 6 days of mESCs toward endoderm at hypoxia of 1% O2, but not at 3% or 21% (normoxia), increased the expression of Sox17 and Foxa2 by 31- and 63-fold above maintenance culture, respectively. Treatment of mESCs with 20 ng/mL AA for 6 days under hypoxia further increased the expression of DE marker genes Sox17, Foxa2, and Cxcr4 by 501-, 1,483-, and 126-fold above maintenance cultures, respectively. Transient exposure to hypoxia, as short as 24 h, was sufficient to enhance AA-induced endoderm formation. The involvement of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the AA-induced endoderm enrichment was assessed using HIF-1α(-/-) mESCs and the ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Under SP conditions, HIF-1α(-/-) mESCs failed to increase the expression of endodermal marker genes but rather shifted toward ectoderm. Hypoxia induced only a marginal potentiation of AA-induced endoderm differentiation in HIF-1α(-/-) mESCs. Treatment of mESCs with AA and NAC led to a dose-dependent decrease in Sox17 and Foxa2 expression. In addition, the duration of exposure to hypoxia in the course of a recently reported lung differentiation protocol resulted in differentially enhanced expression of distal lung epithelial cell marker genes aquaporin 5 (Aqp5), surfactant protein C (Sftpc), and secretoglobin 1a1 (Scgb1a1) for alveolar epithelium type I, type II, and club cells, respectively. Our study is the first to show the effects of in vitro hypoxia on efficient formation of DE and lung lineages. We suggest that the extent of hypoxia and careful timing may be important components of in vitro differentiation bioprocesses for the differential generation of distal lung epithelial cells from pluripotent progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pimchanok Pimton
- 1 Department of Biology, School of Science, Walailak University , Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
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Kimura W, Muralidhar S, Canseco DC, Puente B, Zhang CC, Xiao F, Abderrahman YH, Sadek HA. Redox signaling in cardiac renewal. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:1660-73. [PMID: 25000143 PMCID: PMC4175032 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.6029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Utilizing oxygen (O2) through mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation enables organisms to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP) with a higher efficiency than glycolysis, but it results in increased reactive oxygen species production from mitochondria, which can result in stem cell dysfunction and senescence. RECENT ADVANCES In the postnatal organism, the hematopoietic system represents a classic example of the role of stem cells in cellular turnover and regeneration. However, in other organs such as the heart, both the degree and source of cellular turnover have been heavily contested. CRITICAL ISSUES Although recent evidence suggests that the major source of the limited cardiomyocyte turnover in the adult heart is cardiomyocyte proliferation, the identity and potential role of undifferentiated cardiac progenitor cells remain controversial. Several types of cardiac progenitor cells have been identified, and several studies have identified an important role of redox and metabolic regulation in survival and differentiation of cardiac progenitor cells. Perhaps a simple way to approach these controversies is to focus on the multipotentiality characteristics of a certain progenitor population, and not necessarily its ability to give rise to all cell types within the heart. In addition, it is important to note that cycling cells in the heart may express markers of differentiation or may be truly undifferentiated, and for the purpose of this review, we will refer to these cycling cells as progenitors. FUTURE DIRECTIONS We propose that hypoxia, redox signaling, and metabolic phenotypes are major regulators of cardiac renewal, and may prove to be important therapeutic targets for heart regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Kimura
- 1 Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas
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Leri A, Rota M, Hosoda T, Goichberg P, Anversa P. Cardiac stem cell niches. Stem Cell Res 2014; 13:631-46. [PMID: 25267073 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The critical role that stem cell niches have in cardiac homeostasis and myocardial repair following injury is the focus of this review. Cardiac niches represent specialized microdomains where the quiescent and activated state of resident stem cells is regulated. Alterations in niche function with aging and cardiac diseases result in abnormal sites of cardiomyogenesis and inadequate myocyte formation. The relevance of Notch1 signaling, gap-junction formation, HIF-1α and metabolic state in the regulation of stem cell growth and differentiation within the cardiac niches are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annarosa Leri
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Marcello Rota
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Toru Hosoda
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Polina Goichberg
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Piero Anversa
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Epicardial Origin of Resident Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Adult Mammalian Heart. J Dev Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/jdb2020117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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Zacchigna S, Giacca M. Extra- and intracellular factors regulating cardiomyocyte proliferation in postnatal life. Cardiovasc Res 2014; 102:312-20. [PMID: 24623280 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvu057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the striking differences that distinguish the adult from the embryonic heart in mammals and set it apart from the heart in urodeles and teleosts is the incapacity of cardiomyocytes to respond to damage by proliferation. While the molecular reasons underlying these characteristics still await elucidation, mounting evidence collected over the last several years indicates that cardiomyocyte proliferation can be modulated by different extracellular molecules. The exogenous administration of selected growth factors is capable of inducing neonatal and, in some instances, also adult cardiomyocyte proliferation. Other diffusible factors can regulate the proliferation and cardiac commitment of endogenous or implanted stem cells. While the individual role of these factors in the paracrine control of normal heart homeostasis still needs to be defined, this information is relevant for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for cardiac regeneration. In addition, recent evidence indicates that postnatal cardiomyocyte proliferation is controlled by genetically defined pathways, such as the Hippo pathway, and can be modulated by perturbing the endogenous cardiomyocyte microRNA network; the identification of the cytokines that activate these molecular circuits holds great potential for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Zacchigna
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology , Padriciano, 99, Trieste 34149, Italy
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Kimura W, Sadek HA. The cardiac hypoxic niche: emerging role of hypoxic microenvironment in cardiac progenitors. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 2013; 2:278-89. [PMID: 24282728 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2223-3652.2012.12.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Resident stem cells persist throughout the entire lifetime of an organism where they replenishing damaged cells. Numerous types of resident stem cells are housed in a low-oxygen tension (hypoxic) microenvironment, or niches, which seem to be critical for survival and maintenance of stem cells. Recently our group has identified the adult mammalian epicardium and subepicardium as a hypoxic niche for cardiac progenitor cells. Similar to hematopoietic stem cells (LT-HSCs), progenitor cells in the hypoxic epicardial niche utilize cytoplasmic glycolysis instead of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, where hypoxia inducible factor 1α (Hif-1α) maintains them in glycolytic undifferentiated state. In this review we summarize the relationship between hypoxic signaling and stem cell function, and discuss potential roles of several cardiac stem/progenitor cells in cardiac homeostasis and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Kimura
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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Sanada F, Kim J, Czarna A, Chan NYK, Signore S, Ogórek B, Isobe K, Wybieralska E, Borghetti G, Pesapane A, Sorrentino A, Mangano E, Cappetta D, Mangiaracina C, Ricciardi M, Cimini M, Ifedigbo E, Perrella MA, Goichberg P, Choi AM, Kajstura J, Hosoda T, Rota M, Anversa P, Leri A. c-Kit-positive cardiac stem cells nested in hypoxic niches are activated by stem cell factor reversing the aging myopathy. Circ Res 2013; 114:41-55. [PMID: 24170267 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.114.302500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Hypoxia favors stem cell quiescence, whereas normoxia is required for stem cell activation, but whether cardiac stem cell (CSC) function is regulated by the hypoxic/normoxic state of the cell is currently unknown. OBJECTIVE A balance between hypoxic and normoxic CSCs may be present in the young heart, although this homeostatic control may be disrupted with aging. Defects in tissue oxygenation occur in the old myocardium, and this phenomenon may expand the pool of hypoxic CSCs, which are no longer involved in myocyte renewal. METHODS AND RESULTS Here, we show that the senescent heart is characterized by an increased number of quiescent CSCs with intact telomeres that cannot re-enter the cell cycle and form a differentiated progeny. Conversely, myocyte replacement is controlled only by frequently dividing CSCs with shortened telomeres; these CSCs generate a myocyte population that is chronologically young but phenotypically old. Telomere dysfunction dictates their actual age and mechanical behavior. However, the residual subset of quiescent young CSCs can be stimulated in situ by stem cell factor reversing the aging myopathy. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the notion that strategies targeting CSC activation and growth interfere with the manifestations of myocardial aging in an animal model. Although caution has to be exercised in the translation of animal studies to human beings, our data strongly suggest that a pool of functionally competent CSCs persists in the senescent heart and that this stem cell compartment can promote myocyte regeneration effectively, partly correcting the aging myopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiro Sanada
- From the Departments of Anesthesia (F.S., J.K., A.M.C., N.Y.-.K.C., S.S., B.O., K.I., E.W., G.B., A.P., A.S., E.M., D.C., C.M., M. Ricciardi, M.C., P.G., J.K., T.H., M. Rota, P.A., A.L.) and Medicine (F.S., J.K., A.M.C., N.Y.-.K.C., S.S., B.O., K.I., E.W., G.B., A.P., A.S., E.M., D.C., C.M., M. Ricciardi, M.C., E.I., M.A.P., P.G., J.K., T.H., M. Rota, P.A., A.L.), and Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine (F.S., J.K., A.M.C., N.Y.-.K.C., S.S., B.O., K.I., E.W., G.B., A.P., A.S., E.M., D.C., C.M., M. Ricciardi, M.C., P.G., J.K., T.H., M. Rota, P.A., A.L.), Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (E.I., M.A.P., A.M.C.), and Newborn Medicine (M.A.P.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Mahmoud AI, Porrello ER. Turning Back the Cardiac Regenerative Clock: Lessons From the Neonate. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2012; 22:128-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2012.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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