1
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Zhang W, Li Y, Li F, Ling L. Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulators in stroke treatment. J Neurochem 2022; 162:390-403. [PMID: 35943290 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive lysophospholipid that can influence a broad range of biological processes through its binding to five distinct G protein-coupled receptors. S1P receptor modulators are a new group of immunosuppressive agents currently used in the immunotherapy of multiple sclerosis. Inflammation following stroke may exacerbate injury. Given that S1P signaling is linked to multiple immune processes, therapies targeting the S1P axis may be suitable for treating stroke. In this review, we outline S1P metabolism and S1P receptors, discuss the mechanisms of action of S1P receptor modulators in lymphocyte migration and their direct action on cells of the central nervous system, and provide a concise summary of the efficacy of S1P receptor modulators in animal studies and clinical trials on treatments for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanzhou Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yudi Li
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fangming Li
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Ling
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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2
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Xue T, Ji J, Sun Y, Huang X, Cai Z, Yang J, Guo W, Guo R, Cheng H, Sun X. Sphingosine-1-phosphate, a novel TREM2 ligand, promotes microglial phagocytosis to protect against ischemic brain injury. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:1885-1898. [PMID: 35847502 PMCID: PMC9279640 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Xue
- Department of Pharmacology, Neuroprotective Drug Discovery Key Laboratory, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Juan Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, Neuroprotective Drug Discovery Key Laboratory, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yuqin Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Neuroprotective Drug Discovery Key Laboratory, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Xinxin Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Zhenyu Cai
- Department of Pharmacology, Neuroprotective Drug Discovery Key Laboratory, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Jin Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Neuroprotective Drug Discovery Key Laboratory, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, Neuroprotective Drug Discovery Key Laboratory, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Ruobing Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, Neuroprotective Drug Discovery Key Laboratory, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Hong Cheng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Xiulan Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Neuroprotective Drug Discovery Key Laboratory, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210004, China
- Corresponding author.
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3
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Pournajaf S, Dargahi L, Javan M, Pourgholami MH. Molecular Pharmacology and Novel Potential Therapeutic Applications of Fingolimod. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:807639. [PMID: 35250559 PMCID: PMC8889014 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.807639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fingolimod is a well-tolerated, highly effective disease-modifying therapy successfully utilized in the management of multiple sclerosis. The active metabolite, fingolimod-phosphate, acts on sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors (S1PRs) to bring about an array of pharmacological effects. While being initially recognized as a novel agent that can profoundly reduce T-cell numbers in circulation and the CNS, thereby suppressing inflammation and MS, there is now rapidly increasing knowledge on its previously unrecognized molecular and potential therapeutic effects in diverse pathological conditions. In addition to exerting inhibitory effects on sphingolipid pathway enzymes, fingolimod also inhibits histone deacetylases, transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 7 (TRMP7), cytosolic phospholipase A2α (cPLA2α), reduces lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) plasma levels, and activates protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). Furthermore, fingolimod induces apoptosis, autophagy, cell cycle arrest, epigenetic regulations, macrophages M1/M2 shift and enhances BDNF expression. According to recent evidence, fingolimod modulates a range of other molecular pathways deeply rooted in disease initiation or progression. Experimental reports have firmly associated the drug with potentially beneficial therapeutic effects in immunomodulatory diseases, CNS injuries, and diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), epilepsy, and even cancer. Attractive pharmacological effects, relative safety, favorable pharmacokinetics, and positive experimental data have collectively led to its testing in clinical trials. Based on the recent reports, fingolimod may soon find its way as an adjunct therapy in various disparate pathological conditions. This review summarizes the up-to-date knowledge about molecular pharmacology and potential therapeutic uses of fingolimod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safura Pournajaf
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Dargahi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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4
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Diao X, Cui Q, Tian N, Zhou Z, Xiang W, Jiang Y, Deng J, Liao H, Lin X, Li Q, Liao R. Hemorrhage-Induced Sphingosine Kinase 1 Contributes to Ferroptosis-Mediated Secondary Brain Injury in Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:1381-1397. [PMID: 34993846 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02605-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenic processes of brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) have not yet been fully elucidated. Increasing evidence suggests that ferroptosis activation aggravates injury after ICH, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Sphingosine kinase 1 (Sphk1) is a key enzyme in the regulation of sphingosine metabolism involved in the ferroptosis pathway, but its role in ICH needs clarification. In this study, transcriptional changes in ICH patients were assessed by microarray data, exposing Sphk1 as a highly upregulated gene during ICH. Furthermore, Sphk1 chemical inhibitors and siRNA were used to inhibit ICH-induced Sphk1 upregulation in in vivo and in vitro models, showing that Sphk1 inhibition after protects against ferroptosis and attenuates secondary brain injury and cell death. Mechanistically, this study unveiled that sphingosine kinase 1/sphingosine 1-phosphate/extracellular-regulated protein kinases/phosphorylated extracellular-regulated protein kinases (Sphk1/S1p/ERK/p-ERK) pathway is responsible for regulation of ferroptosis leading to secondary brain injury and cell death following ICH. Collectively, this study demonstrates that ferroptosis is closely associated with ICH, and that Sphk1 has a critical role in this lethal process. These results suggest a novel unique and effective therapeutic approach for ICH prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Diao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, China
- Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Qi Cui
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541004, China
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Ning Tian
- Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541004, China
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Zixian Zhou
- Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541004, China
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Wenjing Xiang
- Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541004, China
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Yanlin Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Jungang Deng
- Department of Pharmacology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Hongzhan Liao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Xiaohui Lin
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Qinghua Li
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, China.
- Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541004, China.
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541004, China.
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541004, China.
| | - Rujia Liao
- Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541004, China.
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541004, China.
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541004, China.
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5
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Zhang SQ, Xiao J, Chen M, Zhou LQ, Shang K, Qin C, Tian DS. Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Signaling in Ischemic Stroke: From Bench to Bedside and Beyond. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:781098. [PMID: 34916911 PMCID: PMC8669352 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.781098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) signaling is being increasingly recognized as a strong modulator of immune cell migration and endothelial function. Fingolimod and other S1P modulators in ischemic stroke treatment have shown promise in emerging experimental models and small-scale clinical trials. In this article, we will review the current knowledge of the role of S1P signaling in brain ischemia from the aspects of inflammation and immune interventions, sustaining endothelial functions, regulation of blood-brain barrier integrity, and functional recovery. We will then discuss the current and future therapeutic perspectives of targeting S1P for the treatment of ischemic stroke. Mechanism studies would help to bridge the gap between preclinical studies and clinical practice. Future success of bench-to-bedside translation shall be based on in depth understanding of S1P signaling during stroke and on the ability to have a fine temporal and spatial regulation of the signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo-Qi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Man Chen
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Luo-Qi Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ke Shang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chuan Qin
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dai-Shi Tian
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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6
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Naseh M, Vatanparast J, Rafati A, Bayat M, Haghani M. The emerging role of FTY720 as a sphingosine 1-phosphate analog for the treatment of ischemic stroke: The cellular and molecular mechanisms. Brain Behav 2021; 11:e02179. [PMID: 33969931 PMCID: PMC8213944 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Finding novel and effective drugs for the treatment of ischemic stroke is warranted because there is not a definitive treatment for this prevalent disease. Due to the relevance between the sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor and several neurological diseases including ischemic stroke, it seems that fingolimod (FTY720), as an agonist of S1P receptor, can be a useful therapeutic strategy in these patients. FTY720 is the first oral drug approved by the US food and drug administration for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Three important mechanisms for neuroprotective effects of FTY720 have been described. First, the functional antagonistic mechanism that is associated with lymphopenia and reduced lymphocytic inflammation. This effect results from the down-regulation and degradation of lymphocytes' S1P receptors, which inhibits lymph node lymphocytes from entering the bloodstream. Second, a functional agonistic activity that is mediated through direct effects via targeting S1P receptors on the membrane of various cells including neurons, microglia, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and endothelial cells of blood vessels in the central nervous system (CNS), and the third, receptor-independent mechanisms that are displayed by binding to specific cellular proteins that modulate intracellular signaling pathways or affect epigenetic transcriptions. Therefore, we review these mechanisms in more detail and describe the animal model and in clinical trial studies that support these three mechanisms for the neuroprotective action of FTY720 in ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Naseh
- Histomorphometry and Stereology Research CentreShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
| | | | - Ali Rafati
- Histomorphometry and Stereology Research CentreShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
- Department of PhysiologyShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
| | - Mahnaz Bayat
- Clinical Neurology Research CenterShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
| | - Masoud Haghani
- Histomorphometry and Stereology Research CentreShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
- Department of PhysiologyShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
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7
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Pepe G, Cotugno M, Marracino F, Giova S, Capocci L, Forte M, Stanzione R, Bianchi F, Marchitti S, Di Pardo A, Sciarretta S, Rubattu S, Maglione V. Differential Expression of Sphingolipid Metabolizing Enzymes in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats: A Possible Substrate for Susceptibility to Brain and Kidney Damage. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073796. [PMID: 33917593 PMCID: PMC8038804 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations in the metabolism of sphingolipids, a class of biologically active molecules in cell membranes with direct effect on vascular homeostasis, are increasingly recognized as important determinant in different vascular disorders. However, it is not clear whether sphingolipids are implicated in the pathogenesis of hypertension-related cerebrovascular and renal damage. In this study, we evaluated the existence of possible abnormalities related to the sphingolipid metabolism in the brain and kidneys of two well validated spontaneously hypertensive rat strains, the stroke-prone (SHRSP) and the stroke-resistant (SHRSR) models, as compared to the normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rat strain. Our results showed a global alteration in the metabolism of sphingolipids in both cerebral and renal tissues of both hypertensive strains as compared to the normotensive rat. However, few defects, such as reduced expression of enzymes involved in the metabolism/catabolism of sphingosine-1-phosphate and in the de novo biosynthetic pathways, were exclusively detected in the SHRSP. Although further studies are necessary to fully understand the significance of these findings, they suggest that defects in specific lipid molecules and/or their related metabolic pathways may likely contribute to the pathogenesis of hypertensive target organ damage and may eventually serve as future therapeutic targets to reduce the vascular consequences of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Pepe
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli 86077, Italy; (G.P.); (M.C.); (F.M.); (S.G.); (L.C.); (M.F.); (R.S.); (F.B.); (S.M.)
| | - Maria Cotugno
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli 86077, Italy; (G.P.); (M.C.); (F.M.); (S.G.); (L.C.); (M.F.); (R.S.); (F.B.); (S.M.)
| | - Federico Marracino
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli 86077, Italy; (G.P.); (M.C.); (F.M.); (S.G.); (L.C.); (M.F.); (R.S.); (F.B.); (S.M.)
| | - Susy Giova
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli 86077, Italy; (G.P.); (M.C.); (F.M.); (S.G.); (L.C.); (M.F.); (R.S.); (F.B.); (S.M.)
| | - Luca Capocci
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli 86077, Italy; (G.P.); (M.C.); (F.M.); (S.G.); (L.C.); (M.F.); (R.S.); (F.B.); (S.M.)
| | - Maurizio Forte
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli 86077, Italy; (G.P.); (M.C.); (F.M.); (S.G.); (L.C.); (M.F.); (R.S.); (F.B.); (S.M.)
| | - Rosita Stanzione
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli 86077, Italy; (G.P.); (M.C.); (F.M.); (S.G.); (L.C.); (M.F.); (R.S.); (F.B.); (S.M.)
| | - Franca Bianchi
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli 86077, Italy; (G.P.); (M.C.); (F.M.); (S.G.); (L.C.); (M.F.); (R.S.); (F.B.); (S.M.)
| | - Simona Marchitti
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli 86077, Italy; (G.P.); (M.C.); (F.M.); (S.G.); (L.C.); (M.F.); (R.S.); (F.B.); (S.M.)
| | - Alba Di Pardo
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli 86077, Italy; (G.P.); (M.C.); (F.M.); (S.G.); (L.C.); (M.F.); (R.S.); (F.B.); (S.M.)
- Correspondence: (A.D.P.); (S.R.); (V.M.)
| | - Sebastiano Sciarretta
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli 86077, Italy; (G.P.); (M.C.); (F.M.); (S.G.); (L.C.); (M.F.); (R.S.); (F.B.); (S.M.)
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina 04100, Italy;
| | - Speranza Rubattu
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli 86077, Italy; (G.P.); (M.C.); (F.M.); (S.G.); (L.C.); (M.F.); (R.S.); (F.B.); (S.M.)
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome 00185, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.D.P.); (S.R.); (V.M.)
| | - Vittorio Maglione
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli 86077, Italy; (G.P.); (M.C.); (F.M.); (S.G.); (L.C.); (M.F.); (R.S.); (F.B.); (S.M.)
- Correspondence: (A.D.P.); (S.R.); (V.M.)
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8
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Chua XY, Ho LTY, Xiang P, Chew WS, Lam BWS, Chen CP, Ong WY, Lai MKP, Herr DR. Preclinical and Clinical Evidence for the Involvement of Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Signaling in the Pathophysiology of Vascular Cognitive Impairment. Neuromolecular Med 2020; 23:47-67. [PMID: 33180310 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-020-08632-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphates (S1Ps) are bioactive lipids that mediate a diverse range of effects through the activation of cognate receptors, S1P1-S1P5. Scrutiny of S1P-regulated pathways over the past three decades has identified important and occasionally counteracting functions in the brain and cerebrovascular system. For example, while S1P1 and S1P3 mediate proinflammatory effects on glial cells and directly promote endothelial cell barrier integrity, S1P2 is anti-inflammatory but disrupts barrier integrity. Cumulatively, there is significant preclinical evidence implicating critical roles for this pathway in regulating processes that drive cerebrovascular disease and vascular dementia, both being part of the continuum of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI). This is supported by clinical studies that have identified correlations between alterations of S1P and cognitive deficits. We review studies which proposed and evaluated potential mechanisms by which such alterations contribute to pathological S1P signaling that leads to VCI-associated chronic neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Notably, S1P receptors have divergent but overlapping expression patterns and demonstrate complex interactions. Therefore, the net effect produced by S1P represents the cumulative contributions of S1P receptors acting additively, synergistically, or antagonistically on the neural, vascular, and immune cells of the brain. Ultimately, an optimized therapeutic strategy that targets S1P signaling will have to consider these complex interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ying Chua
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Leona T Y Ho
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119260, Singapore
| | - Ping Xiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wee Siong Chew
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Brenda Wan Shing Lam
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christopher P Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, National University Health System, Kent Ridge, Singapore
| | - Wei-Yi Ong
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119260, Singapore
- Neurobiology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119260, Singapore
| | - Mitchell K P Lai
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, National University Health System, Kent Ridge, Singapore.
| | - Deron R Herr
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.
- American University of Health Sciences, Long Beach, CA, USA.
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9
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Gaire BP, Choi JW. Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptors in Cerebral Ischemia. Neuromolecular Med 2020; 23:211-223. [PMID: 32914259 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-020-08614-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is an important lipid biomolecule that exerts pleiotropic cellular actions as it binds to and activates its five G-protein-coupled receptors, S1P1-5. Through these receptors, S1P can mediate diverse biological activities in both healthy and diseased conditions. S1P is produced by S1P-producing enzymes, sphingosine kinases (SphK1 and SphK2), and is abundantly present in different organs, including the brain. The medically important roles of receptor-mediated S1P signaling are well characterized in multiple sclerosis because FTY720 (Gilenya™, Novartis), a non-selective S1P receptor modulator, is currently used as a treatment for this disease. In cerebral ischemia, its role is also notable because of FTY720's efficacy in both rodent models and human patients with cerebral ischemia. In particular, some of the S1P receptors, including S1P1, S1P2, and S1P3, have been identified as pathogenic players in cerebral ischemia. Other than these receptors, S1P itself and S1P-producing enzymes have been shown to play certain roles in cerebral ischemia. This review aims to compile the current updates and overviews about the roles of S1P signaling, along with a focus on S1P receptors in cerebral ischemia, based on recent studies that used in vivo rodent models of cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhakta Prasad Gaire
- College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gachon University, Inchon, 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Woong Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gachon University, Inchon, 21936, Republic of Korea.
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10
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A Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Gradient Is Linked to the Cerebral Recruitment of T Helper and Regulatory T Helper Cells during Acute Ischemic Stroke. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176242. [PMID: 32872326 PMCID: PMC7503682 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests a complex relationship between sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) signaling and stroke. Here, we show the kinetics of S1P in the acute phase of ischemic stroke and highlight accompanying changes in immune cells and S1P receptors (S1PR). Using a C57BL/6 mouse model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), we assessed S1P concentrations in the brain, plasma, and spleen. We found a steep S1P gradient from the spleen towards the brain. Results obtained by qPCR suggested that cells expressing the S1PR type 1 (S1P1+) were the predominant population deserting the spleen. Here, we report the cerebral recruitment of T helper (TH) and regulatory T (TREG) cells to the ipsilateral hemisphere, which was associated with differential regulation of cerebral S1PR expression patterns in the brain after MCAO. This study provides insight that the S1P-S1PR axis facilitates splenic T cell egress and is linked to the cerebral recruitment of S1PR+ TH and TREG cells. Further insights by which means the S1P-S1PR-axis orchestrates neuronal positioning may offer new therapeutic perspectives after ischemic stroke.
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11
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Targeted role for sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 in cerebrovascular integrity and inflammation during acute ischemic stroke. Neurosci Lett 2020; 735:135160. [PMID: 32561451 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors are emerging as relevant therapeutic targets during acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Physiologically, the cerebrovascular endothelium plays a vital role in maintaining barrier integrity and cerebrovascular homeostasis. During a cerebral ischemic event, products from parenchymal cell death are released and trigger vascular endothelial dysfunction and vascular inflammation leading to barrier integrity disruption. Endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and a breach in barrier property play a significant role in contributing to a vicious cycle which promotes brain edema formation and exacerbates neuronal injury post stroke. Data from experimental stroke models and clinical trials suggest that selective sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor type 1 (S1PR1) modulation improves endothelial health and function and, as a result, contributes to improved neurological outcome post ischemic injury. This review highlights the impact of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P)/S1PR1 signaling involved in blood brain barrier (BBB) integrity and cerebrovascular inflammation following AIS. We focus on the beneficial actions of S1PR1 signaling during ischemic injury including barrier protection to lessen brain edema formation and reduction in the development and progression of vascular inflammation by attenuating endothelial cell activation resulting in reduced neurovascular inflammation. Potential gaps and future directions related to the role of S1PR during AIS are also discussed.
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12
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Zhou Y, Shao A, Yao Y, Tu S, Deng Y, Zhang J. Dual roles of astrocytes in plasticity and reconstruction after traumatic brain injury. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:62. [PMID: 32293472 PMCID: PMC7158016 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00549-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of fatality and disability worldwide. Despite its high prevalence, effective treatment strategies for TBI are limited. Traumatic brain injury induces structural and functional alterations of astrocytes, the most abundant cell type in the brain. As a way of coping with the trauma, astrocytes respond in diverse mechanisms that result in reactive astrogliosis. Astrocytes are involved in the physiopathologic mechanisms of TBI in an extensive and sophisticated manner. Notably, astrocytes have dual roles in TBI, and some astrocyte-derived factors have double and opposite properties. Thus, the suppression or promotion of reactive astrogliosis does not have a substantial curative effect. In contrast, selective stimulation of the beneficial astrocyte-derived molecules and simultaneous attenuation of the deleterious factors based on the spatiotemporal-environment can provide a promising astrocyte-targeting therapeutic strategy. In the current review, we describe for the first time the specific dual roles of astrocytes in neuronal plasticity and reconstruction, including neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, angiogenesis, repair of the blood-brain barrier, and glial scar formation after TBI. We have also classified astrocyte-derived factors depending on their neuroprotective and neurotoxic roles to design more appropriate targeted therapies. Video Abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiang Zhou
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Zhejiang, 310009, Hangzhou, China
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Province, Zhejiang, 310009, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Yihan Yao
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Zhejiang, 310009, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sheng Tu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongchuan Deng
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Zhejiang, 310009, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Province, Zhejiang, 310009, Hangzhou, China
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13
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Dang C, Lu Y, Li Q, Wang C, Ma X. Efficacy of the sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist fingolimod in animal models of stroke: an updated meta-analysis. Int J Neurosci 2020; 131:85-94. [PMID: 32148137 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2020.1733556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Neuroinflammation is a central part of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. The novel immune suppressant, fingolimod, is a promising candidate to ameliorate stroke-induced damage. Fingolimod is efficacious in experimental ischemic models, but a rigorous meta-analysis is lacking that considers how different experiment variables affect outcomes.Methods: We conducted a systematic literature review of fingolimod in stroke models, with the aim of rigorously evaluating fingolimod's effects on reducing infarct volume improving neurological outcomes. Seventeen variables were evaluated as covariates for the source of heterogeneity, and effect sizes were combined by using normalized mean difference meta-analysis to evaluate efficacy. Study quality was evaluated by the CAMARADES ten-item checklist, and publication bias was evaluated by funnel plots and Egger's tests.Results: About 123 unduplicated articles were identified in the literature research. Of these papers, 118 articles were excluded after reading titles and abstracts. Another 17 articles were selected in this study. Study quality was moderate (median = 6; interquartile range = 4), and publication bias was statistically insignificant. fingolimod reduced infarct volume by 30.4% (95% CI 22.4%-38.3%; n = 24; I2 = 90.0%; p < 0.0001) and consistently enhanced neurobehavioral outcome by 34.2% (95% CI 23.1%-45.2%; n = 14; I2 = 76.5%; p < 0.0001). No single factors accounted for heterogeneity.Conclusions: Our rigorous statistical evaluation confirmed the neuroprotective properties of fingolimod. New data can be used in designing future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Dang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,West China Medical Publishers, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yaoheng Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Chengdu Integrated TCM&Western Medicine Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chunyang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaofeng Ma
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neurotrauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central N Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China
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14
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Zou Y, Hu J, Huang W, Ye S, Han F, Du J, Shao M, Guo R, Lin J, Zhao Y, Xiong Y, Wang X. Non-Mitogenic Fibroblast Growth Factor 1 Enhanced Angiogenesis Following Ischemic Stroke by Regulating the Sphingosine-1-Phosphate 1 Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:59. [PMID: 32194396 PMCID: PMC7063943 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic strokes account for about 80% of all strokes and are associated with a high risk of mortality. Angiogenesis of brain microvascular endothelial cells may contribute to functional restoration following ischemia. Fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1), a member of FGF superfamily, involved in embryonic development, angiogenesis, wound healing, and neuron survival. However, the mitogenic activity of FGF1 is known to contribute to several human pathologies, thereby questioning the safety of its clinical applications. Here, we explored the effects and mechanism of action of non-mitogenic FGF1 (nmFGF1) on angiogenesis in mice after ischemia stroke and an oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-induced human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs) injury model. We found that intranasal administration nmFGF1 significantly promoted angiogenesis in mice after stroke, and significantly increased the formation of matrigel tube and promoted scratch migration in a dose-dependent manner in OGD-induced HBMECs in vitro. However, the co-administration of an FGF receptor 1 (FGFR1)-specific inhibitor PD173074 significantly reversed the effects of nmFGF1 in vitro, suggesting that nmFGF1 functions via FGFR1 activation. Moreover, nmFGF1 activated sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1, S1P1) in mice after stroke in vivo. S1P1 protein antagonist VPC23019 and agonist FTY720 were used to confirm that nmFGF1 promotes angiogenesis in vitro partially through the S1P1 pathway. OGD induced downregulation of S1P1 expression. The S1P1 antagonist VPC23019 blocked the stimulatory effects of nmFGF1, whereas the S1P1 agonist FTY720 exerted effects comparable with those of nmFGF1. Furthermore, PD173074 reversed the effect of nmFGF1 on upregulating S1P1 signaling. In conclusion, nmFGF1 enhanced angiogenesis in mice following stroke and OGD-induced HBMECs through S1P1 pathway regulation mediated via FGFR1 activation. This new discovery suggests the potential therapeutic role of nmFGF1 for the treatment of ischemic strokes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchi Zou
- The Frist Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jian Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wenting Huang
- School of the First Clinical Medical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shasha Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Fanyi Han
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jingting Du
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Mingjie Shao
- School of the First Clinical Medical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ruili Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yeli Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Engineering Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Pharmaceutical Development of Growth Factors, Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Wenzhou, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ye Xiong
- The Frist Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xue Wang
- The Frist Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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15
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Wang Z, Kawabori M, Houkin K. FTY720 (Fingolimod) Ameliorates Brain Injury through Multiple Mechanisms and is a Strong Candidate for Stroke Treatment. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:2979-2993. [PMID: 31785606 PMCID: PMC7403647 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190308133732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
FTY720 (Fingolimod) is a known sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor agonist that exerts strong anti-inflammatory effects and was approved as the first oral drug for the treatment of multiple sclerosis by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2010. FTY720 is mainly associated with unique functional "antagonist" and "agonist" mechanisms. The functional antagonistic mechanism is mediated by the transient down-regulation and degradation of S1P receptors on lymphocytes, which prevents lymphocytes from entering the blood stream from the lymph node. This subsequently results in the development of lymphopenia and reduces lymphocytic inflammation. Functional agonistic mechanisms are executed through S1P receptors expressed on the surface of various cells including neurons, astrocytes, microglia, and blood vessel endothelial cells. These functions might play important roles in regulating anti-apoptotic systems, modulating brain immune and phagocytic activities, preserving the Blood-Brain-Barrier (BBB), and the proliferation of neural precursor cells. Recently, FTY720 have shown receptor-independent effects, including intracellular target bindings and epigenetic modulations. Many researchers have recognized the positive effects of FTY720 and launched basic and clinical experiments to test the use of this agent against stroke. Although the mechanism of FTY720 has not been fully elucidated, its efficacy against cerebral stroke is becoming clear, not only in animal models, but also in ischemic stroke patients through clinical trials. In this article, we review the data obtained from laboratory findings and preliminary clinical trials using FTY720 for stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zifeng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Masahito Kawabori
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kiyohiro Houkin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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16
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Wang Y, Zhang JH, Sheng J, Shao A. Immunoreactive Cells After Cerebral Ischemia. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2781. [PMID: 31849964 PMCID: PMC6902047 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system is rapidly activated after ischemic stroke. As immune cells migrate and infiltrate across the blood-brain barrier into the ischemic region, a cascade of cellular and molecular biological reactions occur, involving migrated immune cells, resident glial cells, and the vascular endothelium. These events regulate infarction evolution and thus influence the outcome of ischemic stroke. Most immune cells exert dual effects on cerebral ischemia, and some crucial cells may become central targets in ischemic stroke treatment and rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Jifang Sheng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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17
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TRAF2 protects against cerebral ischemia-induced brain injury by suppressing necroptosis. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:328. [PMID: 30988281 PMCID: PMC6465397 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1558-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Necroptosis contributes to ischemia-induced brain injury. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor associated factor 2 (TRAF2) has been reported to suppress necroptotic cell death under several pathological conditions. In this study, we investigated the role of TRAF2 in experimental stroke using a mouse middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model and in vitro cellular models. TRAF2 expression in the ischemic brain was assessed with western blot and real-time RT-PCR. Gene knockdown of TRAF2 by lentivirus was utilized to investigate the role of TRAF2 in stroke outcomes. The expression of TRAF2 was significantly induced in the ischemic brain at 24 h after reperfusion, and neurons and microglia were two of the cellular sources of TRAF2 induction. Striatal knockdown of TRAF2 increased infarction size, cell death, microglial activation and the expression of pro-inflammatory markers at 24 h after reperfusion. TRAF2 expression and necroptosis were induced in mouse primary microglia treated with conditioned medium collected from neurons subject to oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) and in TNFα-treated mouse hippocampal neuronal HT-22 cells in the presence of the pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD. In addition, TRAF2 knockdown exacerbated microglial cell death and neuronal cell death under these conditions. Moreover, pre-treatment with a specific necroptosis inhibitor necrostatin-1 (nec-1) suppressed the cell death exacerbated by TRAF2 knockdown in the brain following MCAO, indicating that TRAF2 impacted ischemic brain damage through necroptosis mechanism. Taken together, our results demonstrate that TRAF2 is a novel regulator of cerebral ischemic injury.
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18
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Bao Q, Hu P, Xu Y, Cheng T, Wei C, Pan L, Shi J. Simultaneous Blood-Brain Barrier Crossing and Protection for Stroke Treatment Based on Edaravone-Loaded Ceria Nanoparticles. ACS NANO 2018; 12:6794-6805. [PMID: 29932327 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b01994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral vasculature and neuronal networks will be largely destroyed due to the oxidative damage by overproduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) during a stroke, accompanied by the symptoms of ischemic injury and blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption. Ceria nanoparticles, acting as an effective and recyclable ROS scavenger, have been shown to be highly effective in neuroprotection. However, the brain access of nanoparticles can only be achieved by targeting the damaged area of BBB, leading to the disrupted BBB being unprotected and to turbulence of the microenvironment in the brain. Nevertheless, the integrity of the BBB will cause very limited accumulation of therapeutic nanoparticles in brain lesions. This dilemma is a great challenge in the development of efficient stroke nanotherapeutics. Herein, we have developed an effective stroke treatment agent based on monodisperse ceria nanoparticles, which are loaded with edaravone and modified with Angiopep-2 and poly(ethylene glycol) on their surface (E-A/P-CeO2). The as-designed E-A/P-CeO2 features highly effective BBB crossing via receptor-mediated transcytosis to access brain tissues and synergistic elimination of ROS by both the loaded edaravone and ceria nanoparticles. As a result, the E-A/P-CeO2 with low toxicity and excellent hemo/histocompatibility can be used to effectively treat strokes due to great intracephalic uptake enhancement and, in the meantime, effectively protect the BBB, holding great potentials in stroke therapy with much mitigated harmful side effects and sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunqun Bao
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200050 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
- School of Physical Science and Technology , ShanghaiTech University , Shanghai 201210 , China
| | - Ping Hu
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200050 , China
| | - Yingying Xu
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200050 , China
- School of Physical Science and Technology , ShanghaiTech University , Shanghai 201210 , China
| | - Tiansheng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200050 , China
- School of Physical Science and Technology , ShanghaiTech University , Shanghai 201210 , China
| | - Chenyang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200050 , China
| | - Limin Pan
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200050 , China
| | - Jianlin Shi
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200050 , China
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19
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Zhou YF, Li PC, Wu JH, Haslam JA, Mao L, Xia YP, He QW, Wang XX, Lei H, Lan XL, Miao QR, Yue ZY, Li YN, Hu B. Sema3E/PlexinD1 inhibition is a therapeutic strategy for improving cerebral perfusion and restoring functional loss after stroke in aged rats. Neurobiol Aging 2018; 70:102-116. [PMID: 30007159 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Brain tissue survival and functional recovery after ischemic stroke greatly depend on cerebral vessel perfusion and functional collateral circulation in the ischemic area. Semaphorin 3E (Sema3E), one of the class 3 secreted semaphorins, has been demonstrated to be a critical regulator in embryonic and postnatal vascular formation via binding to its receptor PlexinD1. However, whether Sema3E/PlexinD1 signaling is involved in poststroke neovascularization remains unknown. To determine the contribution of Sema3E/PlexinD1 signaling to poststroke recovery, aged rats (18 months) were subjected to a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. We found that depletion of Sema3E/PlexinD1 signaling with lentivirus-mediated PlexinD1-specific-shRNA improves tissue survival and functional outcome. Sema3E/PlexinD1 inhibition not only increases cortical perfusion but also ameliorates blood-brain barrier damage, as determined by positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that Sema3E suppresses endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenic capacity. More importantly, Sema3E/PlexinD1 signaling inhibits recruitment of pericytes by decreasing production of platelet derived growth factor-BB in endothelial cells. Overall, our study revealed that inhibition of Sema3E/PlexinD1 signaling in the ischemic penumbra, which increases both endothelial angiogenic capacity and recruitment of pericytes, contributed to functional neovascularization and blood-brain barrier integrity in the aged rats. Our findings imply that Sema3E/PlexinD1 signaling is a novel therapeutic target for improving brain tissue survival and functional recovery after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fan Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng-Cheng Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie-Hong Wu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - James Andrew Haslam
- Swansea College of Medicine, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, UK
| | - Ling Mao
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan-Peng Xia
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Quan-Wei He
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xu-Xia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Li Lan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing Robert Miao
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Divisions of Pediatric Pathology, Department of Pathology, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Zhen-Yu Yue
- Department of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience, The Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ya-Nan Li
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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20
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Pramipexole and Fingolimod exert neuroprotection in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease by activation of sphingosine kinase 1 and Akt kinase. Neuropharmacology 2018; 135:139-150. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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21
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Dreikorn M, Milacic Z, Pavlovic V, Meuth SG, Kleinschnitz C, Kraft P. Immunotherapy of experimental and human stroke with agents approved for multiple sclerosis: a systematic review. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2018; 11:1756286418770626. [PMID: 29774055 PMCID: PMC5949925 DOI: 10.1177/1756286418770626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background 'Thromboinflammation' describes a novel concept in stroke pathophysiology that has opened up the possibility of immunotherapeutic approaches which could become promising strategies for targeted stroke therapies in the future. Methods We reviewed current evidence for agents approved for multiple sclerosis in preclinical and clinical stroke studies. A systematic review was performed in accordance with the PRISMA statement, searching MEDLINE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and reference lists of articles published until 16 October 2017. Results The review included 52 of 629 identified studies, consisting of 5 clinical and 47 preclinical trials. Most of the studies showed beneficial effects of the evaluated immunotherapeutic drugs in terms of reduction in morphological lesion size and improvement in functional outcome. Nevertheless, the significance of these findings is limited due to the high degree of heterogeneity. Conclusions Immunotherapy of stroke might be effective and could become a promising treatment strategy, but larger clinical trials with standardized interventions and outcome measures are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Dreikorn
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Main-Spessart, Lohr, Germany
| | - Zeljko Milacic
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Main-Spessart, Lohr, Germany
| | | | - Sven G Meuth
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Peter Kraft
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Main-Spessart, Grafen-von-Rieneck-Str. 5, 97816 Lohr, Germany
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22
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Iwasawa E, Ishibashi S, Suzuki M, Li F, Ichijo M, Miki K, Yokota T. Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptor 1 Activation Enhances Leptomeningeal Collateral Development and Improves Outcome after Stroke in Mice. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2018; 27:1237-1251. [PMID: 29337049 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2017.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Development of collateral circulation after acute ischemic stroke is triggered by shear stress that occurs in pre-existing arterioles. Recently, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1P1) on endothelial cells was reported to sense shear stress and transduce its signaling pathways. METHODS BALB/c mice (n = 118) were subjected to permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) or sham operation. We investigated the effect of an S1P1-selective agonist SEW2871 on leptomeningeal collateral arteries and neurological outcome after pMCAO. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry showed that without treatment, the expression of S1P1 on endothelial cells of leptomeningeal arteries and capillaries increased early after pMCAO, peaking at 6 hours, whereas a significant increase in the expression of S1P1 in neurons was seen from 24 hours later. After intraperitoneal administration of SEW2871 for 7 days after pMCAO, the number of leptomeningeal collateral arteries was significantly increased, cerebral blood flow improved, infarct volume was decreased, and neurological outcome improved compared with the controls. Significantly increased phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) as early as 6 hours after pMCAO and higher expression of tight junction proteins at postoperative day 3 were observed with SEW2871 treatment as assessed by Western blot. Daily administration of SEW2871 also increased capillary density in peri-infarct regions and promoted monocyte/macrophage mobilization to the surface of ischemic cortex at 7 days after pMCAO. CONCLUSIONS An S1P1-selective agonist enhanced leptomeningeal collateral circulation via eNOS phosphorylation and promoted postischemic angiogenesis with reinforced blood-brain barrier integrity in a mouse model of acute ischemic stroke, leading to smaller infarct volume and better neurological outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Iwasawa
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoru Ishibashi
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Motohiro Suzuki
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - FuYing Li
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiko Ichijo
- Department of Neurology, Musashino Red Cross Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunori Miki
- Department of Endovascular Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takanori Yokota
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Zhou YF, Li YN, Jin HJ, Wu JH, He QW, Wang XX, Lei H, Hu B. Sema4D/PlexinB1 inhibition ameliorates blood-brain barrier damage and improves outcome after stroke in rats. FASEB J 2018; 32:2181-2196. [PMID: 29242274 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700786rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The inflammatory process in stroke is the major contributor to blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown. Previous studies indicated that semaphorin 4D (Sema4D), an axon guidance molecule, initiated inflammatory microglial activation and disrupted endothelial function in the CNS. However, whether Sema4D disrupts BBB integrity after stroke remains unclear. To study the effect of Sema4D on BBB disruption in stroke, rats were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion and targeted injection of lentivirus-mediated clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 gene disruption of PlexinB1. We found that Sema4D synchronously increased with BBB permeability and accumulated in the perivascular area after stroke. Suppressing Sema4D/PlexinB1 signaling in the periinfarct cortex significantly decreased BBB permeability as detected by MRI and fibrin deposition, and thereby improved stroke outcome. In vitro, we confirmed that Sema4D disrupted BBB integrity and endothelial tight junctions. Moreover, we found that Sema4D induced pericytes to acquire a CD11b-positive phenotype and express proinflammatory cytokines. In addition, Sema4D inhibited AUF1-induced proinflammatory mRNA decay effect. Taken together, our data provides evidence that Sema4D disrupts BBB integrity and promotes an inflammatory response by binding to PlexinB1 in pericytes after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Our study indicates that Sema4D may be a novel therapeutic target for treatment in the acute phase of stroke.-Zhou, Y.-F., Li, Y.-N., Jin, H.-J., Wu, J.-H., He, Q.-W., Wang, X.-X., Lei, H., Hu, B. Sema4D/PlexinB1 inhibition ameliorates blood-brain barrier damage and improves outcome after stroke in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fan Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ya-Nan Li
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui-Juan Jin
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie-Hong Wu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Quan-Wei He
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xu-Xia Wang
- National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Lei
- National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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24
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Wu G, McBride DW, Zhang JH. Axl activation attenuates neuroinflammation by inhibiting the TLR/TRAF/NF-κB pathway after MCAO in rats. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 110:59-67. [PMID: 29196212 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Ischemic stroke activates Toll-like receptors (TLRs), triggering rapid inflammatory cytokine production. Axl signaling has multiple roles, including regulating cytokine secretion, clearing apoptotic cells, and maintaining cell survival, however, its role in inflammation after ischemic stroke has not been examined. We hypothesized that activation of Axl by recombinant Growth-arrest-specific protein 6 (rGas6) attenuates neuroinflammation by inhibiting the TLR/TRAF/NF-κB pathway after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rats. METH: Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to 2h of MCAO. One hour after reperfusion, the rats were given an intranasal injection of rGas6, vehicle, or R428 (Axl receptor inhibitor). Neurological scores, infarct volumes, immunofluorescence staining, Morris Water Maze, rotarod test and histology alterations were analyzed. The expressions of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and Gas6, Axl, STAT1, SOCS1, SOCS3 and the TLR/TRAF/NF-κB pathway were quantified using Western blot. RESULTS Endogenous expressions of Gas6 and Axl decreased significantly by 24h after MCAO. rGas6 reduced brain infarction and improved neurologic deficits scores, and increased expression of Axl and decreased the expressions of TRAF3, TRAF6 and inflammatory factors IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Four weeks after MCAO, rGas6 improved long-term neurological behavior and memory. Inhibition of the Axl/TLR/TRAF/NF-κB pathway reversed the brain protection by rGas6. CONCLUSION rGas6 reduced the neurological deficits by inhibiting neuroinflammation via the TLR/TRAF/NF-κB signaling pathway. rGas6 can be used as potential treatment to ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyong Wu
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Devin W McBride
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - John H Zhang
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
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AntagomiR-613 protects neuronal cells from oxygen glucose deprivation/re-oxygenation via increasing SphK2 expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 493:188-194. [PMID: 28916166 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD)/re-oxygenation (OGDR) causes damages to neuronal cells. Sphingosine kinase 2 (SphK2) expression could exert neuroprotective functions. Here, we aim to induce SphK2 expression via inhibiting the anti-SphK2 microRNA: microRNA-613 ("miR-613"). In both SH-SY5Y neuronal cells and primary murine hippocampal neurons, transfection of the miR-613's specific inhibitor, antagomiR-613 ("antamiR-613"), induced miR-613 depletion and SphK2 expression. Reversely, forced over-expression of miR-613 caused SphK2 downregulation in SH-SY5Y cells. OGDR-induced cytotoxicity in neuronal cells was largely attenuated by antamiR-613. SphK2 is required for antamiR-613-induced actions in neuronal cells. SphK2 knockdown (by targeted-shRNAs) or inhibition (by its inhibitor ABC294640) almost completely abolished antamiR-613-mediated neuroprotection against OGDR. Further studies showed that OGDR-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, lipid peroxidation, and DNA damages in SH-SY5Y cells were largely attenuated by antamiR-613, but were intensified by miR-613 expression. Taken together, we conclude that antamiR-613 protects neuronal cells from OGDR probably via inducing SphK2 expression.
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26
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McBride DW, Zhang JH. Precision Stroke Animal Models: the Permanent MCAO Model Should Be the Primary Model, Not Transient MCAO. Transl Stroke Res 2017; 8:10.1007/s12975-017-0554-2. [PMID: 28718030 PMCID: PMC5772000 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-017-0554-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
An argument for preclinical stroke research to make more use of the permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model, rather than transient MCAO, is presented. Despite STAIR recommending permanent MCAO as the primary model, preclinical stroke research has not been listened. In 2012, Hossmann reported that 64% of the treatment studies for MCAO used prompt transient MCAO models and only 36% of the studies used permanent MCAO or gradual transient MCAO (i.e., embolic stroke model). Then, in 2014 and 2015, 88% of published basic science studies on large vessel occlusion used the transient MCAO model. However, this model only represents 2.5-11.3% of large vessel stroke patients. Therefore, the transient MCAO model, which mimics stroke with reperfusion, does not accurately reflect the majority of clinical stroke cases. Thus, once again, the argument for studying permanent MCAO as a primary model is made and supported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin W McBride
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA.
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA.
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27
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Vinpocetine Inhibits NF-κB-Dependent Inflammation in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients. Transl Stroke Res 2017; 9:174-184. [PMID: 28691141 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-017-0549-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Immunity and inflammation play critical roles in the pathogenesis of acute ischemic stroke. Therefore, immune intervention, as a new therapeutic strategy, is worthy of exploration. Here, we tested the inflammation modulator, vinpocetine, for its effect on the outcomes of stroke. For this multi-center study, we recruited 60 patients with anterior cerebral circulation occlusion and onset of stroke that had exceeded 4.5 h but lasted less than 48 h. These patients, after random division into two groups, received either standard management alone (controls) or standard management plus vinpocetine (30 mg per day intravenously for 14 consecutive days, Gedeon Richter Plc., Hungary). Vinpocetine treatment did not change the lymphocyte count; however, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell activation was inhibited as seen not only by the increased transcription of IκBα mRNA but also by the impeded phosphorylation and degradation of IκBα and subsequent induction of pro-inflammatory mediators. These effects led to significantly reduced secondary lesion enlargement and an attenuated inflammation reaction. Compared to controls, patients treated with vinpocetine had a better recovery of neurological function and improved clinical outcomes during the acute phase and at 3-month follow-up. These findings identify vinpocetine as an inflammation modulator that could improve clinical outcomes after acute ischemic stroke. This study also indicated the important role of immunity and inflammation in the pathogenesis of acute ischemic stroke and the significance of immunomodulatory treatment. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION INFORMATION www.clinicaltrials.gov . Identifier: NCT02878772.
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28
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Sphingosine kinase 2 activates autophagy and protects neurons against ischemic injury through interaction with Bcl-2 via its putative BH3 domain. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2912. [PMID: 28682313 PMCID: PMC5550846 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Our previous findings suggest that sphingosine kinase 2 (SPK2) mediates ischemic tolerance and autophagy in cerebral preconditioning. The aim of this study was to determine by which mechanism SPK2 activates autophagy in neural cells. In both primary murine cortical neurons and HT22 hippocampal neuronal cells, overexpression of SPK2 increased LC3II and enhanced the autophagy flux. SPK2 overexpression protected cortical neurons against oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) injury, as evidenced by improvement of neuronal morphology, increased cell viability and reduced lactate dehydrogenase release. The inhibition of autophagy effectively suppressed the neuroprotective effect of SPK2. SPK2 overexpression reduced the co-immunoprecipitation of Beclin-1 and Bcl-2, while Beclin-1 knockdown inhibited SPK2-induced autophagy. Both co-immunoprecipitation and GST pull-down analysis suggest that SPK2 directly interacts with Bcl-2. SPK2 might interact to Bcl-2 in the cytoplasm. Notably, an SPK2 mutant with L219A substitution in its putative BH3 domain was not able to activate autophagy. A Tat peptide fused to an 18-amino acid peptide encompassing the native, but not the L219A mutated BH3 domain of SPK2 activated autophagy in neural cells. The Tat-SPK2 peptide also protected neurons against OGD injury through autophagy activation. These results suggest that SPK2 interacts with Bcl-2 via its BH3 domain, thereby dissociating it from Beclin-1 and activating autophagy. The observation that Tat-SPK2 peptide designed from the BH3 domain of SPK2 activates autophagy and protects neural cells against OGD injury suggest that this structure may provide the basis for a novel class of therapeutic agents against ischemic stroke.
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29
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Su D, Cheng Y, Li S, Dai D, Zhang W, Lv M. Sphk1 mediates neuroinflammation and neuronal injury via TRAF2/NF-κB pathways in activated microglia in cerebral ischemia reperfusion. J Neuroimmunol 2017; 305:35-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Revised: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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30
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Gaire BP, Lee CH, Sapkota A, Lee SY, Chun J, Cho HJ, Nam TG, Choi JW. Identification of Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptor Subtype 1 (S1P 1) as a Pathogenic Factor in Transient Focal Cerebral Ischemia. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:2320-2332. [PMID: 28343295 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0468-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Medically relevant roles of receptor-mediated sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) signaling have become a successful or promising target for multiple sclerosis or cerebral ischemia. Animal-based proof-of-concept validation for the latter is particularly through the neuroprotective efficacy of FTY720, a non-selective S1P receptor modulator, presumably via activation of S1P1. In spite of a clear link between S1P signaling and cerebral ischemia, it remains unknown whether the role of S1P1 is pathogenic or neuroprotective. Here, we investigated the involvement of S1P1 along with its role in cerebral ischemia using a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion ("tMCAO") model. Brain damage following tMCAO, as assessed by brain infarction, neurological deficit score, and neural cell death, was reduced by oral administration of AUY954, a selective S1P1 modulator as a functional antagonist, in a therapeutic paradigm, indicating that S1P1 is a pathogenic mediator rather than a neuroprotective mediator. This pathogenic role of S1P1 in cerebral ischemia was reaffirmed because tMCAO-induced brain damage was reduced by genetic knockdown with an intracerebroventricular microinjection of S1P1 shRNA lentivirus into the brain. Genetic knockdown of S1P1 or AUY954 exposure reduced microglial activation, as assessed by reduction in the number of activated microglia and reversed morphology from amoeboid to ramified, and microglial proliferation in ischemic brain. Its role in microglial activation was recapitulated in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated primary mouse microglia, in which the mRNA expression level of TNF-α and IL-1β, well-known markers for microglial activation, was reduced in microglia transfected with S1P1 siRNA. These data suggest that the pathogenic role of S1P1 is associated with microglial activation in ischemic brain. Additionally, the pathogenic role of S1P1 in cerebral ischemia appears to be associated with the blood-brain barrier disruption and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) downregulation. Overall, findings from the current study clearly identify S1P1 signaling as a pathogenic factor in transient focal cerebral ischemia, further implicating S1P1 antagonists including functional antagonists as plausible therapeutic agents for human stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chi-Ho Lee
- Gachon University, Incheon, 406-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Arjun Sapkota
- Gachon University, Incheon, 406-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yeul Lee
- Department of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, 55 Hanynagdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Jerold Chun
- Department of Molecular Biology, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Hee Jun Cho
- TherlifEx, Namdong-gu, Incheon, 21653, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Gyu Nam
- Department of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, 55 Hanynagdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji Woong Choi
- Gachon University, Incheon, 406-799, Republic of Korea.
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31
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Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor therapies: Advances in clinical trials for CNS-related diseases. Neuropharmacology 2017; 113:597-607. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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32
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Jones ZB, Ren Y. Sphingolipids in spinal cord injury. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 8:52-69. [PMID: 27570580 PMCID: PMC4981650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a debilitating condition that affects millions of individuals worldwide. Despite progress over the last few decades, the molecular mechanisms of secondary SCI that continue to occur days and weeks after the original trauma remain poorly understood. As a result, current therapies for SCI are only marginally effective. Sphingolipids, a diverse class of bioactive lipids, have been shown to regulate SCI repair and key secondary injury processes such as apoptosis, ischemia and inflammation. This review will discuss the numerous roles of sphingolipids and highlight the potential of sphingolipid-targeted therapies for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary B Jones
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State UniversityTallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Yi Ren
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State UniversityTallahassee, FL, USA
- Institute of Inflammation and Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou, China
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33
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Sun N, Keep RF, Hua Y, Xi G. Critical Role of the Sphingolipid Pathway in Stroke: a Review of Current Utility and Potential Therapeutic Targets. Transl Stroke Res 2016; 7:420-38. [PMID: 27339463 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-016-0477-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipids are a series of cell membrane-derived lipids which act as signaling molecules and play a critical role in cell death and survival, proliferation, recognition, and migration. Sphingosine-1-phosphate acts as a key signaling molecule and regulates lymphocyte trafficking, glial cell activation, vasoconstriction, endothelial barrier function, and neuronal death pathways which plays a critical role in numerous neurological conditions. Stroke is a second leading cause of death all over the world and effective therapies are still in great demand, including ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke as well as poststroke repair. Significantly, sphingolipid activities change after stroke and correlate with stroke outcome, which has promoted efforts to testify whether the sphingolipid pathway could be a novel therapeutic target in stroke. The sphingolipid metabolic pathway, the connection between the pathway and stroke, as well as therapeutic interventions to manipulate the pathway to reduce stroke-induced brain injury are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, 5018 BSRB, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Richard F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, 5018 BSRB, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Ya Hua
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, 5018 BSRB, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Guohua Xi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, 5018 BSRB, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA.
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Sphingosine kinase 1/sphingosine-1-phosphate regulates the expression of interleukin-17A in activated microglia in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. Inflamm Res 2016; 65:551-62. [PMID: 27002656 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-016-0939-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglial activation is one of the causative factors of neuroinflammation in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (IR). Sphingosine kinase 1 (Sphk1), a key enzyme responsible for phosphorylating sphingosine into sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), plays an important role in the regulation of proinflammatory cytokines in activated microglia. Recent research demonstrated that S1P increased IL-17A-secretion and then worsened CNS (central nervous system) inflammation. Thus, in the present study, we sought to use microglial cells as the object of study to discuss the molecular mechanisms in Sphk1/S1P-regulated IL-17A-secretion in IR. METHODS We used immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy to detect whether Sphk1 is expressed in microglia after cerebral IR or oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGDR). Western blot analysis was used to estimate the total Sphk1 protein level at different time points after OGDR. To detect cytokine secretion in microglial supernatants in response to OGDR, we measured the concentration of IL-17A in the culture supernatants using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). To evaluate whether microglia subjected to OGDR exhibited neuronal injury, we used a commercially available terminal transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) kit to detect apoptotic neurons. RESULTS Sphk1 was expressed in microglia in response to cerebral IR or OGDR at appointed time. Pre-injection with PF-543, an inhibitor of Sphk1, before IR clearly reduced the expression of Sphk1 in microglia relative to brain IR alone. The number of TUNEL-positive neurons was also decreased in the PF-543-pretreated animals before IR compared to the animals with IR alone. When S1P was administered in OGDR microglia, IL-17A expression and neuronal apoptosis were increased compared to OGDR alone and the administration of S1P alone. ELISA further confirmed the above results. Moreover, the inhibition of Sphk1 by siRNA reduced IL-17A production and relieved neuronal apoptosis in OGDR microglia. CONCLUSION These results indicated that Sphk1/S1P regulates the expression of IL-17A in activated microglia, inducing neuronal apoptosis in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. The microglial Sphk1/S1P pathway may thus be a potential therapeutic target to control neuroinflammation in brain IR.
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35
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Zhang R, Li L, Yuan L, Zhao M. Hypoxic preconditioning protects cardiomyocytes against hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced cell apoptosis via sphingosine kinase 2 and FAK/AKT pathway. Exp Mol Pathol 2016; 100:51-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2015.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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36
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Effects of Low-Dose Unfractionated Heparin Pretreatment on Early Brain Injury after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Mice. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA SUPPLEMENT 2016; 121:127-30. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-18497-5_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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37
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Exogenous S1P Exposure Potentiates Ischemic Stroke Damage That Is Reduced Possibly by Inhibiting S1P Receptor Signaling. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:492659. [PMID: 26576074 PMCID: PMC4630407 DOI: 10.1155/2015/492659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Initial and recurrent stroke produces central nervous system (CNS) damage, involving neuroinflammation. Receptor-mediated S1P signaling can influence neuroinflammation and has been implicated in cerebral ischemia through effects on the immune system. However, S1P-mediated events also occur within the brain itself where its roles during stroke have been less well studied. Here we investigated the involvement of S1P signaling in initial and recurrent stroke by using a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (M/R) model combined with analyses of S1P signaling. Gene expression for S1P receptors and involved enzymes was altered during M/R, supporting changes in S1P signaling. Direct S1P microinjection into the normal CNS induced neuroglial activation, implicating S1P-initiated neuroinflammatory responses that resembled CNS changes seen during initial M/R challenge. Moreover, S1P microinjection combined with M/R potentiated brain damage, approximating a model for recurrent stroke dependent on S1P and suggesting that reduction in S1P signaling could ameliorate stroke damage. Delivery of FTY720 that removes S1P signaling with chronic exposure reduced damage in both initial and S1P-potentiated M/R-challenged brain, while reducing stroke markers like TNF-α. These results implicate direct S1P CNS signaling in the etiology of initial and recurrent stroke that can be therapeutically accessed by S1P modulators acting within the brain.
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Lin JJ, Chang T, Cai WK, Zhang Z, Yang YX, Sun C, Li ZY, Li WX. Post-injury administration of allicin attenuates ischemic brain injury through sphingosine kinase 2: In vivo and in vitro studies. Neurochem Int 2015; 89:92-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Zheng S, Wei S, Wang X, Xu Y, Xiao Y, Liu H, Jia J, Cheng J. Sphingosine kinase 1 mediates neuroinflammation following cerebral ischemia. Exp Neurol 2015; 272:160-9. [PMID: 25797575 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Sphingosine kinases (Sphks) are the rate-limiting kinases in the generation of sphingosine-1-phosphate, which is a well-established intracellular pro-survival lipid mediator. Sphk2 has been reported to be protective following experimental stroke. We investigated the role of Sphk1 in cerebral ischemia using a mouse middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model and an in vitro glucose-oxygen deprivation (OGD) model. Sphk expression and activity were assessed in the ischemic brain with quantitative PCR (qPCR), Western blot, immunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Pharmacological and gene knockdown approaches were utilized to investigate the effects of Sphk1 on stroke outcomes. The expression of Sphk1 but not that of Sphk2 was rapidly induced in the cortical penumbra over 96h after MCAO, and the microglia were one of the major cellular sources of Sphk1 induction. Consistently, Sphk activity was enhanced in the cortical penumbra. In contrast to the protective role of Sphk2, pharmacological inhibition and cortical knockdown of Sphk1 reduced infarction at 24 and 96h after reperfusion. Additionally, the Sphk1 inhibitor improved the neurological deficits at 96h after reperfusion. Mechanistically, Sphk1 inhibition and knockdown significantly attenuated MCAO-induced expression of inflammatory mediators in the cortical penumbra. Moreover, using a conditioned medium transfer approach, we demonstrated that OGD-treated neurons induced the expression of Sphk1 and pro-inflammatory mediators in primary microglia, and the microglial induction of pro-inflammatory mediators by ischemic neurons was blunted by Sphk1 inhibition. Taken together, our results indicate that Sphk1 plays an essential role in mediating post-stroke neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuli Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Department of Skin & Cosmetic Research, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanwen Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yingxiu Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yunqi Xiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jia Jia
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Jian Cheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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Xu HL, Pelligrino DA, Paisansathan C, Testai FD. Protective role of fingolimod (FTY720) in rats subjected to subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:16. [PMID: 25622980 PMCID: PMC4324852 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0234-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a neurological emergency with limited pharmacological treatment options. Inflammation is increasingly recognized as a key pathogenic contributor to brain injury in this condition. In the present study, we examined the neuroprotective effects of the immunomodulatory agent, fingolimod, in rats subjected to SAH. Methods We utilized an endovascular rat perforation model of SAH. Animals were divided into four groups: (1) sham-vehicle; (2) sham-fingolimod; (3) SAH-vehicle; and (4) SAH-fingolimod. Rats received either vehicle solution or fingolimod (0.5 mg/kg) intraperitoneally 3 hours after sham surgery or SAH. A closed cranial window and intravital microscope system was used at 48 hours to assess neuroinflammation, which was represented by rhodamine-6G-labeled leukocyte trafficking in pial venules, and pial arteriolar dilating responses to a variety of vasodilators, including hypercapnia, and topically-applied acetylcholine, adenosine, and S-nitroso-N-acetyl penicillamine. In addition, motor-sensory function was evaluated. Results Compared to sham-vehicle rats, SAH-vehicle animals displayed a four-times greater increase in pial venular intraluminal leukocyte adhesion. Treatment with fingolimod largely reduced the intravascular leukocyte adhesion. Vehicle-treated SAH animals displayed a significant decrease in pial arteriolar responses to all the vasodilators tested and vascular reactivity was preserved, to a significant degree, in the presence of fingolimod. In addition, neurological scores obtained at 48 hours post-SAH indicated significant neurological deficits in the vehicle-treated group (versus sham-vehicle surgical control). Those deficiencies were partially reduced by fingolimod (P < 0.0001 compared to the vehicle-treated SAH group). Conclusions Treatment of rats with fingolimod was associated with a marked limitation in the intravascular adhesion of leukocytes to pial venules, preserved pial arteriolar dilating function, and improved neurological outcome in rats subjected to SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Liang Xu
- Neuroanesthesia Research Laboratory, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Dale A Pelligrino
- Neuroanesthesia Research Laboratory, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Chanannait Paisansathan
- Department of Anesthesiology of the University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Fernando D Testai
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation of the University of Illinois College of Medicine, 912 S Wood Street, Rm 855 N NPI (MC 796), Chicago, IL, 60612-7330, USA.
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Hasegawa Y, Nakagawa T, Uekawa K, Ma M, Lin B, Kusaka H, Katayama T, Sueta D, Toyama K, Koibuchi N, Kim-Mitsuyama S. Therapy with the Combination of Amlodipine and Irbesartan Has Persistent Preventative Effects on Stroke Onset Associated with BDNF Preservation on Cerebral Vessels in Hypertensive Rats. Transl Stroke Res 2014; 7:79-87. [DOI: 10.1007/s12975-014-0383-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Brunkhorst R, Vutukuri R, Pfeilschifter W. Fingolimod for the treatment of neurological diseases-state of play and future perspectives. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:283. [PMID: 25309325 PMCID: PMC4162362 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids are a fascinating class of signaling molecules derived from the membrane lipid sphingomyelin. They show abundant expression in the brain. Complex sphingolipids such as glycosphingolipids (gangliosides and cerebrosides) regulate vesicular transport and lysosomal degradation and their dysregulation can lead to storage diseases with a neurological phenotype. More recently, simple sphingolipids such ceramide, sphingosine and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) were discovered to signal in response to many extracellular stimuli. Forming an intricate signaling network, the balance of these readily interchangeable mediators is decisive for cell fate under stressful conditions. The immunomodulator fingolimod is the prodrug of an S1P receptor agonist. Following receptor activation, the drug leads to downregulation of the S1P1 receptor inducing functional antagonism. As the first drug to modulate the sphingolipid signaling pathway, it was marketed in 2010 for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS). At that time, immunomodulation was widely accepted as the key mechanism of fingolimod’s efficacy in MS. But given the excellent passage of this lipophilic compound into the brain and its massive brain accumulation as well as the abundant expression of S1P receptors on brain cells, it is conceivable that fingolimod also affects brain cells directly. Indeed, a seminal study showed that the protective effect of fingolimod in experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE), a murine MS model, is lost in mice lacking the S1P1 receptor on astrocytes, arguing for a specific role of astrocytic S1P signaling in MS. In this review, we discuss the role of sphingolipid mediators and their metabolizing enzymes in neurologic diseases and putative therapeutic strategies arising thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Brunkhorst
- Cerebrovascular Research Group, Department of Neurology, Frankfurt University Hospital Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Rajkumar Vutukuri
- Institute of General Pharmacology and Toxicology, pharmazentrum frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Waltraud Pfeilschifter
- Cerebrovascular Research Group, Department of Neurology, Frankfurt University Hospital Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Sphingosine-1-phosphate and its effect on glucose deprivation/glucose reload stress: from gene expression to neuronal survival. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 51:1300-8. [PMID: 25056275 PMCID: PMC4434862 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8807-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sphingosine kinase-1 (Sphk1-1, EC 2.7.1.91) is a regulator of pro-survival signalling, and its alterations have been observed in Alzheimer’s disease, brain ischemia and other neurological disorders. In this study we addressed the question whether Sphk1 and its product, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), play a significant role in glucose deprivation (GD)/glucose reload (GR) stress in hippocampal neuronal cells (HT22). It was found that GD (6 h) followed by 24 h of GR evoked enhancement of the free radical level and neuronal HT22 cell death. Moreover, the significantly stronger gene expression for the pro-apoptotic Bax protein and down-regulation of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL proteins were observed. Concomitantly, this stress up-regulated: gene expression, protein level and activity of Sphk1. Exogenous S1P at 1 μM concentration and the other agonists of the S1P1 receptor (SEW 2871 and P-FTY720) enhanced HT22 cell viability affected by GD/GR stress. This mechanism is mediated by S1P receptor(s) signalling and by the activation of gene expression for Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL. Summarising, our data suggest that sphingolipid metabolism may play an important role in the early events that take place in neuronal cell survival/death under GD/GR stress. Our data demonstrate that exogenous S1P, through the activation of specific receptors S1P1 and S1P3 signalling pathways, regulates the gene expression for anti-apoptotic proteins and enhances neuronal cell survival affected by GD/GR stress.
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Kang JW, Lee SM. Impaired expression of caveolin-1 contributes to hepatic ischemia and reperfusion injury. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 450:1351-7. [PMID: 24997335 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.06.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Caveolae are membrane structures enriched in glycosphingolipids and cholesterol, and caveolin-1 (Cav-1) has been recognized to be pivotal in ischemic tolerance. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), one of the sphingolipid metabolites, is well known for its anti-apoptotic properties, counteracting ischemia and reperfusion (IR) injury. Here, we investigated the cytoprotective mechanism of Cav-1 against IR injury. Male C57BL/6 mice underwent 70% hepatic ischemia for 60 min, followed by reperfusion. Mice were pretreated with methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (MβCD, 10, 25 and 50mg/kg, i.p.), a caveolae disruptor, or saline 48 and 24h before ischemia. Serum and liver tissues were collected at the end of ischemia, at 0, 1, 4 and 24h of reperfusion. Decreases in the expression of Cav-1 protein and in the number of caveolae of the liver ultrastructure were observed during IR, which were augmented by pretreatment with MβCD. MβCD also augmented the IR-induced increases in serum alanine aminotransferase and tumor necrosis factor-α levels. IR decreased the levels of sphingosine kinase 2 (SK2) and S1P receptor 2 (S1P2) mRNA expressions, while MβCD also augmented these decreases. Moreover, IR resulted in increases of mitochondrial cytochrome c release, caspase 3, 8 activities and Bax/Bcl-xL ratio, and MβCD augmented all of these apoptotic parameters. MβCD also increased p38 MAPK and JNK phosphorylation, but did not affect ERK and PI3K/Akt. Our findings demonstrate that downregulation of Cav-1 mediates IR-induced liver damage by inhibiting SK2/S1P2 signaling and enhancing the apoptotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Woo Kang
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Mee Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea.
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Drunalini Perera PN, Hu Q, Tang J, Li L, Barnhart M, Doycheva DM, Zhang JH, Tang J. Delayed remote ischemic postconditioning improves long term sensory motor deficits in a neonatal hypoxic ischemic rat model. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90258. [PMID: 24587303 PMCID: PMC3938659 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Remote Ischemic Postconditioning (RIPC) is a promising therapeutic intervention wherein a sub-lethal ischemic insult induced in one organ (limb) improves ischemia in an organ distant to it (brain). The main objective of this study was to investigate the long-term functional effects of delayed RIPC in a neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) rat model. Method 10 day old rat pups were subjected to delayed RIPC treatment and randomized into four groups: 1) Sham, 2) HI induced, 3) HI +24 hr delayed RIPC, and 4) HI +24 hr delayed RIPC with three consecutive daily treatments. Neurobehavioral tests, brain weights, gross and microscopic brain tissue morphologies, and systemic organ weights were evaluated at five weeks post surgery. Results HI induced rats performed significantly worse than sham but both groups of delayed RIPC treatment showed improvement of sensory motor functions. Furthermore, compared to the HI induced group, the delayed RIPC treatment groups showed no further detrimental changes on brain tissue, both grossly and morphologically, and no changes on the systemic organ weights. Conclusion Delayed RIPC significantly improves long term sensory motor deficits in a neonatal HI rat model. A 24 hr delayed treatment does not significantly attenuate morphological brain injury but does attenuate sensory motor deficits. Sensory motor deficits improve with both a single treatment and with three consecutive daily treatments, and the consecutive treatments are possibly being more beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradilka N. Drunalini Perera
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, United States of America
| | - Qin Hu
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, United States of America
| | - Junjia Tang
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, United States of America
| | - Li Li
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, United States of America
| | - Margaret Barnhart
- Department of Neurosurgery Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, United States of America
| | - Desislava M. Doycheva
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, United States of America
| | - John H. Zhang
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, United States of America
- Department of Neurosurgery Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, United States of America
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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