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Electroencephalogram and Physiological Responses as Affected by Slaughter Empathy in Goats. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13061100. [PMID: 36978640 PMCID: PMC10044356 DOI: 10.3390/ani13061100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in emotions and cognitive science make it imperative to assess the emotional stress in goats at the time of slaughter. The present study was envisaged to study the electroencephalogram and physiological responses as affected by slaughter empathy in goats. A total of 12 goats were divided into two groups viz., E-group (goats exposed to slaughter environment, n = 6) and S-group (goat slaughtered in front of E-group, n = 6). The electroencephalogram and physiological responses in male Boer cross goats (E-group) were recorded in a slaughterhouse in two stages viz., control (C) without exposure to the slaughter of conspecifics and treatment (T) while visualizing the slaughter of conspecifics (S—slaughter group). The exposure of the goat to the slaughter of a conspecific resulted in a heightened emotional state. It caused significant alterations in neurobiological activity as recorded with the significant changes in the EEG spectrum (beta waves (p = 0.000491), theta waves (p = 0.017), and median frequency MF or F50 (p = 0.002)). Emotional stress was also observed to significantly increase blood glucose (p = 0.031) and a non-significant (p = 0.225) increase in heart rate in goats. Thus, slaughter empathy was observed to exert a significant effect on the electric activity of neurons in the cerebrocortical area of the brain and an increase in blood glucose content.
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Thapa S, Heo YS. Optimization of a Single Substrate-Based Fluorometric Assay for Glucose and Lactate Measurement to Assess Preimplantation Single Embryo Quality and Blood in Obese Mouse and Clinical Human Samples. Anal Chem 2022; 94:16171-16179. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seema Thapa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Seok Heo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
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Salimi M, Sadeghimahalli F, Shaerzadeh F, Khodagholi F, Zardooz H. Early-life stress altered pancreatic Krebs cycle-related enzyme activities in response to young adulthood physical and psychological stress in male rat offspring. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2020; 42:19-27. [PMID: 33781007 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2020-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Early-life stress (ELS) increases the risk of metabolic disorders in later life. The present study investigated the ELS effect on pancreatic pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) protein level, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (α-KGDH), and aconitase activities as metabolic enzymes in response to young adulthood stress in male rat offspring. METHODS Male Wistar rats were divided into six groups: Control, early life stress (Early STR), young adult foot-shock stress (Y. adult F-SH STR), early + young adult foot-shock stress (Early + Y. adult F-SH STR), young adult psychological stress (Y. adult Psy STR) and early + young adult psychological stress (Early + Y. adult Psy STR). Stress was induced by a communication box at 2 weeks of age and young adulthood for five consecutive days. The blood samples were collected in young adult rats, then pancreases were removed to measure its PDH protein level and aconitase and α-KGDH activities. RESULTS In ELS animals, applying foot-shock stress in young adulthood increased PDH protein level, decreased α-KGDH and aconitase activities, and increased plasma glucose, insulin, and corticosterone concentrations. However, exposure to young adulthood psychological stress only decreased α-KGDH and aconitase activities. CONCLUSIONS It seems that ELS altered metabolic response to young adulthood stress through changes of Krebs cycle-related enzymes activities, though the type of adulthood stress was determinant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Salimi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Forouzan Sadeghimahalli
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Shaerzadeh
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Fariba Khodagholi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Homeira Zardooz
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Aktipis A, Guevara Beltran D. Can some microbes promote host stress and benefit evolutionarily from this strategy? Bioessays 2020; 43:e2000188. [PMID: 33283894 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Microbes can influence host physiology and behavior in many ways. Here we review evidence suggesting that some microbes can contribute to host stress (and other microbes can contribute to increased resilience to stress). We explain how certain microbes, which we call "stress microbes," can potentially benefit evolutionarily from inducing stress in a host, gaining access to host resources that can help fuel rapid microbial replication by increasing glucose levels in the blood, increasing intestinal permeability, and suppressing the immune system. Other microbes, which we term "resilience microbes," can potentially benefit from making hosts more resilient to stress. We hypothesize that "stress microbes" use a fast life history strategy involving greater host exploitation while "resilience microbes" use a slow life history strategy characterized by more aligned evolutionary interests with the host. In this paper, we review the evidence that microbes affect host stress and explain the evolutionary pressures that could lead microbes to manipulate host stress, discuss the physiological mechanisms that are known to be involved in both stress and microbial activity, and provide some testable predictions that follow from this hypothesis.
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The role of spinally located dopamine D 2 receptors in the regulation of the blood glucose level in mice. Pharmacol Rep 2020; 72:1666-1675. [PMID: 32627115 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-020-00126-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The possible role of dopamine D2 receptors located in the spinal cord in the regulation of the blood glucose level have not been investigated before. METHODS In the present study, the effect of D2 receptor agonist and antagonist administered intrathecal (it) injection on the blood glucose level were examined in the Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice. RESULTS We found that it injection with carmoxirole (D2 receptor agonist) caused an elevation of the blood glucose level in a dose-dependent manner. Carmoxirole-induced increase of the blood glucose was significantly attenuated by L-741,626 (D2 receptor antagonist). Previously, we indicated that intrathecal (it) treatment with 0.1 μg/5 μl pertussis toxin (PTX, a Gi/Go inhibitor) produces a hypoglycemic effect in ICR in a long-term manner. In the present study, it pretreatment with PTX for 6 days almost abolished the hyperglycemic effect induced by carmoxirole. The plasma insulin level was elevated by carmoxirole, and L-741,626 or PTX pretreatment reduced carmoxirole-induced increment of the insulin level. In addition, the plasma corticosterone level was increased by carmoxirole but it pretreatment with L-741,626 or PTX did not affect carmoxirole-induced increment of the corticosterone level. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that D2 receptors located in the spinal cord play an important role in the elevation of the blood glucose level. Spinally located inhibitory G-proteins appear to be involved in hyperglycemic effect induced by carmoxirole.
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Druzhkova T, Pochigaeva K, Yakovlev A, Kazimirova E, Grishkina M, Chepelev A, Guekht A, Gulyaeva N. Acute stress response to a cognitive task in patients with major depressive disorder: potential metabolic and proinflammatory biomarkers. Metab Brain Dis 2019; 34:621-629. [PMID: 30564974 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-018-0367-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Responses of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPAA), immune system and metabolic pathways are involved in adaptation to stress, while alterations in these responses have been implicated in the development of major depressive disorder (MDD). Multiple laboratory indices are known to react in response to the acute stress, however, no valid biomarkers have been reported, which can differentiate stress response in depressed individuals. The aim of this study was to assess changes in a set of laboratory parameters in patients with MDD in response to a moderate mental stress and to find potential markers of altered stress reactivity associated with depression. A group of 33 MDD patients and 43 control subjects underwent clinical evaluation to assess depression and anxiety symptoms, as well as heart rate variability (HRV) analysis. Participants were asked to perform a time constrained cognitive task, and selected hormones (cortisol, ACTH), cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α), neurotrophic factors (BDNF, CNTF) and metabolic parameters (glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides) were measured before and 60 min after the task performance. HRV analysis showed increased sympathetic input in MDD patients. The MDD group manifested an elevated HPAA activity as well as IL-6 and CNTF levels at baseline. A specific stress-induced increase in glucose and TNF-α was revealed in the MDD group, which was absent in control subjects. The data confirm the impairments of stress response in MDD and suggest that the reaction of simple metabolic and pro-inflammatory indices to a mild stressogenic challenge may be indicative of a depressive state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Druzhkova
- Healthcare Department of Moscow, Moscow Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Ksenia Pochigaeva
- Healthcare Department of Moscow, Moscow Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Aleksander Yakovlev
- Healthcare Department of Moscow, Moscow Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Laboratory of Functional Biochemistry of the Nervous System, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Butlerova street 5a, Moscow, Russian Federation, 117485
| | - Evdokia Kazimirova
- Healthcare Department of Moscow, Moscow Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Laboratory of Functional Biochemistry of the Nervous System, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Butlerova street 5a, Moscow, Russian Federation, 117485
| | - Maria Grishkina
- Healthcare Department of Moscow, Moscow Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Aleksey Chepelev
- Healthcare Department of Moscow, Moscow Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alla Guekht
- Healthcare Department of Moscow, Moscow Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medical Genetics, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Natalia Gulyaeva
- Healthcare Department of Moscow, Moscow Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry, Moscow, Russian Federation.
- Laboratory of Functional Biochemistry of the Nervous System, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Butlerova street 5a, Moscow, Russian Federation, 117485.
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Role of Serotonin Transporter in Antidepressant-Induced Diabetes Mellitus: A Pharmacoepidemiological–Pharmacodynamic Study in VigiBase®. Drug Saf 2018; 41:1087-1096. [DOI: 10.1007/s40264-018-0693-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Ohta Y, Kubo H, Yashiro K, Ohashi K, Tsuzuki Y, Wada N, Yamamoto Y, Saito K. Effect of water-immersion restraint stress on tryptophan catabolism through the kynurenine pathway in rat tissues. J Physiol Sci 2017; 67:361-372. [PMID: 27364617 PMCID: PMC10717894 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-016-0467-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to clarify the effect of water-immersion restraint stress (WIRS) on tryptophan (Trp) catabolism through the kynurenine (Kyn) pathway in rat tissues. The tissues of rats subjected to 6 h of WIRS (+WIRS) had increased tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) activities and increased TDO and IDO1 (one of two IDO isozymes in mammals) mRNA expression levels, with decreased Trp and increased Kyn contents in the liver. +WIRS rats had unchanged TDO and IDO activities in the kidney, decreased TDO activity and unchanged IDO activity in the brain, and unchanged IDO activity in the lung and spleen, with increased Kyn content in all of these tissues. Pretreatment of stressed rats with RU486, a glucocorticoid antagonist, attenuated the increased TOD activity, but not the increased IDO activity, with partial recoveries of the decreased Trp and increased Kyn contents in the liver. These results indicate that WIRS enhances hepatic Trp catabolism by inducing both IDO1 and TDO in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiji Ohta
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan.
| | - Hisako Kubo
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 666-8507, Japan
| | - Koji Yashiro
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Koji Ohashi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Technology, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Yuji Tsuzuki
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 666-8507, Japan
| | - Naoya Wada
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 666-8507, Japan
| | - Yasuko Yamamoto
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 666-8507, Japan
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Saito
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 666-8507, Japan
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
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Finnell JE, Lombard CM, Padi AR, Moffitt CM, Wilson LB, Wood CS, Wood SK. Physical versus psychological social stress in male rats reveals distinct cardiovascular, inflammatory and behavioral consequences. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172868. [PMID: 28241050 PMCID: PMC5328366 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Repeated exposure to social stress can precipitate the development of psychosocial disorders including depression and comorbid cardiovascular disease. While a major component of social stress often encompasses physical interactions, purely psychological stressors (i.e. witnessing a traumatic event) also fall under the scope of social stress. The current study determined whether the acute stress response and susceptibility to stress-related consequences differed based on whether the stressor consisted of physical versus purely psychological social stress. Using a modified resident-intruder paradigm, male rats were either directly exposed to repeated social defeat stress (intruder) or witnessed a male rat being defeated. Cardiovascular parameters, behavioral anhedonia, and inflammatory cytokines in plasma and the stress-sensitive locus coeruleus were compared between intruder, witness, and control rats. Surprisingly intruders and witnesses exhibited nearly identical increases in mean arterial pressure and heart rate during acute and repeated stress exposures, yet only intruders exhibited stress-induced arrhythmias. Furthermore, re-exposure to the stress environment in the absence of the resident produced robust pressor and tachycardic responses in both stress conditions indicating the robust and enduring nature of social stress. In contrast, the long-term consequences of these stressors were distinct. Intruders were characterized by enhanced inflammatory sensitivity in plasma, while witnesses were characterized by the emergence of depressive-like anhedonia, transient increases in systolic blood pressure and plasma levels of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase. The current study highlights that while the acute cardiovascular responses to stress were identical between intruders and witnesses, these stressors produced distinct differences in the enduring consequences to stress, suggesting that witness stress may be more likely to produce long-term cardiovascular dysfunction and comorbid behavioral anhedonia while exposure to physical stressors may bias the system towards sensitivity to inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie E Finnell
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Calliandra M Lombard
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Akhila R Padi
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Casey M Moffitt
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - L Britt Wilson
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Christopher S Wood
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Susan K Wood
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
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Béland-Millar A, Larcher J, Courtemanche J, Yuan T, Messier C. Effects of Systemic Metabolic Fuels on Glucose and Lactate Levels in the Brain Extracellular Compartment of the Mouse. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:7. [PMID: 28154523 PMCID: PMC5243849 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Classic neuroenergetic research has emphasized the role of glucose, its transport and its metabolism in sustaining normal neural function leading to the textbook statement that it is the necessary and sole metabolic fuel of the mammalian brain. New evidence, including the Astrocyte-to-Neuron Lactate Shuttle hypothesis, suggests that the brain can use other metabolic substrates. To further study that possibility, we examined the effect of intraperitoneally administered metabolic fuels (glucose, fructose, lactate, pyruvate, ß-hydroxybutyrate, and galactose), and insulin, on blood, and extracellular brain levels of glucose and lactate in the adult male CD1 mouse. Primary motor cortex extracellular levels of glucose and lactate were monitored in freely moving mice with the use of electrochemical electrodes. Blood concentration of these same metabolites were obtained by tail vein sampling and measured with glucose and lactate meters. Blood and extracellular fluctuations of glucose and lactate were monitored for a 2-h period. We found that the systemic injections of glucose, fructose, lactate, pyruvate, and ß-hydroxybutyrate increased blood lactate levels. Apart for a small transitory rise in brain extracellular lactate levels, the main effect of the systemic injection of glucose, fructose, lactate, pyruvate, and ß-hydroxybutyrate was an increase in brain extracellular glucose levels. Systemic galactose injections produced a small rise in blood glucose and lactate but almost no change in brain extracellular lactate and glucose. Systemic insulin injections led to a decrease in blood glucose and a small rise in blood lactate; however brain extracellular glucose and lactate monotonically decreased at the same rate. Our results support the concept that the brain is able to use alternative fuels and the current experiments suggest some of the mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeremy Larcher
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Tina Yuan
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Claude Messier
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Kumar M, Singh SP, Chaturvedi CM. Chronic Nonmodulated Microwave Radiations in Mice Produce Anxiety-like and Depression-like Behaviours and Calcium- and NO-related Biochemical Changes in the Brain. Exp Neurobiol 2016; 25:318-327. [PMID: 28035182 PMCID: PMC5195817 DOI: 10.5607/en.2016.25.6.318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was aimed to investigate behavioural and biochemical effects of chronic exposure of amplitude modulated and non-modulated microwave radiation on laboratory mice. Chronic microwave exposures were executed with 2.45 GHz of either modulated (power density, 0.029 mW/cm2; specific absorption rate, 0.019 W/Kg with sinusoidal modulation of 400 Hz) or nonmodulated continuous sinusoidal wave (power density, 0.033 mW/cm2; specific absorption rate, 0.023 W/Kg) for 2 hrs daily for 1 month. Mice subjected to non-modulated microwave exposure had significantly increased acetylcholinesterase activity and increased intracellular calcium and nitric oxide levels in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, and also had increased glucose and corticosterone levels in blood compared to control mice. These non-modulated microwave-exposed mice exhibited anxiety-like and depression-like behaviours. In contrast, mice exposed to modulated microwave for the same period did not show such changes in concomitant biochemical and behavioural analyses. These results suggest that chronic non-modulated microwave, but not modulated microwave, radiation may cause anxiety-like and depression-like behaviours and calcium- and NO-related biochemical changes in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar
- Molecular Neuroendocrinology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Surya P Singh
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Chandra M Chaturvedi
- Molecular Neuroendocrinology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
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Suh HW, Sim YB, Park SH, Sharma N, Im HJ, Hong JS. Effect of pertussis toxin pretreated centrally on blood glucose level induced by stress. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 20:467-76. [PMID: 27610033 PMCID: PMC5014993 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2016.20.5.467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we examined the effect of pertussis toxin (PTX) administered centrally in a variety of stress-induced blood glucose level. Mice were exposed to stress after the pretreatment of PTX (0.05 or 0.1 µg) i.c.v. or i.t. once for 6 days. Blood glucose level was measured at 0, 30, 60 and 120 min after stress stimulation. The blood glucose level was increased in all stress groups. The blood glucose level reached at maximum level after 30 min of stress stimulation and returned to a normal level after 2 h of stress stimulation in restraint stress, physical, and emotional stress groups. The blood glucose level induced by cold-water swimming stress was gradually increased up to 1 h and returned to the normal level. The intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) or intrathecal (i.t.) pretreatment with PTX, a Gi inhibitor, alone produced a hypoglycemia and almost abolished the elevation of the blood level induced by stress stimulation. The central pretreatment with PTX caused a reduction of plasma insulin level, whereas plasma corticosterone level was further up-regulated in all stress models. Our results suggest that the hyperglycemia produced by physical stress, emotional stress, restraint stress, and the cold-water swimming stress appear to be mediated by activation of centrally located PTX-sensitive G proteins. The reduction of blood glucose level by PTX appears to due to the reduction of plasma insulin level. The reduction of blood glucose level by PTX was accompanied by the reduction of plasma insulin level. Plasma corticosterone level up-regulation by PTX in stress models may be due to a blood glucose homeostatic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Won Suh
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Natural Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Yun-Beom Sim
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Natural Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea.; Adult Stem Cell Research Center in Kangstem Biotech, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Soo-Hyun Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Natural Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Naveen Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Natural Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Hyun-Ju Im
- College of Physical Education, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea
| | - Jae-Seung Hong
- Department of Physical Education, College of Natural Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
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Park SH, Kim SS, Lee JR, Sharma N, Suh HW. Depletion of norepinephrine of the central nervous system Down-regulates the blood glucose level in d-glucose-fed and restraint stress models. Neurosci Lett 2016; 620:121-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.02.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Jang JW, Kim CH, Kim MY. Analysis of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level on maxillofacial fascial space infection in diabetic patients. J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg 2015; 41:251-8. [PMID: 26568927 PMCID: PMC4641216 DOI: 10.5125/jkaoms.2015.41.5.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was performed to evaluate the impact of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level on characteristics and prognosis of maxillofacial fascial infection in diabetic patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS We reviewed the medical records of 72 patients (35 patients with HbA1c lower than 7.0% and 37 patients with HbA1c higher than 7.0%) diagnosed with maxillofacial fascial space infection and hospitalized for treatment at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Dankook University Hospital (Cheonan, Korea) from January 2005 to February 2014. We compared demographics, parameters of glucoregulation (HbA1c), laboratory parameters of inflammation (white blood cell [WBC], C-reactive protein [CRP] count), type and number of involved spaces, type and number of antibiotics, period of hospitalization, number of surgical operations, need for tracheostomy, complications, computed tomography (CT), and microorganisms between the two groups. RESULTS Compared with the well-controlled diabetes mellitus (DM) group (HbA1c <7.0%), patients in the poorly-controlled (HbA1c ≥7.0%) DM group had the following characteristics: longer hospitalization periods, higher values of laboratory parameters of inflammation (WBC, CRP count) at the time of admission, higher number of antibiotics prescribed, more frequent complications, frequent deep neck space involvement, and distinctive main causative microorganisms. As the HbA1c level increases, hospitalization periods and incidence of complications increase gradually. CONCLUSION This retrospective study suggests that regulation of DM significantly impacts maxillofacial fascial infection. Poorly controlled DM with high HbA1c level negatively influences the prognosis of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Won Jang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Chul-Hwan Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Moon-Young Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
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Montastruc F, Palmaro A, Bagheri H, Schmitt L, Montastruc JL, Lapeyre-Mestre M. Role of serotonin 5-HT2C and histamine H1 receptors in antipsychotic-induced diabetes: A pharmacoepidemiological-pharmacodynamic study in VigiBase. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 25:1556-65. [PMID: 26256010 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacodynamic mechanisms of diabetes induced by antipsychotic drugs remain unclear, while numerous receptors have been suspected to be involved in the genesis of this Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR). We investigated potential relationships between antipsychotics׳ receptor occupancy (serotonin 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C, histamine H1, muscarinic M3, adrenergic α1, α2 or dopaminergic D2 D3 occupancies) and reports of diabetes using VigiBase(®), the World Health Organization (WHO) global Individual Case Safety Report (ICSR) database. All ADR reports from 15 first and second generation antipsychotic drugs recorded in VigiBase(®) were extracted. Logistic regression models, completed by disproportionality analysis, were used to determine the associations between antipsychotics׳ receptor occupancy and ICSRs of diabetes on VigiBase(®). During the study period, 94,460 ICSRs involved at least one of the 15 antipsychotics of interest. Diabetes was reported in 1799 (1.9%) patients. Clozapine was the most frequently suspected drug (n=953; 53.0%). A significant and positive association was found between histamine H1, muscarinic M3 and serotonin 5-HT2C, 5-HT2A receptor occupancies and reports of diabetes. A multivariable stepwise regression model showed that only serotonin 5-HT2c (AOR=2.13, CI 95% 1.72-2.64) and histamine H1 (AOR=1.91, CI 95% 1.38-2.64) predicted the risk for diabetes mellitus (p<0.001). Using an original pharmacoepidemiology-pharmacodynamic (PE-PD) approach, our study supports that antipsychotic drugs blocking simultaneously histamine H1 and serotonin 5-HT2C receptors are more frequently associated with diabetes reports in VigiBase(®) than other antipsychotics. These findings should encourage investigation of histamine H1 and serotonin 5-HT2C properties for predicting the risk of glycemic effects in candidate antipsychotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Montastruc
- Service de Pharmacologie Médicale et Clinique, Faculté de Médecine de Toulouse, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, France; INSERM UMR 1027, Pharmacoépidémiologie, Evaluation de l׳utilisation et du risque médicamenteux, Université de Toulouse, France; Pharmacopôle Midi-Pyrénées, Centre Midi-Pyrénées de Pharmacovigilance, de Pharmacoépidémiologie et d׳Informations sur le médicament, Toulouse, France; Inserm CIC 1436 Toulouse, CIC de Toulouse, Toulouse University Hospital, Place du Dr Baylac, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France.
| | - Aurore Palmaro
- Service de Pharmacologie Médicale et Clinique, Faculté de Médecine de Toulouse, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, France; INSERM UMR 1027, Pharmacoépidémiologie, Evaluation de l׳utilisation et du risque médicamenteux, Université de Toulouse, France; Inserm CIC 1436 Toulouse, CIC de Toulouse, Toulouse University Hospital, Place du Dr Baylac, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Haleh Bagheri
- Service de Pharmacologie Médicale et Clinique, Faculté de Médecine de Toulouse, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, France; INSERM UMR 1027, Pharmacoépidémiologie, Evaluation de l׳utilisation et du risque médicamenteux, Université de Toulouse, France; Pharmacopôle Midi-Pyrénées, Centre Midi-Pyrénées de Pharmacovigilance, de Pharmacoépidémiologie et d׳Informations sur le médicament, Toulouse, France; Inserm CIC 1436 Toulouse, CIC de Toulouse, Toulouse University Hospital, Place du Dr Baylac, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Laurent Schmitt
- Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie et Psychologie Médicale, Faculté de Médecine de Toulouse, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Louis Montastruc
- Service de Pharmacologie Médicale et Clinique, Faculté de Médecine de Toulouse, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, France; INSERM UMR 1027, Pharmacoépidémiologie, Evaluation de l׳utilisation et du risque médicamenteux, Université de Toulouse, France; Pharmacopôle Midi-Pyrénées, Centre Midi-Pyrénées de Pharmacovigilance, de Pharmacoépidémiologie et d׳Informations sur le médicament, Toulouse, France; Inserm CIC 1436 Toulouse, CIC de Toulouse, Toulouse University Hospital, Place du Dr Baylac, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Maryse Lapeyre-Mestre
- Service de Pharmacologie Médicale et Clinique, Faculté de Médecine de Toulouse, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, France; INSERM UMR 1027, Pharmacoépidémiologie, Evaluation de l׳utilisation et du risque médicamenteux, Université de Toulouse, France; Inserm CIC 1436 Toulouse, CIC de Toulouse, Toulouse University Hospital, Place du Dr Baylac, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
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Ross AP, Darling JN, Parent MB. Excess intake of fat and sugar potentiates epinephrine-induced hyperglycemia in male rats. J Diabetes Complications 2015; 29:329-37. [PMID: 25716573 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2014.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Over the past five decades, per capita caloric intake has increased significantly, and diet- and stress-related diseases are more prevalent. The stress hormone epinephrine stimulates hepatic glucose release during a stress response. The present experiment tested the hypothesis that excess caloric intake alters this ability of epinephrine to increase blood glucose. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a high-energy cafeteria-style diet (HED). Weight gain during the first 5 days on the diet was used to divide the rats into an HED-lean group and HED-obese group. After 9 weeks, the rats were injected with epinephrine, and blood glucose was measured. RESULTS HED-obese rats gained body and fat mass, and developed insulin resistance (IR) and hepatic steatosis. HED-lean and control rats did not differ. Epinephrine produced larger increases in blood glucose in the HED-obese rats than in the HED-lean and control rats. Removing the high-energy components of the diet for 4 weeks reversed the potentiated effects of epinephrine on glucose and corrected the IR but not the steatosis or obesity. CONCLUSIONS Consumption of a high-energy cafeteria diet potentiates epinephrine-induced hyperglycemia. This effect is associated with insulin resistance but not adiposity or steatosis and is reversed by 4 weeks of standard chow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy P Ross
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 5030, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA
| | - Jenna N Darling
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 5030, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA
| | - Marise B Parent
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 5030, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA.
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Cavka A, Stupin M, Panduric A, Plazibat A, Cosic A, Rasic L, Debeljak Z, Martinovic G, Drenjancevic I. Adrenergic System Activation Mediates Changes in Cardiovascular and Psychomotoric Reactions in Young Individuals after Red Bull (©) Energy Drink Consumption. Int J Endocrinol 2015; 2015:751530. [PMID: 26124829 PMCID: PMC4466468 DOI: 10.1155/2015/751530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives. To assess the effect of Red Bull(©) on (1) blood glucose and catecholamine levels, (2) cardiovascular and respiratory function changes before, during, and after exercise, (3) reaction time, (4) cognitive functions, and (5) response to mental stress test and emotions in young healthy individuals (N=38). Methods. Heart rate (HR) and arterial blood pressure (ABP), blood glucose, adrenaline, and noradrenalin plasma levels were measured before and after Red Bull(©) intake. Participants were subjected to 4 different study protocols by randomized order, before and 30 minutes after consumption of 500 mL of Red Bull(©). Results. Mean ABP and HR were significantly increased at rest after Red Bull(©) intake. Blood glucose level and plasma catecholamine levels significantly increased after Red Bull(©) consumption. Heart rate, respiration rate, and respiratory flow rate were significantly increased during exercise after Red Bull(©) consumption compared to control condition. Intake of Red Bull(©) significantly improved reaction time, performance in immediate memory test, verbal fluency, and subject's attention as well as performance in mental stress test. Conclusion. This study demonstrated that Red Bull(©) has beneficial effect on some cognitive functions and effect on cardiovascular and respiratory system at rest and during exercise by increasing activity of the sympathetic nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cavka
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Marko Stupin
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Internal Medicine Clinic, University Hospital Center Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ana Panduric
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ana Plazibat
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Anita Cosic
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Lidija Rasic
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Zeljko Debeljak
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital Center Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Goran Martinovic
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ines Drenjancevic
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- *Ines Drenjancevic:
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Sim YB, Park SH, Kim SS, Lim SM, Jung JS, Suh HW. Activation of spinal α2 adrenergic receptors induces hyperglycemia in mouse though activating sympathetic outflow. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 741:316-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kang YJ, Sim YB, Park SH, Sharma N, Suh HW. Involvement of α(2)-adrenergic receptor in the regulation of the blood glucose level induced by immobilization stress. Arch Pharm Res 2014; 38:921-9. [PMID: 24993869 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-014-0430-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The blood glucose profiles were characterized after mice were forced into immobilization stress with various exposure durations. The blood glucose level was significantly enhanced by immobilization stress for 30 min or 1 h, respectively. On the other hand, the blood glucose level was not affected in the groups which were forced into immobilization stress for 2 or 4 h. We further examined the effect of yohimbine (an α2-adrenergic receptor antagonist) administered systemically or centrally in the immobilization stress model. Mice were pretreated intraperitoneally (i.p.; from 0.5 to 5 mg/kg), intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.; from 1 to 10 µg/5 µl), or intrathecally (i.t.; from 1 to 10 µg/5 µl) with yohimbine for 10 min and then, forced into immobilization stress for 30 min. The blood glucose level was measured right after immobilization stress. We found that up-regulation of the blood glucose level induced by immobilization stress was abolished by i.p. pretreatment with yohimbine. And the immobilization stress-induced blood glucose level was not inhibited by i.c.v. or i.t. pretreatment with yohimbine at a lower dose (1 µg/5 µl). However, immobilization stress-induced blood glucose level was significantly inhibited by i.c.v. or i.t. pretreatment with yohimbine at higher doses (5 and 10 µg/5 µl). In addition, the i.p. (5 mg/kg), i.c.v. (10 µg/5 µl), or i.t. (10 µg/5 µl) pretreatment with yohimbine reduced hypothalamic glucose transporter 4 expression. The involvement of α2-adrenergic receptor in regulation of immobilization stress- induced blood glucose level was further confirmed by the i.p, i.c.v, or i.t pretreatment with idazoxan, another specific α2-adrenergic receptor antagonist. Finally, i.p., i.c.v., or i.t. pretreatment with yohimbine attenuated the blood glucose level in D-glucose-fed model. We suggest that α2-adrenergic receptors located at the peripheral, the brain and the spinal cord play important roles in the up-regulation of the blood glucose level in immobilization stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jung Kang
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Natural Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University, 39 Hallymdaehak-gil, Chuncheon, 200-702, Gangwon-do, South Korea
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20
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Lee JK. Anti-Depressant Like Effect of Methyl Gallate Isolated from Acer barbinerve in Mice. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 17:441-6. [PMID: 24227946 PMCID: PMC3823958 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2013.17.5.441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the anti-depressant like effect of methyl gallate (MG) isolated from the stem bark of Acer barbinerve was examined in ICR mice. Body weight (BDW) and blood glucose (BDG) levels significantly decreased in the repeated restraint stress (RRS) group (2 h/day for 14 days) compared to the no stress (NS) group. To examine the effect of MG on RS-induced BDW loss and hypoglycemia, MG (10 mg/kg) and the anti-depressant fluoxetine (10 mg/kg) were administered daily for 14 days. Orally administered MG and fluoxetine significantly attenuated the RS-induced BDW loss and hypoglycemia. Interestingly, MG administered mice showed increased BDG levels in the normal and glucose feeding condition. Chronic RS-subjected mice showed immobilized and depressed behaviors. The effect of MG on the depressed behaviors was evaluated using the tail-suspension test (TST) and the forced swimming test (FST). In both tests, RS-induced immobilized behaviors were significantly reversed in MG and fluoxetine administered groups. Taken together, MG significantly attenuated the RS-induced BDW loss, hypoglycemia, and depressed behaviors. Considering that decreased BDG levels (hypoglycemia) can cause depression, MG may exert its anti-depressant like effect by preventing hypoglycemia. Our results suggest that MG isolated from A. barbinerve can exert anti-depressant like effect, and could be used as a new and natural anti-depressant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Koo Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Korea
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Sim YB, Park SH, Kang YJ, Jung JS, Ryu OH, Choi MG, Choi SS, Suh HW. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) increases pain behavior and the blood glucose level: possible involvement of glucocorticoid system. Cytokine 2013; 64:351-6. [PMID: 23773309 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2013.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The possible involvement of glucocorticoid system in interleukin-1β (IL-1β)-induced nociception and the blood glucose level was studied in ICR mice. In the first experiment, mice were treated intrathecally (i.t.) with IL-1β (100 pg). Corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) mRNA (hypothalamus) and c-Fos mRNA (pituitary gland, spinal cord, and the adrenal gland) levels were measured at 30, 60 and 120 min after IL-1β administration. We found that i.t. injection with IL-1β increased CRH mRNA level in the hypothalamus. The IL-1β administered i.t. elevated c-Fos mRNA levels in the spinal cord, pituitary and adrenal glands. Furthermore, i.t. administration of IL-1β significantly increased the plasma corticosterone level up to 60 min. In addition, the adrenalectomy caused the reductions of the blood glucose level and pain behavior induced by IL-1β injected i.t. in normal and D-glucose-fed groups. Furthermore, intraperitoneal (i.p.) pretreatment with RU486 (100mg/kg) attenuated the blood glucose level and pain behavior induced by IL-1β administered i.t. in normal and D-glucose-fed groups. Our results suggest that IL-1β administered i.t. increases the blood glucose level and pain behavior via an activation of the glucocorticoid system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Beom Sim
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Natural Medicine, College of Medicine Hallym University, 39 Hallymdaehak-gil, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-702, Republic of Korea
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Bangsgaard Bendtsen KM, Krych L, Sørensen DB, Pang W, Nielsen DS, Josefsen K, Hansen LH, Sørensen SJ, Hansen AK. Gut microbiota composition is correlated to grid floor induced stress and behavior in the BALB/c mouse. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46231. [PMID: 23056268 PMCID: PMC3462757 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress has profound influence on the gastro-intestinal tract, the immune system and the behavior of the animal. In this study, the correlation between gut microbiota composition determined by Denaturing Grade Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) and tag-encoded 16S rRNA gene amplicon pyrosequencing (454/FLX) and behavior in the Tripletest (Elevated Plus Maze, Light/Dark Box, and Open Field combined), the Tail Suspension Test, and Burrowing in 28 female BALB/c mice exposed to two weeks of grid floor induced stress was investigated. Cytokine and glucose levels were measured at baseline, during and after exposure to grid floor. Stressing the mice clearly changed the cecal microbiota as determined by both DGGE and pyrosequencing. Odoribacter, Alistipes and an unclassified genus from the Coriobacteriaceae family increased significantly in the grid floor housed mice. Compared to baseline, the mice exposed to grid floor housing changed the amount of time spent in the Elevated Plus Maze, in the Light/Dark Box, and burrowing behavior. The grid floor housed mice had significantly longer immobility duration in the Tail Suspension Test and increased their number of immobility episodes from baseline. Significant correlations were found between GM composition and IL-1α, IFN-γ, closed arm entries of Elevated Plus Maze, total time in Elevated Plus Maze, time spent in Light/Dark Box, and time spent in the inner zone of the Open Field as well as total time in the Open Field. Significant correlations were found to the levels of Firmicutes, e.g. various species of Ruminococccaceae and Lachnospiraceae. No significant difference was found for the evaluated cytokines, except an overall decrease in levels from baseline to end. A significant lower level of blood glucose was found in the grid floor housed mice, whereas the HbA1c level was significantly higher. It is concluded that grid floor housing changes the GM composition, which seems to influence certain anxiety-related parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Maria Bangsgaard Bendtsen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Susceptibility to the long-term anxiogenic effects of an acute stressor is mediated by the activation of the glucocorticoid receptors. Neuropharmacology 2011; 61:1297-305. [PMID: 21820452 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Revised: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The specificity of the response of an organism is an important variable influencing stress-related parameters and psychopathological states. We have shown that trait anxiety in C57BL/6 mice, determined by their emergence latencies in the free choice open field test, positively correlates with the long-term behavioral and neuroendocrinological changes induced by a stressor. Here, we show that this interindividual variability is caused by a different reactivity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis upon exposure to a stressor. Mice with high trait anxiety (long emergence latency, LEL) display a more pronounced stress-induced activation of the HPA axis than mice with low trait anxiety (short emergence latency, SEL). Moreover, stress-induced activation of tyrosine hydroxylase and corticotropin-releasing hormone occurred in LEL but not SEL mice. In search of the molecular mechanisms underlying these differences, we found that under non-stressed conditions mRNA and protein levels of the glucocorticoid receptor in the hippocampus were higher in LEL mice compared to SEL mice. Also, systemic injection of the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU486 decreased the stress-induced activation of the HPA axis and the long-term anxiogenic effects of stress observed in LEL mice. Finally, the rewarding properties of cocaine were enhanced in LEL mice compared to SEL mice, suggesting a causal link between trait anxiety, stress activity and the behavioral responses to drugs of addiction.
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