Unraveling new functions of superoxide dismutase using yeast model system: Beyond its conventional role in superoxide radical scavenging

Sodium transport and redox regulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae under osmotic stress depending on oxygen availability

This study explores the molecular mechanisms behind the differential responses of Saccharomyces cerevisiae industrial strains (ATCC 9804 and ATCC 13007) to osmotic stress. We observed that, in contrast to ATCC 9804 strain, sodium flux in ATCC 13,007 is not N, N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD)-sensitive under osmotic stress, suggesting a distinct ion homeostasis mechanism. Under aerobic conditions, osmotic stress increased reduced SH groups by 45% in ATCC 9804 and 34% in ATCC 13,007. In contrast, under microaerophilic conditions, both strains experienced a 50% reduction in thiol groups. Notably, ATCC 13,007 exhibited a 1.5-fold increase in catalase (CAT) activity under aerobic stress compared to standard conditions, while ATCC 9804 showed enhanced CAT activity due to SH group binding. Additionally, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was doubled during aerobic growth in both strains, with ATCC 13,007 showing a 1.5-fold higher SOD activity under osmotic stress. The results demonstrate that S. cerevisiae adapts to osmotic stress differently under aerobic and microaerophilic conditions, with aerobic conditions promoting Pma-Ena-Trk interplay, reduced thiol levels and increased catalase activity, while microaerophilic conditions demonstrate Pma-Nha-Trk interplay and shifts redox balance towards oxidized thiol groups and enhance superoxide dismutase activity. Understanding these mechanisms can aid in developing stress-resistant yeast strains for industrial applications.

Silicon-Mediated Improvement in Drought and Salinity Stress Tolerance of Black Gram (Vigna mungo L.) by Modulating Growth, Physiological, Biochemical, and Root Attributes

Water is a precious commodity for plant growth and metabolism; however, its scarcity and saline sand conditions have a drastic effect on plant growth and development. The main objective of the current study was to understand how silicon (Si) application might help Black gram (Vigna mungo L.) against the negative impacts of salt stress and drought. The treatments of this study were: no silicon = 0 mg/kg; silicon = 40 mg/kg; control = no stress; drought stress = 50% field capacity (FC); salinity = 10 dSm-1; drought + salinity = 10 dSm-1 + 50% field capacity (FC). The findings showed that the application of silicon in the sand significantly affected growth indices such as leaf area (LA), shoot fresh weight (SFW), shoot dry weight (SDW), and shoot length (SL). Root length (RL) increased significantly up to 55.9% in response to drought stress. Applying Si to the sand increased the root length (RL) by 53.9%. In comparison to the control, the turgor potential of leaves decreased by 10.3% under salinity, while it increased by 44.7% under drought stress. However, the application of silicon to the sand significantly improved the turgor potential of leaves by 98.7%. Under both drought and salt stress, gas exchange characteristics and photosynthetic pigments dramatically decreased. Applying 40 mg/kg silicon to sand improved the gas exchange characteristics, protein contents, and photosynthetic pigments of plants under drought and salt stress, such as levels of chlorophyll (a, and b) increased by 18% and 26%, respectively. Under control conditions, the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentration was lower but increased during periods of drought and salinity stress. The concentrations of peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) were decreased by salt and drought stress and increased by sand application of silicon at a rate of 40 mg/kg. Application of silicon at 40 mg/kg sand rate improved the growth and development under control and stress conditions. Overall, this study provides an extensive understanding of the physiological mechanisms underlying the black gram's ability to withstand under salt stress and drought stress by application of Si which will serve as a roadmap for future cellular research.

Role of Extracellular Vesicles in the Progression of Brain Tumors

Brain tumors, and, in particular, glioblastoma (GBM), are among the most aggressive forms of cancer. In spite of the advancement in the available therapies, both diagnosis and treatments are still unable to ensure pathology-free survival of the GBM patients for more than 12-15 months. At the basis of the still poor ability to cope with brain tumors, we can consider: (i) intra-tumor heterogeneity; (ii) heterogeneity of the tumor properties when we compare different patients; (iii) the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which makes difficult both isolation of tumor-specific biomarkers and delivering of therapeutic drugs to the brain. Recently, it is becoming increasingly clear that cancer cells release large amounts of extracellular vesicles (EVs) that transport metabolites, proteins, different classes of RNAs, DNA, and lipids. These structures are involved in the pathological process and characterize any particular form of cancer. Moreover, EVs are able to cross the BBB in both directions. Starting from these observations, researchers are now evaluating the possibility to use EVs purified from organic fluids (first of all, blood and saliva), in order to obtain, through non-invasive methods (liquid biopsy), tumor biomarkers, and, perhaps, also for obtaining nanocarriers for the targeted delivering of drugs.

The combined application of rutin and silicon alleviates osmotic stress in maize seedlings by triggering accumulation of osmolytes and antioxidants' defense mechanisms

Silicon (Si) has been shown to improve plant defenses against a variety of stresses. However, how rutin (Rut) affects stress factors is yet to be fully explored. Moreover, their combined role in osmotic stress response remains unclear. The current study was performed to determine how the use of Rut and Si, both separately and in combination, improved the physiological resilience of maize seedlings to two levels of osmotic stress (induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000). We aimed to enhance osmotic stress tolerance with the simultaneous use of Rut and Si. First, we selected the best water status and the lowest membrane damage enhancing concentration of Rut (60 ppm) and Si (1 mM) to research their tolerance and resistance to osmotic stress (moderate: 10% PEG, severe: 15% PEG). The application of Rut and Si separately and together reduced oxidative stress by decreasing the reactive oxygen species and improved the relative water content, osmoprotectants (proline, total soluble sugar, and glycine-betaine), ascorbate level, and some antioxidant defense-related enzyme activities and their gene expression in maize seedlings under osmotic stress. However, these effects were more promising under moderate stress. As a result, findings from the study indicate the synergistic effect of combined Rut and Si on osmotic stress tolerance in maize seedlings. Overall, the combination of Rut and Si was more effective than independent Rut and Si in reducing osmotic stress in maize seedlings. Here, it was clear that Rut played an active role in alleviating stress. This combined application can be useful for developing drought tolerance in crops for the agriculture sector.

Exogenous application of sulfur-rich thiourea (STU) to alleviate the adverse effects of cobalt stress in wheat

Heavy metal stress affects crop growth and yields as wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth and development are negatively affected under heavy metal stress. The study examined the effect of cobalt chloride (CoCl2) stress on wheat growth and development. To alleviate this problem, a pot experiment was done to analyze the role of sulfur-rich thiourea (STU) in accelerating the defense system of wheat plants against cobalt toxicity. The experimental treatments were, i) Heavy metal stress (a) control and (b) Cobalt stress (300 µM), ii) STU foliar applications; (a) control and (b) 500 µM single dose was applied after seven days of stress, and iii) Wheat varieties (a) FSD-2008 and (b) Zincol-2016. The results revealed that cobalt stress decreased chlorophyll a by 10%, chlorophyll b by 16%, and carotenoids by 5% while foliar application of STU increased these photosynthetic pigments by 16%, 15%, and 15% respectively under stress conditions as in contrast to control. In addition, cobalt stress enhances hydrogen peroxide production by 11% and malondialdehyde (MDA) by 10%. In comparison, STU applications at 500 µM reduced the production of these reactive oxygen species by 5% and by 20% by up-regulating the activities of antioxidants. Results have revealed that the activities of SOD improved by 29%, POD by 25%, and CAT by 28% under Cobalt stress. Furthermore, the foliar application of STU significantly increased the accumulation of osmoprotectants as TSS was increased by 23% and proline was increased by 24% under cobalt stress. Among wheat varieties, FSD-2008 showed better adaptation under Cobalt stress by showing enhanced photosynthetic pigments and antioxidant activities compared to Zincol-2016. In conclusion, the foliar-applied STU can alleviate the negative impacts of Cobalt stress by improving plant physiological attributes and upregulating the antioxidant defense system in wheat.

Capsaicin toxicity to the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is not due to oxidative stress but to disruption of membrane structure

Capsaicin (CAP) is a common food constituent, conferring a pungent taste to red peppers of the genus Capsicum. It has bactericidal and fungicidal activity. The study was aimed to test the hypothesis of whether oxidative stress mediates the toxicity of CAP to the baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model yeast. CAP showed good antioxidant properties (1.30 and 1.10 mol Trolox equivalents/mol in the 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate (ABTS) radical scavenging assay and the Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power assay, respectively). However, its autoxidation generated hydrogen peroxide. CAP inhibited the growth of S. cerevisiae at concentrations ≥100 μM. Yeast mutants deficient in superoxide dismutase 1 or catalase T were more sensitive to CAP than wild-type yeast. CAP did not augment the ROS level in yeast cells. Standard antioxidants (N-acetylcysteine and ascorbate) did not protect significantly against CAP-induced yeast growth inhibition. Thus, oxidative stress does not mediate the CAP's inhibition of yeast growth. CAP did not decrease mitochondrial membrane potential of the yeast but induced a concentration-dependent decrease in membrane fluidity. These results indicate that the disturbance of membrane properties is the apparent cause of CAP toxicity to the yeast.

The essential liaison of two copper proteins: the Cu-sensing transcription factor Mac1 and the Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase Sod1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Although copper is an essential trace element for cell function and viability, its excess can lead to protein oxidation, DNA cleavage, and ultimate cell damage. Cells have established a variety of regulatory mechanisms to ensure copper ion homeostasis. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, copper sensing and response to copper deficiency are regulated by the transcription factor Mac1. Our group has previously reported that in addition to copper, several chromatin proteins modulate Mac1 functionality. In this study, based on a synthetic growth deficiency phenotype, we showed that the Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase Sod1 plays an important role in Mac1 transcriptional activity, in unchallenged nutrient-rich growth conditions. Sod1 is a multipotent cytoplasmic and mitochondrial enzyme, whose main known function is to detoxify the cell from superoxide ions. It has been previously reported that Sod1 also enters the nucleus and affects the transcription of several genes, some of which are involved in copper homeostasis under Cu-depleted (Wood and Thiele in J Biol Chem 284:404-413, 2009) or only under specific oxidative stress conditions (Dong et al. Mol Cell Biol 33:4041-4050, 2013; Tsang et al. Nar Commun 8:3446, 2014). We have shown that Sod1 physically interacts with Mac1 transcription factor and is important for the transactivation as well as its DNA-binding activities. On the other hand, a constitutively active mutant of Mac1 is not affected functionally by the Sod1 ablation, pointing out that Sod1 contributes to the maintenance of the copper-unchelated state of Mac1. In conclusion, we showed that Sod1-Mac1 interaction is vital for Mac1 functionality, regardless of copper medium deficiency, in unchallenged growth conditions, and we suggest that Sod1 enzymatic activity may modify the redox state of the cysteine-rich motifs in the Mac1 DNA-binding and transactivation domains.

Effects of diet-induced hypercholesterolemia and gold nanoparticles treatment on peripheral tissues

Cholesterol is a lipid molecule of great biological importance to animal cells. Dysregulation of cholesterol metabolism leads to raised blood total cholesterol levels, a clinical condition called hypercholesterolemia. Evidence has shown that hypercholesterolemia is associated with the development of liver and heart disease. One of the mechanisms underlying heart and liver alterations induced by hypercholesterolemia is oxidative stress. In this regard, in several experimental studies, gold nanoparticles (AuNP) displayed antioxidant properties. We hypothesized that hypercholesterolemia causes redox system imbalance in the liver and cardiac tissues, and AuNP treatment could ameliorate it. Young adult male Swiss mice fed a regular rodent diet or a high cholesterol diet for eight weeks and concomitantly treated with AuNP (2.5 μg/kg) or vehicle by oral gavage. Hypercholesterolemia increased the nitrite concentration and glutathione (GSH) levels and decreased the liver's superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Also, hypercholesterolemia significantly enhanced the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and GSH levels in cardiac tissue. Notably, AuNP promoted the redox system homeostasis, increasing the SOD activity in hepatic tissue and reducing ROS levels in cardiac tissue. Overall, our data showed that hypercholesterolemia triggered oxidative stress in mice's liver and heart, which was partially prevented by AuNP treatment.

Stimulating the Growth, Anabolism, Antioxidants, and Yield of Rice Plants Grown under Salt Stress by Combined Application of Bacterial Inoculants and Nano-Silicon

The growth and development of rice face many issues, including its exposure to high soil salinity. This issue can be alleviated using new approaches to overwhelm the factors that restrict rice productivity. The objective of our investigation was the usage of the rhizobacteria (Pseudomonas koreensis and Bacillus coagulans) as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) and nano-silicon, which could be a positive technology to cope with the problems raised by soil salinity in addition to improvement the morpho-physiological properties, and productivity of two rice varieties (i.e., Giza 177 as salt-sensitive and Giza 179 as salt-tolerant). The findings stated that the application of combined PGPRs and nano-Si resulted in the highest soil enzymes activity (dehydrogenase and urease), root length, leaf area index, photosynthesis pigments, K⁺ ions, relative water content (RWC), and stomatal conductance (gs) while resulted in the reduction of Na⁺, electrolyte leakage (EL), and proline content. All these improvements are due to increased antioxidant enzymes activity such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and peroxidase (POD), which decreased hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and malondialdehyde (MDA) under soil salinity in rice plants compared to the other treatments. Combined application of PGPRs and nano-Si to Giza 177 significantly surpassed Giza 179, which was neither treated with PGPR nor nano-Si in the main yield components (number of grains/panicles, 1000 grain weight, and grain yield as well as nutrient uptake. In conclusion, both PGPRs and nano-Si had stimulating effects that mitigated the salinity-deleterious effects and encouraged plant growth, and, therefore, enhanced the grain yield.

Transcriptome Analysis of Glutathione Response: RNA-Seq Provides Insights into Balance between Antioxidant Response and Glucosinolate Metabolism

When being stressed, plants require a balance between the resistance pathway and metabolism. Glucosinolates (GS) are secondary metabolics that widely exist in Brassicaceae. Glutathione (GSH) not only participates in plant processing reactive oxygen species (ROS) but also directly participates in GS synthesis as a sulfur donor. Therefore, we used transcriptomic to identify antioxidant and GS metabolism responses in GSH-treated pakchoi. Our study elucidated that GSH can be used as priming to improve oxidative resistance and preferentially stimulate the expression of resistance genes such as CAT1. The reduction in transcription factor expression inhibits the key steps of the GS synthesis pathway. When ROS returned to normal level, the resistance gene decreased and returned to normal level, while GSH restored the gene expression of GS biosynthesis. This work puts forward the mechanism of GSH in regulating the antioxidant system and glucosinolate metabolic pathway, which provides a basis for further study on the relationship between environmental signals and plant metabolism and provides ideas for follow-up research.

Genetic Potential and Inheritance Patterns of Physiological, Agronomic and Quality Traits in Bread Wheat under Normal and Water Deficit Conditions

Water scarcity is a major environmental stress that adversatively impacts wheat growth, production, and quality. Furthermore, drought is predicted to be more frequent and severe as a result of climate change, particularly in arid regions. Hence, breeding for drought-tolerant and high-yielding wheat genotypes has become more decisive to sustain its production and ensure global food security with continuing population growth. The present study aimed at evaluating different parental bread wheat genotypes (exotic and local) and their hybrids under normal and drought stress conditions. Gene action controlling physiological, agronomic, and quality traits through half-diallel analysis was applied. The results showed that water-deficit stress substantially decreased chlorophyll content, photosynthetic efficiency (FV/Fm), relative water content, grain yield, and yield attributes. On the other hand, proline content, antioxidant enzyme activities (CAT, POD, and SOD), grain protein content, wet gluten content, and dry gluten content were significantly increased compared to well-watered conditions. The 36 evaluated genotypes were classified based on drought tolerance indices into 5 groups varying from highly drought-tolerant (group A) to highly drought-sensitive genotypes (group E). The parental genotypes P₃ and P₈ were identified as good combiners to increase chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll content, relative water content, grain yield, and yield components under water deficit conditions. Additionally, the cross combinations P₂ × P₄, P₃ × P₅, P₃ × P₈, and P₆ × P₇ were the most promising combinations to increase yield traits and multiple physiological parameters under water deficit conditions. Furthermore, P₁, P₂, and P₅ were recognized as promising parents to improve grain protein content and wet and dry gluten contents under drought stress. In addition, the crosses P₁ × P₄, P₂ × P₃, P₂ × P₅, P₂ × P₆, P₄ × P₇, P₅ × P₇, P₅ × P₈, P₆ × P₈, and P₇ × P₈ were the best combinations to improve grain protein content under water-stressed and non-stressed conditions. Certain physiological traits displayed highly positive associations with grain yield and its contributing traits under drought stress such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll content, photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm), proline content, and relative water content, which suggest their importance for indirect selection under water deficit conditions. Otherwise, grain protein content was negatively correlated with grain yield, indicating that selection for higher grain yield could reduce grain protein content under drought stress conditions.

Collaborative Impact of Compost and Beneficial Rhizobacteria on Soil Properties, Physiological Attributes, and Productivity of Wheat Subjected to Deficit Irrigation in Salt Affected Soil

Plant growth and crop productivity under unfavorable environmental challenges require a unique strategy to scavenge the severely negative impacts of these challenges such as soil salinity and water stress. Compost and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have many beneficial impacts, particularly in plants exposed to different types of stress. Therefore, a field experiment during two successive seasons was conducted to investigate the impact of compost and PGPR either separately or in a combination on exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), soil enzymes (urease and dehydrogenase), wheat physiology, antioxidant defense system, growth, and productivity under deficient irrigation and soil salinity conditions. Our findings showed that exposure of wheat plants to deficit irrigation in salt-affected soil inhibited wheat growth and development, and eventually reduced crop productivity. However, these injurious impacts were diminished after soil amendment using the combined application of compost and PGPR. This combined application enhanced soil urease and dehydrogenase, ion selectivity, chlorophylls, carotenoids, stomatal conductance, and the relative water content (RWC) whilst reducing ESP, proline content, which eventually increased the yield-related traits of wheat plants under deficient irrigation conditions. Moreover, the coupled application of compost and PGPR reduced the uptake of Na and resulted in an increment in superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POX) activities that lessened oxidative damage and improved the nutrient uptake (N, P, and K) of deficiently irrigated wheat plants under soil salinity. It was concluded that to protect wheat plants from environmental stressors, such as water stress and soil salinity, co-application of compost with PGPR was found to be effective.

Quinoa Response to Application of Phosphogypsum and Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria under Water Stress Associated with Salt-Affected Soil

The aim of the study was to estimate the impact of soil amendments (i.e., phosphogypsum and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR)) separately or their combination on exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), soil enzymes’ activity (urease and dehydrogenase), pigment content, relative water content (RWC), antioxidant enzymatic activity, oxidative stress, productivity, and quality of quinoa under deficient irrigation conditions in two field experiments during the 2019–2020 and 2020–2021 seasons under salt-affected soil. Results revealed that ESP, soil urease activity, soil dehydrogenase activity, leaf chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids, leaf K content, RWC, SOD (superoxide dismutase), CAT (catalase), and POD (peroxidase) activities were declined, resulting in overproduction of leaf Na content, proline content, and oxidative stress indicators (H₂O₂, malondialdehyde (MDA) and electrolyte leakage) under water stress and soil salinity, which negatively influence yield-related traits, productivity, and seed quality of quinoa. However, amendment of salt-affected soil with combined phosphogypsum and seed inoculation with PGPR under deficient irrigation conditions was more effective than singular application and control plots in ameliorating the harmful effects of water stress and soil salinity. Additionally, combined application limited Na uptake in leaves and increased K uptake and leaf chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids as well as improved SOD, CAT, and POD activities to ameliorate oxidative stress indicators (H₂O₂, MDA, and electrolyte leakage), which eventually positively reflected on productivity and quality in quinoa. We conclude that the potential utilization of phosphogypsum and PGPR are very promising as sustainable eco-friendly strategies to improve quinoa tolerance to water stress under soil salinity.

The Stimulation of Superoxide Dismutase Enzyme Activity and Its Relation with the Pyrenophora teres f. teres Infection in Different Barley Genotypes

Changes in superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity were examined in infected barley seedlings of five cultivars with the goal to study the role of SOD in the defense mechanism induced by Pyrenophora teres f. teres (PTT) infection. Our results showed that although there were differences in the responses of the cultivars, all three PTT isolates (H-618, H-774, H-949) had significantly increased SOD activity in all examined barley varieties at the early stages of the infection. The lowest SOD activity was observed in the case of the most resistant cultivar. Our results did not show a clear connection between seedling resistance of genotypes and SOD enzyme activity; however, we were able to find strong significant correlations between the PTT infection scores on the Tekauz scale and the SOD activity. The measurement of the SOD activity could offer a novel perspective to detect the early stress responses induced by PTT. Our results suggest that the resistance of varieties cannot be estimated based on SOD enzyme activity alone, because many antioxidant enzymes play a role in fine-tuning the defense response, but SOD is an important member of this system.

Effects of Chitosan-Coated Microdiet on Dietary Physical Properties, Growth Performance, Digestive Enzyme Activities, Antioxidant Capacity, and Inflammation Response of Large Yellow Croaker (Larimichthys crocea) Larvae

A 30-day feeding trial was designed to investigate the physical properties of chitosan-coated microdiet (CCD) and the effect of CCD on survival, growth performance, activities of digestive enzymes, intestinal development, antioxidant capacity, and inflammatory response of large yellow croaker larvae (initial weight: 3.81 ± 0.20 mg). Four isonitrogenous (50% crude protein) and isolipidic (20% crude lipid) microdiets were prepared with different concentrations of chitosan wall material by spray drying method (0.00%, 0.30%, 0.60%, and 0.90%, weight (chitosan) : volume (acetic acid)). Results showed that the lipid encapsulation efficiency (control: 60.52%, Diet1: 84.63%, Diet2: 88.06%, Diet3: 88.65%) and nitrogen retention efficiency (control: 63.76%, Diet1: 76.14%, Diet2: 79.52%, Diet3: 84.68%) correlated positively with the concentration of wall material (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the loss rate of CCD was significantly lower than the uncoated diet. Larvae fed the diet with 0.60% CCD had significantly higher specific growth rate (13.52 and 9.95%/day) and survival rate (14.73 and 12.58%) compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Larvae fed the diet with 0.30% CCD had significantly higher trypsin activity in pancreatic segments than the control group (4.47 and 3.05 U/mg protein) (P < 0.05). Larvae fed the diet with 0.60% CCD had significantly higher activity of leucine aminopeptidase (7.29 and 4.77 mU/mg protein) and alkaline phosphatase (83.37 and 46.09 U/mg protein) in the brush border membrane than those of the control group (P < 0.05). The intestinal epithelial proliferation- and differentiation-related factors (zo-1, zo-2, and pcna) in larvae fed the diet with 0.30% CCD had higher expression than those of the control group (P < 0.05). When the concentration of wall material reached 0.90%, the larvae had significantly higher superoxide dismutase activity than that of the control group (27.27 and 13.72 U/mg protein) (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, malondialdehyde contents were significantly lower in larvae fed the diet with 0.90% CCD than that of the control group (8.79 and 6.79 nmol/mg protein) (P < 0.05). 0.30%~0.60% CCD significantly increased the activity of total nitric oxide synthase (2.31, 2.60, and 2.05 mU/mg protein) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (1.91, 2.01, and 1.63 mU/mg protein) and had significantly higher transcriptional levels of inflammatory factor genes (il-1β, tnf-α, and il-6) than those of the control group (P < 0.05). The results indicated chitosan-coated microdiet had great potential in feeding large yellow croaker larvae in addition to reducing nutrition loss.

Redox-Sensitive VDAC: A Possible Function as an Environmental Stress Sensor Revealed by Bioinformatic Analysis

Voltage-dependent anion-selective channel (VDAC) allows the exchange of small metabolites and inorganic ions across the mitochondrial outer membrane. It is involved in complex interactions that regulate mitochondrial and cellular functioning. Many organisms have several VDAC paralogs that play distinct but poorly understood roles in the life and death of cells. It is assumed that such a large diversity of VDAC-encoding genes might cause physiological plasticity to cope with abiotic and biotic stresses known to impact mitochondrial function. Moreover, cysteine residues in mammalian VDAC paralogs may contribute to the reduction-oxidation (redox) sensor function based on disulfide bond formation and elimination, resulting in redox-sensitive VDAC (rsVDAC). Therefore, we analyzed whether rsVDAC is possible when only one VDAC variant is present in mitochondria and whether all VDAC paralogs present in mitochondria could be rsVDAC, using representatives of currently available VDAC amino acid sequences. The obtained results indicate that rsVDAC can occur when only one VDAC variant is present in mitochondria; however, the possibility of all VDAC paralogs in mitochondria being rsVDAC is very low. Moreover, the presence of rsVDAC may correlate with habitat conditions as rsVDAC appears to be prevalent in parasites. Thus, the channel may mediate detection and adaptation to environmental conditions.

Soil Amendment Using Biochar and Application of K-Humate Enhance the Growth, Productivity, and Nutritional Value of Onion (Allium cepa L.) under Deficit Irrigation Conditions

Water scarcity, due to physical shortage or inadequate access, is a major global challenge that severely affects agricultural productivity and sustainability. Deficit irrigation is a promising strategy to overcome water scarcity, particularly in arid and semiarid regions with limited freshwater resources. However, precise application of deficit irrigation requires a better understanding of the plant response to water/drought stress. In the current study, we investigated the potential impacts of biochar-based soil amendment and foliar potassium-humate application (separately or their combination) on the growth, productivity, and nutritional value of onion (Allium cepa L.) under deficient irrigation conditions in two separate field trials during the 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 seasons. Our findings showed that deficit irrigation negatively affected onion resilience to drought stress. However, these harmful effects were diminished after soil amendment using biochar, K-humate foliar application, or their combination. Briefly, integrated biochar and K-humate application increased onion growth, boosted the content of the photosynthetic pigments, enhanced the water relations, and increased the yield traits of deficient irrigation onion plants. Moreover, it improved the biochemical response, enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes, and enriched the nutrient value of deficiently irrigated onion plants. Collectively, these findings highlight the potential utilization of biochar and K-humate as sustainable eco-friendly strategies to improve onion resilience to deficit irrigation.

Seed Priming Boost Adaptation in Pea Plants under Drought Stress

In the present investigation, we study the effect of Bacillus thuringiensis MH161336 (10^6–8 CFU/cm³), silicon (25 mL L⁻¹), and carrot extract (75 mL L⁻¹) as seed primers, individually or in combination, on morphological, physio-biochemical and yield components of drought-stressed pea plants (Master B) during 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 seasons. Our results indicated that drought causes a remarkable reduction in plant height, leaf area, number of leaves per plant, and number of flowers per plant in stressed pea plants during two seasons. Likewise, number of pods, pod length, seeds weight of 10 dried plants, and dry weight of 100 seeds were decreased significantly in drought-stressed pea plants. Nevertheless, seed priming with the individual treatments or in combination boosted the morphological, physio-biochemical, and yield characters of pea plants. The best results were obtained with the Bacillus thuringiensis + carrot extract treatment, which led to a remarkable increase in the number of leaves per plant, leaf area, plant height, and number of flowers per plant in stressed pea plants in both seasons. Moreover, pod length, number of seeds per pod, seeds weight of 10 dried plants, and dry weight of 100 seeds were significantly increased as well. Bacillus thuringiensis + carrot extract treatment led to improved biochemical and physiological characters, such as relative water content, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, regulated the up-regulation of antioxidant enzymes, increased seed yield, and decreased lipid peroxidation and reactive oxygen species, mainly superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, in drought-stressed pea plants.

Pre treatment with Bacillus subtilis mitigates drought induced photo-oxidative damages in okra by modulating antioxidant system and photochemical activity

Growth promoting potential of Bacillus subtilis (BS) in drought stressed Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench (okra) was assessed by measuring the chlorophyll stability index (CSI), chlorophyll a (Chl-a) fluorescence, leaf osmotic potential and lipid peroxidation by malondialdehyde content, emission of reactive oxygen species (ROS), osmolyte content and the activity of non-enzyme and enzyme antioxidants. BS treatment significantly increased the leaf osmotic potential, osmolyte production and the activity of non-enzyme and enzyme antioxidants under drought stress. BS treatment mitigated the drought-induced reduction in Chl a fluorescence and CSI. Concomitant increase in total sugar, proline, non-enzyme antioxidants [glutathione and ascorbate] and enzyme antioxidants like superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, monodehydroascorbate reductase and dehydroascorbate reductase modulate the intracellular ROS concentration in okra to resist the stress induced oxidative damage in BS treated plants led to fast recovery and less photodamage.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-021-00982-8.

Evaluation of Silicon and Proline Application on the Oxidative Machinery in Drought-Stressed Sugar Beet

Drought stress deleteriously affects growth, development and productivity in plants. So, we examined the silicon effect (2 mmol) and proline (10 mmol) individually or the combination (Si + proline) in alleviating the harmful effect of drought on total phenolic compounds, reactive oxygen species (ROS), chlorophyll concentration and antioxidant enzymes as well as yield parameters of drought-stressed sugar beet plants during 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 seasons. Our findings indicated that the root diameter and length (cm), root and shoot fresh weights (g plant⁻¹) as well as root and sugar yield significantly decreased in sugar beet plants under drought. Relative water content (RWC), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) contents and chlorophyll (Chl) concentration considerably reduced in stressed sugar beet plants that compared with control in both seasons. Nonetheless, lipid peroxidation (MDA), electrolyte leakage (EL), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and superoxide (O₂^●−) considerably elevated as signals of drought. Drought-stressed sugar beet plants showed an increase in proline accumulation, total phenolic compounds and up-regulation of antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity to mitigate drought effects. Si and proline individually or the combination Si + proline considerably increased root and sugar yield, sucrose%, Chl concentration and RWC, MDA and EL were remarkably reduced. The treatments led to adjust proline and total phenolic compounds as well as CAT and SOD activity in stressed sugar beet plants. We concluded that application of Si + proline under drought stress led to improve the resistance of sugar beet by regulating of proline, antioxidant enzymes, phenolic compounds and improving RWC, Chl concentration and Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium (NPK) contents as well as yield parameters.

SOD1, more than just an antioxidant

During cellular respiration, radicals, such as superoxide, are produced, and in a large concentration, they may cause cell damage. To combat this threat, the cell employs the enzyme Cu/Zn Superoxide Dismutase (SOD1), which converts the radical superoxide into molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide, through redox reactions. Although this is its main function, recent studies have shown that the SOD1 has other functions that deviates from its original one including activation of nuclear gene transcription or as an RNA binding protein. This comprehensive review looks at the most important aspects of human SOD1 (hSOD1), including the structure, properties, and characteristics as well as transcriptional and post-translational modifications (PTM) that the enzyme can receive and their effects, and its many functions. We also discuss the strategies currently used to analyze it to better understand its participation in diseases linked to hSOD1 including Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), cancer, and Parkinson.

Reactive oxygen species detection-approaches in plants: Insights into genetically encoded FRET-based sensors

The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (and their reaction products) in abiotic stressed plants can be simultaneous. Hence, it is very difficult to establish individual roles of ROS (and their reaction products) in plants particularly under abiotic stress conditions. It is highly imperative to detect ROS (and their reaction products) and ascertain their role in vivo and also to point their optimal level in order to unveil exact relation of ROS (and their reaction products) with the major components of ROS-controlling systems. Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) technology enables us with high potential for monitoring and quantification of ROS and redox variations, avoiding some of the obstacles presented by small-molecule fluorescent dyes. This paper aims to: (i) introduce ROS and overview ROS-chemistry and ROS-accrued major damages to major biomolecules; (ii) highlight invasive and non-invasive approaches for the detection of ROS (and their reaction products); (iii) appraise literature available on genetically encoded ROS (and their reaction products)-sensors based on FRET technology, and (iv) enlighten so far unexplored aspects in the current context. The studies integrating the outcomes of the FRET-based ROS-detection approaches with OMICS sciences (genetics, genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics) would enlighten major insights into real-time ROS and redox dynamics, and their signaling at cellular and subcellular levels in living cells.

SOD1 deficiency: a novel syndrome distinct from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) is the principal cytoplasmic superoxide dismutase in humans and plays a major role in redox potential regulation. It catalyses the transformation of the superoxide anion (O2•-) into hydrogen peroxide. Heterozygous variants in SOD1 are a common cause of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. In this study we describe the homozygous truncating variant c.335dupG (p.C112Wfs*11) in SOD1 that leads to total absence of enzyme activity. The resulting phenotype is severe and marked by progressive loss of motor abilities, tetraspasticity with predominance in the lower extremities, mild cerebellar atrophy, and hyperekplexia-like symptoms. Heterozygous carriers have a markedly reduced enzyme activity when compared to wild-type controls but show no overt neurologic phenotype. These results are in contrast with the previously proposed theory that a loss of function is the underlying mechanism in SOD1-related motor neuron disease and should be considered before application of previously proposed SOD1 silencing as a treatment option for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Structural Properties and Interaction Partners of Familial ALS-Associated SOD1 Mutants

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common motor neuron degenerative disease in adults and has also been proven to be a type of conformational disease associated with protein misfolding and dysfunction. To date, more than 150 distinct genes have been found to be associated with ALS, among which Superoxide Dismutase 1 (SOD1) is the first and the most extensively studied gene. It has been well-established that SOD1 mutants-mediated toxicity is caused by a gain-of-function rather than the loss of the detoxifying activity of SOD1. Compared with the clear autosomal dominant inheritance of SOD1 mutants in ALS, the potential toxic mechanisms of SOD1 mutants in motor neurons remain incompletely understood. A large body of evidence has shown that SOD1 mutants may adopt a complex profile of conformations and interact with a wide range of client proteins. Here, in this review, we summarize the fundamental conformational properties and the gained interaction partners of the soluble forms of the SOD1 mutants which have been published in the past decades. Our goal is to find clues to the possible internal links between structural and functional anomalies of SOD1 mutants, as well as the relationships between their exposed epitopes and interaction partners, in order to help reveal and determine potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets.

Cross talk between SOD1 and the mitochondrial UPR in cancer and neurodegeneration

The mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPR^mt) is rapidly gaining attention. While the CHOP (ATF4/5) axis of the UPR^mt was the first to be described, other axes have subsequently been reported. Validation of this complex pathway in C. elegans has been extensively studied. However, validation of the UPR^mt in mouse models of disease known to implicate mitochondrial reprogramming or dysfunction, such as cancer and neurodegeneration, respectively, is only beginning to emerge. This review summarizes recent findings and highlights the major role of the superoxide dismutase SOD1 in the communication between the mitochondria and the nucleus in these settings. While SOD1 has mostly been studied in the context of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (fALS), recent studies suggest that SOD1 may be a potentially important mediator of the UPR^mt and converge to emphasize an increasingly vital role of SOD1 as a therapeutic target in cancer.

Roles of the Two-MnSOD System of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in the Alleviation of Superoxide Stress

Manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase (MnSOD, SodA) and iron-dependent SOD (FeSOD, SodB) are critical cytosolic enzymes for alleviating superoxide stress. Distinct from the singular sodA gene in most bacteria, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia harbors two sodA genes, sodA1 and sodA2. The roles of SodA1, SodA2, and SodB of S. maltophilia in alleviating superoxide stress were investigated. The expression of sod genes was determined by promoter–xylE transcriptional fusion assay and qRT–PCR. SodA2 and sodB expressions were proportional to the bacterial logarithmic growth, but unaffected by menadione (MD), iron, or manganese challenges. SodA1 was intrinsically unexpressed and inducibly expressed by MD. Complementary expression of sodA1 was observed when sodA2 was inactivated. The individual or combined sod deletion mutants were constructed using the gene replacement strategy. The functions of SODs were assessed by evaluating cell viabilities of different sod mutants in MD, low iron-stressed, and/or low manganese-stressed conditions. Inactivation of SodA1 or SodA2 alone did not affect bacterial viability; however, simultaneously inactivating sodA1 and sodA2 significantly compromised bacterial viability in both aerobic growth and stressed conditions. SodA1 can either rescue or support SodA2 when SodA2 is defective or insufficiently potent. The presence of two MnSODs gives S. maltophilia an advantage against superoxide stress.

Insight Into the Salivary Secretome of Varroa destructor and Salivary Toxicity to Apis cerana

The Varroa destructor (Acari Varroidae) mite is a serious threat to honey bee due to hemolymph feeding and virus transmission. Mite salivary proteins are involved in these interactions. However, the salivary secretome has not been previously characterized. In this paper, the saliva of V. destructor was found to be toxic to the worker larvae of Apis cerana (Hymenoptera Apidae) in the absence of deformed wing virus (DWV) and to stimulate the development of deformed wings in Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera Apidae) adults in the presence of DWV. The salivary secretome was analyzed by nano-liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (nano-LC-MS/MS). A search of the resulting data against peptide databases using the software Mascot yielded 356, 53, and 9 matched proteins from V. destructor, A. mellifera, and DWV, respectively. The saliva contained Varroa mite proteins identified as important for potential virulence to A. cerana larvae, for the inhibition of harmful microorganisms, for the utilization of bee nutrients, and for antioxidant, oxidation-reduction and detoxification functions as well as A. mellifera proteins identified as nutrients important for mite reproduction. The saliva proteins also contained viral proteins from one virus, DWV. These results provide a strong foundation for understanding the interactions among the Varroa mite, honeybee, and DWV.

Evaluation and Monitoring of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) Activity and its Clinical Significance in Gastric Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background

This systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis aimed to review the evaluation and monitoring of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and its clinical significance in gastric cancer.

Material/Methods

Systematic review involved searching the PubMed, Embase, Ovid, and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) databases. Search terms included ‘superoxide dismutase,’ and ‘gastric cancer.’ Studies that included measurements of SOD activity in peripheral blood samples in patients with SOD activity compared with healthy controls. The study was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement.

Results

Ten controlled clinical studies were identified that included six studies that measured SOD in serum, three in erythrocytes, and one study that measured SOD on whole blood. Meta-analysis, using the standardized mean difference (SMD) and the 95% confidence interval (CI), showed that patients with gastric cancer had significantly decreased SOD activity when compared with the healthy controls (SMD, −0.840; 95% CI, −1.463 to −0.218; p=0.008). Subgroup analysis was conducted on SOD distribution in the blood (erythrocyte: SMD, −1.773; 95% CI, −2.504 to −1.042; p=0.000) (serum SMD, −0.322; 95% CI, −1.006−0.361; p=0.355) (whole blood: SMD, −1.251; 95% CI, −1.731 to −0.771; p=0.000) and for male subjects (SMD, −2.090; 95% CI, −2.725 to −1.456; p<0.001).

Conclusions

Meta-analysis showed that SOD measurements from blood samples, especially in erythrocytes, had potential as a diagnostic and monitoring parameter in patients with gastric cancer.

Inhibition of Aflatoxin Production by Paraquat and External Superoxide Dismutase in Aspergillus flavus

Aflatoxin contamination of crops is a worldwide problem, and elucidation of the regulatory mechanism of aflatoxin production, for example relative to the oxidative–antioxidative system, is needed. Studies have shown that oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen species promotes aflatoxin production. However, superoxide has been suggested to have the opposite effect. Here, we investigated the effects of the superoxide generator, paraquat, and externally added superoxide dismutase (SOD) on aflatoxin production in Aspergillus flavus. Paraquat with an IC₅₀ value of 54.9 µM inhibited aflatoxin production without affecting fungal growth. It increased cytosolic and mitochondrial superoxide levels and downregulated the transcription of aflatoxin biosynthetic cluster genes, including aflR, a key regulatory protein. The addition of bovine Cu/ZnSOD to the culture medium suppressed the paraquat-induced increase in superoxide levels, but it did not fully restore paraquat-inhibited aflatoxin production because bovine Cu/ZnSOD with an IC₅₀ value of 17.9 µg/mL itself inhibited aflatoxin production. Externally added bovine Cu/ZnSOD increased the SOD activity in fungal cell extracts and upregulated the transcription of genes encoding Cu/ZnSOD and alcohol dehydrogenase. These results suggest that intracellular accumulation of superoxide impairs aflatoxin production by downregulating aflR expression, and that externally added Cu/ZnSOD also suppresses aflatoxin production by a mechanism other than canonical superoxide elimination activity.

Lack of superoxide dismutase in a rad51 mutant exacerbates genomic instability and oxidative stress-mediated cytotoxicity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

A genetic analysis of synthetic lethal interactions in yeast revealed that the mutation of SOD1, encoding an antioxidant enzyme that scavenges superoxide anion radical, impaired the growth of a set of mutants defective in homologous recombination (HR) pathway. Hence, SOD1 inhibition has been proposed as a promising approach for the selective killing of HR-deficient cancer cells. However, we show that the deletion of RAD51 and SOD1 is not synthetic lethal but displays considerably slow growth and synergistic sensitivity to both reactive oxygen species (ROS)- and DNA double-strand break (DSB)-generating drugs in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The function of Sod1 in regard to Rad51 is dependent on Ccs1, a copper chaperone for Sod1. Sod1 deficiency aggravates genomic instability in conjunction with the absence of Rad51 by inducing DSBs and an elevated mutation frequency. Inversely, lack of Rad51 causes a Sod1 deficiency-derived increase of intracellular ROS levels. Taken together, our results indicate that there is a significant and specific crosstalk between two major cellular damage response pathways, ROS signaling and DSB repair, for cell survival.

Consequences of cytochrome c oxidase assembly defects for the yeast stationary phase

The assembly of cytochrome c oxidase (COX) is essential for a functional mitochondrial respiratory chain, although the consequences of a loss of assembled COX at yeast stationary phase, an excellent model for terminally differentiated cells in humans, remain largely unexamined. In this study, we show that a wild-type respiratory competent yeast strain at stationary phase is characterized by a decreased oxidative capacity, as seen by a reduction in the amount of assembled COX and by a decrease in protein levels of several COX assembly factors. In contrast, loss of assembled COX results in the decreased abundance of many mitochondrial proteins at stationary phase, which is likely due to decreased membrane potential and changes in mitophagy. In addition to an altered mitochondrial proteome, COX assembly mutants display unexpected changes in markers of cellular oxidative stress at stationary phase. Our results suggest that mitochondria may not be a major source of reactive oxygen species at stationary phase in cells lacking an intact respiratory chain.

Preventive and Therapeutic Effects of Thymol in a Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Lung Injury Mice Model

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a life-threatening syndrome which causes a high mortality rate worldwide. In traditional medicine, lots of aromatic plants-such as some Thymus species-are used for treatment of various lung diseases including pertussis, bronchitis, and asthma. Thymol, one of the primary active constituent derived from Thymus vulgaris (thyme), has been reported to exhibit potent anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities in vivo and in vitro. The present study aims to investigate the protective effects of thymol in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lung injury mice model. In LPS-challenged mice, treatment with thymol (100 mg/kg) before or after LPS challenge significantly improved pathological changes in lung tissues. Thymol also inhibited the LPS-induced inflammatory cells influx, TNF-α and IL-6 releases, and protein concentration in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Additionally, thymol markedly inhibited LPS-induced elevation of MDA and MPO levels, as well as reduction of SOD activity. Further study demonstrated that thymol effectively inhibited the NF-κB activation in the lung. Taken together, these results suggested that thymol might be useful in the therapy of acute lung injury.

Extracellular Vesicle-Associated RNA as a Carrier of Epigenetic Information

Post-transcriptional regulation of messenger RNA (mRNA) metabolism and subcellular localization is of the utmost importance both during development and in cell differentiation. Besides carrying genetic information, mRNAs contain cis-acting signals (zip codes), usually present in their 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions (UTRs). By binding to these signals, trans-acting factors, such as RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), and/or non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), control mRNA localization, translation and stability. RBPs can also form complexes with non-coding RNAs of different sizes. The release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) is a conserved process that allows both normal and cancer cells to horizontally transfer molecules, and hence properties, to neighboring cells. By interacting with proteins that are specifically sorted to EVs, mRNAs as well as ncRNAs can be transferred from cell to cell. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms underlying the sorting to EVs of different classes of molecules, as well as the role of extracellular RNAs and the associated proteins in altering gene expression in the recipient cells. Importantly, if, on the one hand, RBPs play a critical role in transferring RNAs through EVs, RNA itself could, on the other hand, function as a carrier to transfer proteins (i.e., chromatin modifiers, and transcription factors) that, once transferred, can alter the cell's epigenome.