Urinary Allantoin Is Elevated in Severe Intraventricular Hemorrhage in the Preterm Newborn

Screening method for the simultaneous determination of allantoin and uric acid from dried blood spots

Uric acid and its oxidation product allantoin are excellent biomarkers of oxidative stress in humans. Currently, there are high requirements not only for tests monitoring oxidative stress but also for screening laboratory tests in general. The highest demand is imposed on the simplest sampling, easy transport of the sample, and the shortest possible analysis time. The possible solution how to fulfil the requirements is sampling by dried blood spot technique with subsequent HPLC-MS/MS analysis. A fast, sensitive, and reliable HPLC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of uric acid and allantoin from dried blood spots using stable isotopically labelled analogs as internal standards was developed. The separation took place in the reversed phase within 3 min, with protein precipitation and extraction in a one-step procedure. The analytical parameters of the method were satisfactory with an excellent linear range. The presented method was used to determine allantoin and uric acid levels in dried blood spot samples from 100 healthy volunteer donors. The median uric acid concentration in the cohort was 239.3 µmol/L and the median allantoin concentration was 5.6 µmol/L. The presented analytical protocol and method are suitable for screening and monitoring allantoin and uric acid levels as biomarkers of oxidative stress in clinical practice.

A pilot study on the biochemical effects of repeated administration of 24% oral sucrose vs. 30% oral dextrose on urinary markers of adenosine triphosphate degradation

OBJECTIVES

Premature neonates often receive oral sucrose or dextrose before tissue-damaging procedures (TDPs). Previous work showed that a single dose of sucrose, but not dextrose, increased cellular energy utilization and ATP degradation. This pilot study probes the effects of repeated administration of sucrose or dextrose on energy metabolism.

METHODS

Urinary markers of ATP metabolism (hypoxanthine, xanthine, uric acid) are measured in premature neonates randomized to receive: (a) standard of care, (b) 0.2 ml 24% oral sucrose, or (c) 0.2 ml 30% oral dextrose, before every painful procedure on days-of-life 3-7.

RESULTS

Standard of care is associated with highest xanthine/creatinine and uric acid/creatinine, likely because of fewer pain treatments. Benefits of repeated oral sucrose are unclear. Neonates receiving oral dextrose had lower xanthine/creatinine and uric acid/creatinine.

CONCLUSIONS

Repeated treatments of neonatal procedural pain with 30% oral dextrose are less energetically demanding. Larger clinical studies are needed for comparison with sucrose treatments.

Decreased serum uric acid in patients with traumatic brain injury or after cerebral tumor surgery

Objectives:

To investigate changes in sUA in patients with TBI or patients after cerebral tumor surgery and the possible mechanism of these changes.

Methods:

This prospective cohort study enrolled patients with TBI or underwent cerebral tumor surgery at West China Hospital, China, from November 2014 to May 2018. Serum UA (sUA) levels, urine excretion, UA oxidant product allantoin and other clinical parameters were assessed.

Results:

100 patients were enrolled for analysis. sUA in patients with TBI or underwent cerebral tumor surgery started to decline from day 1 after injury or surgery compared to control. This decreasing trend continued from day 3 (143.2±59.3 μmol/L, 188.8±49.4 μmol/L vs 287.3±80.2 μmol/L, p<0.0001) until day 7. No difference in urinary UA excretion was found in the TBI group or cerebral tumor surgery group. Urine allantoin and the allantoin to sUA ratio of the TBI group decreased on day 3 compared with the control group. The structural equation model showed that the sUA level was related to the Glasgow coma score (GCS) (r=0.5383, p<0.0001), suggesting the potential association of UA with consciousness level, as well as serum protein and electrolytes including albumin, calcium and phosphate.

Conclusion:

The sUA was decreased in patients with TBI or underwent cerebral tumor surgery.

Fecal Volatile Organic Compound Profiles are Not Influenced by Gestational Age and Mode of Delivery: A Longitudinal Multicenter Cohort Study

Fecal volatile organic compounds (VOC) reflect human and gut microbiota metabolic pathways and their interaction. VOC behold potential as non-invasive preclinical diagnostic biomarkers in various diseases, e.g., necrotizing enterocolitis and late onset sepsis. There is a need for standardization and assessment of the influence of clinical and environmental factors on the VOC outcome before this technique can be applied in clinical practice. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of gestational age (GA) and mode of delivery on the fecal VOC pattern in preterm infants born below 30 weeks of gestation. Longitudinal fecal samples, collected on days 7, 14, and 21 postnatally, were analyzed by an electronic nose device (Cyranose 320^®). In total, 58 preterm infants were included (29 infants born at GA 24–26 weeks vs. 29 at 27–29 completed weeks, 24 vaginally born vs. 34 via C-section). No differences were identified at any predefined time point in terms of GA and delivery mode (p > 0.05). We, therefore, concluded that correction for these factors in this population is not warranted when performing fecal VOC analysis in the first three weeks of life.

Oxygen radical disease in the newborn, revisited: Oxidative stress and disease in the newborn period

Thirty years ago, there was an emerging appreciation for the significance of oxidative stress in newborn disease. This prompted a renewed interest in the impact of oxygen therapy for the newborn in the delivery room and beyond, especially in premature infants. Today, the complexity of oxidative stress both in normal regulation and pathology is better understood, especially as it relates to neonatal mitochondrial oxidative stress responses to hyperoxia. Mitochondria are recipients of oxidative damage and have a propensity for oxidative self-injury that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of neonatal lung diseases. Similarly, both intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and macrosomia are associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Additionally, reoxygenation with 100% O₂ in a hypoxic-ischemic newborn lamb model increased the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the brain. Moreover, the interplay between inflammation and oxidative stress in the newborn is better understood because of animal studies. Transcriptomic analyses have found a number of genes to be differentially expressed in murine models of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Epigenetic changes have also been detected both in animal models of BPD and premature infants exposed to oxygen. Antioxidant therapy to prevent newborn disease has not been very successful; however, new therapeutic principles, like melatonin, are under investigation.

Non-invasive assessment of oxidative stress in preterm infants

Preterm newborns have an immature antioxidant defense system and are especially susceptible to oxidative stress. Resuscitation, mechanical ventilation, intermittent hypoxia and apneic episodes require frequently oxygen supplementation which leads to oxidative stress in preterm newborns. The consequences of oxidative damage are increased short and long-term morbidities, neurodevelopmental impairment and increased mortality. Oxidative stress biomarkers are determined in blood samples from preterm children during their stay in neonatal intensive care units especially for research purposes. However, there is a tendency towards reducing invasive and painful techniques in the NICU (Neonatal Intensive Care Unit) and avoiding excessive blood extractions procedures. In this paper, it has been described some studies that employed non-invasive samples to determine oxidative stress biomarkers form preterm infants in order to perform a close monitoring biomarker with a significant greater predictive value. Among these methods we describe a previously developed and validated high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method that allow to accurately determine the most reliable biomarkers in biofluids, which are non-invasively and painlessly obtained.

[Application of metabolomics in neonatal clinical practice]

Metabolomics is an emerging and popular subject in the post-genome era, and a large number of studies have been noted on the application of metabolomics in health evaluation, growth and development evaluation, disease diagnosis, and therapeutic efficacy evaluation. As a special period of life, the neonatal period is characterized by rapid cell renewing, consumption of a lot of energy and materials, and changes in metabolic pathways, all of which affect the level of metabolites. However, there is still no reference standard for metabolic level and profile in neonates. This article reviews the current status of metabolic research on neonatal growth and development and common diseases and related clinical application of metabolomics, so as to provide new ideas for nutrition guidance and evaluation, selection of therapeutic regimens, and new drug research in neonates.

[Application of metabolomics in neonatal clinical practice]

Metabolomics is an emerging and popular subject in the post-genome era, and a large number of studies have been noted on the application of metabolomics in health evaluation, growth and development evaluation, disease diagnosis, and therapeutic efficacy evaluation. As a special period of life, the neonatal period is characterized by rapid cell renewing, consumption of a lot of energy and materials, and changes in metabolic pathways, all of which affect the level of metabolites. However, there is still no reference standard for metabolic level and profile in neonates. This article reviews the current status of metabolic research on neonatal growth and development and common diseases and related clinical application of metabolomics, so as to provide new ideas for nutrition guidance and evaluation, selection of therapeutic regimens, and new drug research in neonates.

Research Advances of Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage: An Update Review

Germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH) refers to bleeding that derives from the subependymal (or periventricular) germinal region of the premature brain. GMH can induce severe and irreversible damage attributing to the vulnerable structure of germinal matrix and deleterious circumstances. Molecular mechanisms remain obscure so far. In this review, we summarized the newest preclinical discoveries recent years about GMH to distill a deeper understanding of the neuropathology, and then discuss the potential diagnostic or therapeutic targets among these pathways. GMH studies mostly in recent 5 years were sorted out and the authors generalized the newest discoveries and ideas into four parts of this essay. Intrinsic fragile structure of preterm germinal matrix is the fundamental cause leading to GMH. Many molecules have been found effective in the pathophysiological courses. Some of these molecules like minocycline are suggested active to reduce the damage in animal GMH model. However, researchers are still trying to find efficient diagnostic methods and remedies that are available in preterm infants to rehabilitate or cure the sequent injury. Merits have been obtained in the last several years on molecular pathways of GMH, but more work is required to further unravel the whole pathophysiology.

The Energy Costs of Prematurity and the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) Experience

Premature neonates are in an energy deficient state due to (1) oxygen desaturation and hypoxia events, (2) painful and stressful stimuli, (3) illness, and (4) neurodevelopmental energy requirements. Failure to correct energy deficiency in premature infants may lead to adverse effects such as neurodevelopmental delay and negative long-term metabolic and cardiovascular outcomes. The effects of energy dysregulation and the challenges that clinicians in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) face in meeting the premature infant's metabolic demands are discussed. Specifically, the focus is on the effects of pain and stress on energy homeostasis. Energy deficiency is a complex problem and requires a multi-faceted solution to promote optimum development of premature infants.

The Roles of Thrombospondins in Hemorrhagic Stroke

Hemorrhagic stroke is a devastating cerebrovascular disease with significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Thrombospondins (TSPs), as matricellular proteins, belong to the TSP family which is comprised of five members. All TSPs modulate a variety of cellular functions by binding to various receptors. Recently, TSPs gained attention in the area of hemorrhagic stroke, especially TSP-1. TSP-1 participates in angiogenesis, the inflammatory response, apoptosis, and fibrosis after hemorrhagic stroke through binding to various molecules including but not limited to CD36, CD47, and TGF-β. In this review, we will discuss the roles of TSPs in hemorrhagic stroke and focus primarily on TSP-1.

Pharmacological Preventions of Brain Injury Following Experimental Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage: an Up-to-Date Review

Germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH) is defined as the rupture of immature blood vessels in the subependymal zone of premature infants with significant mortality and morbidity. Considering the notable social and ecological stress brought by GMH-induced brain injury and sequelae, safe and efficient pharmacological preventions are badly needed. Currently, several appropriate animal models are available to mimic the clinical outcomes of GMH in human patients. In the long run, hemorrhagic strokes are the research target. Previously, we found that minocycline was efficient to alleviate GMH-induced brain edema and posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH) in rats, which may be closely related to the activation of cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2R). However, how the two molecules correlate and the underlined molecular pathway remain unknown. To extensively understand current experimental GMH treatment, this literature review critically evaluates existing therapeutic strategies, potential treatments, and potentially involved molecular mechanisms. Each strategy has its own advantages and disadvantages. Some of the mechanisms are still controversial, requiring an increasing number of animal experiments before the therapeutic strategy would be widely accepted.