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Maneein S, Sangsanont J, Limpiyakorn T, Sirikanchana K, Rattanakul S. The coagulation process for enveloped and non-enveloped virus removal in turbid water: Removal efficiencies, mechanisms and its application to SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 931:172945. [PMID: 38703849 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
The coagulation process has a high potential as a treatment method that can handle pathogenic viruses including emerging enveloped viruses in drinking water treatment process which can lower infection risk through drinking water consumption. In this study, a surrogate enveloped virus, bacteriophage Փ6, and surrogate non-enveloped viruses, including bacteriophage MS-2, T4, ՓX174, were used to evaluate removal efficiencies and mechanisms by the conventional coagulation process with alum, poly‑aluminum chloride, and ferric chloride at pH 5, 7, and 9 in turbid water. Also, treatability of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a recent virus of global concern by coagulation was evaluated as SARS-CoV-2 can presence in drinking water sources. It was observed that an increase in the coagulant dose enhanced the removal efficiency of turbidity and viruses, and the condition that provided the highest removal efficiency of enveloped and non-enveloped viruses was 50 mg/L of coagulants at pH 5. In addition, the coagulation process was more effective for enveloped virus removal than for the non-enveloped viruses, and it demonstrated reduction of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2 over 0.83-log with alum. According to culture- and molecular-based assays (qPCR and CDDP-qPCR), the virus removal mechanisms were floc adsorption and coagulant inactivation. Through inactivation with coagulants, coagulants caused capsid destruction, followed by genome damage in non-enveloped viruses; however, damage to a lipid envelope is suggested to contribute to a great extend for enveloped virus inactivation. We demonstrated that conventional coagulation is a promising method for controlling emerging and re-emerging viruses in drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siriwara Maneein
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
| | - Jatuwat Sangsanont
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Water Science and Technology for Sustainable Environmental Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Tawan Limpiyakorn
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Kwanrawee Sirikanchana
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), OPS, MHESI, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Surapong Rattanakul
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand.
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2
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Monnot M, Ollivier J, Taligrot H, Garry P, Cordier C, Stravakakis C, Le Guyader FS, Moulin P. Retention of Virus Versus Surrogate, by Ultrafiltration in Seawater: Case Study of Norovirus Versus Tulane. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2024; 16:14-24. [PMID: 38184502 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-023-09574-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
In the field of chemical engineering and water treatment, the study of viruses, included surrogates, is well documented. Often, surrogates are used to study viruses and their behavior because they can be produced in larger quantities in safer conditions and are easier to handle. In fact, surrogates allow studying microorganisms which are non-infectious to humans but share some properties similar to pathogenic viruses: structure, composition, morphology, and size. Human noroviruses, recognized as the leading cause of epidemics and sporadic cases of gastroenteritis across all age groups, may be mimicked by the Tulane virus. The objectives of this work were to study (i) the ultrafiltration of Tulane virus and norovirus to validate that Tulane virus can be used as a surrogate for norovirus in water treatment process and (ii) the retention of norovirus and the surrogate as a function of water quality to better understand the use of the latter pathogenic viruses. Ultrafiltration tests showed significant logarithmic reduction values (LRV) in viral RNA: around 2.5 for global LRV (i.e., based on the initial and permeate average concentrations) and between 2 and 6 for average LRV (i.e., retention rate considering the increase of viral concentration in the retentate), both for norovirus and the surrogate Tulane virus. Higher reduction rates (from 2 to 6 log genome copies) are obtained for higher initial concentrations (from 101 to 107 genome copies per mL) due to virus aggregation in membrane lumen. Tulane virus appears to be a good surrogate for norovirus retention by membrane processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Monnot
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, Centrale Marseille, M2P2 UMR 7340, Equipe Procédés Membranaires (EPM), Europôle de l'Arbois, Pavillon Laennec, Hall C, BP80, 13545, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - J Ollivier
- Ifremer - U. Microbiologie, Aliment, Santé et Environnement (LSEM/RBE), Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311, Nantes, Cedex 3, France
| | - H Taligrot
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, Centrale Marseille, M2P2 UMR 7340, Equipe Procédés Membranaires (EPM), Europôle de l'Arbois, Pavillon Laennec, Hall C, BP80, 13545, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - P Garry
- Ifremer - U. Microbiologie, Aliment, Santé et Environnement (LSEM/RBE), Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311, Nantes, Cedex 3, France
| | - C Cordier
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, Centrale Marseille, M2P2 UMR 7340, Equipe Procédés Membranaires (EPM), Europôle de l'Arbois, Pavillon Laennec, Hall C, BP80, 13545, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - C Stravakakis
- Ifremer - EMMA Plateforme Expérimentale Mollusques Marins Atlantique, 85230, Bouin, France
| | - F S Le Guyader
- Ifremer - U. Microbiologie, Aliment, Santé et Environnement (LSEM/RBE), Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311, Nantes, Cedex 3, France
| | - P Moulin
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, Centrale Marseille, M2P2 UMR 7340, Equipe Procédés Membranaires (EPM), Europôle de l'Arbois, Pavillon Laennec, Hall C, BP80, 13545, Aix-en-Provence, France.
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Yasui M, Katayama H. Unveiling the viral escape: Quantification of microfloc-bound viruses in precoagulation and membrane filtration. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2024; 22:309-320. [PMID: 38421625 PMCID: wh_2024_233 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2024.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The implementation of precoagulation before the physical removal process is expected to achieve a high virus removal rate. However, viruses may form small flocs and subsequently escape into the effluent during physical removal processes. This study evaluated how viruses in the microflocs could be quantified using conventional virus quantification methods (plaque assay and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)) to reveal the risk of underestimating virus concentration. In this study, the microfloc dissolution phenomenon in phosphate buffer solution was employed as a floc dissolution test. Viruses in microflocs formed under the experimental conditions. assuming water treatments, were quantified before and after floc dissolution. The findings revealed that virus concentrations increased by 1.0-3.9 log plaque-forming units/mL according to the plaque assay and by 1.7-4.0 log copies/mL according to the qPCR. This increase occurred after the dissolution of microflocs that were prepared in the humic acid test water. In the case of treated wastewater, virus concentrations increased in all samples according to the plaque assay and in seven of eight samples according to the qPCR. Our results indicate the necessity of careful consideration of virus quantification after precoagulation and physical removal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Midori Yasui
- Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto-Daigaku-Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan E-mail:
| | - Hiroyuki Katayama
- Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; Research Center for Water Environment Technology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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Yasui M, Ikner L, Yonetani T, Liu M, Katayama H. Effects of surface hydrophobicity on the removal of F-specific RNA phages from reclaimed water by coagulation and ceramic membrane microfiltration. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2023; 87:2304-2314. [PMID: 37186632 PMCID: wst_2023_133 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2023.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Microfiltration (MF) has been widely adopted as an advanced treatment process to reduce suspended solids and turbidity in treated wastewater effluents designated for potable reuse. Although microfilter pores are much larger than viruses, the addition of a coagulant upstream of a microfilter system can achieve stable virus removal. Ceramic membranes have a narrow pore size distribution to achieve the high removal of contaminants. This study aims to evaluate virus log reduction using bench-scale coagulation and ceramic membrane MF. To investigate the effects of differences in net surface hydrophobicity, 18 sewage-derived F-specific RNA phages (FRNAPHs) were used for batch hydrophobicity and coagulation-MF tests. The capability of bench-scale coagulation and ceramic membrane MF under continuous automated long-term operation was tested to remove the lab reference strain MS2 and three selected FRNAPH isolates which varied by surface property. Median virus log reduction values (LRVs) exceeding 6.2 were obtained for all three isolates and MS2. Although coagulation and hydrophobicity were positively correlated, the virus isolate demonstrating the lowest level of hydrophobicity and coagulation (genogroup I) still exhibited a high LRV. Thus, coagulation and ceramic membrane MF systems may serve as viable options for virus removal during water reclamation and advanced treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Midori Yasui
- Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan E-mail:
| | - Luisa Ikner
- Department of Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Miaomiao Liu
- Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan E-mail:
| | - Hiroyuki Katayama
- Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan E-mail:
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Eifan S, Maniah K, Nour I, Hanif A, Yassin MT, Al-Ashkar I, Abid I. Pepper Mild Mottle Virus as a Potential Indicator of Fecal Contamination in Influents of Wastewater Treatment Plants in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11041038. [PMID: 37110461 PMCID: PMC10144068 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11041038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Several indicators of fecal pollution in water resources are continuously monitored for their reliability and, of particular interest, their correlation to human enteric viruses-not justified by traditional bacterial indicators. Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) has recently been proposed as a successful viral surrogate of human waterborne viruses; however, in Saudi Arabia there are no available data in terms of its prevalence and concentration in water bodies. The concentration of PMMoV in three different wastewater treatment plants (King Saud University (KSU), Manfoha (MN), and Embassy (EMB) wastewater treatment plants (WWTP)) was measured using qRT-PCR during a one-year period and compared to the human adenovirus (HAdV), which is highly persistent and considered an indicator for viral-mediated fecal contamination. PMMoV was found in ~94% of the entire wastewater samples (91.6-100%), with concentrations ranging from 62 to 3.5 × 107 genome copies/l (GC/l). However, HAdV was detected in 75% of raw water samples (~67-83%). The HAdV concentration ranged between 1.29 × 103 GC/L and 1.26 × 107 GC/L. Higher positive correlation between PMMoV and HAdV concentrations was detected at MN-WWTP (r = 0.6148) than at EMB-WWTP (r = 0.207). Despite the lack of PMMoV and HAdV seasonality, a higher positive correlation (r = 0.918) of PMMoV to HAdV was recorded at KSU-WWTP in comparison to EMB-WWTP (r = 0.6401) around the different seasons. Furthermore, meteorological factors showed no significant influence on PMMoV concentrations (p > 0.05), thus supporting the use of PMMoV as a possible fecal indicator of wastewater contamination and associated public health issues, particularly at MN-WWTP. However, a continuous monitoring of the PMMoV distribution pattern and concentration in other aquatic environments, as well as its correlation to other significant human enteric viruses, is essential for ensuring its reliability and reproducibility as a fecal pollution indicator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh Eifan
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Maniah
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Islam Nour
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Atif Hanif
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Taha Yassin
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim Al-Ashkar
- Department of Plant Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Islem Abid
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Al-Hazmi HE, Shokrani H, Shokrani A, Jabbour K, Abida O, Mousavi Khadem SS, Habibzadeh S, Sonawane SH, Saeb MR, Bonilla-Petriciolet A, Badawi M. Recent advances in aqueous virus removal technologies. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 305:135441. [PMID: 35764113 PMCID: PMC9233172 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 outbreak has triggered a massive research, but still urgent detection and treatment of this virus seems a public concern. The spread of viruses in aqueous environments underlined efficient virus treatment processes as a hot challenge. This review critically and comprehensively enables identifying and classifying advanced biochemical, membrane-based and disinfection processes for effective treatment of virus-contaminated water and wastewater. Understanding the functions of individual and combined/multi-stage processes in terms of manufacturing and economical parameters makes this contribution a different story from available review papers. Moreover, this review discusses challenges of combining biochemical, membrane and disinfection processes for synergistic treatment of viruses in order to reduce the dissemination of waterborne diseases. Certainly, the combination technologies are proactive in minimizing and restraining the outbreaks of the virus. It emphasizes the importance of health authorities to confront the outbreaks of unknown viruses in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein E Al-Hazmi
- Department of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdańsk University of Technology, Ul. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Hanieh Shokrani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Ave., Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Shokrani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Ave., Tehran, Iran
| | - Karam Jabbour
- College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Kuwait
| | - Otman Abida
- College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Kuwait
| | | | - Sajjad Habibzadeh
- Surface Reaction and Advanced Energy Materials Laboratory, Chemical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Shirish H Sonawane
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal, 506004, Telangana, India
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Michael Badawi
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques LPCT UMR CNRS, 7019, Nancy, France.
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7
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Effects of varying flux and transmembrane pressure conditions during ceramic ultrafiltration on the infectivity and retention of MS2 bacteriophages. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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8
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Kuo D, Sakamoto T, Torii S, Liu M, Katayama H, Kato T. Removal of viruses from their cocktail solution by liquid-crystalline water-treatment membranes. Polym J 2022; 54:821-825. [PMID: 35311245 PMCID: PMC8919176 DOI: 10.1038/s41428-022-00631-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Liquid-crystalline (LC) water-treatment membranes obtained by in situ photopolymerization of ionic mesogenic monomers have been shown to efficiently remove viruses. In our previous works, bicontinuous cubic (Cubbi) and smectic (Sm) LC membranes prepared from ionic taper- and rod-shaped polymerizable mesogens, respectively, were used for this purpose. Here, we report the results of virus removal by columnar (Col) LC water-treatment membranes having ionic nanochannels obtained from ionic taper-shaped mesogens. These effects are compared with those obtained for Cubbi membranes. The effects of these Col and Cubbi LC ionic membranes on the removal of several viruses from their cocktail solution are also examined. Nanostructured polymer membranes were prepared from ionic liquid-crystalline (LC) monomers with taper-shaped mesogens. The virus removal properties of the ionic 1D channels prepared from a columnar (Col) LC phase were examined. In addition, as the first approach for LC membranes, the removal of several viruses from their cocktail solution by the 1D channels of Col membrane and 3D channels of bicontinuous cubic membrane was also studied. ![]()
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9
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Shoults DC, Li Q, Petterson S, Rudko SP, Dlusskaya L, Leifels M, Scott C, Schlosser C, Ashbolt NJ. Pathogen performance testing of a natural swimming pool using a cocktail of microbiological surrogates and QMRA-derived management goals. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2021; 19:629-641. [PMID: 34371499 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2021.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, natural swimming pools (NSPs) have gained popularity in Europe, especially in Germany and Austria. NSPs differ from swimming pools in that they utilize biological treatment processes based on wetland processes with no disinfection residual. However, data are missing on the specific log-reduction performance of NSPs to address enteric virus, bacteria, and parasitic protozoa removal considered necessary to meet the North American risk-based benchmark (<35 illnesses per 1,000 swimming events) set by the USEPA for voluntary swimming. In this study, we examined Canada's first NSP at Borden Park, Edmonton, Canada, to address the following three questions: (1) Given normal faecal shedding rates by bathers, what is the total log reduction (TLR) theoretically needed to meet the EPA benchmark? (2) what is the in-situ performance of the NSP based on spiking suitable microbial surrogates (MS2 coliphage, Enterococcus faecalis, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae [Baker's yeast])? and (3) how much time is required to reach acceptable bather risk levels under different representative volume-turnover rates? A reverse-quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) revealed that of the four reference pathogens selected (Norovirus, Campylobacter, Cryptosporidium, and Giardia), only Norovirus was estimated to exceed the risk benchmark at the 50th, 75th, and 95th percentiles, while Campylobacter was the only other reference pathogen to exceed at the 95th percentile. Log-reduction values (LRVs) were similar to previous reports for bacterial indicators, and novel LRVs were estimated for the other two surrogates. A key finding was that more than 24 h treatment time would be necessary to provide acceptable bather protection following heavy bather use (378 bathers/day for main pool and 26 bathers/day for children's pool), due to the mixing dynamics of the treated water diluting out possible residual pool faecal contamination. The theoretical maximum number of people in the pool per day to be below USEPA's 35 gastro cases in 1,000 swimming events was 113, 47, and 8, at the 50th, 75th, and 95th percentiles. Further, the use of ultra-violet disinfection to the pool return flow had little effect on reducing the treatment time required.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Shoults
- Centre for Water Resources Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Qiaozhi Li
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G7, Canada E-mail:
| | - Susan Petterson
- Water & Health Pty Ltd, North Sydney, NSW 2060, Australia; School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Sydney P Rudko
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G7, Canada E-mail:
| | - Lena Dlusskaya
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G7, Canada E-mail:
| | - Mats Leifels
- Singapore Centre of Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Canada
| | - Candis Scott
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G7, Canada E-mail:
| | - Cyndi Schlosser
- Borden Park, City of Edmonton, Edmonton, Alberta T5B 4W8, Canada
| | - Nicholas J Ashbolt
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G7, Canada E-mail: ; Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, East Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia
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Nour I, Hanif A, Alanazi F, Zakri AM, Al-Ashkar I, Alhetheel A, Eifan S. Evaluation of three different concentration and extraction methods for recovery efficiency of human adenovirus and human rotavirus virus A. J Virol Methods 2021; 295:114212. [PMID: 34126107 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Routine wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) effluents monitoring is essential because of enteric viruses' low infectious dose beyond molecular detectability. In current study methods for concentration and extraction, inter-method compatibility and recovery efficiency of spiked human adenovirus (HAdV) and human rotavirus A (RVA) were evaluated. For virus concentration, polyethylene glycol precipitation (PEG), charged membrane-based adsorption/elution (CMAE), and glass wool-based concentration (GW) methods were used. Nucleic acid was extracted by PowerViral™ Environmental RNA/DNA Isolation (POW), ZymoBIOMICS™ RNA extraction (ZYMO) and Wizard® Genomic DNA Purification (WGDP) and samples were analyzed by Real-Time PCR. CMAE method yielded significantly higher concentrations for both ARQ (Armored-RNA Quant) and RVA compared to PEG (P = 0.001 and 0.003) and GW (P < 0.0001). Highest HAdV concentration was obtained by PEG (P = 0.001 and < 0.0001) in relation to CMAE and GW. ZYMO yielded a significantly higher ARQ and RVA concentrations (P = 0.03 and 0.0057), whereas significantly higher concentration was obtained by POW for HAdV (P = 0.032). CMAE × ZYMO achieved the highest recovery efficiencies for ARQ (69.77 %) and RVA (64.25, respectively, while PEG × POW present efficiency of 9.7 % for HAdV. These findings provide guidance for understanding of method-related biases for viral recovery efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam Nour
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Atif Hanif
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Fahd Alanazi
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel M Zakri
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Plant Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim Al-Ashkar
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Plant Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulkarim Alhetheel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh Eifan
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
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11
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Bonanno Ferraro G, Suffredini E, Mancini P, Veneri C, Iaconelli M, Bonadonna L, Montagna MT, De Giglio O, La Rosa G. Pepper Mild Mottle Virus as Indicator of Pollution: Assessment of Prevalence and Concentration in Different Water Environments in Italy. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2021; 13:117-125. [PMID: 33432501 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-020-09458-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), a plant pathogenic virus belonging to the family Virgoviridae, has been proposed as a potential viral indicator for human faecal pollution in aquatic environments. The present study investigated the occurrence, amount and diversity of PMMoV in water environments in Italy. A total of 254 water samples, collected between 2017 and 2019 from different types of water, were analysed. In detail, 92 raw sewage, 32 treated sewage, 16 river samples, 9 estuarine waters, 20 bathing waters, 67 groundwater samples and 18 drinking waters were tested. PMMoV was detected in 79% and 75% of untreated and treated sewage samples, respectively, 75% of river samples, 67% and 25% of estuarine and bathing waters and 13% of groundwater samples. No positive was detected in drinking water. The geometric mean of viral concentrations (genome copies/L) was ranked as follows: raw sewage (2.2 × 106) > treated sewage (2.9 × 105) > river waters (6.1 × 102) > estuarine waters (4.8 × 102) > bathing waters (8.5 × 101) > groundwater (5.9 × 101). A statistically significant variation of viral loads could be observed between raw and treated sewage and between these and all the other water matrices. PMMoV occurrence and viral loads did not display seasonal variation in raw sewage nor correlation with faecal indicator bacteria in marine waters and groundwater. This study represents the first report on the occurrence and quantification PMMoV in different water environments in Italy. Further studies are required to evaluate the suitability of PMMoV as a viral indicator for human faecal pollution and for viral pathogens in waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bonanno Ferraro
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - E Suffredini
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - P Mancini
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - C Veneri
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - M Iaconelli
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - L Bonadonna
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - M T Montagna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Section of Hygiene, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - O De Giglio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Section of Hygiene, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - G La Rosa
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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Filipić A, Dobnik D, Tušek Žnidarič M, Žegura B, Štern A, Primc G, Mozetič M, Ravnikar M, Žel J, Gutierrez Aguirre I. Inactivation of Pepper Mild Mottle Virus in Water by Cold Atmospheric Plasma. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:618209. [PMID: 33584622 PMCID: PMC7877120 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.618209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Water scarcity is one of the greatest threats for human survival and quality of life, and this is increasingly contributing to the risk of human, animal and plant infections due to waterborne viruses. Viruses are transmitted through polluted water, where they can survive and cause infections even at low concentrations. Plant viruses from the genus Tobamovirus are highly mechanically transmissible, and cause considerable damage to important crops, such as tomato. The release of infective tobamoviruses into environmental waters has been reported, with the consequent risk for arid regions, where these waters are used for irrigation. Virus inactivation in water is thus very important and cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) is emerging in this field as an efficient, safe, and sustainable alternative to classic waterborne virus inactivation methods. In the present study we evaluated CAP-mediated inactivation of pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) in water samples. PMMoV is a very resilient water-transmissible tobamovirus that can survive transit through the human digestive tract. The efficiency of PMMoV inactivation was characterized for infectivity and virion integrity, and at the genome level, using test plant infectivity assays, transmission electron microscopy, and molecular methods, respectively. Additionally, the safety of CAP treatment was determined by testing the cytotoxic and genotoxic properties of CAP-treated water on the HepG2 cell line. 5-min treatment with CAP was sufficient to inactivate PMMoV without introducing any cytotoxic or genotoxic effects in the in-vitro cell model system. These data on inactivation of such stable waterborne virus, PMMoV, will encourage further examination of CAP as an alternative for treatment of potable and irrigation waters, and even for other water sources, with emphasis on inactivation of various viruses including enteric viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arijana Filipić
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - David Dobnik
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Magda Tušek Žnidarič
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bojana Žegura
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alja Štern
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Primc
- Department of Surface Engineering, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miran Mozetič
- Department of Surface Engineering, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Ravnikar
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - Jana Žel
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ion Gutierrez Aguirre
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Montagna MT, De Giglio O, Calia C, Pousis C, Triggiano F, Murgolo S, De Ceglie C, Bagordo F, Apollonio F, Diella G, Narracci M, Acquaviva MI, Ferraro GB, Mancini P, Veneri C, Brigida S, Grassi T, De Donno A, Di Iaconi C, Caputo MC, Cavallo RA, La Rosa G, Mascolo G. Microbiological and Chemical Assessment of Wastewater Discharged by Infiltration Trenches in Fractured and Karstified Limestone (SCA.Re.S. Project 2019-2020). Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9121010. [PMID: 33266323 PMCID: PMC7759865 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9121010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the environmental contamination of groundwater as a consequence of the discharge of treated wastewater into the soil. The investigation focused on a wastewater treatment plant located in an area fractured by karst in the Salento peninsula (Apulia, Italy). Water samples were collected at four sites (raw wastewater, treated wastewater, infiltration trench, and monitoring well), monthly from May to December 2019 (with the exception of August), and were tested for (1) panel of bacteria; (2) enteric viruses; and (3) chemical substances. A gradual reduction in the concentration of bacteria, viruses and contaminants of emerging concern was observed across the profile of soil fissured by karst. All monitored bacteria were absent from the monitoring well, except for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Pepper mild mottle virus and adenovirus were detected at all sampling sites. Personal care products and X-ray contrast media showed the greatest decrease in concentration from infiltration trench to the monitoring well, while the highest residual concentrations in the monitoring well were found for anticonvulsants (78.5%), antimicrobials (41.3%), and antipsychotic drugs (38.6%). Our results show that parameters provided by current law may not always be sufficient to evaluate the sanitary risk relating to the discharge of treated wastewater to the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Montagna
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; (M.T.M.); (C.C.); (C.P.); (F.T.); (F.A.); (G.D.)
| | - Osvalda De Giglio
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; (M.T.M.); (C.C.); (C.P.); (F.T.); (F.A.); (G.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-080-5478476
| | - Carla Calia
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; (M.T.M.); (C.C.); (C.P.); (F.T.); (F.A.); (G.D.)
| | - Chrysovalentinos Pousis
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; (M.T.M.); (C.C.); (C.P.); (F.T.); (F.A.); (G.D.)
| | - Francesco Triggiano
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; (M.T.M.); (C.C.); (C.P.); (F.T.); (F.A.); (G.D.)
| | - Sapia Murgolo
- National Research Council (CNR), Water Research Institute (IRSA), via F. De Blasio, 5, 70132 Bari, Italy; (S.M.); (C.D.C.); (S.B.); (C.D.I.); (M.C.C.); (G.M.)
| | - Cristina De Ceglie
- National Research Council (CNR), Water Research Institute (IRSA), via F. De Blasio, 5, 70132 Bari, Italy; (S.M.); (C.D.C.); (S.B.); (C.D.I.); (M.C.C.); (G.M.)
| | - Francesco Bagordo
- Laboratory of Hygiene, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Monteroni, 165, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (F.B.); (T.G.); (A.D.D.)
| | - Francesca Apollonio
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; (M.T.M.); (C.C.); (C.P.); (F.T.); (F.A.); (G.D.)
| | - Giusy Diella
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; (M.T.M.); (C.C.); (C.P.); (F.T.); (F.A.); (G.D.)
| | - Marcella Narracci
- National Research Council (CNR), Water Research Institute (IRSA), S.S. di Taranto, via Roma 3, 74123 Taranto, Italy; (M.N.); (M.I.A.); (R.A.C.)
| | - Maria Immacolata Acquaviva
- National Research Council (CNR), Water Research Institute (IRSA), S.S. di Taranto, via Roma 3, 74123 Taranto, Italy; (M.N.); (M.I.A.); (R.A.C.)
| | - Giusy Bonanno Ferraro
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.B.F.); (P.M.); (C.V.); (G.L.R.)
| | - Pamela Mancini
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.B.F.); (P.M.); (C.V.); (G.L.R.)
| | - Carolina Veneri
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.B.F.); (P.M.); (C.V.); (G.L.R.)
| | - Silvia Brigida
- National Research Council (CNR), Water Research Institute (IRSA), via F. De Blasio, 5, 70132 Bari, Italy; (S.M.); (C.D.C.); (S.B.); (C.D.I.); (M.C.C.); (G.M.)
| | - Tiziana Grassi
- Laboratory of Hygiene, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Monteroni, 165, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (F.B.); (T.G.); (A.D.D.)
| | - Antonella De Donno
- Laboratory of Hygiene, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Monteroni, 165, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (F.B.); (T.G.); (A.D.D.)
| | - Claudio Di Iaconi
- National Research Council (CNR), Water Research Institute (IRSA), via F. De Blasio, 5, 70132 Bari, Italy; (S.M.); (C.D.C.); (S.B.); (C.D.I.); (M.C.C.); (G.M.)
| | - Maria Clementina Caputo
- National Research Council (CNR), Water Research Institute (IRSA), via F. De Blasio, 5, 70132 Bari, Italy; (S.M.); (C.D.C.); (S.B.); (C.D.I.); (M.C.C.); (G.M.)
| | - Rosa Anna Cavallo
- National Research Council (CNR), Water Research Institute (IRSA), S.S. di Taranto, via Roma 3, 74123 Taranto, Italy; (M.N.); (M.I.A.); (R.A.C.)
| | - Giuseppina La Rosa
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.B.F.); (P.M.); (C.V.); (G.L.R.)
| | - Giuseppe Mascolo
- National Research Council (CNR), Water Research Institute (IRSA), via F. De Blasio, 5, 70132 Bari, Italy; (S.M.); (C.D.C.); (S.B.); (C.D.I.); (M.C.C.); (G.M.)
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Torii S, Hashimoto T, Do AT, Furumai H, Katayama H. Repeated pressurization as a potential cause of deterioration in virus removal by aged reverse osmosis membrane used in households. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 695:133814. [PMID: 31421339 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Reverse osmosis (RO) membrane is widely used for household water treatment in areas with limited access to safe drinking water; however, some studies documented deterioration in the quality of RO permeate. Repeated pressurization from intermittent operation in households is suspected to have an adverse effect on RO. This study aimed to evaluate virus removal by RO used in actual households as well as the water quality of permeate, and to elucidate the main cause of RO deterioration. We conducted a survey in households in Hanoi, Vietnam, to collect 27 membranes along with their usage history, where virus removal was investigated in laboratory. Of the used RO membranes, 22% did not show the protective level, >3 log10 (99.9%) virus removal, recommended by World Health Organization. The differences in virus removal among Aichi virus, MS2 and φX-174 were <0.5 log10. All membranes with estimated pressurization times of <4000 showed >3 log10 virus removal, while 17% of membranes used for <3years, the manufacturers' warranty period, did not achieve the criterion. Therefore, virus removal performance may not be assured even if the users replace the membrane following the warranty period. Furthermore, more pressurized membranes exhibited significantly lower virus removal than less pressurized ones, suggesting a major role of repeated pressurization in the deterioration of RO. Coliforms were detected from 44% of the permeate of the point-of-use devices applying RO (RO-POU), raising concerns on the extrinsic contamination and regrowth of bacteria. Consequently, RO in households may deteriorate more rapidly than the manufactures' expectation due to repeated pressurization. RO in households should be replaced based on not only membrane age but also total pressurized times (i.e., 4000 times) to keep the protective level of virus removal. The deteriorated bacterial quality in RO permeate suggested the need for installing post-treatment, such as UV irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Torii
- Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Takashi Hashimoto
- Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - An Thuan Do
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Environment, Thuy Loi University, 175 Tay Son, Dong Da, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Hiroaki Furumai
- Research Center for Water Environment Technology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Katayama
- Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Hamza H, Rizk NM, Gad MA, Hamza IA. Pepper mild mottle virus in wastewater in Egypt: a potential indicator of wastewater pollution and the efficiency of the treatment process. Arch Virol 2019; 164:2707-2713. [PMID: 31456085 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04383-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that the fecal indicator bacteria that are routinely used for testing water quality are inadequate for ensuring protection of the public health. Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) has recently been suggested as an alternative indicator of human fecal contamination in water; however, in Egypt there are no data available about its occurrence and concentration in aquatic environment. The concentration of PMMoV in the influent and effluent of three wastewater treatment plants was measured using qRT-PCR over a period of one year and compared to that of human adenovirus (HAdV), which is considered an indicator for human fecal contamination. PMMoV was detected in ~ 94% of the influent samples and 78% of the effluent samples, with concentrations ranging from 3.9 × 104 to 3.3 × 108 genome copies/l (GC/l) in the influent and 3.9 × 104 to 1.2 × 107 GC/l in the effluent. Similarly, HAdV was identified in 88% and 78% of the influent and effluent samples, respectively. The HAdV concentration ranged between 1.5 × 104 and 1.5 × 107 GC/l for the influent and 2.6 × 104 and 4.4 × 106 GC/l for the effluent. No significant difference was found between the removal ratio of PMMoV and HAdV. Viral reduction of 0.2-1.9 log10 and 0.2- 2.3 log10 by the treatment process was observed for PMMoV and HAdV, respectively. Both viruses showed no clear seasonality. Our data support the use of PMMoV as a fecal indicator of wastewater contamination and a process indicator for the performance of the treatment process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazem Hamza
- Environmental Virology Laboratory, Department of Water Pollution Research, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Neveen Magdy Rizk
- Environmental Virology Laboratory, Department of Water Pollution Research, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Afw Gad
- Environmental Virology Laboratory, Department of Water Pollution Research, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim Ahmed Hamza
- Environmental Virology Laboratory, Department of Water Pollution Research, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt.
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16
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Lee S, Tasaki S, Hata A, Yamashita N, Tanaka H. Evaluation of virus reduction at a large-scale wastewater reclamation plant by detection of indigenous F-specific RNA bacteriophage genotypes. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2019; 40:2527-2537. [PMID: 29471753 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2018.1444675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Evaluating the reduction of virus load in water reclamation plants is important to ensuring the hygienic safety of the reclaimed water. A virus-spiking test is usually used to estimate virus reduction but is not practicable at large-scale plants. Thus, we evaluated virus reduction by ultrafiltration (UF) plus ultraviolet (UV) irradiation at a large-scale reclamation plant (1000 m3/d) by quantifying indigenous F-specific RNA bacteriophages (FRNAPHs). To detect the infectious FRNAPH, we used both plaque assay and integrated culture-reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction combined with the most probable number assay, which can detect infectious FRNAPH genotypes. For comparison, we determined reductions of indigenous FRNAPHs and spiked MS2 at a small-scale pilot plant (10 m3/d) at the same time. Reductions by UF were not significantly different among the bacteriophages at pilot plants. This result suggests that indigenous bacteriophages could be used for evaluating virus reduction by UF at large-scale plants. Indigenous Genotype I (GI) FRNAPH showed the highest UV resistance, followed by GII, GIII, and GIV. The resistance of GI-FRNAPH was equivalent to that of spiked MS2. The reduction of the total infectious FRNAPHs determined by plaque assay was affected by the predominant FRNAPH genotype, presumably because of their different UV resistances. Our results reveal that indigenous GI-FRNAPH can be a good alternative indicator to spiked MS2 in view of virus reduction during water reclamation. The reclaimed water from our large-scale reclamation plant could be used for irrigation because the expected reduction (6.3 log10) of indigenous GI-FRNAPH achieved the Title 22 (>5 log10).
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Affiliation(s)
- Suntae Lee
- a Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University , Otsu , Japan
| | - Shota Tasaki
- a Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University , Otsu , Japan
| | - Akihiko Hata
- a Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University , Otsu , Japan
| | - Naoyuki Yamashita
- a Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University , Otsu , Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tanaka
- a Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University , Otsu , Japan
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17
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Lee S, Yamashita N, Tanaka H. How Fiber Breakage Reduces Microorganism Removal in Ultrafiltration for Wastewater Reclamation. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2019; 11:167-177. [PMID: 30756312 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-019-09372-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafiltration (UF) membranes are increasingly being used for wastewater reclamation treatment for their high removal of pathogens and suspended solids. However, breakage of UF membrane fibers could allow leakage of pathogens into the permeate and create health risks in the use of reclaimed water. Here, we assessed the log10 reduction value (LRV) of human enteric viruses and microbial indicators of new and aged UF modules in a pilot-scale UF process to evaluate the influence of fiber breakage. Norovirus genotypes I and II, Aichi virus, and Escherichia coli were not detected in any permeate samples of intact UF modules, but were detected in samples of damaged UF modules. LRVs of all microorganisms assayed decreased as fiber breakage of new UF modules increased, with maximum decreases of > 3.3 log10. Fiber breakage in the aged UF modules did not decrease LRVs of somatic coliphages and MS2, but breakage in the new UF modules did decrease them. Intact new UF modules gave higher LRVs than intact aged UF modules. When the LRV of intact UF module was assumed to be 1 or 2 log10, increasing fiber breakage did not significantly decrease the predicted LRV, but when it was ≥ 3 log10, it did decrease LRV, in good agreement with measured LRVs in the degraded UF modules. These results suggest that the LRV of intact UF modules affects the decrease in LRV and confirm the leakage of human enteric viruses following fiber breakage in UF modules of different ages in the UF process of wastewater reclamation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suntae Lee
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga, 520-0811, Japan.
- Innovative Materials and Resources Research Center, Public Works Research Institute, 1-6 Minamihara, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8516, Japan.
| | - Naoyuki Yamashita
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga, 520-0811, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tanaka
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga, 520-0811, Japan
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18
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Gyawali P, Croucher D, Ahmed W, Devane M, Hewitt J. Evaluation of pepper mild mottle virus as an indicator of human faecal pollution in shellfish and growing waters. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 154:370-376. [PMID: 30822597 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Bivalve molluscan shellfish grown in areas impacted by human faecal pollution are at risk of being contaminated with multiple enteric viruses. To minimise the public health risks associated with shellfish consumption, determining the presence of faecal contamination in shellfish and their growing waters is crucial. In this study, we evaluated the use of pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) as an indicator of human faecal contamination in oysters, mussels, cockles and shellfish growing waters in New Zealand. Using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) the presence, and where applicable, the concentration of PMMoV was determined in faeces from 11 different animal species, influent (untreated) wastewater, shellfish and shellfish growing waters. Non-human faecal samples (from seagull, Canada goose, black swan and dog) were RT-qPCR positive for PMMoV. The faecal source specificity of PMMoV was 0.83 (maximum value of 1) when 'detected but not quantifiable' (DNQ) values were used. However, when 'lower limit of quantification' (LLOQ) values were used, the specificity increased to 0.92. The PMMoV concentration in influent wastewater (n = 10) ranged from 6.3 to 7.7 log10 genome copies (GC)/L with a mean (±standard deviation) of 7.1 ± 0.5 log10 GC/L. The overall occurrence of PMMoV in shellfish and shellfish growing waters from four different areas was 46/51 (90%) and 29/52 (56%), respectively. Of the cockles collected from an area known to be impacted by effluent wastewater, 14/14 (100%) contained PMMoV concentrations above the LLOQ. In contrast, only 13/37 (35%) shellfish and 6/52 (11.5%) growing water samples collected from three areas with low anthropogenic impact contained PMMoV concentrations above the LLOQ. The high concentration of PMMoV in influent wastewater indicates that PMMoV may be a promising indicator of human faecal contamination. The presence of PMMoV in shellfish and growing waters with a low anthropogenic impact may be of avian origin, and this needs to be considered if using PMMoV for monitoring shellfish and shellfish growing water quality in New Zealand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradip Gyawali
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd (ESR), Porirua, 5240, New Zealand.
| | - Dawn Croucher
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd (ESR), Porirua, 5240, New Zealand
| | - Warish Ahmed
- CSIRO Land and Water, Ecosciences Precinct, Queensland, 4102, Australia
| | - Megan Devane
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd (ESR), Christchurch, 8041, New Zealand
| | - Joanne Hewitt
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd (ESR), Porirua, 5240, New Zealand
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19
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Symonds EM, Rosario K, Breitbart M. Pepper mild mottle virus: Agricultural menace turned effective tool for microbial water quality monitoring and assessing (waste)water treatment technologies. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007639. [PMID: 30998781 PMCID: PMC6472819 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Erin M. Symonds
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, Saint Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
| | - Karyna Rosario
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, Saint Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
| | - Mya Breitbart
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, Saint Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
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20
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Prado T, de Castro Bruni A, Barbosa MRF, Garcia SC, Moreno LZ, Sato MIZ. Noroviruses in raw sewage, secondary effluents and reclaimed water produced by sand-anthracite filters and membrane bioreactor/reverse osmosis system. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 646:427-437. [PMID: 30056231 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The importance of noroviruses (NoVs) in the epidemiology of waterborne diseases has increased globally in the last decades. The present study aimed to monitor genogroup I and II noroviruses in different treatment stages of four wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in the metropolitan São Paulo. WWTPs consist of secondary (activated sludge) and tertiary treatments (coagulation, sand-anthracite filters, membrane bioreactor (MBR)/reverse osmosis (RO) and chlorination). Raw sewage (500mL) and treated effluents (1L) were concentrated by celite and reclaimed water (40L) by hollow-fiber ultrafiltration system. Quantitative (qPCR) and nested PCR with nucleotide sequencing were used for quantification and molecular characterization. NoVs were widely distributed in raw wastewater samples (83.3%-100% NoV GI and 91.6%-100% NoV GII) and viral loads varied from 3.8 to 6.66log10gcL-1 for NoV GI and 3.8 to 7.3log10gcL-1 for NoV GII. Mean virus removal efficiencies obtained for activated sludge processes ranged from 0.3 to 0.8 log10 for NoV GI and 0.4 to 1.4 log10 for NoV GII. NoVs were not detected in the reuse water produced by MBR/RO system, while sand-anthracite filters resulted in a NoV GI and GII decay of 1.1-1.6 log10 and 0.7-1.6 log10, respectively. A variety of genotypes (GI.2, GI.3a, GI.3b, GI.5, GII.1, GII.4 Sydney 2012, GII.5, GII.6, GII.17) was observed, with a predominance of GI.2 and GII.17 in the different genogroups. These results corroborate with recent data about the entry and dissemination of the emerging genotype GII.P17-GII.17 Kawasaki 2014 in the country, and may indicate a change in the epidemiological patterns of norovirus strains circulation in this region. This is the first large-scale study to evaluate burden and genotypes of noroviruses in WWTPs in Brazil, providing a rapid diagnosis of viruses circulating in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Prado
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Division of Microbiology and Parasitology, Environmental Company of the São Paulo State (CETESB), Av. Prof. Frederico Hermann Jr., 345, São Paulo, SP 05459-900, Brazil.
| | - Antônio de Castro Bruni
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Division of Microbiology and Parasitology, Environmental Company of the São Paulo State (CETESB), Av. Prof. Frederico Hermann Jr., 345, São Paulo, SP 05459-900, Brazil
| | - Mikaela Renata Funada Barbosa
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Division of Microbiology and Parasitology, Environmental Company of the São Paulo State (CETESB), Av. Prof. Frederico Hermann Jr., 345, São Paulo, SP 05459-900, Brazil
| | - Suzi Cristina Garcia
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Division of Microbiology and Parasitology, Environmental Company of the São Paulo State (CETESB), Av. Prof. Frederico Hermann Jr., 345, São Paulo, SP 05459-900, Brazil
| | - Luisa Zanolli Moreno
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Maria Inês Zanoli Sato
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Division of Microbiology and Parasitology, Environmental Company of the São Paulo State (CETESB), Av. Prof. Frederico Hermann Jr., 345, São Paulo, SP 05459-900, Brazil
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Symonds EM, Nguyen KH, Harwood VJ, Breitbart M. Pepper mild mottle virus: A plant pathogen with a greater purpose in (waste)water treatment development and public health management. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 144:1-12. [PMID: 30005176 PMCID: PMC6162155 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.06.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
An enteric virus surrogate and reliable domestic wastewater tracer is needed to manage microbial quality of food and water as (waste)water reuse becomes more prevalent in response to population growth, urbanization, and climate change. Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), a plant pathogen found at high concentrations in domestic wastewater, is a promising surrogate for enteric viruses that has been incorporated into over 29 water- and food-related microbial quality and technology investigations around the world. This review consolidates the available literature from across disciplines to provide guidance on the utility of PMMoV as either an enteric virus surrogate and/or domestic wastewater marker in various situations. Synthesis of the available research supports PMMoV as a useful enteric virus process indicator since its high concentrations in source water allow for identifying the extent of virus log-reductions in field, pilot, and full-scale (waste)water treatment systems. PMMoV reduction levels during many forms of wastewater treatment were less than or equal to the reduction of other viruses, suggesting this virus can serve as an enteric virus surrogate when evaluating new treatment technologies. PMMoV excels as an index virus for enteric viruses in environmental waters exposed to untreated domestic wastewater because it was detected more frequently and in higher concentrations than other human viruses in groundwater (72.2%) and surface waters (freshwater, 94.5% and coastal, 72.2%), with pathogen co-detection rates as high as 72.3%. Additionally, PMMoV is an important microbial source tracking marker, most appropriately associated with untreated domestic wastewater, where its pooled-specificity is 90% and pooled-sensitivity is 100%, as opposed to human feces where its pooled-sensitivity is only 11.3%. A limited number of studies have also suggested that PMMoV may be a useful index virus for enteric viruses in monitoring the microbial quality of fresh produce and shellfish, but further research is needed on these topics. Finally, future work is needed to fill in knowledge gaps regarding PMMoV's global specificity and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Symonds
- University of South Florida, College of Marine Science, 140 7th Avenue South, St. Petersburg, FL, USA.
| | - Karena H Nguyen
- University of South Florida, Department of Integrative Biology, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL, USA.
| | - V J Harwood
- University of South Florida, Department of Integrative Biology, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL, USA.
| | - M Breitbart
- University of South Florida, College of Marine Science, 140 7th Avenue South, St. Petersburg, FL, USA.
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