Staging systems of hepatocellular carcinoma: A review

SEOM-GEMCAD-TTD clinical guidelines for the management of hepatocarcinoma patients (2023)

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary malignancy in the liver and is the third cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Surveillance with abdominal ultrasound should be offered to individuals at high risk for developing HCC. Accurate diagnosis, staging, and liver function are crucial when determining the optimal therapeutic approach. The BCLC staging system is widely endorsed in Western countries. Managing this pathology requires a multidisciplinary, personalized approach, generally with a multimodal strategy. Surgery remains the only curative option, albeit local and systemic therapy may also increase survival when surgery is not suitable. In advanced disease, systemic treatment should be offered to patients with ECOG/PS 0-1 and Child-Pugh class A.

Targeting the p53-p21 axis in liver cancer: Linking cellular senescence to tumor suppression and progression

Liver cancer is a major health epidemic worldwide, mainly due to its high mortality rates and limited treatment options. The association of cellular senescence to tumorigenesis and the cancer hallmarks remains a subject of interest in cancer biology. The p53-p21 signalling axis is an important regulator in restoring the cell's balance by supporting tumor suppression and tumorigenesis in liver cancer. We review the novel molecular mechanisms that p53 and its downstream effector, p21, employ to induce cellular senescence, making it last longer, and halt the proliferation of damaged hepatocytes to become tumorous cells. We also examine how dysregulation of this pathway contributes to HCC pathogenesis, proliferation, survival, acquired resistance to apoptosis, and increased invasiveness. Furthermore, we comprehensively describe the molecular cross-talk between the p53-p21 signalling axis and major cell cycle signalling pathways, including Wnt/β-catenin, PI3K/Akt, and TGF-β in liver cancer and provide an overview of promising candidates for chemoprevention and future therapeutic strategies. This review article explores the roles of the p53-p21 pathway in liver cancer, examining its function in promoting cellular senescence under normal conditions and its potential role in cancer progression. It also highlights novel therapeutic drugs and drug targets within the pathway and discusses the implications for treatment strategies and prognosis in liver cancer.

HN1-mediated activation of lipogenesis through Akt-SREBP signaling promotes hepatocellular carcinoma cell proliferation and metastasis

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, with more than 800,000 deaths each year, and its 5-year survival rate is less than 12%. The role of the HN1 gene in HCC has remained elusive, despite its upregulation in various cancer types. In our investigation, we identified HN1's heightened expression in HCC tissues, which, upon overexpression, fosters cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, unveiling its role as an oncogene in HCC. In addition, silencing HN1 diminished the viability and metastasis of HCC cells, whereas HN1 overexpression stimulated their growth and invasion. Gene expression profiling revealed HN1 silencing downregulated 379 genes and upregulated 130 genes, and suppressive proteins associated with the lipogenic signaling pathway networks. Notably, suppressing HN1 markedly decreased the expression levels of SREBP1 and SREBP2, whereas elevating HN1 had the converse effect. This dual modulation of HN1 affected lipid formation, hindering it upon HN1 silencing and promoting it upon HN1 overexpression. Moreover, HN1 triggers the Akt pathway, fostering tumorigenesis via SREBP1-mediated lipogenesis and silencing HN1 effectively curbed HCC tumor growth in mouse xenograft models by deactivating SREBP-1, emphasizing the potential of HN1 as a therapeutic target, impacting both external and internal factors, it holds promise as an effective therapeutic strategy for HCC.

Establishment of a clinical model based on vessels encapsulating tumour clusters that could efficiently predict recurrence of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma after curative hepatectomy

According to previous studies, vessels encapsulating tumour clusters (VETC) could promote metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in a manner independent from epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). However, the prognostic significance of VETC among patients undergoing curative hepatectomy has not been fully explored. This study was performed to assess the prognostic significance of VETC among patients with HCC undergoing curative hepatectomy. A total of 81 patients were included in this study. A predictive model based on VETC was established, then this model was compared with the American Joint Committee on Cancer, Tumor Node Metastasis (AJCC TNM) stage and Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) system. It was revealed by multivariate Cox regression analysis that a high neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) [p=0.013, hazard ratio (HR)=6.175, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.468-25.977], number of tumours (p<0.001, HR=4.119, 95% CI 1.886-8.995) and VETC positivity (p=0.010, HR=2.440, 95% CI 1.235-4.821) were independent predictive factors for disease-free survival (DFS). Additionally, by Kaplan-Meier analysis, we revealed that VETC positivity was associated with worse DFS (p=0.018). The clinical predictive model combining the NLR, number of tumours, and VETC was compared with AJCC TNM stage and BCLC classification system by performing time-dependent receiver operating curve (td-ROC) analysis, revealing that the clinical predictive model was superior to AJCC TNM stage and BCLC system at different timepoints. Additionally, we demonstrated that the clinical model could well predict DFS by plotting calibration curves. VETC could be utilised as an efficient prognostic factor for HCC and the clinical predictive model combining the NLR, number of tumours, and VETC was superior to AJCC TNM stage and BCLC system in predicting cancer recurrence.

Mass spectrometry-based multi-omics analysis reveals distinct molecular features in early and advanced stages of hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is a serious primary solid tumor that is prevalent worldwide. Due to its high mortality rate, it is crucial to explore both early diagnosis and advanced treatment for HCC. In recent years, multi-omics approaches have emerged as promising tools to identify biomarkers and investigate molecular mechanisms of biological processes and diseases. In this study, we performed proteomics, phosphoproteomics, metabolomics, and lipidomics to reveal the molecular features of early- and advanced-stage HCC. The data obtained from these omics were analyzed separately and then integrated to provide a comprehensive understanding of the disease. The multi-omics results unveiled intricate biological pathways and interaction networks underlying the initiation and progression of HCC. Moreover, we proposed specific potential biomarker panels for both early- and advanced-stage HCC by overlapping our data with CPTAC database for HCC diagnosis, and deduced novel insights and mechanisms related to HCC origination and development, such as glucose depletion during tumor progression, ROCK1 deactivation and GSK3A activation.

Cho W, Yang YJ, Azarian M, Shafiee Ardestani M, Nasiri N, Ramezani Farani M, Huh YS. Nanomedicine Strategies Utilizing Lipid-Based Nanoparticles for Liver Cancer Therapy: Exploring Signaling Pathways and Therapeutic Modalities

Liver cancer, specifically hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths, following pancreatic cancer. The 5-year overall survival rate for HCC remains relatively low. Currently, there are multiple treatment options available for HCC, including systemic drugs, minimally invasive local therapies such as radiofrequency ablation, transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), and arterial radioembolization (TARE), as well as surgical interventions like liver resection or transplantation. However, the effectiveness of drug delivery to the cancerous liver is hindered by pathophysiological changes in the organ. In order to address this challenge, lipid-based nanoparticles (LNPs) have emerged as promising platforms for delivering a diverse range of therapeutic drugs. LNPs offer various structural configurations that enhance their physical stability and enable them to accommodate different types of cargo with varying mechanical properties and degrees of hydrophobicity. In this article, we provide a comprehensive review of the current applications of LNPs in the development of anti-HCC therapies. By examining the existing research, we aim to shed light on the potential future directions and advancements in this field.

Apelin (APLN) is a biomarker contributing to the diagnosis and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma

Liver cancer, classified as a malignant hepatic tumor, can be divided into two categories: primary, originating within the liver, and secondary, resulting from metastasis to the liver from other organs. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the main form of primary liver cancer and the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths. The diagnosis and prognosis of HCC using current methods still face numerous challenges. This study aims to develop novel diagnostic and prognostic models while identifying new biomarkers for improved HCC treatment. Diagnostic and prognostic models for HCC were constructed using traditional binary classification methods and machine learning algorithms based on the TCGA database (Downloaded in August 2023). The mechanisms by which APLN (Apelin) affects HCC were investigated using single-cell sequencing data sourced from the GEO database (GSE149614). The diagnostic models yielded by various algorithms could effectively distinguished HCC samples from normal ones. The prognostic model, composed of four genes, was constructed using LASSO and Cox regression algorithms, demonstrating good performance in predicting the three-year survival rate of HCC patients. The HCC biomarker Apelin (APLN) was identified in this study. APLN in liver cancer tissues mainly comes from endothelial cells and is associated with the carcinogenesis of these cells. APLN expression is significantly upregulated in liver cancer tissues, marking it as a viable indicator of endothelial cell malignancy in HCC. Furthermore, APLN expression was determined to be an independent predictor of tumor endothelial cell carcinogenesis, unaffected by its modifications such as single nucleotide variation, copy number variation, and methylation. Additionally, liver cancers characterized by high APLN expression are likely to progress rapidly after T2 stage. Our study presents diagnostic and prognostic models for HCC with appreciably improved accuracy and reliability compared to previous reports. APLN is a reliable HCC biomarker and contributes to the establishment of our models.

An Overview of Cancer Biology, Pathophysiological Development and It's Treatment Modalities: Current Challenges of Cancer anti-Angiogenic Therapy

A number of conditions and factors can cause the transformation of normal cells in the body into malignant tissue by changing the normal functions of a wide range of regulatory, apoptotic, and signal transduction pathways. Despite the current deficiency in fully understanding the mechanism of cancer action accurately and clearly, numerous genes and proteins that are causally involved in the initiation, progression, and metastasis of cancer have been identified. But due to the lack of space and the abundance of details on this complex topic, we have emphasized here more recent advances in our understanding of the principles implied tumor cell transformation, development, invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Inhibition of angiogenesis is a significant strategy for the treatment of various solid tumors, that essentially depend on cutting or at least limiting the supply of blood to micro-regions of tumors, leading to pan-hypoxia and pan-necrosis inside solid tumor tissues. Researchers have continued to enhance the efficiency of anti-angiogenic drugs over the past two decades, to identify their potential in the drug interaction, and to discover reasonable interpretations for possible resistance to treatment. In this review, we have discussed an overview of cancer history and recent methods use in cancer therapy, focusing on anti-angiogenic inhibitors targeting angiogenesis formation. Further, this review has explained the molecular mechanism of action of these anti-angiogenic inhibitors in various tumor types and their limitations use. In addition, we described the synergistic mechanisms of immunotherapy and anti-angiogenic therapy and summarizes current clinical trials of these combinations. Many phase III trials found that combining immunotherapy and anti-angiogenic therapy improved survival. Therefore, targeting the source supply of cancer cells to grow and spread with new anti-angiogenic agents in combination with different conventional therapy is a novel method to reduce cancer progression. The aim of this paper is to overview the varying concepts of cancer focusing on mechanisms involved in tumor angiogenesis and provide an overview of the recent trends in anti-angiogenic strategies for cancer therapy.

Prognostic Indicators of Overall Survival in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients Undergoing Liver Resection

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the predominant form of primary liver cancer and the third contributor to malignancy-related deaths worldwide. The hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG), transient elastography-liver stiffness measurement (TE-LSM), and the association between TBS (tumor burden score), alpha-fetoprotein levels, and the Child-Pugh classification (TAC score) can serve as valuable prognostic indicators for these patients. Therefore, the main objective of our research was to analyze the prognostic value of the HVPG, TE-LSM, TBS, and TAC scores. An observational and survival study was conducted on 144 subjects. Our findings indicated that HVPG greater than 10 mmHg, AFP surpassing 400 ng/mL, an advanced C-P class, and low TAC score are independent predictors of overall survival. During the multivariate analysis, AFP serum levels and C-P class proved statistically significant. The present study revealed significant differences in overall survival between the two groups divided upon HVPG values and settled by the cutoff of 10 mmHg (p = 0.02). Moreover, by dividing the cohort into three groups based on the TAC score (very low, low, and moderate), statistically significant differences in overall survival were observed across the groups (p = 0.004).

Nanoquercetin and Extracellular Vesicles as Potential Anticancer Therapeutics in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Despite world-class sophisticated technologies, robotics, artificial intelligence, and machine learning approaches, cancer-associated mortalities and morbidities have shown continuous increments posing a healthcare burden. Drug-based interventions were associated with systemic toxicities and several limitations. Natural bioactive compounds derived nanoformulations, especially nanoquercetin (nQ), are alternative options to overcome drug-associated limitations. Moreover, the EVs-based cargo targeted delivery of nQ can have enormous potential in treating hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). EVs-based nQ delivery synergistically regulates and dysregulates several pathways, including NF-κB, p53, JAK/STAT, MAPK, Wnt/β-catenin, and PI3K/AKT, along with PBX3/ERK1/2/CDK2, and miRNAs intonation. Furthermore, discoveries on possible checkpoints of anticancer signaling pathways were studied, which might lead to the development of modified EVs infused with nQ for the development of innovative treatments for HCC. In this work, we abridged the control of such signaling systems using a synergetic strategy with EVs and nQ. The governing roles of extracellular vesicles controlling the expression of miRNAs were investigated, particularly in relation to HCC.

A nomogram based on 4-lncRNAs signature for improving prognostic prediction of hepatocellular carcinoma

PURPOSE

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) with abnormal expression are frequently seen in hepatocellular cancer patients (HCC). Previous studies have reported the correlation between lncRNA and prognosis processes of HCC patients. In this research, a graphical nomogram with lncRNAs signatures, T, M phases was developed using the rms R package to estimate the survival rates of HCC patients in year 1, 3, and 5.

METHODS

To find the prognostic lncRNA and create the lncRNA signatures, univariate Cox survival analysis and multivariate Cox regression analysis were chosen. The rms R software package was used to build a graphical nomogram based on lncRNAs signatures to predict the survival rates in of HCC patients in 1, 3, and 5 years. Using "edgeR", "DEseq" R packages to find the differentially expressed genes (DEGs).

RESULTS

Firstly, a total of 5581 DEGs including 1526 lncRNAs and 3109 mRNAs were identified through bioinformatic analysis, of which 4 lncRNAs (LINC00578, RP11-298O21.2, RP11-383H13.1, RP11-440G9.1) were identified to be strongly related to the prognosis of liver cancer (P < 0.05). Moreover, we constructed a 4-lncRNAs signature by using the calculated regression coefficient. 4-lncRNAs signature is identified to significantly correlated with clinical and pathological characteristics (such as T stage, and death status of HCC patients).

CONCLUSIONS

A prognostic nomogram on the base of 4-lncRNAs markers was built, which is capable to accurately predict the 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year survival of HCC patients after the construction of the 4-lncRNAs signature linked with prognosis of HCC.

Efficacy Analysis of PTCD + TACE vs PTCD + Apatinib in the Treatment of HCC with Obstructive Jaundice: A Retrospective Study

PURPOSE

The aim was to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of PTCD combined with TACE in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma with obstructive jaundice and to compare the efficacy of TACE in patients with different levels of bilirubin after PTCD.

METHODS

The clinical data of 141 patients with HCC complicated with obstructive jaundice were analyzed retrospectively. The patients underwent PTCD first. When the total bilirubin decreased, the patients received TACE or Apatinib treatment. They were divided into two groups: (1) PTCD+TACE group, N=68; (2) PTCD+Apatinib group, N=73.

RESULTS

The PTCD+TACE group had higher ORR and DCR than the PTCD+Apatinib group (57.4% vs 12.3%, p < 0.001; 80.9% vs 60.3%, p = 0.010). The mPFS of the PTCD+TACE group was longer than that of the PTCD+Apatinib group (7.1 months vs 3.8 months, p < 0.001). The mOS of the PTCD+TACE group was longer than that of the PTCD+Apatinib group(11.5 months vs 7.7 months, p < 0.001). In the subgroup analysis of the PTCD+TACE group, the results showed that the survival benefits of the groups with total bilirubin <2 times and 2-3 times were greater.

CONCLUSION

In patients with HCC and obstructive jaundice, superselective TACE(lipiodol+epirubicin emulsion) significantly prolonged OS and PFS compared with Apatinib after using PTCD to reduce total bilirubin to <100 μmol/L. Patients whose total bilirubin dropped to .3 times of the upper limit of normal value after PTCD had longer OS and PFS than patients >3 times.

CK2B is a Prognostic Biomarker and a Potential Drug Target for Hepatocellular Carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Although casein kinase II subunit beta (CK2B) was previously reported to be involved in human cancers, such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), there has been no systematic assessment of CK2B in HCC.

OBJECTIVE

To assess the potential function of CK2B as a prognostic biomarker and possible druggable target in HCC.

METHODS

The Cancer Genome Atlas database was accessed to investigate the potential oncogenic and prognostic roles of CK2B in HCC. Diverse analytical methods were used to obtain a fuller understanding of CK2B, including CIBERSORT, The Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER), gene set enrichment analyses (GSEA), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and gene ontology (GO). Furthermore, the Comparative Toxicogenomic Database (CTD) was used to identify potential drugs to treat CK2B-overexpressing HCC. Patents for these drugs were reviewed using Patentscope® and Worldwide Espacenet®.

RESULTS

Upregulated CK2B expression was markedly associated with more aggressive pathological features, including G3, G4 (vs. G1, G2), and T2, T3 (vs. T1). Kaplan-Meier survival curves indicated that patients with HCC with higher expression of CK2B had worse overall survival (P = 0.005), progression-free interval (P = 0.001), and disease-specific survival (P = 0.011). GO and KEGG analysis revealed that CK2B dysregulation affects mitotic chromosome condensation, protein stabilization and binding, regulation of signal transduction of p53 class mediator, and cancer-related pathways. GSEA identified six well-known pathways, including MAPK, WNT, Hedgehog, and TGFβ signaling pathways. Finally, CTD identified six compounds that might represent targeted drugs to treat HCC with CK2B overexpression. A review of patents indicated these compounds showed promising anticancer results; however, whether CK2B interacts with these drugs and improves drug outcomes for patients with HCC was not confirmed.

CONCLUSION

CK2B is a biomarker for HCC prognosis and could be a potential new drug target. Moreover, the association between infiltrating immune cells and CK2B in the HCC tumor microenvironment might provide a solid basis for further investigation and a potent strategy for immunotherapy of HCC.

An integrative view on glucagon function and putative role in the progression of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (pNETs) and hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC)

Cancer metabolism research area evolved greatly, however, is still unknown the impact of systemic metabolism control and diet on cancer. It makes sense that systemic regulators of metabolism can act directly on cancer cells and activate signalling, prompting metabolic remodelling needed to sustain cancer cell survival, tumour growth and disease progression. In the present review, we describe the main glucagon functions in the control of glycaemia and of metabolic pathways overall. Furthermore, an integrative view on how glucagon and related signalling pathways can contribute for pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (pNETs) and hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) progression, since pancreas and liver are the major organs exposed to higher levels of glucagon, pancreas as a producer and liver as a scavenger. The main objective is to bring to discussion some glucagon-dependent mechanisms by presenting an integrative view on microenvironmental and systemic aspects in pNETs and HCC biology.

Hepatocellular Carcinoma from a Hepatologist's Perspective

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common type of primary liver cancer, represents a growing health challenge worldwide. The incidence of HCC is rising, which, in turn, has led to a corresponding increase in the associated number of deaths. HCC will become the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States by 2030. HCC usually develops in the setting of chronic liver disease. Individuals at increased risk of HCC are recommended to undergo surveillance with ultrasound every 6 months along with serum α-fetoprotein testing. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are considered alternatives based on specific patient factors. Lesions suspicious for HCC are recommended to undergo a diagnostic testing, which includes contrast-enhanced multiphase CT or MRI and liver biopsy when findings are indeterminate. The Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer prognosis and treatment strategy is the most used assessment for patients with HCC ( Fig. 2 ). Curative therapies include resection, liver transplantation, and ablation. Locoregional therapies, such as transarterial chemoembolization and radioembolization, can be used for patients with intermediate-stage HCC. For patients with advanced-stage HCC, systemic therapy is often used. This review aims to provide an overview of HCC from a hepatologist's perspective, including epidemiology, screening, surveillance, diagnosis, and management.

Monocytes subsets altered distribution and dysregulated plasma hsa-miR-21-5p and hsa-miR-155-5p in HCV-linked liver cirrhosis progression to hepatocellular carcinoma

PURPOSE

The authors aim to investigate the altered monocytes subsets distribution in liver cirrhosis (LC) and subsequent hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in association with the expression level of plasma Homo sapiens (has)-miR-21-5p and hsa-miR-155-5p. A step toward non-protein coding (nc) RNA precision medicine based on the immune perturbation manifested as altered monocytes distribution, on top of LC and HCC.

METHODS

Seventy-nine patients diagnosed with chronic hepatitis C virus (CHCV) infection with LC were enrolled in the current study. Patients were sub-classified into LC group without HCC (n = 40), LC with HCC (n = 39), and 15 apparently healthy controls. Monocyte subsets frequencies were assessed by flow cytometry. Real-time quantitative PCR was used to measure plasma hsa-miR-21-5p and hsa-miR-155-5p expression.

RESULTS

Hsa-miR-21-5p correlated with intermediate monocytes (r = 0.30, p = 0.007), while hsa-miR-155-5p negatively correlated with non-classical monocytes (r = - 0.316, p = 0.005). ROC curve analysis revealed that combining intermediate monocytes frequency and hsa-miR-21 yielded sensitivity = 79.5%, specificity = 75%, and AUC = 0.84. In comparison, AFP yielded a lower sensitivity = 69% and 100% specificity with AUC = 0.85. Logistic regression analysis proved that up-regulation of intermediate monocytes frequency and hsa-miR-21-5p were independent risk factors for LC progression to HCC, after adjustment for co-founders.

CONCLUSION

Monocyte subsets differentiation in HCC was linked to hsa-miR-21-5p and hsa-miR-155-5p. Combined up-regulation of intermediate monocytes frequency and hsa-miR-21-5p expression could be considered a sensitive indicator of LC progression to HCC. Circulating intermediate monocytes and hsa-miR-21-5p were independent risk factors for HCC evolution, clinically and in silico proved.

KIAA1429 facilitates progression of hepatocellular carcinoma by modulating m6A levels in HPN

Background

Most N6-methyladenosine (m6A)-associated modulatory proteins are involved in the pathogenesis of various cancers. The roles of m6A-related genes in liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC) and the associated mechanisms remain unknown.

Methods

GEO and GEPIA2 databases were used to identify the m6A modification-related genes which were differentially expressed in LIHC and adjacent non-tumor tissues, and quantitative PCR was used to evaluate the expression of KIAA1429, a major m6A methyltransferase, in LIHC cells. The effect of KIAA1429 on the malignant phenotypes of LIHC cells was evaluated in vitro. The UALCAN, GEPIA, and GEO databases and western blotting assays were used to identify the target genes of KIAA1429.

Results

KIAA1429 expression was markedly elevated in LIHC tissues, and patients with LIHC who had high KIAA1429 expression had a worse prognosis than those who had low expression. KIAA1429 silencing attenuated LIHC metastasis and proliferation. KIAA142 regulates m6A levels in HPN to intensify LIHC progression.

Conclusion

Our study suggests a KIAA1429-HPN modulatory model based on m6A modifications, that offers insights into the occurrence and development of LIHC.

Diagnosis and monitoring of hepatocellular carcinoma in Hepatitis C virus patients using attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

BACKGROUND

Current diagnostic methods for assessment of hepatitis C virus related hepatocellular carcinoma and subsequent categorization of hepatocellular carcinoma into non-angio-invasive hepatocellular carcinoma and angio-invasive hepatocellular carcinoma, to establish appropriate treatment strategies, are costly, invasive and requires multiple screening steps. This demands alternative diagnostic approaches that are cost-effective, time-efficient, and minimally invasive, while maintaining their efficacy for screening of hepatitis c virus related hepatocellular carcinoma. In this study, we propose that attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared in conjunction with principal component analysis - linear discriminant analysis and support vector machine multivariate algorithms holds a potential as a sensitive tool for the detection of hepatitis C virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma and the subsequent categorization of hepatocellular carcinoma into non-angio-invasive hepatocellular carcinoma and angio-invasive hepatocellular carcinoma.

METHODS

Freeze-dried sera samples collected from 31 hepatitis c virus related hepatocellular carcinoma patients and 30 healthy individuals, were used to acquire mid-infrared absorbance spectra (3500-900 cm-1) using attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared. Chemometric machine learning techniques were utilized to build principal component analysis - linear discriminant analysis and support vector machine discriminant models for the spectral data of hepatocellular carcinoma patients and healthy individuals. Sensitivity, specificity, and external validation on blind samples were calculated.

RESULTS

Major variations were observed in the two spectral regions i.e., 3500-2800 and 1800-900 cm-1. IR spectral signatures of hepatocellular carcinoma were reliably different from healthy individuals. Principal component analysis - linear discriminant analysis and support vector machine models computed 100% accuracy for diagnosing hepatocellular carcinoma. To classify the non-angio-invasive hepatocellular carcinoma/ angio-invasive hepatocellular carcinoma status, diagnostic accuracy of 86.21% was achieved for principal component analysis - linear discriminant analysis. While the support vector machine showed a training accuracy of 98.28% and a cross-validation accuracy of 82.75%. External validation for support vector machine based classification observed 100% sensitivity and specificity for accurately classifying the freeze-dried sera samples for all categories.

CONCLUSIONS

We present the specific spectral signatures for non-angio-invasive hepatocellular carcinoma and angio-invasive hepatocellular carcinoma, which were prominently differentiated from healthy individuals. This study provides an initial insight into the potential of attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared to diagnose hepatitis C virus related hepatocellular carcinoma but also to further categorize into non-angio-invasive and angio-invasive hepatocellular carcinoma.

Assessment of prognostic role of a novel 7-lncRNA signature in HCC patients

Background

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is characterized by extensive risk factors, high morbidity and mortality. Clinical prognostic evaluation assay assumes a nonspecific quality. Better HCC prognostics are urgently needed. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) exerts a crucial role in tumorigenesis and development. Excavating specific lncRNAs signature to ameliorate the high-risk survival prediction in HCC patients is worthwhile.

Methods

Differentially expressed lncRNAs (DElncRNAs) profile was acquired from The Cancer Genome Atlas database (TCGA). Then, the lncRNAs high-risk survival prognostic model was established using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO)-Cox regression algorithm. The lncRNAs were evaluated in clinical specimen by PCR. The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis was further conducted to assess the potential prognostic value of the model. Moreover, a visible nomogram containing clinicopathological features and prognostic model was developed for prediction of survival property. Potential molecular mechanism was assessed by GO, KEGG, GSEA enrichment analysis and CIBERSORT immune infiltration analysis.

Results

A novel 7-lncRNA risk model (AL161937.2, LINC01063, AC145207.5, POLH-AS1, LNCSRLR, MKLN1-AS, AC105345.1) was constructed and validated for HCC prognosis prediction. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that patients in the high-risk group suffered a poor prognosis (p = 1.813 × 10^-8). These genes were detected by PCR, and the expression trend was in accordance with TCGA database. Interestingly, the risk score served as an independent risk factor for HCC patients (HR: 1.166, 95% CI:1.119-1.214, p < 0.001). The nomogram was established, and the predictive accuracy in the nomogram was prior to the TNM stage according to the ROC curve analysis. Cell proliferation related pathway, decreased CD4⁺ T cell, CD8⁺ T cell, NK cell and elevated Neutrophil, Macrophage M0 were observed in high-risk group. Besides, suppression of MKLN1-AS expression inhibited cell proliferation of HCC cells by CCK8 assay in vitro.

Conclusion

The 7-lncRNA signature may exert a particular prognostic prediction role in HCC and provide new insight in HCC carcinogenesis.

Prognostic impact of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase to platelets ratio on hepatocellular carcinoma patients who have undergone surgery: a meta-analysis and systematic review

Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase to platelet ratio (GPR) is an inflammatory index and has been used as a prognostic index for a variety of tumors. However, the association between GPR and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) still remained controversial. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis to determine the prognostic impact of GPR on HCC patients. PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Database, Chinese VIP Database, the US Clinical Trials Registry, and the Chinese Clinical Trials Registry were searched from inception to December 2022. A hazard ratio (HR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to evaluate the association between preoperative GPR and the prognosis of HCC patients. Ten cohort studies including 4706 HCC patients were identified. This meta-analysis showed that higher GPRs were closely related to worse overall survival (HR: 1.79; 95% CI: 1.35-2.39; P < 0.001; I2 = 82.7%), recurrence-free survival (HR: 1.30; 95% CI: 1.16-1.46; P < 0.001; I2 = 0%), and disease-free survival (HR: 1.84; 95% CI: 1.58-2.15; P < 0.001; I2 = 25.4%) in patients with HCC. This meta-analysis suggests that preoperative GPR appears to be significantly associated with the prognosis of HCC patients who have undergone surgery and may be an effective prognostic marker. Trial registration: PROSPERO: CRD42021296219.

Efficacy and safety analysis of transarterial chemoembolization and transarterial radioembolization in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma descending hepatectomy

BACKGROUND

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors in the world, which is seriously threatening the lives of patients. Due to the rapid development of the disease, patients were in the middle and advanced stages at the time of diagnosis and missed the best time for treatment. With the development of minimally invasive medicine, interventional therapy for advanced HCC has achieved promising results. Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) and transarterial radioembolization (TARE) are currently recognized as effective treatments. This study aimed to investigate the clinical value and safety of TACE alone and combined with TACE in the treatment of progression in patients with advanced HCC and to find a breakthrough for the early diagnosis and treatment of patients with advanced HCC.

AIM

To investigate the efficacy and safety of hepatic TACE and TARE in advanced descending hepatectomy.

METHODS

In this study, 218 patients with advanced HCC who were treated in the Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital from May 2016 to May 2021 were collected. Of the patients, 119 served as the control group and received hepatic TACE, 99 served as the observation group and were treated with hepatic TACE combined with TARE. The patients in two groups were compared in terms of lesion inactivation, tumor nodule size, lipiodol deposition, serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) level in different periods, postoperative complications, 1-year survival rate, and clinical symptoms such as liver pain, fatigue, and abdominal distension, and adverse reactions such as nausea and vomiting.

RESULTS

The observation group and the control group had good efficacy in treatment efficiency, reduction of tumor nodules, reduction of postoperative AFP value, reduction of postoperative complications, and relief of clinical symptoms. In addition, compared with the control group, the treatment efficiency, reduction of tumor nodules, reduction of AFP value, reduction of postoperative complications, and relief of clinical symptoms in the observation group were better than those in the TACE group alone. Patients in the TACE + TARE group had a higher 1-year survival rate after surgery, lipiodol deposition was significantly increased and the extent of tumor necrosis was expanded. The overall incidence of adverse reactions in the TACE + TARE group was lower than that in the TACE group, and the difference had statistical significance (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Compared with TACE alone, TACE combined with TARE is more effective in the treatment of patients with advanced HCC. It also improves postoperative survival rate, reduces adverse effects, and has a better safety profile.

Liver diseases: Perspective from the Philippines

Liver diseases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality globally. In the Philippines, a lower middle-income country in Southeast Asia, liver diseases accounted for 27.3 cases per 1000 deaths. In this review, we discussed the prevalence, risk factors, and management of hepatitis B, hepatitis C and other viral hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, alcohol-associated liver disease, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The true burden of liver disease in the Philippines is likely underestimated due to limited epidemiological studies. Thus, surveillance of liver disease should be strengthened. Clinical practice guidelines tailored to the local needs of the country have been developed for important liver diseases. Multisectoral cooperation among different stakeholders is needed to manage the burden of liver disease in the Philippines.

A novel inflammasome-related gene nomogram predicts survival in hepatocellular carcinoma

Inflammasomes are closely associated with the progression of multiple cancers. We established an inflammasome-related gene (IRG)-based model to predict the survival of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The RNA-sequencing data and clinical information of HCC patients were downloaded from the cancer genome atlas-liver hepatocellular carcinoma database, and the differentially expressed inflammasome-related gene were screened. Seven prognostic differentially expressed inflammasome-related genes were identified by univariate Cox analysis and incorporated into the risk model using least absolute shrinkage and selection operator-Cox algorithm. The predictive accuracy of the risk model was evaluated through the Kaplan-Meier, receiver operating characteristic and Cox regression analyses. The performance of the model was verified in the International Cancer Genome Consortium-Liver Cancer - RIKEN, JP cohort. A nomogram was constructed to predict the 1-, 2-, 3- ,and 5-year survival of HCC patients, and its performance was evaluated using calibration curves. The significantly enriched gene ontology terms, Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes pathways and infiltrating immune cell populations associated with the IRG model were also analyzed to explore of the potential molecular mechanisms and immunotherapeutic targets. An independent and highly accurate prognostic model consisting of 7 IRGs was established and verified in 2 independent HCC cohorts. The IRG model was significantly associated with cell division and cell cycle. In addition, the high-risk group was more likely to have greater infiltration of immune cells and higher expression of immune checkpoint-related genes compared to the low-risk group. An IRG-based model was established to predict 1-, 2-, 3-, and 5-year survival rate in individual HCC patients, which provides new insights into the role of inflammasomes in HCC.

Diagnostic Significance of hsa-miR-21-5p, hsa-miR-192-5p, hsa-miR-155-5p, hsa-miR-199a-5p Panel and Ratios in Hepatocellular Carcinoma on Top of Liver Cirrhosis in HCV-Infected Patients

Early hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) diagnosis is challenging. Moreover, for patients with alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)-negative HCC, this challenge is augmented. MicroRNAs (miRs) profiles may serve as potential HCC molecular markers. We aimed to assess plasma homo sapiens-(hsa)-miR-21-5p, hsa-miR-155-5p, hsa-miR-192-5p, and hsa-miR-199a-5p-expression levels as a panel of biomarkers for HCC in chronic hepatitis C virus (CHCV) patients with liver cirrhosis (LC), especially AFP-negative HCC cases, as a step toward non-protein coding (nc) RNA precision medicine.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

79 patients enrolled with CHCV infection with LC, subclassified into an LC group without HCC (n = 40) and LC with HCC (n = 39). Real-time quantitative PCR was used to measure plasma hsa-miR-21-5p, hsa-miR-155-5p, hsa-miR-192-5p, and hsa-miR-199a-5p.

RESULTS

Plasma hsa-miR-21-5p and hsa-miR-155-5p demonstrated significant upregulation, while hsa-miR-199a-5p demonstrated significant downregulation in the HCC group (n = 39) when compared to the LC group (n = 40). hsa-miR-21-5p expression was positively correlated with serum AFP, insulin, and insulin resistance (r = 0.5, p < 0.001, r = 0.334, p = 0.01, and r = 0.303, p = 0.02, respectively). According to the ROC curves, for differentiating HCC from LC, combining AFP with each of hsa-miR-21-5p, hsa-miR-155-5p, and miR199a-5p improved the diagnostic sensitivity to 87%, 82%, and 84%, respectively, vs. 69% for AFP alone, with acceptable specificities of 77.5%, 77.5%, and 80%, respectively, and AUC = 0.89, 0.85, and 0.90, respectively vs. 0.85 for AFP alone. hsa-miR-21-5p/hsa-miR-199a-5p and hsa-miR-155-5p/hsa-miR-199a-5p ratios discriminated HCC from LC at AUC = 0.76 and 0.71, respectively, with sensitivities = 94% and 92% and specificities = 48% and 53%, respectively. Upregulation of plasma hsa-miR-21-5p was considered as an independent risk factor for HCC development [OR = 1.198(1.063-1.329), p = 0.002].

CONCLUSIONS

Combining each of hsa-miR-21-5p, hsa-miR-155-5p, and hsa-miR-199a-5p with AFP made it possible to identify HCC development in the LC patients' cohort with higher sensitivity than using AFP alone. hsa-miR-21-5p/hsa-miR-199a-5p and hsa-miR-155-5p/hsa-miR-199a-5p ratios are potential HCC molecular markers for AFP-negative HCC patients. hsa-miR-21-5p was linked, clinically and via in silico proof, to insulin metabolism, inflammation, dyslipidemia, and tumorigenesis in the HCC patients' group as well as for an upregulated independent risk factor for the emergence of HCC from LC in the CHCV patients.

Immunotherapy and the Combination with Targeted Therapies for Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma

One of the most important abilities of a tumor is to establish a state of immunosuppression inside the tumor microenvironment. This is made possible through numerous mechanisms of tumor immune escape that have been identified in experimental studies during the last decades. In addition, the hepatic microenvironment is commonly oriented towards a state of immune tolerance because the liver receives blood from the hepatic arteries and portal veins containing a variety of endogenous antigens. Therefore, the hepatic microenvironment establishes an autoimmune tolerance, preventing an autoimmune reaction in the liver. On this basis, hepatic tumor cells may escape the immune system, avoiding being recognized and destroyed by immune cells. Moreover, since the etiology of Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is often related to cirrhosis, and hepatitis B or C, this tumor develops in the context of chronic inflammation. Thus, the HCC microenvironment is characterized by important immune cell infiltration. Given these data and the poor prognosis of advanced HCC, different immunotherapeutic strategies have been developed and evaluated for these patients. In this review, we describe all the clinical applications of immunotherapy for advanced HCC, from the drugs that have already been approved to the ongoing clinical trials.

The role of NLRP3 inflammasome in hepatocellular carcinoma

Inflammasomes play an important role in innate immunity. As a signal platform, they deal with the excessive pathogenic products and cellular products related to stress and injury. So far, the best studied and most characteristic inflammasome is the NLR-family pyrin domain-containing protein 3(NLRP3) inflammasome, which is composed of NLRP3, apoptosis associated speck like protein (ASC) and pro-caspase-1. The formation of NLRP3 inflammasome complexes results in the activation of caspase-1, the maturation of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18, and pyroptosis. Many studies have demonstrated that NLRP3 inflammasome not only participates in tumorigenesis, but also plays a protective role in some cancers. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major cause of cancer-related mortality. Currently, due to the lack of effective treatment methods for HCC, the therapeutic effect of HCC has not been ideal. Therefore, it is particularly urgent to explore the pathogenesis of HCC and find its effective treatment methods. The increasing evidences indicate that NLRP3 inflammasome plays a vital role in HCC, however, the related mechanisms are not fully understood. Hence, we focused on the recent progress about the role of NLRP3 inflammasome in HCC, and analyzed the relevant mechanisms in detail to provide reference for the future in-depth researches.

SOCS2 protects against chemical-induced hepatocellular carcinoma progression by modulating inflammation and cell proliferation in the liver

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most prevalent and lethal cancers worldwide, but the precise intracellular mechanisms underlying the progression of this inflammation associated cancer are not well established. SOCS2 protein plays an important role in the carcinogenesis of different tumors by regulating cytokine signalling through the JAK/STAT axis. However, its role in HCC is unclear. Here, we investigate the role of SOCS2 in HCC progression and its potential as HCC biomarker. The effects of SOCS2 in HCC progression were evaluated in an experimental model of diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced HCC in C57BL/6 and SOCS2 deficient mice, in cultured hepatic cells, and in liver samples from HCC patients. Mice lacking SOCS2 showed higher liver tumor burden with increased malignancy grade, inflammation, fibrosis, and proliferation than their controls. Protein and gene expression analysis reported higher pSTAT5 and pSTAT3 activation, upregulation of different proteins involved in survival and proliferation, and increased levels of proinflammatory and pro-tumoral mediators in the absence of SOCS2. Clinically relevant, downregulated expression of SOCS2 was found in neoplasia from HCC patients compared to healthy liver tissue, correlating with the malignancy grade. In summary, our data show that lack of SOCS2 increases susceptibility to chemical-induced HCC and suggest the tumor suppressor role of this protein by regulating the oncogenic and inflammatory responses mediated by STAT5 and STAT3 in the liver. Hence, SOCS2 emerges as an attractive target molecule and potential biomarker to deepen in the study of HCC treatment.

A machine learning method for improving liver cancer staging

Liver cancer is a common malignant tumor, and its clinical stage is closely related to the clinical treatment and prognosis of patients. Currently, the BCLC staging system revised by the BCLC group of University of Barcelona is the globally recognized staging system for liver cancer. However, with the deepening of related research, the current staging system can no longer fully meet the clinical needs. In this work, we propose a novel machine learning method for constructing an automatic hepatocellular carcinoma staging model that incorporates far more clinical variables than any existing staging system. Our model is based on random survival forests, which generates a unique hazard function for each patient. B-splines are used to embed hazard functions into vectors in low-dimensional space and hierarchical clustering method groups similar patients to form staging cohorts. The resulting staging system significantly outperforms the BCLC system in terms of distinctiveness between patients in different stages.

Comprehensive Review of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in India: Current Challenges and Future Directions

There is not much information on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in India. Here, we review the existing data, available treatment choices, and future directions in HCC management. An extensive search was conducted through PubMed and MEDLINE for studies published between January 2000 and June 2022 on the epidemiology of HCC in India using the following key words: atezolizumab, BCLC staging, hepatocellular carcinoma, immune checkpoint inhibitors, immunotherapy, and programmed cell death ligand-1, with the filters humans and English language. The most frequent risk factors for the development of HCC in India include nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infection, liver cirrhosis, and alcohol intake. On the basis of new findings, the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) Staging Criteria need to be revised. As most cases in India are discovered at a later stage, curative treatments such as surgical resection, ablation, or liver transplantation may not be an option. Clinical trials are underway for a number of immune checkpoint drugs that target cytotoxic T-cell lymphocyte-4 and programmed cell death-1/programmed cell death-ligand 1. In India, phase III trials of atezolizumab in combination with other drugs are underway for the treatment of various malignancies. Renin angiotensin system inhibitors, antivirals, primary hepatocyte transplantation, and bioartificial liver devices are among the future options for the management of HCC. In developing countries like India, HCC is often diagnosed at an advanced stage because of a delay in routine testing or screening. Therefore, developing effective treatment regimens for such stages is critical. Immunotherapy is a promising treatment option that has the potential to increase overall response and survival rate.

Association between serum midkine levels and tumor size in Indonesian hepatocellular carcinoma patients: a cross-sectional study

Background: The incidence of liver cancer is increased worldwide with 75%–85% are diagnosed as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Current practice has low sensitivity limitations to diagnose the early stages of HCC, thus urging the need for a biomarker with higher sensitivity to detect HCC, specifically in the early stage. This study aimed to determine the association between Midkine levels and progressiveness of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), according to tumor size, Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC), and presence of portal venous thrombosis.

Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 100 patients in Adam Malik General Hospital diagnosed with HCC, collected with a consecutive sampling method, whose diagnosis were confirmed by findings of hypervascular on arterial phase imaging and portal vein or delayed phase washout triple-phase CT Scan. Samples are later categorized according to Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) stages, tumor size, and presence of portal venous thrombosis. Blood samples were drawn to measure serum Midkine using ELISA. Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests were conducted to determine the difference of Midkine levels based on tumor size, BCLC staging, and presence of portal venous thrombosis.

Results: Serum Midkine level shows a significant difference over tumor size (p=0.014), no significant difference found compared to BCLC stages and presence of portal venous thrombosis.

Conclusion: Serum Midkine levels are associated with the tumor size of HCC, thus helping physicians determine treatment plans.

Surgical Resection Is Superior to TACE in the Treatment of HCC in a Well Selected Cohort of BCLC-B Elderly Patients-A Retrospective Observational Study

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) usually develops in cirrhotic liver, with high recurrence rates. However, considering its increasing detection in non-cirrhotic liver, the choice of treatment assumes particular relevance. This study aimed to investigate outcomes of patients among BCLC stages and enrolled for surgical resection (SR) according to a more complex evaluation, to establish its safety and efficacy. A total of 186 selected HCC patients (median age 73.2 yrs), submitted to SR between January 2005 and January 2021, were retrospectively analyzed. Of which, 166 were staged 0, A, B according to the BCLC system, while 20 with a single large tumor (>5 cm) were classified as stage AB. No perioperative mortality was recorded; complications occurred in 48 (25.80%) patients, and all but two were Clavien−Dindo grade I−II. Median follow-up was 9.2 years. Subsequently, 162 recurrent patients (87,1%) were selected for new treatments. Comparable overall survival rates (OS) were observed at 1, 3, 5, and 10 years in 0, A, B and AB stages (p = 0.2). Eventually, the BCLC-B group was matched to 40 BCLC-B patients treated (2015-2021) with TACE. Significant differences in baseline characteristics (p <0.0001) and in OS were observed at 1 and 3 years (p <0.0001); a significant difference was also observed in oncological outcomes, in terms of the absence, residual, or relapse of disease (p <0.05). Surgery might be a valid treatment in HCC for patients affected by chronic liver disease in a condition of compensation, up to BCLC-B stage. Surgical indication for liver resection in case of HCC should be extensively revised.

Targeted Therapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Old and New Opportunities

Simple Summary

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most frequent primitive cancer of the liver, accounting for 90% of all recorded cases. HCC is the third most common cause of cancer-related death, with a 5-year survival rate of just 3%. In terms of the advanced stages, systemic treatments have allowed patients to achieve clinical benefits, although the prognosis remains very poor. In the past few decades, new molecular targeted therapies have been developed and clinically evaluated with interesting results. However, on the basis of the poor prognoses and the meager benefits deriving from the available systemic therapies, research into new treatments is extremely necessary. In this review, we focus on the available systemic therapies for advanced HCC, with a look toward the future.

Abstract

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most frequent primitive cancer of the liver, accounting for 90% of all recorded cases. HCC is the third most common cause of cancer-related death, with a 5-year survival rate of just 3%. In the advanced stages, systemic treatments allow doctors to obtain clinical benefits, although the prognosis remains very poor. In the past few decades, new molecular targeted therapies against receptor tyrosine kinases have been developed and clinically evaluated. Sorafenib was the first oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) approved for the treatment of advanced HCC in 2007. Subsequently, other TKIs, including Cabozantinib, Regorafenib, Lenvatinib, and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) inhibitors such as Ramucirumab and VEGF inhibitors such as Bevacizumab have been approved as first- or second-line treatments. More recently, the combination of immune checkpoint inhibitors and VEGF inhibitors (Atezolizumab plus Bevacizumab) have been analyzed and approved for the treatment of advanced HCC. On the basis of the poor prognoses and the meager benefits deriving from the available systemic therapies, research into new treatments is extremely necessary. In this review, we focus on the available systemic therapies for advanced HCC, with a look toward the future.

Developmental artificial neural network model to evaluate the preoperative safe limit of future liver remnant volume for HCC combined with clinically significant portal hypertension

Background & aims: Finding a way to comprehensively integrate the presence and grade of clinically significant portal hypertension, amount of preserved liver function and extent of hepatectomy into the guidelines for choosing appropriate candidates to hepatectomy remained challenging. This study sheds light on these issues to facilitate precise surgical decisions for clinicians. Methods: Independent risk factors associated with grade B/C post-hepatectomy liver failure were identified by stochastic forest algorithm and logistic regression in hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Results: The artificial neural network model was generated by integrating preoperative pre-ALB, prothrombin time, total bilirubin, AST, indocyanine green retention rate at 15 min, standard future liver remnant volume and clinically significant portal hypertension grade. In addition, stratification of patients into three risk groups emphasized significant distinctions in the risk of grade B/C post-hepatectomy liver failure. Conclusion: The authors' artificial neural network model could provide a reasonable therapeutic option for clinicians to select optimal candidates with clinically significant portal hypertension for hepatectomy and supplement the hepatocellular carcinoma surgical treatment algorithm.

LncRNA LINC00924 upregulates NDRG2 to inhibit epithelial-mesenchymal transition via sponging miR-6755-5p in hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a life-threatening cancer. Long noncoding RNAs participate in HBV-related HCC progression. Based on the bioinformatics analysis, LINC00924 downregulation is positively related to unfavorable outcomes in patients with HBV-related HCC. Herein, we detected the biological functions and regulatory system of LINC00924 in HCC. The LINC00924 downregulation in HBV-related HCC tissues and cells was revealed by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Functionally, as Transwell assays and western blotting indicated, LINC00924 elevation inhibited HCC cell invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The binding site between LINC00924 and miR-6755-5p was determined by luciferase reporter assays. miR-6755-5p was confirmed to target NDRG2. miR-6755-5p upregulation decreased NDRG2 messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels. The mRNA and protein levels of NDRG2 were downregulated in tissues and cells. NDRG2 knockdown attenuated the inhibition induced by LINC00924 overexpression on invasion and EMT of HCC cells. In summary, LINC00924 increases NDRG2 expression to inhibit EMT by targeting miR-6755-5p in HBV-related HCC.

Lamin B1 is a potential therapeutic target and prognostic biomarker for hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an aggressive malignancy. Previous studies have found that lamin B1 (LMNB1) contributes to the development of human cancers. However, the biological functions and prognostic values of LMNB1 in HCC have not been adequately elucidated. In our present research, the expression pattern of LMNB1 was analyzed. The prognostic values of LMNB1 were evaluated by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. The effects of LMNB1 on HCC progression were assessed by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), colony formation, wound healing, Transwell and in vivo xenograft assays. The mechanisms of LMNB1 in HCC progression were elucidated by gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and loss-of-function assays. Besides, a nomogram for predicting overall survival (OS) was constructed. The results demonstrated that LMNB1 was overexpressed in HCC and that increased LMNB1 expression predicted a dismal prognosis. Further experiments showed that LMNB1 facilitated cell proliferation and metastasis in HCC. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that LMNB1 modulated metastasis-associated biological functions such as focal adhesion, extracellular matrix, cell junctions and cell adhesion. Mechanistically, we revealed that LMNB1 promoted HCC progression by regulating the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Moreover, incorporating LMNB1, Ki67 and Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) stage into a nomogram showed better predictive accuracy than the Tumor-Node-Metastasis (TNM) stage and BCLC stage. In conclusion, LMNB1 may serve as an effective therapeutic target as well as a reliable prognostic biomarker for HCC.

Correlation of LAGE3 with unfavorable prognosis and promoting tumor development in HCC via PI3K/AKT/mTOR and Ras/RAF/MAPK pathways

Background

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common clinical malignancies quite susceptible to recurrence and metastasis. Despite several improvements in therapeutic approaches, the prognosis remains poor due to the limited treatment options. A bioinformatics analysis based on TCGA databases revealed that the recombinant human L antigen family member 3 (LAGE3) might function as an effective prognostic and diagnostic biomarker for HCC, as LAGE3, a protein-coding gene, maintains several important biological functions and has a physiological significance in the CTAG family while simultaneously being involved in regulating the occurrence and invasion of numerous types of tumors. However, the LAGE3 gene’s functional and regulatory mechanism in the progression of HCC remains unclear.

Methods

The LAGE3 level was investigated in 79 HCC tissues cases, ten HCC adjacent tissue cases, and six cases of normal liver tissues by IHC, while the LAGE3 level was evaluated in BEL-7404, SMCC-7721, Huh-7, HepG2, and MIHA cell lines by qRT-PCR and Western blot tests. Although the proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptotic abilities of HCC cells were measured in vitro after silencing assay to probe the role of LAGE3 in HCC cells, the tumor xenograft growth experiment was used to verify the in vivo effect of LAGE3 gene knockdown on the growth of HCC tumors combined with bioinformatics analysis to study the LAGE3 mechanisms regulating HCC proliferation.

Results

Our results implied that LAGE3 was extensively expressed in HCC cell lines like BEL-7404, SMCC-7721, and Huh-7 cells as well as HCC tissues, but a lower expression was observed in HepG2 cells. Additionally, LAGE3 restrains cellular proliferation, promotes apoptotic pathways in HCC cells, and inhibits the growth of HCC tumors in vivo. Lastly, it was stated that LAGE3 might promote tumor development in HCC via PI3K/AKT/mTOR and Ras/RAF/MAPK pathways.

Conclusion

This study shows that the development of specific LAGE3 target drugs might become new effective treatment modalities for HCC patients.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-022-09398-3.

Lipid based nanoparticles as a novel treatment modality for hepatocellular carcinoma: a comprehensive review on targeting and recent advances

Liver cancer is considered one of the deadliest diseases with one of the highest disease burdens worldwide. Among the different types of liver cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma is considered to be the most common type. Multiple conventional approaches are being used in treating hepatocellular carcinoma. Focusing on drug treatment, regular agents in conventional forms fail to achieve the intended clinical outcomes. In order to improve the treatment outcomes, utilizing nanoparticles-specifically lipid based nanoparticles-are considered to be one of the most promising approaches being set in motion. Multiple forms of lipid based nanoparticles exist including liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, microemulsion, nanoemulsion, phytosomes, lipid coated nanoparticles, and nanoassemblies. Multiple approaches are used to enhance the tumor uptake as well tumor specificity such as intratumoral injection, passive targeting, active targeting, and stimuli responsive nanoparticles. In this review, the effect of utilizing lipidic nanoparticles is being discussed as well as the different tumor uptake enhancement techniques used.

The novel circular RNA HIPK3 accelerates the proliferation and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma cells by sponging the micro RNA-124 or micro RNA-506/pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 2 axis

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been confirmed to be associated with the progression of various cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the role and mechanism of circHIPK3 in HCC are still unclear. To investigate its function, circHIPK3 expression was first determined by RT–qPCR in HCC tissues or cells. Functionally, cell proliferation and invasion were investigated by CCK-8, EdU, or Transwell assays. In terms of understanding the mechanism, the interaction of the circRNA HIPK3/micro RNA 124 (miRNA 124) or micro RNA 506 (miRNA506) /PDK2 regulatory loop was verified by dual-luciferase reporter gene assay. In addition, a xenograft tumor model was established to confirm the impact of circHIPK3 on the growth of HCC cells in vivo. We found that circHIPK3 was upregulated in HCC patients and associated with clinical characteristics, while miR-124 and miR-506 were downregulated in HCC patients. Additionally, we proved that knock down of circHIPK3 remarkably suppressed the proliferation and invasion of HCC cells. Mechanistically, circHIPK3 directly bound to miR-124 or miR-506 and inhibited their expression, and PDK2 was a target gene of miR-124 or miR-506. Moreover, circHIPK3 overexpression reversed the inhibitory effect of miR-124 or miR-506 on HCC progression. miR-124 or miR-506 could also suppress tumorigenesis of HCC cells by PDK2. Furthermore, in vivo evidence confirmed that knock down of circHIPK3 inhibited tumor formation. We suggest that circHIPK3 can accelerate the proliferation and invasion of HCC cells by sponging miR-124 or miR-506 to upregulate PDK2, which is the underlying mechanism of circHIPK3-induced HCC progression.

The Diagnostic Value of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound and Enhanced CT Combined with Tumor Markers AFP and CA199 in Liver Cancer

Background

Early screening and diagnosis are of great significance to the treatment and prognosis of patients with liver cancer. This study aims to explore the application value of contrast-enhanced ultrasound and enhanced CT combined with tumor markers alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and carbohydrate antigen 199 (CA199) in the diagnosis of liver cancer.

Methods

Liver cancer group (n = 256), benign disease group (n = 110), and control group (n = 50) participated in this study. The liver cancer and benign disease groups were diagnosed pathologically by contrast-enhanced ultrasound and enhanced CT before operation. The electrochemiluminescence method was used to detect the content of AFP and CA199. And the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn.

Results

The detection rate of contrast-enhanced ultrasound is higher than that of enhanced CT. Serum levels of AFP and CA199 in the liver cancer group were significantly higher than those in the benign lesion group and the control group. The ROC curve showed that the sensitivity, accuracy, and negative prediction rate of contrast-enhanced ultrasound and enhanced CT combined with tumor markers AFP and CA199 in the diagnosis of liver cancer were significantly higher than that of a single test.

Conclusion

The combined detection of contrast-enhanced ultrasound and enhanced CT, AFP, and CA199 significantly improved the sensitivity and accuracy of liver cancer diagnosis. It has a significant effect on the early diagnosis of liver cancer and can be used as an important means of early screening.

Tumor Size, Not Small Vessel Invasion, Predicts Survival in Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma

OBJECTIVES

The 8th edition American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been criticized for failing to stratify patients. We aimed to reassess and modify the tumor staging criteria for HCC.

METHODS

Three independent study cohorts were collected and analyzed.

RESULTS

The initial cohort consists of 103 patients with HCC. By Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, the 8th edition failed to distinguish between T1b and T2. Only tumor size and large vessel invasion, but not small vessel invasion or other histopathologic parameters, predicted HCC survival. We modified the T staging criteria by eliminating small vessel invasion while emphasizing tumor size in the middle categories (T2 and T3), which achieved more even distribution of cases and significantly improved risk stratifications (P < .001). This modification was then validated in a cohort of 250 consecutive patients from Mount Sinai Hospital and an online Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results data set comprising 9,685 patients, which showed similar results. Small vessel invasion was not an independent prognostic factor in either validation cohort.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study showed that tumor size, but not small vessel invasion, predicts survival in patients with HCC. We suggest incorporating our modified T staging criteria in future AJCC revisions.

Immunotherapies for hepatocellular carcinoma

Cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are rapidly rising. This is particularly the case in the Western world, as a result of increasing rates of chronic liver disease, secondary to lifestyle-associated risk factors and the lack of an established screening programme for the general population. Traditionally, radical/curative treatment options for HCC, including liver transplantation and surgical resection are reserved for the minority of patients, presenting with an early stage cancer. For patients with advanced disease, Sorafenib and Lenvatinib were, until recently, the only licensed systemic treatments, and provided only limited survival benefits at the cost of a multitude of potential side effects. Recent scientific advances in the field of cancer immunotherapy have renewed significant interest in advanced HCC, in order to fulfil this apparent area of unmet clinical need. This has led to the success and recent regulatory approval of an Atezolizumab/Bevacizumab combination for the first-line treatment of advanced HCC following results from the IMbrave150 clinical trial in 2019, with further immune checkpoint inhibitors currently undergoing testing in advanced clinical trials. Furthermore, other cancer immunotherapies, including chimeric antigen receptor T-cells, dendritic cell vaccines and oncolytic viruses are also in early stage clinical trials, for the treatment of advanced HCC. This review will summarise the major approaches that have been and are currently in development for the systemic treatment of advanced HCC, their advantages, drawbacks, and predictions of where this revolutionary treatment field will continue to travel for the foreseeable future.

A Novel Hypoxic-Angiogenesis-Immune-Related Gene Model for Prognostic and Therapeutic Effect Prediction in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients

Background

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most heterogeneous malignant tumors that have been discovered so far, which makes the prognostic prediction difficult. The hypoxia, angiogenesis, and immunity-related genes (HAIRGs) are closely related to the development of liver cancer. However, the prognostic and treatment effect of hypoxia, angiogenesis, and immunity-related genes in HCC continues to be further clarified.

Methods

The gene expression quantification data and clinical information in patients with liver cancer were downloaded from the TCGA database, and HAIRG signature was built by using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) technique. Patient from the ICGC database validated the model. Then, tumor immune dysfunction and exclusion (TIDE) algorithm was applied to estimate the clinical response to immunotherapy and the sensitivity of drugs was evaluated by the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀).

Result

The HAIRGs were identified between the HCC patients and normal patients in the TCGA database. In univariate Cox regression analysis, seventeen differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were associated with overall survival (OS). An eight HAIRG signature model was constructed and was used to divide the patients into two groups according to the median value of the risk score base on the TCGA dataset. Patients in the high-risk group had a significant reduction in OS compared to those in the low-risk group (P < 0.001 in the TCGA, P < 0.001 in the ICGC). For TCGA and ICGC databases of univariate Cox regression analyses, the risk score was used as an independent predictor of OS (HR > 1, P < 0.001). Functional analysis showed that the relevant immune pathways and immune responses were enriched, cellular component analysis showed that the immunoglobulin complex and other related substances were enriched, and immune status existed a difference in the high- and low-risk groups. Then, the tumor immune dysfunction and exclusion (TIDE) algorithm presented differences in immune response in the high- and low-risk groups (P < 0.05), and based on drug sensitivity prediction, patients in the high-risk group were more sensitive to cisplatin compared to those in the low-risk group in both the TCGA and ICGC cohorts (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

HAIRG signature can be utilized for prognostic prediction in HCC, while it can be considered a prediction model for clinical evaluation of immunotherapy response and chemotherapy sensitivity in HCC.

Mollugin induced oxidative DNA damage via up-regulating ROS that caused cell cycle arrest in hepatoma cells

Mollugin has been proven to have anti-tumor activity. However, its potential anti-tumor mechanism remains to be fully elaborated. Herein, we investigated the growth inhibition of HepG2 cells, as well as the anti-tumor effect of mollugin and its molecular mechanism on H22-tumor bearing mice. In vitro, mollugin was shown to have a strong inhibitory effect on HepG2 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Mollugin induced S-phase arrest of HepG2 cells, and increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Comet assay demonstrated that mollugin induced DNA damage in HepG2 cells, as well as an increase in the expression of p-H2AX. In addition, mollugin induced changes in cyclin A2 and CDK2. However, the addition of antioxidant glutathione (GSH) was able to reverse the effect of mollugin. In vivo, mollugin significantly inhibited tumor growth and reduced the tendency of tumor volume growth in mice. The tumor cell density was found to be decreased in the administration group, and the content of ROS in the tumor tissue significantly increased. The expression of p-H2AX, cyclin A2 and CDK2 were consistent with in vitro results. Mollugin demonstrated anti-hepatocellular carcinoma activity in vitro and in vivo, and its anti-hepatocellular carcinoma activity was found to be related to DNA damage and cell cycle arrest induced by excessive ROS production in cells.

Prognostic Value of Macrophage-Associated Long Non-Coding RNA Expression for Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Background

There is ample evidence that macrophages play a crucial role in the biological processes of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study was designed to establish a novel macrophage-associated prognostic model for HCC.

Methods

Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) microarrays and clinical data in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database were analysed using a univariate Cox proportional regression model to select macrophage-associated prognostic lncRNAs. Multivariate Cox proportional regression models and survival analysis were used to establish a prognosis index (PI) model. Furthermore, to better understand the biological functions of differentially expressed macrophage-associated lncRNAs (MALs) in HCC, enrichment analysis was performed. Finally, the correlation between MALs and clinical features was further analysed in HCC.

Results

We identified eight MALs with significant prognostic values for HCC. Next, a PI model for HCC was developed, and patients were classified into the high-risk or low-risk group based on risk scores. The overall survival (OS) of high-risk patients was significantly shorter than that of low-risk patients (P < 0.001). Univariate and multivariate factors indicate that risk scores can be used as independent prognostic factors for patients with HCC. Multiple receiver operating characteristic (ROC) plots show that the area under the ROC curve (AUC) of the risk score is higher than that of other clinical features. The C-index of our nomogram was 0.768.

Conclusion

The PI model has a prognostic efficacy superior to that of other clinical features.

Transarterial Chemoembolization (TACE) Combined With Sorafenib versus TACE in Patients With BCLC Stage C Hepatocellular Carcinoma - A Retrospective Study

OBJECTIVE

Advanced-stage hepatocellular carcinoma is a heterogeneous group with limited treatment options. TACE has been advocated recently by various study groups. The purpose of this study was to evaluate if TACE in combination with sorafenib, as well as TACE alone, was safe and efficacious in treating BCLC stage C HCC.

METHODS

A retrospective evaluation of the clinical data of 78 patients with BCLC stage C HCC who received either TACE-sorafenib (TS) combination therapy or TACE monotherapy as their first treatment was done. The two groups were compared in terms of radiological tumor response 1 month after the intervention. The two groups were also compared in terms of time to progression (TTP), overall survival (OS), and adverse events.

RESULTS

The disease control rate (44.9% and 25.8%, respectively, P = 0.09) was higher in the TS combination group than in the TACE monotherapy group after 1 month of treatment. The TS combination group had significantly superior TTP and OS than the TACE group (TTP was 4.6 and 3.1 months, respectively, P = 0.001), and OS was 10.1 and 7.8 months, respectively, P < 0.001). The TACE-S group had a greater cumulative survival time at 6 months, 9 months, and 1 year than the TACE group (97.9%, 51.1%, 25.7% vs. 90.4%, 51.6%, and 0%, respectively).

CONCLUSION

TS combination therapy in advanced-stage (BCLC-C) HCC significantly improved disease control rate, TTP, and OS compared with TACE alone, without any significant increase in adverse reactions.

Low APOA-1 Expression in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients Is Associated With DNA Methylation and Poor Overall Survival

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most frequent fatal malignancy, and it has a poor prognosis. Apolipoprotein 1 (APOA-1), the main protein component of high-density lipoproteins, is involved in numerous biological processes. Thus, this study was performed to detect the clinical significance of APOA-1 mRNA, APOA-1 expression, and APOA-1DNA methylation in patients with HCC.

Methods: Data mining was performed using clinical and survival data from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Oncomine databases. The serum concentration of APOA-1 was measured in 316 patients with HCC and 100 healthy individuals at Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, and the intact clinical information was reviewed and determined using univariate and multivariate Cox hazard models.

Results: Bioinformatic analysis revealed that APOA-1 mRNA was present at lower levels in the serum of patients with HCC than in that of healthy individuals, and there was a strong negative correlation between levels of APOA-1 mRNA and APOA-1 DNA methylation. High expression of APOA-1 transcription correlated with better overall survival (p = 0.003), and APOA-1 hypermethylation correlated with progress-free survival (p = 0.045) in HCC sufferers. Next, the clinical data analysis demonstrated that APOA-1 protein levels in the serum were significantly lower in patients with HCC than in healthy controls. Furthermore, the expression of APOA-1 was significantly associated with some significant clinical indexes, and elevated APOA-1 expression was significantly associated with favorable (OS; HR:1.693, 95% CI: 1.194–2.401, p = 0.003) and better progression-free survival (PFS; HR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.194–2.401, p = 0.045). Finally, enrichment analysis suggested that co-expressed genes of APOA-1 were involved in lipoprotein metabolism and FOXA2/3 transcription factor networks.

Conclusion: APOA-1 mRNA expression is negatively regulated by DNA methylation in HCC. Low expression of APOA-1 might be a potential risk biomarker to predict survival in patients with HCC.

Prognostic evaluation and immune infiltration analysis of five bioinformatic selected genes in hepatocellular carcinoma

Despite the development in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treatment in recent years, the therapeutic outcome of HCC remains unfavourable. This study examines the prognosis of HCC from a genetic level using clinical databases and single‐cell data to identify genes with a high prognostic value. Three up‐regulated genes (UBE2S, PTTG1, and CDC20) and two down‐regulated genes (SOCS2 and DNASE1L3) in HCC tissues were identified. Various analyses confirmed its correlation with tumour stage (p < 0.01) and patient survival time (log‐rank p < 0.001). Immune analysis, single‐cell analysis, and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) were employed to provide insight on how they affect cancer progression, and we observed a close relation between these genes and tumour immune infiltration. Eventually, we constructed a risk score system that risk score = (0.0465) × UBE2S + (0.1851) × CDC20 + (−0.0461) × DNASE1L3 + (−0.2279) × SOCS2 (5‐year area under curve = 0.706). The risk score system may serve as an effective novel prognostic system for HCC patients. This study might provide novel ideas for prognostic or therapeutic biomarkers for HCC.

Effect of PLC-β1/CaM signaling pathway mediated by AT1R on the occurrence and development of hepatocellular carcinoma

Objective

To study the roles of AT1R, PLC-β1, CaM and other related signal molecules in the formation and development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and their correlation.

Methods

ELISA and immunohistochemistry were used to analyze the expressions of target proteins in serum and liver tissue of HCC patients, and the correlation between AT1R, PLC-β1 and CaM and postoperative survival status of patients was followed up and determined. CCK-8 method was used to screen the doses of Ang II and candesartan sensitive to HepG2 and HCCLM3 cells. Transwell experiment was used to observe the effects of different drugs on the migration and invasion activity of HCC cells. Meanwhile, flow cytometry and Western blot were used to detect the expression levels of AT1R, PLC-β1 and CaM in the cells. Then PLC-β1 siRNA was selected to transfect HCC cells, so as to further clarify the mechanism of the above signal proteins. HepG2 cells were inoculated under the hepatic capsule of mice to induce the formation of HCC in situ. Ang II and candesartan were used to stimulate HCC mice to observe the difference in liver appearance and measure the liver index. Finally, ELISA and immunofluorescence experiments were selected to analyze the levels of target proteins in mouse serum and liver tissue.

Results

The expression levels of target proteins in serum and liver tissue of HCC patients were significantly increased, and the postoperative survival time of patients with high expression of AT1R, PLC-β1 or CaM was obviously shortened. Ang II and candesartan could significantly promote and inhibit the motility of HCC cells, and had different effects on the levels of AT1R, PLC-β1 and CaM in cells. However, in hepatocellular carcinoma cells transfected with PLC-β1 siRNA, the intervention ability of drugs was obviously weakened. Ang II could significantly promote the formation and progression of mouse HCC, while candesartan had the opposite effect. Meanwhile, medications could affect the expressions of target proteins in mouse serum and liver tissue.

Conclusion

AT1R, PLC-β1 and CaM may be risk factors affecting the formation and prognosis of HCC, and the PLC-β1/CaM signaling pathway mediated by AT1R is an important way to regulate the migration and invasion activity of HCC cells.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12935-021-02261-8.

Functional and Clinical Significance of Dysregulated microRNAs in Liver Cancer

Liver cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the world. This mainly reflects the lack of early diagnosis tools and effective treatment methods. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of non-transcribed RNAs, some of which play important regulatory roles in liver cancer. Here, we discuss microRNAs with key impacts on liver cancer, such as miR-122, miR-21, miR-214, and miR-199. These microRNAs participate in various physiological regulatory pathways of liver cancer cells, and their modulation can have non-negligible effects in the treatment of liver cancer. We discuss whether these microRNAs can be used for better clinical diagnosis and/or drug development. With the advent of novel technologies, fast, inexpensive, and non-invasive RNA-based biomarker research has become a new mainstream approach. However, the clinical application of microRNA-based markers has been limited by the high sequence similarity among them and the potential for off-target problems. Therefore, researchers particularly value microRNAs that are specific to or have special functions in liver cancer. These include miR-122, which is specifically expressed in the liver, and miR-34, which is necessary for the replication of the hepatitis C virus in liver cancer. Clinical treatment drugs have been developed based on miR-34 and miR-122 (MRX34 and Miravirsen, respectively), but their side effects have not yet been overcome. Future research is needed to address these weaknesses and establish a feasible microRNA-based treatment strategy for liver cancer.