1
|
Boxy P, Nykjær A, Kisiswa L. Building better brains: the pleiotropic function of neurotrophic factors in postnatal cerebellar development. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1181397. [PMID: 37251644 PMCID: PMC10213292 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1181397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum is a multifunctional brain region that controls diverse motor and non-motor behaviors. As a result, impairments in the cerebellar architecture and circuitry lead to a vast array of neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders. Neurotrophins and neurotrophic growth factors play essential roles in the development as well as maintenance of the central and peripheral nervous system which is crucial for normal brain function. Their timely expression throughout embryonic and postnatal stages is important for promoting growth and survival of both neurons and glial cells. During postnatal development, the cerebellum undergoes changes in its cellular organization, which is regulated by a variety of molecular factors, including neurotrophic factors. Studies have shown that these factors and their receptors promote proper formation of the cerebellar cytoarchitecture as well as maintenance of the cerebellar circuits. In this review, we will summarize what is known on the neurotrophic factors' role in cerebellar postnatal development and how their dysregulation assists in developing various neurological disorders. Understanding the expression patterns and signaling mechanisms of these factors and their receptors is crucial for elucidating their function within the cerebellum and for developing therapeutic strategies for cerebellar-related disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pia Boxy
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE)–Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- The Danish National Research Foundation Center, PROMEMO, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anders Nykjær
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE)–Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- The Danish National Research Foundation Center, PROMEMO, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lilian Kisiswa
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE)–Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- The Danish National Research Foundation Center, PROMEMO, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang J, Yang Y, Al-Ahmady ZS, Du W, Duan J, Liao Z, Sun Q, Wei Z, Hua J. Maternal exposure to PM 2.5 induces cognitive impairment in offspring via cerebellar neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 249:114425. [PMID: 38321695 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Available evidence suggest that exposure to PM2.5 during pregnancy is associated with reduced cognitive function in offspring. This study aimed to investigate the effects of maternal exposure to PM2.5 on offspring cognitive function and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. In this work, pregnant C57BL/6 female mice were exposed to concentrated ambient PM2.5 or filtered air from day 0.5 (=vaginal plug) to day 15.5 in the Shanghai Meteorological and Environmental Animal Exposure System, and offspring cerebellar tissues were collected on embryonic day 15.5, as well as postnatal days 0, 10 and 42. The mean PM2.5 concentrations exposed to the pregnant mice were 73.06 ± 4.90 μg/m3 and 11.15 ± 2.71 μg/m3 in the concentrated ambient PM2.5 and filtered air chambers, respectively. Maternal concentrated PM2.5 exposure was negatively correlated with offspring spatial memory significantly as assessed by the Morris water maze. Compared with the filtered air group, PM2.5-exposed offspring mice had reduced cerebellar microglia. Both RNA and protein levels of IL-8 and TNF-α were elevated in the concentrated ambient PM2.5 group. PM2.5 exposure increased the level of 8-OHG in miRNA of microglia and Purkinje cells in 6-week-old offspring. The level of prostaglandin F2α (8-iso-PGF2Aα) in the cerebellum was increased at different growing stages of offspring after gestational exposure of PM2.5. These results suggested that maternal air pollution exposure might cause inflammatory damage and oxidative stress to the cerebellum, contributing to reduced cognitive performance in mice offspring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Women and Children's Health Care, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yingying Yang
- Clinical Research Center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zahraa S Al-Ahmady
- Pharmacology Department, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, United Kingdom; Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, AV Hill Building, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Wenchong Du
- NTU Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 1BU, United Kingdom
| | - Jinjin Duan
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, the Center for Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medical, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zehuan Liao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum, Solnavägen 9, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Qinghua Sun
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Zhiyun Wei
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Women and Children's Health Care, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Jing Hua
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Women and Children's Health Care, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mezey SE, Kapfhammer JP, Shimobayashi E. Transcriptome Profile of a New Mouse Model of Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 14 Implies Changes in Cerebellar Development. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13081417. [PMID: 36011327 PMCID: PMC9407720 DOI: 10.3390/genes13081417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The autosomal dominant inherited spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are a group of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by cerebellar atrophy and loss of Purkinje neurons. Spinocerebellar ataxia type 14 (SCA14) is a rare variant of SCAs caused by missense mutations or deletions in the PRKCG gene encoding the protein kinase C γ (PKCγ). Although mutated PKCγs are responsible for SCA14, it is still unclear exactly how mutated PKCγs are involved in SCA14 pathogenesis. Therefore, it is important to study how PKCγ signaling is altered in the cerebellum, which genes or signaling pathways are affected, and how this leads to neurological disease. In this study, we used a mouse line carrying a knock-in pseudo-substrate domain mutation in PKCγ (PKCγ-A24E) as an SCA14 model and performed RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis at an early developmental timepoint (postnatal day 15) to investigate changes in the gene profile compared to wildtype mice. We analyzed both heterozygous (Het) PKCγ-A24E mice and homozygous (Homo) PKCγ-A24E mice for transcriptomic changes. The Het PKCγ-A24E mice reflects the situation observed in human SCA14 patient, while Homo PKCγ-A24E mice display stronger phenotypes with respect to Purkinje cell development and behavior. Our findings highlight an abundance of modifications affecting genes involved in developmental processes, suggesting that at least a part of the final phenotype is shaped by altered cerebellar development and is not only caused by changes in mature animals.
Collapse
|
4
|
Cutando L, Puighermanal E, Castell L, Tarot P, Belle M, Bertaso F, Arango-Lievano M, Ango F, Rubinstein M, Quintana A, Chédotal A, Mameli M, Valjent E. Cerebellar dopamine D2 receptors regulate social behaviors. Nat Neurosci 2022; 25:900-911. [PMID: 35710984 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-022-01092-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The cerebellum, a primary brain structure involved in the control of sensorimotor tasks, also contributes to higher cognitive functions including reward, emotion and social interaction. Although the regulation of these behaviors has been largely ascribed to the monoaminergic system in limbic regions, the contribution of cerebellar dopamine signaling in the modulation of these functions remains largely unknown. By combining cell-type-specific transcriptomics, histological analyses, three-dimensional imaging and patch-clamp recordings, we demonstrate that cerebellar dopamine D2 receptors (D2Rs) in mice are preferentially expressed in Purkinje cells (PCs) and regulate synaptic efficacy onto PCs. Moreover, we found that changes in D2R levels in PCs of male mice during adulthood alter sociability and preference for social novelty without affecting motor functions. Altogether, these findings demonstrate novel roles for D2R in PC function and causally link cerebellar D2R levels of expression to social behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cutando
- IGF, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Inserm, Montpellier, France. .,Institut de Neurociències and Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Emma Puighermanal
- IGF, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Inserm, Montpellier, France.,Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Laia Castell
- IGF, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Inserm, Montpellier, France
| | - Pauline Tarot
- IGF, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Inserm, Montpellier, France
| | - Morgane Belle
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Fabrice Ango
- IGF, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Inserm, Montpellier, France.,INM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Inserm, Montpellier, France
| | - Marcelo Rubinstein
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular, CONICET; FCEN, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; and Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Albert Quintana
- Institut de Neurociències and Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Alain Chédotal
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Manuel Mameli
- Department of Fundamental Neuroscience, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Inserm UMR-S 1270, Paris, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhu JW, Jia WQ, Zhou H, Li YF, Zou MM, Wang ZT, Wu BS, Xu RX. Deficiency of TRIM32 Impairs Motor Function and Purkinje Cells in Mid-Aged Mice. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:697494. [PMID: 34421574 PMCID: PMC8377415 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.697494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper functioning of the cerebellum is crucial to motor balance and coordination in adult mammals. Purkinje cells (PCs), the sole output neurons of the cerebellar cortex, play essential roles in cerebellar motor function. Tripartite motif-containing protein 32 (TRIM32) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that is involved in balance activities of neurogenesis in the subventricular zone of the mammalian brain and in the development of many nervous system diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. However, the role of TRIM32 in cerebellar motor function has never been examined. In this study we found that motor balance and coordination of mid-aged TRIM32 deficient mice were poorer than those of wild-type littermates. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to assess cerebella morphology and TRIM32 expression in PCs. Golgi staining showed that the extent of dendritic arborization and dendritic spine density of PCs were decreased in the absence of TRIM32. The loss of TRIM32 was also associated with a decrease in the number of synapses between parallel fibers and PCs, and in synapses between climbing fibers and PCs. In addition, deficiency of TRIM32 decreased Type I inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase (INPP5A) levels in cerebellum. Overall, this study is the first to elucidate a role of TRIM32 in cerebellar motor function and a possible mechanism, thereby highlighting the importance of TRIM32 in the cerebellum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Wei Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei-Qiang Jia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Chengdu Children Special Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi-Fei Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ming-Ming Zou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao-Tao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bing-Shan Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ru-Xiang Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Molecular mechanisms of axo-axonic innervation. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2021; 69:105-112. [PMID: 33862423 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
One of the most intriguing features of inhibitory synapses is the precision by which they innervate their target, not only at the cellular level but also at the subcellular level (i.e. axo-dendritic, axo-somatic, or axo-axonic innervation). In particular, in the cerebellum, cortex, and spinal cord, distinct and highly specialized GABAergic interneurons, such as basket cells, chandelier cells, and GABApre interneurons, form precise axo-axonic synapses, allowing them to directly regulate neuronal output and circuit function. In this article, we summarize our latest knowledge of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate the establishment and maintenance of axo-axonic synapses in these regions of the CNS. We also detail the key roles of the L1CAM family of cell adhesion molecules in such GABAergic subcellular target recognition.
Collapse
|
7
|
An Extracellular Perspective on CNS Maturation: Perineuronal Nets and the Control of Plasticity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052434. [PMID: 33670945 PMCID: PMC7957817 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During restricted time windows of postnatal life, called critical periods, neural circuits are highly plastic and are shaped by environmental stimuli. In several mammalian brain areas, from the cerebral cortex to the hippocampus and amygdala, the closure of the critical period is dependent on the formation of perineuronal nets. Perineuronal nets are a condensed form of an extracellular matrix, which surrounds the soma and proximal dendrites of subsets of neurons, enwrapping synaptic terminals. Experimentally disrupting perineuronal nets in adult animals induces the reactivation of critical period plasticity, pointing to a role of the perineuronal net as a molecular brake on plasticity as the critical period closes. Interestingly, in the adult brain, the expression of perineuronal nets is remarkably dynamic, changing its plasticity-associated conditions, including memory processes. In this review, we aimed to address how perineuronal nets contribute to the maturation of brain circuits and the regulation of adult brain plasticity and memory processes in physiological and pathological conditions.
Collapse
|
8
|
Lackey EP, Sillitoe RV. Eph/ephrin Function Contributes to the Patterning of Spinocerebellar Mossy Fibers Into Parasagittal Zones. Front Syst Neurosci 2020; 14:7. [PMID: 32116578 PMCID: PMC7033604 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2020.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purkinje cell microcircuits perform diverse functions using widespread inputs from the brain and spinal cord. The formation of these functional circuits depends on developmental programs and molecular pathways that organize mossy fiber afferents from different sources into a complex and precisely patterned map within the granular layer of the cerebellum. During development, Purkinje cell zonal patterns are thought to guide mossy fiber terminals into zones. However, the molecular mechanisms that mediate this process remain unclear. Here, we used knockout mice to test whether Eph/ephrin signaling controls Purkinje cell-mossy fiber interactions during cerebellar circuit formation. Loss of ephrin-A2 and ephrin-A5 disrupted the patterning of spinocerebellar terminals into discrete zones. Zone territories in the granular layer that normally have limited spinocerebellar input contained ectopic terminals in ephrin-A2 -/-;ephrin-A5 -/- double knockout mice. However, the overall morphology of the cerebellum, lobule position, and Purkinje cell zonal patterns developed normally in the ephrin-A2 -/-;ephrin-A5 -/- mutant mice. This work suggests that communication between Purkinje cell zones and mossy fibers during postnatal development allows contact-dependent molecular cues to sharpen the innervation of sensory afferents into functional zones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth P Lackey
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Roy V Sillitoe
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States.,Development, Disease Models & Therapeutics Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
|
10
|
Neuropilin-1-mediated pruning of corticospinal tract fibers is required for motor recovery after spinal cord injury. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:67. [PMID: 30683854 PMCID: PMC6347615 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1338-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Following incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI), reorganization of the corticospinal tract (CST) contributes to spontaneous motor recovery. Axotomized CST fibers form collaterals and make synapses with interneurons, followed by pruning of excess fibers. Although axonal pruning is involved in refinement of neural circuits, its molecular mechanisms and functional roles remain poorly understood. To address these questions, we performed dorsal hemisections of mouse thoracic spinal cord. We observed that Neuropilin-1 (Nrp1) mRNA was upregulated in layer 5 pyramidal neurons in the motor cortex 14 days after SCI, when the pruning occurred. Nrp1 knockdown using adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector encoding Nrp1 shRNA in the hindlimb motor area impaired the pruning of collaterals after SCI. Nrp1 knockout by injecting AAV vector encoding Cre recombinase into Nrp1 floxed mice also suppressed axonal pruning. Propriospinal neurons, interneurons that connect CST and motoneurons, expressed Semaphorin 3A (Sema3A), the ligand of Nrp1. Furthermore, the genetic deletion of Nrp1 specifically in the hindlimb motor area suppressed the recovery of skilled movement at 21 and 28 days after SCI. The present findings demonstrate that the pruning of collaterals mediated by Nrp1 is required for motor recovery after SCI, and suggest that refinement of the neuronal network facilitates motor recovery.
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang Y, Han J, Chen X, Zeng X, Wang Y, Dong J, Chen J. Maternal iodine supplementation improves motor coordination in offspring by modulating the mGluR1 signaling pathway in mild iodine deficiency-induced hypothyroxinemia rats. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 58:80-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
12
|
van der Stijl R, Withoff S, Verbeek DS. Spinocerebellar ataxia: miRNAs expose biological pathways underlying pervasive Purkinje cell degeneration. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 108:148-158. [PMID: 28823930 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent work has demonstrated the importance of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of various brain disorders including the neurodegenerative disorder spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA). This review focuses on the role of miRNAs in the shared pathogenesis of the different SCA types. We examine the novel findings of a recent cell-type-specific RNA-sequencing study in mouse brain and discuss how the identification of Purkinje-cell-enriched miRNAs highlights biological pathways that expose the mechanisms behind pervasive Purkinje cell degeneration in SCA. These key pathways are likely to contain targets for therapeutic development and represent potential candidate genes for genetically unsolved SCAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rogier van der Stijl
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sebo Withoff
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dineke S Verbeek
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tubulin-related cerebellar dysplasia: definition of a distinct pattern of cerebellar malformation. Eur Radiol 2017; 27:5080-5092. [DOI: 10.1007/s00330-017-4945-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
14
|
Telley L, Cadilhac C, Cioni JM, Saywell V, Jahannault-Talignani C, Huettl RE, Sarrailh-Faivre C, Dayer A, Huber AB, Ango F. Dual Function of NRP1 in Axon Guidance and Subcellular Target Recognition in Cerebellum. Neuron 2016; 91:1276-1291. [PMID: 27618676 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Subcellular target recognition in the CNS is the culmination of a multiple-step program including axon guidance, target recognition, and synaptogenesis. In cerebellum, basket cells (BCs) innervate the soma and axon initial segment (AIS) of Purkinje cells (PCs) to form the pinceau synapse, but the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Here, we demonstrate that neuropilin-1 (NRP1), a Semaphorin receptor expressed in BCs, controls both axonal guidance and subcellular target recognition. We show that loss of Semaphorin 3A function or specific deletion of NRP1 in BCs alters the stereotyped organization of BC axon and impairs pinceau synapse formation. Further, we identified NRP1 as a trans-synaptic binding partner of the cell adhesion molecule neurofascin-186 (NF186) expressed in the PC AIS during pinceau synapse formation. These findings identify a dual function of NRP1 in both axon guidance and subcellular target recognition in the construction of GABAergic circuitry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Telley
- Department of Neurobiology, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS, UMR5203, 34090 Montpellier, France; INSERM, U1191, 34094 Montpellier, France; Université de Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France; Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva Medical School, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Christelle Cadilhac
- Department of Neurobiology, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS, UMR5203, 34090 Montpellier, France; INSERM, U1191, 34094 Montpellier, France; Université de Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France; Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva Medical School, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Michel Cioni
- Department of Neurobiology, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS, UMR5203, 34090 Montpellier, France; INSERM, U1191, 34094 Montpellier, France; Université de Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France; Department of Physiology Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Anatomy Building, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Veronique Saywell
- Department of Neurobiology, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS, UMR5203, 34090 Montpellier, France; INSERM, U1191, 34094 Montpellier, France; Université de Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Céline Jahannault-Talignani
- Department of Neurobiology, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS, UMR5203, 34090 Montpellier, France; INSERM, U1191, 34094 Montpellier, France; Université de Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Rosa E Huettl
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Alexandre Dayer
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva Medical School, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, University of Geneva Medical School, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Andrea B Huber
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Fabrice Ango
- Department of Neurobiology, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS, UMR5203, 34090 Montpellier, France; INSERM, U1191, 34094 Montpellier, France; Université de Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Regional Regulation of Purkinje Cell Dendritic Spines by Integrins and Eph/Ephrins. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158558. [PMID: 27518800 PMCID: PMC4982633 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Climbing fibres and parallel fibres compete for dendritic space on Purkinje cells in the cerebellum. Normally, climbing fibres populate the proximal dendrites, where they suppress the multiple small spines typical of parallel fibres, leading to their replacement by the few large spines that contact climbing fibres. Previous work has shown that ephrins acting via EphA4 are a signal for this change in spine type and density. We have used an in vitro culture model in which to investigate the ephrin effect on Purkinje cell dendritic spines and the role of integrins in these changes. We found that integrins α3, α5 and β4 are present in many of the dendritic spines of cultured Purkinje cells. pFAK, the main downstream signalling molecule from integrins, has a similar distribution, although the intenstity of pFAK staining and the percentage of pFAK+ spines was consistently higher in the proximal dendrites. Activating integrins with Mg2+ led to an increase in the intensity of pFAK staining and an increase in the proportion of pFAK+ spines in both the proximal and distal dendrites, but no change in spine length, density or morphology. Blocking integrin binding with an RGD-containing peptide led to a reduction in spine length, with more stubby spines on both proximal and distal dendrites. Treatment of the cultures with ephrinA3-Fc chimera suppressed dendritic spines specifically on the proximal dendrites and there was also a decrease of pFAK in spines on this domain. This effect was blocked by simultaneous activation of integrins with Mn2+. We conclude that Eph/ephrin signaling regulates proximal dendritic spines in Purkinje cells by inactivating integrin downstream signalling.
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhu JW, Li YF, Wang ZT, Jia WQ, Xu RX. Toll-Like Receptor 4 Deficiency Impairs Motor Coordination. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:33. [PMID: 26909014 PMCID: PMC4754460 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum plays an essential role in balance and motor coordination. Purkinje cells (PCs) are the sole output neurons of the cerebellar cortex and are critical for the execution of its functions, including motor coordination. Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 is involved in the innate immune response and is abundantly expressed in the central nervous system; however, little is known about its role in cerebellum-related motor functions. To address this question, we evaluated motor behavior in TLR4 deficient mice. We found that TLR4(-∕-) mice showed impaired motor coordination. Morphological analyses revealed that TLR4 deficiency was associated with a reduction in the thickness of the molecular layer of the cerebellum. TLR4 was highly expressed in PCs but not in Bergmann glia or cerebellar granule cells; however, loss of TLR4 decreased the number of PCs. These findings suggest a novel role for TLR4 in cerebellum-related motor coordination through maintenance of the PC population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Wei Zhu
- Affiliated Bayi Brain Hospital, Military General Hospital of Beijing PLA, Southern Medical University Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Fei Li
- Affiliated Bayi Brain Hospital, Military General Hospital of Beijing PLA, Southern Medical University Beijing, China
| | - Zhao-Tao Wang
- Affiliated Bayi Brain Hospital, Military General Hospital of Beijing PLA, Southern Medical University Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Qiang Jia
- Affiliated Bayi Brain Hospital, Military General Hospital of Beijing PLA, Southern Medical University Beijing, China
| | - Ru-Xiang Xu
- Affiliated Bayi Brain Hospital, Military General Hospital of Beijing PLA, Southern Medical University Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Liu J, Julnes PS, Chen J, Ehrlich S, Walton E, Calhoun VD. The association of DNA methylation and brain volume in healthy individuals and schizophrenia patients. Schizophr Res 2015; 169:447-452. [PMID: 26381449 PMCID: PMC4681600 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Both methylation and brain volume patterns hold important biological information for the development and prognosis of schizophrenia (SZ). A combined study to probe the association between them provides a new perspective to understanding SZ. Genomic methylation of peripheral blood and regional brain volumes derived from magnetic resonance imaging were analyzed using parallel independent component analyses in this study. Nine methylation components and five brain volumetric components were extracted for 94 SZ patients and 106 healthy controls. After controlling for age, sex, race, and substance use, a component comprised primarily of bilateral cerebellar volumes was significantly correlated to a methylation component from 14 CpG sites in 13 genes. Both patients and healthy controls demonstrated similar associations, but patients had significantly smaller cerebellar volumes and dysmethylation in the associated epigenetic component compared to controls. The 13 genes are enriched in cellular growth and proliferation with some genes involved in neuronal growth and cerebellum development (GATA4, ADRA1D, EPHA3, and KCNK10), and these genes are prominently associated with neurological and psychological disorders. Such findings suggest that the methylation pattern of the genes coding for cellular growth may influence the cerebellar development through regulating gene expression, and the alteration in the methylation of these genes in SZ patients may contribute to the cerebellar volume reduction observed in patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Liu
- The Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
| | | | - Jiayu Chen
- The Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Stefan Ehrlich
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, TU-Dresden, Faculty of Medicine, Germany,MGH/MIT/HMS Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Esther Walton
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, TU-Dresden, Faculty of Medicine, Germany
| | - Vince D. Calhoun
- The Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM, USA,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sokoloff G, Plumeau AM, Mukherjee D, Blumberg MS. Twitch-related and rhythmic activation of the developing cerebellar cortex. J Neurophysiol 2015; 114:1746-56. [PMID: 26156383 PMCID: PMC4571769 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00284.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum is a critical sensorimotor structure that exhibits protracted postnatal development in mammals. Many aspects of cerebellar circuit development are activity dependent, but little is known about the nature and sources of the activity. Based on previous findings in 6-day-old rats, we proposed that myoclonic twitches, the spontaneous movements that occur exclusively during active sleep (AS), provide generalized as well as topographically precise activity to the developing cerebellum. Taking advantage of known stages of cerebellar cortical development, we examined the relationship between Purkinje cell activity (including complex and simple spikes), nuchal and hindlimb EMG activity, and behavioral state in unanesthetized 4-, 8-, and 12-day-old rats. AS-dependent increases in complex and simple spike activity peaked at 8 days of age, with 60% of units exhibiting significantly more activity during AS than wakefulness. Also, at all three ages, approximately one-third of complex and simple spikes significantly increased their activity within 100 ms of twitches in one of the two muscles from which we recorded. Finally, we observed rhythmicity of complex and simple spikes that was especially prominent at 8 days of age and was greatly diminished by 12 days of age, likely due to developmental changes in climbing fiber and mossy fiber innervation patterns. All together, these results indicate that the neurophysiological activity of the developing cerebellum can be used to make inferences about changes in its microcircuitry. They also support the hypothesis that sleep-related twitches are a prominent source of discrete climbing and mossy fiber activity that could contribute to the activity-dependent development of this critical sensorimotor structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Greta Sokoloff
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; DeLTA Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa;
| | - Alan M Plumeau
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; and
| | - Didhiti Mukherjee
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; DeLTA Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Mark S Blumberg
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; DeLTA Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| |
Collapse
|