1
|
Sylvia AM, Jastrowski Mano K, Birkley EL, Mano QR. Systematic Review of Dispositional Mindfulness and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptomology: A Targeted Examination of Avoidance. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2024; 25:2622-2637. [PMID: 38523454 DOI: 10.1177/15248380231221278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
High rates of nonresponse to evidence-based treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have fueled the search for improved intervention. Evidence suggests that improvements in dispositional mindfulness (i.e., tendency to attend to the present with nonjudgment and nonreactivity) may help reduce PTSD symptoms. While some research suggests that transdiagnostic mindfulness-based interventions particularly target avoidance symptoms, the association between dispositional mindfulness and avoidance has yet to be systematically examined. To address this gap, we examined peer-reviewed studies that reported quantitative associations between avoidance and dispositional mindfulness among trauma-exposed adults, following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses 2009 guidelines. Sixteen studies were identified for final review from PsycINFO and PubMed databases. Results suggest that mindfulness has a weak relationship with effortful avoidance. This weak relationship may be obscured in studies where effortful avoidance is measured among other symptoms (e.g., anhedonia). Mindfulness appeared to have stronger associations with symptoms of hyperarousal and negative alterations in cognition and mood. An important clinical implication is that high effortful avoidance may manifest among patients who report strong mindfulness skills. It may be helpful for clinicians to carefully assess how mindfulness is being used to cope.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Sylvia
- Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | - Erica L Birkley
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Cinicinnati, OH, USA
- Birkley Consulting, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Quintino R Mano
- Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mamcarz P, Droździel P, Madleňák R, Pukalskas S, Gwiazdowska-Stańczak S. Does Mindfulness Mediate the Relation between Impulsiveness and Job Stressfulness Perception of Professional Drivers? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:4559. [PMID: 36901569 PMCID: PMC10002285 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20054559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: Professional driving is a stressful occupation that requires high levels of attention and decision-making, often leading to job stress. Impulsiveness, a personality trait characterized by a tendency to act without forethought, has been associated with negative outcomes such as anxiety, stress, and risky behaviors. Mindfulness has been proposed as a potential strategy for reducing job stress in various occupational settings. However, little is known about the relationship between these variables. This study aimed to investigate the mediating role of mindfulness in the relationship between impulsiveness and job stressfulness perception among professional drivers. (2) Methods: A total of 258 professional drivers from Poland, Lithuania, and Slovakia, have completed self-report questionnaires: Impulsiveness-Venturesomeness-Empathy; Subjective Assessment of Work; Five Facet Mindfulness. (3) Results: Results indicated a positive correlation between impulsiveness and job stressfulness perception, and a negative correlation with mindfulness. Mindfulness partially mediated the relationship between impulsiveness and job stressfulness perception. Additionally, variations were identified in the perceived work environment factors and mindfulness among drivers based on their country of origin. (4) Conclusions: The findings suggest that mindfulness could be a useful approach for reducing job stressfulness perception among professional drivers with high levels of impulsiveness. Given the implications of job stressfulness for professional drivers' health and safety, developing mindfulness interventions tailored to their specific needs could be a promising direction for future research and intervention development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Mamcarz
- Department of Emotion and Motivation Psychology, Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, al. Racławickie 14, 20-022 Lublin, Poland
| | - Paweł Droździel
- Department of Sustainable Transportation and Energy Sources, Politechnika Lubelska, Nadbystrzycka 36, 20-618 Lublin, Poland
| | - Radovan Madleňák
- Department of Communications, Žilinská Univerzita V Žiline, Univerzitná 8215/1, 010 26 Žilina, Slovakia
| | - Saugirdas Pukalskas
- Department of Automotive Engineering, Vilniaus Gedimino Technikos Universitetas, J. Basanavičiaus g. 28, 03224 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Sylwia Gwiazdowska-Stańczak
- Department of Educational and Family Psychology, Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, al. Racławickie 14, 20-022 Lublin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tzioridou S, Dresler M, Sandberg K, Mueller EM. The role of mindful acceptance and lucid dreaming in nightmare frequency and distress. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15737. [PMID: 36131106 PMCID: PMC9492730 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19624-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A theoretical and empirical association between lucid dreaming and mindfulness, as well as lucid dreaming and nightmares has previously been observed; however, the relationship between nightmares and mindfulness has received surprisingly little attention. Here, we present the findings of two studies exploring the relation of nightmare frequency and distress with two components of mindfulness, termed presence and acceptance, as well as lucid dreaming. Study 1 (N = 338) consisted of a low percentage of frequent lucid dreamers whereas Study 2 (N = 187) consisted primarily of frequent lucid dreamers that used lucid dream induction training techniques and meditation. Across studies, nightmare-related variables showed a more robust association with mindful acceptance as opposed to mindful presence. Moreover, individuals with high levels of meditation expertise and practice of lucid dreaming induction techniques reported lower nightmare frequency. Finally, in Study 2, which consisted of frequent lucid dreamers, a positive correlation between lucid dreaming frequency and mindfulness was apparent. The present findings support the notion that wakeful mindfulness is associated with the quality of dreams and extend previous research by suggesting a disentangled role of the two facets of mindfulness in dream variation. This association remains open for experimental manipulation, the result of which could have clinical implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Tzioridou
- Department of Psychology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany. .,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Martin Dresler
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kristian Sandberg
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Erik M Mueller
- Department of Psychology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Somohano VC, Vasquez A, Shank T, Irrgang M, Newman AG, Evans C, Wyse J, Denneson L, O'Neil M, Lovejoy T. Perceptions of Women With Comorbid PTSD and Substance Use Disorder on Mechanisms Underlying Mindfulness-Based Interventions. COGNITIVE AND BEHAVIORAL PRACTICE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpra.2022.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
5
|
Kaplan J, Somohano V, Eddy A, Oken B, Wahbeh H. Mindful nonreactivity moderates the relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder and depression. JOURNAL OF LOSS & TRAUMA 2022; 27:593-607. [PMID: 36618880 PMCID: PMC9815478 DOI: 10.1080/15325024.2022.2030019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PTSD and depression represent major individual and societal burdens. Depression is commonly comorbid with PTSD among veterans, although buffers of this relationship are unclear. We evaluated whether facets of mindfulness moderated the relationship between PTSD and depression in veterans with PTSD (N = 70). Three facets - nonjudging, acting with awareness, and nonreactivity - were assessed as moderators. Results indicated nonreactivity significantly attenuated the relationship between PTSD and depression (p=.013), such that veterans with high nonreactivity (+1 SD) showed a nonsignificant relationship between PTSD and depression, whereas veterans with average (Mean; p<.001) and low (-1 SD; p<.001) nonreactivity exhibited a significant relationship.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josh Kaplan
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University,Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3250 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239,
| | - Vanessa Somohano
- Mental Health and Neuroscience Division, VA Portland Healthcare System
| | - Ashley Eddy
- School of Graduate Psychology, Pacific University
| | - Barry Oken
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University
| | - Helané Wahbeh
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University,Research, Institute of Noetic Sciences
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lopez A, Caffò AO, Tinella L, Di Masi MN, Bosco A. Variations in mindfulness associated with the COVID-19 outbreak: Differential effects on cognitive failures, intrusive thoughts and rumination. Appl Psychol Health Well Being 2021; 13:761-780. [PMID: 33765354 PMCID: PMC8251010 DOI: 10.1111/aphw.12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The lockdown due to the coronavirus outbreak in 2019 (COVID-19) has caused psychological distress and cognitive discomfort for emerging adults, who have experienced increased rumination, intrusive thoughts and cognitive failures. States of mindfulness and being in the moment can prevent anxiety and fear associated with the lockdown and alleviate ruminative and automatic negative thinking. This longitudinal study investigated the role of mindfulness before and during the COVID-19 lockdown in protecting a sample of emerging adults from experiencing cognitive failures, intrusive thoughts and rumination and examined how lockdown-related variables-emotions, socio-economic status and housing conditions-influenced this mindfulness profile. The results showed overall more cognitive failures and rumination during lockdown, especially in participants whose mindfulness status diminished. However, these signs of cognitive distress remained stable or decreased among participants who reported improved changes in mindfulness. Financial difficulties and a reduced sense of privacy associated with the lockdown predicted lower stability in mindfulness profiles. The state of being fully aware of what is happening in the present moment may be helpful in reducing cognitive discomfort and psychological maladjustment, especially during stressful times such as lockdowns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Lopez
- Department of Educational Sciences, Psychology, CommunicationUniversity of BariBariItaly
| | | | - Luigi Tinella
- Department of Educational Sciences, Psychology, CommunicationUniversity of BariBariItaly
| | | | - Andrea Bosco
- Department of Educational Sciences, Psychology, CommunicationUniversity of BariBariItaly
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Aliche CJ, Ifeagwazi CM, Mefoh PC, Eze JE, Chukwuorji JC. Experiential avoidance mediates the relations between mindfulness and PTSD symptoms severity in terrorist attack survivors. NORDIC PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/19012276.2020.1852953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - John E. Eze
- Department of Psychology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Vujanovic AA, Smith LJ, Green C, Lane SD, Schmitz JM. Mindfulness as a predictor of cognitive-behavioral therapy outcomes in inner-city adults with posttraumatic stress and substance dependence. Addict Behav 2020; 104:106283. [PMID: 31927220 PMCID: PMC7024008 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The co-occurrence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorders (SUD) is highly prevalent and difficult-to-treat. Mindfulness, defined as nonjudgmental attention to and awareness of present-moment experiences, represents a targetable mechanism with potential to predict and improve treatment outcomes for PTSD/SUD populations. We hypothesized that greater self-reported mindfulness at baseline (pre-treatment) would predict (a) lower end-of-treatment PTSD severity and (b) greater longest sustained abstinence during a 12-week cognitive-behavioral treatment program. Participants included 53 inner-city adults meeting at least four current symptoms of DSM-5 PTSD and current (DSM-IV) substance dependence (51% women; 75.5% African American; Mage = 45.42, SD = 9.99). Hierarchical regression analysis results indicated that higher levels of baseline mindfulness predicted lower end-of-treatment PTSD severity but not longest sustained abstinence from the primary substance of choice. Post hoc exploration of end-of-treatment PTSD symptom clusters indicated that higher baseline mindfulness predicted lower intrusion, negative alterations in cognitions and mood, and arousal and reactivity symptoms but not avoidance symptoms. Clinical and research implications are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Charles Green
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, United States
| | - Scott D Lane
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, United States
| | - Joy M Schmitz
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Im S, Greenlaw M, Lee J. Cumulative Trauma Exposure and Mindfulness in College Students. JOURNAL OF COLLEGE COUNSELING 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jocc.12147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sungjin Im
- Center of Alcohol and Substance Use Studies, RutgersThe State University of New Jersey
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang J, Palmer A, Zhang N, Gewirtz AH. Coercive Parenting Mediates the Relationship between Military Fathers' Emotion Regulation and children's Adjustment. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 48:633-645. [PMID: 32048117 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-020-00625-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Military parents' combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms have been linked to poor parenting and child maladjustment. Emotion regulation (ER) difficulties are thought to underlie PTSD symptoms, and research has begun to link parental ER to parenting behaviors. Little empirical evidence exists regarding whether fathers' ER is associated with child adjustment and what may be the underlying mechanism for this association. This study investigated whether deployed fathers' ER was associated with child emotional and behavioral problems, and whether the associations were mediated by coercive parenting behaviors. The sample consisted of 181 deployed fathers with non-deployed female partners and their 4- to 13-year-old children. Families were assessed at three time points over 2 years. ER was measured using a latent construct of fathers' self-reports of their experiential avoidance, trait mindfulness, and difficulties in emotion regulation. Coercive parenting was observed via a series of home-based family interaction tasks. Child behaviors were assessed through parent- and child-report. Structural equation modeling revealed that fathers with poorer ER at baseline exhibited higher coercive parenting at 1-year follow-up, which was associated with more emotional and behavioral problems in children at 2-year follow-up. The indirect effect of coercive parenting was statistically significant. These findings suggest that fathers' difficulties in ER may impede their effective parenting behaviors, and children's adjustment problems might be amplified as a result of coercive interactions. Implications for the role of paternal ER on parenting interventions are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingchen Zhang
- Department of Family Social Science, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Alyssa Palmer
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Na Zhang
- REACH Institute, Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Abigail H Gewirtz
- Department of Family Social Science and Institute of Child Development & Institute of Translational Research in Children's Mental Health, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, 290 McNeal Hall, 1985 Buford Avenue, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhao Y, Wang Q, Wang J. Valuing happiness predicts higher well-being: The moderating role of acceptance. Psych J 2019; 9:132-143. [PMID: 31763798 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent research has found that individual tendencies to pursue positive hedonic states, defined as Valuing Happiness (VH), might bring about negative well-being outcomes. However, there lacked consistent evidence to support VH's paradoxical effects beyond European American contexts. The current study aimed to investigate how VH influences individual well-being within a highly interdependent culture, and additionally, the moderating role of acceptance in their relationship. We surveyed 266 participants online to assess their levels of VH, acceptance (a facet of dispositional mindfulness), well-being (indicated by life satisfaction, hedonic balance, and psychological well-being), and depression symptoms. Results showed that VH positively predicted life satisfaction and positive affect in a Chinese sample, even controlling for age. Moreover, the interaction between VH and acceptance was significant for psychological well-being. VH had a stronger effect on well-being for people who were low in acceptance than for those who were high in acceptance. These findings suggest that being motivated by happiness values might enhance well-being in an interdependent context, particularly for those who were less likely to accept their internal experiences. Implications were discussed in light of the motivational processes involved in individual happiness pursuits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yitong Zhao
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Wang
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingyi Wang
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder is increasingly recognized as having a variable course in returning veterans. Relatively few studies have identified predictors of illness duration or severity in this population. This review sought to synthesize the existing literature. RECENT FINDINGS The existing literature remains limited and heterogeneous. However, several studies identified hyperarousal and pre-deployment dissociation as predictive of disease severity, and re-experiencing as predictive of suicidality in veterans with combat-related PTSD. No other pre-, peri-, or posttraumatic psychosocial predictors of individual symptoms or overall disease severity have been identified in replicated studies. Important clinical factors to explore in the assessment of PTSD in combat veterans may now include hyperarousal and a history of dissociation as these may predict disease severity, and re-experiencing as this has been identified as a significant predictor of suicidality. Further study into this topic may reveal biological or more sensitive psychosocial markers predicting illness severity and prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Able
- F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA. .,, North Bethesda, USA.
| | - David M Benedek
- F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Davies RL, Prince MA, Bravo AJ, Kelley ML, Crain TL. Moral Injury, Substance Use, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms Among Military Personnel: An Examination of Trait Mindfulness as a Moderator. J Trauma Stress 2019; 32:414-423. [PMID: 31141842 PMCID: PMC6581602 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mindfulness-based approaches have been suggested as possible methods to treat moral injury in military personnel. However, empirical research has yet to evaluate if mindfulness acts as a protective factor for the possible negative effects of moral injury, such as alcohol use, drug use, or posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. In this study, we investigated if five facets of mindfulness (i.e., observing, nonjudging, nonreactivity, awareness, and describing) moderated associations between moral injury and the outcomes of PTSD symptoms, alcohol misuse, and drug abuse symptoms in a sample of military personnel. Participants were 244 military personnel (the majority were former military members) who had been deployed at least once during the Iraq War, War in Afghanistan, other wars, or humanitarian missions. The study results indicated that nonjudging, β = -.22, and awareness, β = -.25, had significant attenuating effects on the association between moral injury and drug abuse symptoms. However, observing, β = .17; nonreactivity, β = .23; and describing, β = .15, had significant synergistic effects (i.e., they strengthened the association between moral injury and drug abuse symptoms). There were no significant moderation effects on the associations between moral injury and PTSD symptoms or between moral injury and alcohol misuse. Our results provide initial evidence that not all facets of mindfulness may protect against the challenges of coping with moral injury. Directions for future research and implications for practice are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L. Davies
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Mark A. Prince
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Adrian J. Bravo
- Center of Alcoholism, Substance Abuse, and Addictions; University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Michelle L. Kelley
- Department of Psychology, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
| | - Tori L. Crain
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Meyer EC, Szabo YZ, Frankfurt SB, Kimbrel NA, DeBeer BB, Morissette SB. Predictors of recovery from post-deployment posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in war veterans: The contributions of psychological flexibility, mindfulness, and self-compassion. Behav Res Ther 2019; 114:7-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
15
|
Stanley IH, Boffa JW, Tran JK, Schmidt NB, Joiner TE, Vujanovic AA. Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and mindfulness facets in relation to suicide risk among firefighters. J Clin Psychol 2019; 75:696-709. [PMID: 30672591 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms are associated with increased suicide risk among firefighters. Few studies have examined modifiable factors, such as mindfulness facets, that might attenuate this association. This study examined the interactive effects of PTSD symptoms and mindfulness facets in relation to suicide risk among firefighters. METHOD Overall, 831 career firefighters were assessed for PTSD symptoms, mindfulness facets, and suicide risk via the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5, Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire, and Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised, respectively. RESULTS Greater PTSD symptoms were associated with more severe suicide risk; however, higher levels of two specific mindfulness facets, acting with awareness and nonjudging of inner experience, attenuated this association. By contrast, higher levels of the observing facet of mindfulness potentiated the association between PTSD symptoms and suicide risk. CONCLUSIONS Suicide prevention initiatives among firefighters, particularly those experiencing trauma-related sequelae, might benefit from the inclusion of mindfulness-based practices alongside frontline empirically-supported approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian H Stanley
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Joseph W Boffa
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | | | | | - Thomas E Joiner
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Roche AI, Kroska EB, Miller ML, Kroska SK, O’Hara MW. Childhood trauma and problem behavior: Examining the mediating roles of experiential avoidance and mindfulness processes. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2019; 67:17-26. [PMID: 29565779 PMCID: PMC6296903 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2018.1455689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Childhood trauma is associated with a variety of risky, unhealthy, or problem behaviors. The current study aimed to explore experiential avoidance and mindfulness processes as mechanisms through which childhood trauma and problem behavior are linked in a college sample. PARTICIPANTS The sample consisted of college-aged young adults recruited November-December, 2016 (N = 414). METHODS Participants completed self-report measures of childhood trauma, current problem behavior, experiential avoidance, and mindfulness processes. Bootstrapped mediation analyses examined the mechanistic associations of interest. RESULTS Mediation analyses indicated that experiential avoidance was a significant mediator of the association between childhood trauma and problem behavior. Additionally, multiple mediation analyses indicated that specific mindfulness facets-act with awareness and nonjudgment of inner experience-significantly mediated the same association. CONCLUSIONS Interventions for college students who have experienced childhood trauma might profitably target mechanisms such as avoidance and mindfulness in order to minimize engagement in problem behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne I. Roche
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa
| | - Emily B. Kroska
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa
| | | | - Sydney K. Kroska
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
DiNardo M, Saba S, Greco CM, Broyles L, Terhorst L, Chasens ER, Bair B, Charron-Prochownik D, Cohen S. A Mindful Approach to Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support for Veterans. DIABETES EDUCATOR 2017; 43:608-620. [DOI: 10.1177/0145721717738019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study is to determine feasibility, satisfaction, and preliminary effects of Mindful Stress Reduction in Diabetes Education (Mind-STRIDE), a mindfulness-based intervention for veterans. Methods The study used a single-group pretest-posttest repeated-measures design. The 90-minute Mind-STRIDE training, adapted from Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction (MBSR), was provided as the final component of a half-day diabetes self-management education class at a Veterans Affairs (VA) outpatient diabetes clinic. Following initial training, participants were asked to practice mindfulness at home for 10 minutes each day during the 3-month study. Study recruitment and retention were calculated as rates. Veteran and diabetes educator satisfaction were assessed by rating scales and open-ended comments. Psychosocial-behavioral and metabolic outcomes were assessed at baseline and 3 months after initial training. Bivariate correlations were performed to describe relationships between mindfulness and other outcome variables. Gain scores and Wilcoxon matched-pair signed rank tests were used to assess pre to post changes; Cohen’s d was applied to estimate the magnitude of effects. Results Twenty-eight of 49 eligible veterans (57%) enrolled in the study. Of those, 11 veterans (39%) demonstrated participation in home practice, and 20 veterans (71%) completed the study. Overall, participants and diabetes educators were highly satisfied with the Mind-STRIDE intervention. Significant improvements were found in diabetes distress, diabetes self-efficacy, diabetes self-management behaviors, mindful-describing, and A1C. Conclusion Results suggest feasibility, satisfaction, and positive preliminary effects. Efficacy testing by randomized controlled trial with analysis of covariance structures is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica DiNardo
- Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Dr DiNardo, Mr Saba, Dr Broyles, Ms Bair)
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Mr Saba)
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Dr Greco)
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Prof Terhorst)
- School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Dr Chasens, Dr Charron-Prochownik, Dr Cohen)
| | - Shaddy Saba
- Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Dr DiNardo, Mr Saba, Dr Broyles, Ms Bair)
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Mr Saba)
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Dr Greco)
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Prof Terhorst)
- School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Dr Chasens, Dr Charron-Prochownik, Dr Cohen)
| | - Carol M. Greco
- Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Dr DiNardo, Mr Saba, Dr Broyles, Ms Bair)
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Mr Saba)
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Dr Greco)
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Prof Terhorst)
- School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Dr Chasens, Dr Charron-Prochownik, Dr Cohen)
| | - Lauren Broyles
- Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Dr DiNardo, Mr Saba, Dr Broyles, Ms Bair)
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Mr Saba)
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Dr Greco)
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Prof Terhorst)
- School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Dr Chasens, Dr Charron-Prochownik, Dr Cohen)
| | - Lauren Terhorst
- Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Dr DiNardo, Mr Saba, Dr Broyles, Ms Bair)
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Mr Saba)
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Dr Greco)
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Prof Terhorst)
- School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Dr Chasens, Dr Charron-Prochownik, Dr Cohen)
| | - Eileen R. Chasens
- Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Dr DiNardo, Mr Saba, Dr Broyles, Ms Bair)
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Mr Saba)
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Dr Greco)
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Prof Terhorst)
- School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Dr Chasens, Dr Charron-Prochownik, Dr Cohen)
| | - Brandi Bair
- Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Dr DiNardo, Mr Saba, Dr Broyles, Ms Bair)
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Mr Saba)
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Dr Greco)
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Prof Terhorst)
- School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Dr Chasens, Dr Charron-Prochownik, Dr Cohen)
| | - Denise Charron-Prochownik
- Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Dr DiNardo, Mr Saba, Dr Broyles, Ms Bair)
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Mr Saba)
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Dr Greco)
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Prof Terhorst)
- School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Dr Chasens, Dr Charron-Prochownik, Dr Cohen)
| | - Susan Cohen
- Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Dr DiNardo, Mr Saba, Dr Broyles, Ms Bair)
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Mr Saba)
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Dr Greco)
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Prof Terhorst)
- School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Dr Chasens, Dr Charron-Prochownik, Dr Cohen)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Dispositional mindfulness, negative posttraumatic beliefs, and academic burnout among adolescents following the 2016 Yancheng Tornado. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2017.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
19
|
Colgan DD, Wahbeh H, Pleet M, Besler K, Christopher M. A Qualitative Study of Mindfulness Among Veterans With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Practices Differentially Affect Symptoms, Aspects of Well-Being, and Potential Mechanisms of Action. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med 2017; 22:482-493. [PMID: 30208735 PMCID: PMC5871168 DOI: 10.1177/2156587216684999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This qualitative study explored and compared the subjective experiences of 102 veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) who were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 arms: ( a) body scan, ( b) mindful breathing, ( c) slow breathing, or ( d) sitting quietly. Qualitative data were obtained via semistructured interviews following the intervention and analyzed using conventional content analysis. The percentage of participants within each intervention who endorsed a specific theme was calculated. Two-proportion z tests were then calculated to determine if the differences among themes endorsed in specific groups were statistically significant. Six core themes emerged from analysis of participant responses across the 4 groups: ( a) enhanced present moment awareness, ( b) increased nonreactivity, ( c) increased nonjudgmental acceptance, ( d) decreased physiological arousal and stress reactivity, ( e) increased active coping skills, and ( f) greater relaxation. More participants in the mindfulness intervention groups reported improvement in PTSD symptoms when compared to participants in non-mindfulness groups. Different types of intervention targeted different symptoms and aspects of well-being. Furthermore, type of intervention may have also differentially targeted potential mechanisms of action. This article highlights the importance of employing both quantitative and qualitative research methods when investigating the dynamic process of mindfulness and may inform how practices can be tailored to the needs of the veteran with PTSD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Helané Wahbeh
- Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Mechanisms of mindfulness training: Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT). Clin Psychol Rev 2016; 51:48-59. [PMID: 27835764 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite evidence linking trait mindfulness and mindfulness training with a broad range of effects, still little is known about its underlying active mechanisms. Mindfulness is commonly defined as (1) the ongoing monitoring of present-moment experience (2) with an orientation of acceptance. Building on conceptual, clinical, and empirical work, we describe a testable theoretical account to help explain mindfulness effects on cognition, affect, stress, and health outcomes. Specifically, Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT) posits that (1), by enhancing awareness of one's experiences, the skill of attention monitoring explains how mindfulness improves cognitive functioning outcomes, yet this same skill can increase affective reactivity. Second (2), by modifying one's relation to monitored experience, acceptance is necessary for reducing affective reactivity, such that attention monitoring and acceptance skills together explain how mindfulness improves negative affectivity, stress, and stress-related health outcomes. We discuss how MAT contributes to mindfulness science, suggest plausible alternatives to the account, and offer specific predictions for future research.
Collapse
|
21
|
Hicks M, Hanes D, Wahbeh H. Expectancy Effect in Three Mind-Body Clinical Trials. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med 2016; 21:NP103-9. [PMID: 27269794 DOI: 10.1177/2156587216652572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Expectancy, arguably the prime component of the placebo effect, has been shown to significantly modify the effects of many treatments. Furthermore, various forms of mind-body interventions have demonstrated effective improvements in outcomes. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between pretreatment expectations and symptom reduction in a secondary analysis of 3 mind-body intervention programs. An adjusted correlation and regression analysis compared data from a 6-question expectancy questionnaire to a self-reported clinical impression of change score. Only 1 of the 6 expectancy questions in 1 of the 3 studies reached significance (B = 0.087; P = .025). The combined data from all 3 studies did not reveal significant expectancy effects. The positive effects of mindfulness meditation appear to be independent of an expectancy effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Hicks
- National College of Natural Medicine, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Douglas Hanes
- National College of Natural Medicine, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Helané Wahbeh
- National College of Natural Medicine, Portland, OR, USA Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Stephenson KR, Simpson TL, Martinez ME, Kearney DJ. Changes in Mindfulness and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms Among Veterans Enrolled in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction. J Clin Psychol 2016; 73:201-217. [PMID: 27152480 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The current study assessed associations between changes in 5 facets of mindfulness (Acting With Awareness, Observing, Describing, Non-Reactivity, and Nonjudgment) and changes in 4 posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom clusters (Re-Experiencing, Avoidance, Emotional Numbing, and Hyperarousal symptoms) among veterans participating in mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR). METHOD Secondary analyses were performed with a combined data set consisting of 2 published and 2 unpublished trials of MBSR conducted at a large Veterans Affairs hospital. The combined sample included 113 veterans enrolled in MBSR who screened positive for PTSD and completed measures of mindfulness and PTSD symptoms before and after the 8-week intervention. RESULTS Increases in mindfulness were significantly associated with reduced PTSD symptoms. Increases in Acting With Awareness and Non-Reactivity were the facets of mindfulness most strongly and consistently associated with reduced PTSD symptoms. Increases in mindfulness were most strongly related to decreases in Hyperarousal and Emotional Numbing. CONCLUSIONS These results extend previous research, provide preliminary support for changes in mindfulness as a viable mechanism of treatment, and have a number of potential practical and theoretical implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle R Stephenson
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Healthcare System.,Willamette University Department of Psychology
| | - Tracy L Simpson
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Healthcare System.,University of Washington School of Medicine
| | | | - David J Kearney
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Healthcare System.,University of Washington School of Medicine
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wahbeh H, Goodrich E, Goy E, Oken BS. Mechanistic Pathways of Mindfulness Meditation in Combat Veterans With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. J Clin Psychol 2016; 72:365-83. [PMID: 26797725 PMCID: PMC4803530 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study's objective was to evaluate the effect of two common components of meditation (mindfulness and slow breathing) on potential mechanistic pathways. METHODS A total of 102 combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were randomized to (a) the body scan mindfulness meditation (MM), (b) slow breathing (SB) with a biofeedback device, (c) mindful awareness of the breath with an intention to slow the breath (MM+SB), or (d) sitting quietly (SQ). Participants had 6 weekly one-on-one sessions with 20 minutes of daily home practice. The mechanistic pathways and measures were as follows: (a) autonomic nervous system (hyperarousal symptoms, heart rate [HR], and heart rate variability [HRV]); (b) frontal cortex activity (attentional network task [ANT] conflict effect and event-related negativity and intrusive thoughts); and (c) hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (awakening cortisol). PTSD measures were also evaluated. RESULTS Meditation participants had significant but modest within-group improvement in PTSD and related symptoms, although there were no effects between groups. Perceived impression of PTSD symptom improvement was greater in the meditation arms compared with controls. Resting respiration decreased in the meditation arms compared with SQ. For the mechanistic pathways, (a) subjective hyperarousal symptoms improved within-group (but not between groups) for MM, MM+SB, and SQ, while HR and HRV did not; (b) intrusive thoughts decreased in MM compared with MM+SB and SB, while the ANT measures did not change; and (c) MM had lower awakening cortisol within-group (but not between groups). CONCLUSION Treatment effects were mostly specific to self-report rather than physiological measures. Continued research is needed to further evaluate mindfulness meditation's mechanism in people with PTSD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helané Wahbeh
- Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road CR 120, Portland, OR, USA 97239
- National College of Natural Medicine, 049 SW Porter Street, Portland, OR, USA 97201
| | - Elena Goodrich
- Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road CR 120, Portland, OR, USA 97239
| | - Elizabeth Goy
- Portland Veterans Administration Medical Center, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, OR, USA 97239
| | - Barry S. Oken
- Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road CR 120, Portland, OR, USA 97239
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Gonzalez A, Locicero B, Mahaffey B, Fleming C, Harris J, Vujanovic AA. Internalized HIV Stigma and Mindfulness: Associations With PTSD Symptom Severity in Trauma-Exposed Adults With HIV/AIDS. Behav Modif 2015; 40:144-63. [PMID: 26584609 DOI: 10.1177/0145445515615354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rates of both traumatic event exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; 22%-54%) are disproportionately elevated among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA). Trauma and related psychopathology significantly affect quality of life and disease management in this patient population. The current study examined associations between internalized HIV stigma, mindfulness skills, and the severity of PTSD symptoms in trauma-exposed PLHA. Participants included 137 PLHA (14.6% female; Mage = 48.94, SD = 8.89) who reported experiencing on average, five (SD = 2.67) traumatic events; 34% met diagnostic criteria for PTSD. Results indicate that after controlling for sex, age, education, and number of traumatic events, internalized HIV stigma was positively related to overall PTSD symptom severity (β = .16, p < .05) and severity of re-experiencing (β = .19, p < .05) and hyper-arousal (β = .16, p = .05), but not avoidance, PTSD symptom clusters. Among the mindfulness facets measured, acting with awareness was uniquely negatively related to the overall severity of PTSD symptoms (β = -.25, p < .01) and the severity of re-experiencing (β = -.25, p < .05), avoidance (β = -.25, p < .05), and hyper-arousal (β = -.29, p < .01) PTSD symptom clusters. These effects were observed after accounting for covariates and shared variance with other mindfulness facets. Theoretically, the present findings suggest that internalized HIV stigma may serve as a vulnerability factor for the severity of certain PTSD symptoms, whereas acting with awareness may function as a protective or resiliency factor for the severity of PTSD symptoms. Implications for the treatment of trauma-exposed PLHA are discussed.
Collapse
|
25
|
Colgan DD, Christopher M, Michael P, Wahbeh H. The Body Scan and Mindful Breathing Among Veterans with PTSD: Type of Intervention Moderates the Relationship Between Changes in Mindfulness and Post-treatment Depression. Mindfulness (N Y) 2015; 7:372-383. [PMID: 32863982 PMCID: PMC7451147 DOI: 10.1007/s12671-015-0453-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) is a promising intervention for veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression; however, a more detailed examination of the different elements of MBSR and various facets of mindfulness to determine what works best for whom is warranted. One hundred and two veterans with PTSD were randomly assigned to one of four arms: (a) body scan (BS; n= 27), (b) mindful breathing (MB; n=25), (c) slow breathing (SB; n=25), or (d) sitting quietly (SQ; n=25). The purpose of this study was to (a) examine two separate components of MBSR (i.e., body scan and mindful breathing) among veterans with PTSD when compared to a nonmindfulness intervention (SB) and a control group (SQ), (b) assess if changes in specific mindfulness facets were predictive of post-treatment PTSD and depression for individuals who participated in a mindfulness intervention (BS vs. MB), and (c) investigate if type of mindfulness intervention received would moderate the relationship between pre- to post-treatment changes in mindfulness facets and post-treatment outcomes in PTSD and depression. Participants in the mindfulness groups experienced significant decreases in PTSD and depression symptom severity and increases in mindfulness, whereas the nonmindfulness groups did not. Among veterans who participated in a mindfulness group, change in the five facets of mindfulness accounted for 23 % of unique variance in the prediction of post-treatment depression scores. Simple slope analyses revealed that type of mindfulness intervention moderated the relationship among changes in facets of mindfulness and post-treatment depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dana Dharmakaya Colgan
- School of Professional Psychology, Pacific University, 190 SE 8 Avenue, Hillsboro, OR 97123, USA
| | - Michael Christopher
- School of Professional Psychology, Pacific University, 190 SE 8 Avenue, Hillsboro, OR 97123, USA
| | - Paul Michael
- School of Professional Psychology, Pacific University, 190 SE 8 Avenue, Hillsboro, OR 97123, USA
| | - Helané Wahbeh
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Carim-Todd L, Mitchell SH, Oken BS. Impulsivity and Stress Response in Nondependent Smokers (Tobacco Chippers) in Comparison to Heavy Smokers and Nonsmokers. Nicotine Tob Res 2015; 18:547-56. [PMID: 26391579 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntv210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tobacco chippers are light smokers with stable patterns of smoking that exhibit lower nicotine dependence severity than heavy smokers. Chippers may provide valuable information about the factors influencing drug dependence. Impulsivity and stress are two factors known to influence smoking. By comparing nondependent smokers (tobacco chippers, n = 25) to dependent smokers (heavy smokers, n = 23) and nonsmokers (n = 25), this study examines the relationship between nicotine dependence, impulsivity, chronic stress, and stress reactivity. METHODS A total of 73 adult participants completed a study visit that included questionnaires to measure nicotine dependence, chronic stress, personality, affect, withdrawal, and craving. Impulsivity was measured with the delay discounting task and the flanker task. Stress reactivity was assessed by monitoring respiration, heart rate, and salivary cortisol during performance of a titrated Stroop task. Effects of acute stress on affect and craving were examined. RESULTS Tobacco chippers were as impulsive as heavy smokers on the delay discounting task but no different from nonsmokers on the flanker task. Heavy smokers reported higher perceived stress than chippers and nonsmokers. Perceived stress was a significant predictor of discounting only in heavy smokers. Acute stress induced changes in respiration, heart rate, and heart rate variability. Craving and negative affect increased after stress in both smoking groups, but craving was associated with affect only in chippers. CONCLUSIONS Tobacco chippers do not differ from heavy smokers in impulsivity, but do differ in perceived stress. One's perception and experience of stress might be associated to nicotine dependence resistance and could inform smoking cessation treatments. IMPLICATIONS By examining impulsivity, chronic stress, and stress reactivity in nondependent smokers (tobacco chippers) compared to dependent smokers and nonsmokers, this study contributes to the understanding of nicotine addiction and informs smoking cessation programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Carim-Todd
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR; Oregon Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Neurological Disorders (ORCCAMIND), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR;
| | - Suzanne H Mitchell
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR; Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Barry S Oken
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR; Oregon Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Neurological Disorders (ORCCAMIND), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Reductions in cortisol associated with primary care brief mindfulness program for veterans with PTSD. Med Care 2015; 52:S25-31. [PMID: 25397819 DOI: 10.1097/mlr.0000000000000224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have significant medical morbidity, which may be mediated by hypothalamic pituitary axis (HPA) dysfunction and reflected in cortisol output. Many veterans with PTSD are hesitant to engage in trauma-focused exposure treatments; therefore briefer, non-exposure-based treatments are needed; one such promising approach is an abbreviated Primary Care brief Mindfulness Program (PCbMP). OBJECTIVE This study investigated the relationship between dose-response to participation in a veterans PCbMP program and diurnal cortisol. Cortisol reflects HPA function and PTSD is associated with HPA dysregulation. RESEARCH DESIGN Veterans with PTSD were identified in PC and randomly assigned to treatment as usual (TAU, n=21) or participation in brief 4-week Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction program (n=19). SUBJECTS Veterans (n=40) (mean age, 48±16 y; 90% men) with PTSD referred through their VA PC provider and randomly assigned to PCbMP or TAU. MEASURE As an objective indicator of HPA function, salivary diurnal cortisol was measured from samples collected across 2 consecutive days at baseline and follow-up. RESULTS Analyses revealed that significant changes in cortisol were associated with PCbMP treatment engagement and dosing (number of mindfulness program sessions completed). Veterans completing 4 mindfulness-based meditation sessions significantly reduced their cortisol awakening response (P≤0.05); and had significant changes in cortisol area under the curve increase compared with TAU participants (P≤0.05). Results indicate that PCbMP has a beneficial physiological impact on veterans with PTSD with a minimum of 4 weeks of practice.
Collapse
|
28
|
Seligowski AV, Lee DJ, Bardeen JR, Orcutt HK. Emotion Regulation and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis. Cogn Behav Ther 2014; 44:87-102. [DOI: 10.1080/16506073.2014.980753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
29
|
Vinchurkar SA, Singh D, Visweswaraiah NK. Self-reported measures of mindfulness in meditators and non-meditators: A cross-sectional study. Int J Yoga 2014; 7:142-6. [PMID: 25035625 PMCID: PMC4097900 DOI: 10.4103/0973-6131.133898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: Mindfulness forms an important component of meditation practice and has been increasingly popular around the world. There has been growing interest in studying the mindful component of various meditation techniques. One of the various forms of mindfulness is the practice of a unique technique called cyclic mediation (CM). We aimed at ascertaining the level of mindfulness in experienced practitioners of CM using a Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS). Materials and Methods: MAAS was administered anonymously in a classroom setup and two of the project coordinators were present to supervise the administration and to assist the participants where necessary. We executed a cross sectional design. One hundred and thirty-three (n = 133) healthy male volunteers (66 meditators and 67 non-meditators) with ages ranging from 25 to 35 years participated in the study. Meditators had a minimum 3 years experience of meditation. Results: Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS 20. The data were checked for normality and an independent samples t-test was employed to compare the means of both the groups. MAAS scores were significantly higher in meditators as compared with the non-meditators (P < 0.001). We found a positive correlation (r = 0.620) between the years of meditation practice and the levels of trait mindfulness. Conclusions: CM can lead to development of higher levels of mindfulness and may have the ability to positively impact mental states and attention, thereby offering the potential for prevention of clinical levels of psychopathology and improving overall psychological well-being in healthy individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suhas Ashok Vinchurkar
- Department of Yoga and Life sciences, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Deepeshwar Singh
- Department of Yoga and Life sciences, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Dick AM, Niles BL, Street AE, DiMartino DM, Mitchell KS. Examining mechanisms of change in a yoga intervention for women: the influence of mindfulness, psychological flexibility, and emotion regulation on PTSD symptoms. J Clin Psychol 2014; 70:1170-82. [PMID: 24888209 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study explored possible mechanisms through which symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were reduced in a randomized controlled trial comparing the effect of a yoga intervention with an assessment control. METHOD We examined whether changes in psychological flexibility, mindfulness, and emotion regulation strategies (expressive suppression and reappraisal) were associated with posttreatment PTSD symptoms for 38 women with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition full or subthreshold PTSD. RESULTS Hierarchical linear regression models revealed that expressive suppression significantly decreased for the yoga group relative to the assessment control. Psychological flexibility increased significantly for the control but not yoga group. However, increases in psychological flexibility were associated with decreases in PTSD symptoms for the yoga but not control group. CONCLUSION Preliminary findings suggest that yoga may reduce expressive suppression and may improve PTSD symptoms by increasing psychological flexibility. More research is needed to replicate and extend these findings.
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Altered cortisol has been demonstrated to be lower in those with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in most studies. This cross-sectional study evaluated salivary cortisol at waking and 30 minutes after, and at bedtime in 51 combat veterans with PTSD compared to 20 veterans without PTSD. It also examined the relationship of cortisol to PTSD symptoms using 2 classifications: the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994) and the more recent 4-factor classification proposed for DSM-5. The PTSD group had lower cortisol values than the control group, F(6, 69) = 3.35, p = .006. This significance did not change when adding age, body mass index, smoking, medications affecting cortisol, awakening time, sleep duration, season, depression, perceived stress, service era, combat exposure, and lifetime trauma to the model. Post hoc analyses revealed that the PTSD group had lower area-under-the-curve ground and waking, 30 min, and bedtime values; the cortisol awakening response and area-under-the-curve increase were not different between groups. The 4-factor avoidance PTSD symptom cluster was associated with cortisol, but not the other symptom clusters. This study supports the finding that cortisol is lower in people with PTSD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helané Wahbeh
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Wahbeh H, Lane JB, Goodrich E, Miller M, Oken BS. One-on-one Mindfulness Meditation Trainings in a Research Setting. Mindfulness (N Y) 2012; 5:88-99. [PMID: 24554970 DOI: 10.1007/s12671-012-0155-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We created a standardized one-on-one mindfulness meditation intervention with six weekly 90-minute training sessions and home practice. The trainings included didactic instruction, discussion and guided meditations, and home-practice guided meditations and mindfulness exercises. Twenty-eight participants completed mindful awareness, nonjudgment, perceived stress, positive and negative affect, and credibility/expectancy scales before and after the intervention. There were no adverse events or unanticipated side effects. Participants' mindful awareness and nonjudgment scores and perceived credibility of the intervention increased after the intervention, while negative affect and perceived stress decreased. There was no change in positive affect. Future research is needed comparing group versus one-on-one formats incorporating participant preference in the randomization, personality, and other predictors as measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helané Wahbeh
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - James B Lane
- School of Professional Psychology, Pacific University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Elena Goodrich
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Meghan Miller
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Barry S Oken
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| |
Collapse
|