1
|
Takemura A, Matsunaga Y, Shinya T, Matta H. Differential Mitochondrial Adaptation of the Slow and Fast Skeletal Muscles by Endurance Running Exercise in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Mice. Physiol Res 2024; 73:369-379. [PMID: 39027954 PMCID: PMC11299777 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.935183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The skeletal muscle is the main organ responsible for insulin action, and glucose disposal and metabolism. Endurance and/or resistance training raises the number of mitochondria in diabetic muscles. The details of these adaptations, including mitochondrial adaptations of the slow and fast muscles in diabetes, are unclear. This study aimed to determine whether exercise training in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced mice leads to differential adaptations in the slow and fast muscles, and improving glucose clearance. Eight-week-old mice were randomly distributed into normal control (CON), diabetes (DM), and diabetes and exercise (DM+Ex) groups. In the DM and DM+Ex groups, mice received a freshly prepared STZ (100 mg/kg) intraperitoneal injection on two consecutive days. Two weeks after the injection, the mice in the groups ran on a treadmill for 60 min at 20 m/min for a week and subsequently at 25 m/min for 5 weeks (5 days/week). The analyses indicated that running training at low speed (25 m/min) enhanced mitochondrial enzyme activity and expression of lactate and glucose transporters in the plantaris (low-oxidative) muscle that improved whole-body glucose metabolism in STZ-induced diabetic mice. There were no differences in glucose transporter expression levels in the soleus (high-oxidative) muscle. The endurance running exercise at 20-25 m/min was sufficient to induce mitochondrial adaptation in the low-oxidative muscles, but not in the high-oxidative muscles, of diabetic mice. In conclusion, the present study indicated that running training at 25 m/min improved glucose metabolism by increasing the mitochondrial enzyme activity and glucose transporter 4 and monocarboxylate transporter 4 protein contents in the low-oxidative muscles in STZ-induced diabetic mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Takemura
- Department of Sports Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Amirkhosravi L, Kordestani Z, Nikooei R, Safi Z, Yeganeh-Hajahmadi M, Mirtajaddini-Goki M. Exercise-related alterations in MCT1 and GLUT4 expressions in the liver and pancreas of rats with STZ-induced diabetes. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2023; 22:1355-1363. [PMID: 37975118 PMCID: PMC10638214 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-023-01255-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Background The liver and pancreas tissues play a central role in controlling glucose homeostasis. In patients with type I diabetes mellitus (T1DM), the function of these tissues is impaired. The positive effects of exercise have been shown in diabetic patients. To demonstrate the positive effects of exercise in T1DM, we examined the effects of moderate-intensity endurance training (MIET) on the liver enzymes and expression of MCT1 and GLUT4 genes. Methods Male Wistar rats were allocated into 4 groups of control (C), training (T), diabetic control (DC), and diabetes + training (DT). The serum levels of liver enzymes such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were determined by ELIZA. MCT1 and GLUT4 mRNA expressions in the liver and pancreas tissues were evaluated through real-time qPCR after 10 weeks of training. Results The mRNA levels of MCT1 and GLUT4 decreased in DC group and increased in DT group. T1DM led to weight loss, but the weight loss was less in the DT group. T1DM caused an increase in liver enzymes such as ALT, AST and ALP, whereas endurance training preserved enzymatic levels. Conclusion These results suggested that MIET increases levels of MCT1 and GLUT4 liver and pancreas in the diabetic rats and improves liver function tests. Upregulation of MCT1 and GLUT4 can probably improve the function of liver and pancreas tissues and promote glucose homeostasis in T1DM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ladan Amirkhosravi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Zeinab Kordestani
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Rohollah Nikooei
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Zohreh Safi
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mahboobeh Yeganeh-Hajahmadi
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Maryamossadat Mirtajaddini-Goki
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Aveseh M, Koushkie-Jahromi M, Nemati J, Esmaeili-Mahani S, Hosseini NS. Lactate entrance into the brain facilities adipose tissue lipolysis during exercise via circulating calcitonin gene-related peptide. Arch Physiol Biochem 2023:1-10. [PMID: 37982717 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2023.2283684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: We assessed the relationships between CGRP, lactate and fat regulation.Methods: We evaluated the effect of intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of lactate and acute exercise on brain CGRP expression, and its concentration in serum/cerebrospinal fluid (SCF) in rats.Results: Injection of lactate up-regulated CGRP expression in the cortex and CSF and activated p38-mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38-MAPK) pathway. Co-injection of lactate and sb203580, deterred lactate-induced up-regulation of CGRP in the brain and CSF. Exercise increased the CGRP expression in the brain and CSF and up-regulated fat metabolism. Inhibition of lactate entrance into the brain using alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate (4-CIN) diminished exercise-induced CGRP up-regulation in the brain and CSF. Reducing the circulating blood lactate by pre-treatment of the animals with dichloroacetate (DCA) had no effect on exercise-induced increase in CGRP expression or fat metabolism during exercise.Conclusions: lactate probably acts as one of a signalling molecule in the brain to regulate fat metabolism during exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malihe Aveseh
- Sport Sciences Department, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | | | - Javad Nemati
- Sport Sciences Department, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saeed Esmaeili-Mahani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Najmeh Sadat Hosseini
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Orsi JB, Araujo LS, Scariot PPM, Polisel EEC, Cardoso LO, Gobatto CA, Manchado-Gobatto FB. Critical Velocity, Maximal Lactate Steady State, and Muscle MCT1 and MCT4 after Exhaustive Running in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15753. [PMID: 37958736 PMCID: PMC10648804 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the critical velocity (CV) protocol has been used to determine the aerobic capacity in rodents, there is a lack of studies that compare CV with maximal lactate steady state intensity (iMLSS) in mice. As a consequence, their physiological and molecular responses after exercise until exhaustion at CV intensity remain unclear. Thus, we aimed to compare and correlate CV with iMLSS in running mice, following different mathematical models for CV estimation. We also evaluated their physiological responses and muscle MCT1 and MCT4 after running until exhaustion at CV. Thirty C57BL/6J mice were divided into two groups (exercised-E and control-C). Group E was submitted to a CV protocol (4 days), using linear (lin1 and lin2) and hyperbolic (hyp) mathematical models to determine the distance, velocity, and time to exhaustion (tlim) of each predictive CV trial, followed by an MLSS protocol. After a running effort until exhaustion at CV intensity, the mice were immediately euthanized, while group C was euthanized at rest. No differences were observed between iMLSS (21.1 ± 1.1 m.min-1) and CV estimated by lin1 (21.0 ± 0.9 m.min-1, p = 0.415), lin2 (21.3 ± 0.9 m.min-1, p = 0.209), and hyp (20.6 ± 0.9 m.min-1, p = 0.914). According to the results, CV was significantly correlated with iMLSS. After running until exhaustion at CV (tlim = 28.4 ± 8,29 min), group E showed lower concentrations of hepatic and gluteal glycogen than group C, but no difference in the content of MCT1 (p = 0.933) and MCT4 (p = 0.123) in soleus muscle. Significant correlations were not found between MCT1 and MCT4 and tlim at CV intensity. Our results reinforce that CV is a valid and non-invasive protocol to estimate the maximal aerobic capacity in mice and that the content of MCT1 and MCT4 was not decisive in determining the tlim at CV, at least when measured immediately after the running effort.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan B Orsi
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Pedro Zaccaria Street, 1.300, Jardim Santa Luíza, Limeira 13484-350, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lara S Araujo
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Pedro Zaccaria Street, 1.300, Jardim Santa Luíza, Limeira 13484-350, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro P M Scariot
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Pedro Zaccaria Street, 1.300, Jardim Santa Luíza, Limeira 13484-350, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Emanuel E C Polisel
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Pedro Zaccaria Street, 1.300, Jardim Santa Luíza, Limeira 13484-350, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luisa O Cardoso
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Pedro Zaccaria Street, 1.300, Jardim Santa Luíza, Limeira 13484-350, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudio A Gobatto
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Pedro Zaccaria Street, 1.300, Jardim Santa Luíza, Limeira 13484-350, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fúlvia B Manchado-Gobatto
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Pedro Zaccaria Street, 1.300, Jardim Santa Luíza, Limeira 13484-350, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Thomas C, Delfour‐Peyrethon R, Lambert K, Granata C, Hobbs T, Hanon C, Bishop DJ. The effect of pre-exercise alkalosis on lactate/pH regulation and mitochondrial respiration following sprint-interval exercise in humans. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1073407. [PMID: 36776968 PMCID: PMC9911540 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1073407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of pre-exercise alkalosis, induced via ingestion of sodium bicarbonate, on changes to lactate/pH regulatory proteins and mitochondrial function induced by a sprint-interval exercise session in humans. Methods: On two occasions separated by 1 week, eight active men performed a 3 × 30-s all-out cycling test, interspersed with 20 min of recovery, following either placebo (PLA) or sodium bicarbonate (BIC) ingestion. Results: Blood bicarbonate and pH were elevated at all time points after ingestion in BIC vs PLA (p < 0.05). The protein content of monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) and basigin (CD147), at 6 h and 24 h post-exercise, and sodium/hydrogen exchanger 1 (NHE1) 24 h post-exercise, were significantly greater in BIC compared to PLA (p < 0.05), whereas monocarboxylate transporter 4 (MCT4), sodium/bicarbonate cotransporter (NBC), and carbonic anhydrase isoform II (CAII) content was unchanged. These increases in protein content in BIC vs. PLA after acute sprint-interval exercise may be associated with altered physiological responses to exercise, such as the higher blood pH and bicarbonate concentration values, and lower exercise-induced oxidative stress observed during recovery (p < 0.05). Additionally, mitochondrial respiration decreased after 24 h of recovery in the BIC condition only, with no changes in oxidative protein content in either condition. Conclusion: These data demonstrate that metabolic alkalosis induces post-exercise increases in several lactate/pH regulatory proteins, and reveal an unexpected role for acidosis in mitigating the loss of mitochondrial respiration caused by exercise in the short term.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Thomas
- LBEPS, Univ Evry, IRBA, University Paris Saclay, Evry, France,French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Research Department, Laboratory Sport, Expertise, and Performance, Paris, France,*Correspondence: Claire Thomas,
| | - Rémi Delfour‐Peyrethon
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Research Department, Laboratory Sport, Expertise, and Performance, Paris, France,Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Karen Lambert
- PhyMedExp, University of Montpellier, INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR 9214, Montpellier, France
| | - Cesare Granata
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Research Department, Laboratory Sport, Expertise, and Performance, Paris, France,Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany,German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Hobbs
- LBEPS, Univ Evry, IRBA, University Paris Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Christine Hanon
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Research Department, Laboratory Sport, Expertise, and Performance, Paris, France,French Athletics Federation, Paris, France
| | - David J. Bishop
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Shi P, Hou A, Li C, Wu X, Jia S, Cen H, Hu X, Gong H. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion ameliorates bone structures and mechanical properties in type 2 diabetic rats by regulating bone remodeling. Bone 2021; 153:116101. [PMID: 34245934 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.116101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) is an intensive insulin therapy for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) who have poor glycemic control, but its effect on T2DM-related bone disorder is unclear. This study described the possible mechanisms by which CSII affects bone remodeling, structures, and mechanical properties in T2DM rats. Herein, male rats (6-week-old) were assigned randomly to 4-week and 8-week administration groups, each of which included healthy control, T2DM, CSII, and Placebo groups. Then, metabolic markers, bone formation and resorption markers in serum and protein expressions of osteoclastogenesis regulators in tibias were detected. Meanwhile, microstructures, nanostructures, macro-mechanical properties, nano-mechanical properties, and mineral compositions in femurs were evaluated. 4-week later, CSII treatment restored circulatory metabolites, bone formation and resorption markers, and osteoclastogenesis regulators, improved certain bone microstructures, decreased matrix mineralization, and increased fracture toughness in T2DM rats. For 8-week group, CSII treatment restored bone formation and resorption markers, osteoclastogenesis regulators, and bone microstructures, besides improved bone mineral compositions and nanostructures, enhanced bone mechanical properties such as fracture toughness, maximum load, elastic modulus, indentation modulus and hardness. Collectively, 8-week CSII treatment is more conducive to ameliorating bone structures and mechanical properties in T2DM rats by regulating bone remodeling compared with 4-week CSII treatment, thus improving whole bone quality and providing valuable information for clinical prevention and treatment of T2DM-related bone disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Shi
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Aiqi Hou
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Chenchen Li
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaodan Wu
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Shaowei Jia
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Haipeng Cen
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaorong Hu
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - He Gong
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rawat A, Morrison BM. Metabolic Transporters in the Peripheral Nerve-What, Where, and Why? Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:2185-2199. [PMID: 34773210 PMCID: PMC8804006 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-021-01150-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular metabolism is critical not only for cell survival, but also for cell fate, function, and intercellular communication. There are several different metabolic transporters expressed in the peripheral nervous system, and they each play important roles in maintaining cellular energy. The major source of energy in the peripheral nervous system is glucose, and glucose transporters 1 and 3 are expressed and allow blood glucose to be imported and utilized by peripheral nerves. There is also increasing evidence that other sources of energy, particularly monocarboxylates such as lactate that are transported primarily by monocarboxylate transporters 1 and 2 in peripheral nerves, can be efficiently utilized by peripheral nerves. Finally, emerging evidence supports an important role for connexins and possibly pannexins in the supply and regulation of metabolic energy. In this review, we will first define these critical metabolic transporter subtypes and then examine their localization in the peripheral nervous system. We will subsequently discuss the evidence, which comes both from experiments in animal models and observations from human diseases, supporting critical roles played by these metabolic transporters in the peripheral nervous system. Despite progress made in understanding the function of these transporters, many questions and some discrepancies remain, and these will also be addressed throughout this review. Peripheral nerve metabolism is fundamentally important and renewed interest in these pathways should help to answer many of these questions and potentially provide new treatments for neurologic diseases that are partly, or completely, caused by disruption of metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atul Rawat
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brett M Morrison
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Li J, Xie J, Wu D, Chen L, Gong Z, Wu R, Hu Y, Zhao J, Xu Y. A pan-cancer analysis revealed the role of the SLC16 family in cancer. Channels (Austin) 2021; 15:528-540. [PMID: 34424811 PMCID: PMC8386723 DOI: 10.1080/19336950.2021.1965422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the serious diseases that endanger human health and bring a heavy burden to world economic development. Although the current targeted therapy and immunotherapy have achieved initial results, the emergence of drug resistance shows that the existing research is far from enough. In recent years, the tumor microenvironment has been found to be an important condition for tumor development and has profound research value. The SLC16 family is a group of monocarboxylic acid transporters involved in cancer metabolism and the formation of the tumor microenvironment. However, there have been no generalized cancer studies in the SLC16 family. In this study, we conducted a pan-cancer analysis of the SLC16 family. The results showed that multiple members of the SLC16 family could be used as prognostic indicators for many tumors, and were associated with immune invasion and tumor stem cells. Therefore, the SLC16 family has extensive exploration value in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiaheng Xie
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Fuyang Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Fuyang, Anhui, China
| | - Zetian Gong
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rui Wu
- Department of Digestive Endoscopy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yiming Hu
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiangning Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Yetao Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Peng D, Li H, Hu B, Zhang H, Chen L, Lin S, Zuo Z, Xue Y, Ren J, Xie Y. PTMsnp: A Web Server for the Identification of Driver Mutations That Affect Protein Post-translational Modification. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:593661. [PMID: 33240890 PMCID: PMC7683509 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.593661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
High-throughput sequencing technologies have identified millions of genetic mutations in multiple human diseases. However, the interpretation of the pathogenesis of these mutations and the discovery of driver genes that dominate disease progression is still a major challenge. Combining functional features such as protein post-translational modification (PTM) with genetic mutations is an effective way to predict such alterations. Here, we present PTMsnp, a web server that implements a Bayesian hierarchical model to identify driver genetic mutations targeting PTM sites. PTMsnp accepts genetic mutations in a standard variant call format or tabular format as input and outputs several interactive charts of PTM-related mutations that potentially affect PTMs. Additional functional annotations are performed to evaluate the impact of PTM-related mutations on protein structure and function, as well as to classify variants relevant to Mendelian disease. A total of 4,11,574 modification sites from 33 different types of PTMs and 1,776,848 somatic mutations from TCGA across 33 different cancer types are integrated into the web server, enabling identification of candidate cancer driver genes based on PTM. Applications of PTMsnp to the cancer cohorts and a GWAS dataset of type 2 diabetes identified a set of potential drivers together with several known disease-related genes, indicating its reliability in distinguishing disease-related mutations and providing potential molecular targets for new therapeutic strategies. PTMsnp is freely available at: http://ptmsnp.renlab.org.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Di Peng
- Precision Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huiqin Li
- Precision Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bosu Hu
- Precision Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongwan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Chen
- Precision Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaofeng Lin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Center for Artificial Intelligence Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhixiang Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Xue
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Center for Artificial Intelligence Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian Ren
- Precision Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yubin Xie
- Precision Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Posa DK, Baba SP. Intracellular pH Regulation of Skeletal Muscle in the Milieu of Insulin Signaling. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12102910. [PMID: 32977552 PMCID: PMC7598285 DOI: 10.3390/nu12102910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D), along with obesity, is one of the leading health problems in the world which causes other systemic diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases and kidney failure. Impairments in glycemic control and insulin resistance plays a pivotal role in the development of diabetes and its complications. Since skeletal muscle constitutes a significant tissue mass of the body, insulin resistance within the muscle is considered to initiate the onset of diet-induced metabolic syndrome. Insulin resistance is associated with impaired glucose uptake, resulting from defective post-receptor insulin responses, decreased glucose transport, impaired glucose phosphorylation, oxidation and glycogen synthesis in the muscle. Although defects in the insulin signaling pathway have been widely studied, the effects of cellular mechanisms activated during metabolic syndrome that cross-talk with insulin responses are not fully elucidated. Numerous reports suggest that pathways such as inflammation, lipid peroxidation products, acidosis and autophagy could cross-talk with insulin-signaling pathway and contribute to diminished insulin responses. Here, we review and discuss the literature about the defects in glycolytic pathway, shift in glucose utilization toward anaerobic glycolysis and change in intracellular pH [pH]i within the skeletal muscle and their contribution towards insulin resistance. We will discuss whether the derangements in pathways, which maintain [pH]i within the skeletal muscle, such as transporters (monocarboxylate transporters 1 and 4) and depletion of intracellular buffers, such as histidyl dipeptides, could lead to decrease in [pH]i and the onset of insulin resistance. Further we will discuss, whether the changes in [pH]i within the skeletal muscle of patients with T2D, could enhance the formation of protein aggregates and activate autophagy. Understanding the mechanisms by which changes in the glycolytic pathway and [pH]i within the muscle, contribute to insulin resistance might help explain the onset of obesity-linked metabolic syndrome. Finally, we will conclude whether correcting the pathways which maintain [pH]i within the skeletal muscle could, in turn, be effective to maintain or restore insulin responses during metabolic syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dheeraj Kumar Posa
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Shahid P Baba
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang L, Zhu R, Wang J, Yu S, Wang J, Zhang Y. Nrf2 Activation Enhances Muscular MCT1 Expression and Hypoxic Exercise Capacity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 52:1719-1728. [PMID: 32079911 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Skeletal muscle is the major producing and metabolizing site of lactic acid. A family of monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) proteins, especially MCT1 and MCT4, are involved in the lactate-pyruvate exchange and metabolism. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a pivotal coordinator of antioxidant response and energy metabolism, and has been reported to associate with the physiological functions of the skeletal muscle. METHODS In this study, C57BL/6 J mice were administrated with an Nrf2 activator, sulforaphane (SFN) before taking incremental treadmill exercise to exhaustion under hypoxia; then the effects of SFN on exercise endurance and molecular/biochemical makers of the skeletal muscle were evaluated. RESULTS The results indicated that SFN pretreatment enhanced the exercise endurance under hypoxia. SFN not only increased the expressions of antioxidant genes and activity of antioxidant enzymes, but also significantly increased the mRNA and protein levels of MCT1 and CD147, but not MCT4. Moreover, the expressions of LDH-B and LDH activity of converting lactate into pyruvate, as well as citrate synthase activity were significantly higher, whereas the LDH activity of converting pyruvate into lactate and blood lactate level were remarkably lower in the SFN-exercise mice than those of the phosphate-buffered saline-exercise group. Furthermore, Atf3Δzip2 (the alternatively spliced isoform of activating transcription factor-3) mRNA was increased by the exercise and further potentiated by SFN. CONCLUSION These results show, for the first time, that SFN increases MCT1 expression in the skeletal muscle under acute hypoxic exercise and suggest that Nrf2 activation is a promising strategy to enhance exercise performance under hypoxia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linjia Wang
- School of Sport Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, CHINA
| | - Rongxin Zhu
- Shanghai Research Institute of Sports Science, Shanghai, CHINA
| | - Jiahui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Peking University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing, CHINA
| | - Siwang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Peking University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing, CHINA
| | - Jianxiong Wang
- Faculty of Health, Engineering, and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, AUSTRALIA
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Sport Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, CHINA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Luo E, Wang D, Yan G, Qiao Y, Zhu B, Liu B, Hou J, Tang C. The NF-κB/miR-425-5p/MCT4 axis: A novel insight into diabetes-induced endothelial dysfunction. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 500:110641. [PMID: 31711985 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.110641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) primarily rely on glycolysis for their energy metabolism, and the final product of glycolysis-lactate-is transferred out of cells via monocarboxylate transporter 4 (MCT4). We previously showed that MCT4 downregulation is involved in diabetic endothelial injury. However, the underlying regulatory mechanisms of MCT4 in diabetes remain unclear. This study showed that miR-425-5p was significantly upregulated in diabetic patients and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) treated with high glucose (HG) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). MCT4 was shown to be a direct target gene of miR-425-5p, and miR-425-5p expression led to MCT4 downregulation, lactate accumulation and increased apoptosis in HUVECs. Furthermore, the results indicated that NF-κB signaling activation increased miR-425-5p levels and induced MCT4 downregulation, lactate accumulation and apoptosis in HUVECs. In conclusion, NF-κB/miR-425-5p/MCT4 axis activation plays a crucial role in the EC injury induced by HG and IL-1β.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erfei Luo
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Gaoliang Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Yong Qiao
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Boqian Zhu
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Bo Liu
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Jiantong Hou
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Chengchun Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Dysregulation of Glycogen Metabolism with Concomitant Spatial Memory Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes: Potential Beneficial Effects of Chronic Exercise. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2019; 23:363-383. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-27480-1_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
14
|
da Silva LA, Weber VMR, Wouk J, Malfatti CRM, Osiecki R. Caffeine improves exercise recuperation by cardiovascular and biochemical response in diabetic rats. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-018-0445-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
15
|
Sprint interval training decreases left-ventricular glucose uptake compared to moderate-intensity continuous training in subjects with type 2 diabetes or prediabetes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10531. [PMID: 28874821 PMCID: PMC5585392 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10931-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with reduced myocardial glucose uptake (GU) and increased free fatty acid uptake (FFAU). Sprint interval training (SIT) improves physical exercise capacity and metabolic biomarkers, but effects of SIT on cardiac function and energy substrate metabolism in diabetic subjects are unknown. We tested the hypothesis that SIT is more effective than moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on adaptations in left and right ventricle (LV and RV) glucose and fatty acid metabolism in diabetic subjects. Twenty-six untrained men and women with T2DM or prediabetes were randomized into two-week-long SIT (n = 13) and MICT (n = 13) interventions. Insulin-stimulated myocardial GU and fasted state FFAU were measured by positron emission tomography and changes in LV and RV structure and function by cardiac magnetic resonance. In contrast to our hypothesis, SIT significantly decreased GU compared to MICT in LV. FFAU of both ventricles remained unchanged by training. RV end-diastolic volume (EDV) and RV mass increased only after MICT, whereas LV EDV, LV mass, and RV and LV end-systolic volumes increased similarly after both training modes. As SIT decreases myocardial insulin-stimulated GU compared to MICT which may already be reduced in T2DM, SIT may be metabolically less beneficial than MICT for a diabetic heart.
Collapse
|
16
|
Shima T, Matsui T, Jesmin S, Okamoto M, Soya M, Inoue K, Liu YF, Torres-Aleman I, McEwen BS, Soya H. Moderate exercise ameliorates dysregulated hippocampal glycometabolism and memory function in a rat model of type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2017; 60:597-606. [PMID: 27928614 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-4164-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Type 2 diabetes is likely to be an independent risk factor for hippocampal-based memory dysfunction, although this complication has yet to be investigated in detail. As dysregulated glycometabolism in peripheral tissues is a key symptom of type 2 diabetes, it is hypothesised that diabetes-mediated memory dysfunction is also caused by hippocampal glycometabolic dysfunction. If so, such dysfunction should also be ameliorated with moderate exercise by normalising hippocampal glycometabolism, since 4 weeks of moderate exercise enhances memory function and local hippocampal glycogen levels in normal animals. METHODS The hippocampal glycometabolism in OLETF rats (model of human type 2 diabetes) was assessed and, subsequently, the effects of exercise on memory function and hippocampal glycometabolism were investigated. RESULTS OLETF rats, which have memory dysfunction, exhibited higher levels of glycogen in the hippocampus than did control rats, and breakdown of hippocampal glycogen with a single bout of exercise remained unimpaired. However, OLETF rats expressed lower levels of hippocampal monocarboxylate transporter 2 (MCT2, a transporter for lactate to neurons). Four weeks of moderate exercise improved spatial memory accompanied by further increase in hippocampal glycogen levels and restoration of MCT2 expression independent of neurotrophic factor and clinical symptoms in OLETF rats. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our findings are the first to describe detailed profiles of glycometabolism in the type 2 diabetic hippocampus and to show that 4 weeks of moderate exercise improves memory dysfunction in type 2 diabetes via amelioration of dysregulated hippocampal glycometabolism. Dysregulated hippocampal lactate-transport-related glycometabolism is a possible aetiology of type-2-diabetes-mediated memory dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takeru Shima
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsui
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan
- Department of Sports Neuroscience, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Cajal Institute, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Subrina Jesmin
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan
- Department of Sports Neuroscience, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masahiro Okamoto
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mariko Soya
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan
| | - Koshiro Inoue
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan
| | - Yu-Fan Liu
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan
| | | | - Bruce S McEwen
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hideaki Soya
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan.
- Department of Sports Neuroscience, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Amin MM, Arbid MS. Estimation of ellagic acid and/or repaglinide effects on insulin signaling, oxidative stress, and inflammatory mediators of liver, pancreas, adipose tissue, and brain in insulin resistant/type 2 diabetic rats. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 42:181-192. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Even though ellagic acid has previously been valued in many models of cancer, so far its full mechanistic effect as a natural antiapoptotic agent in the prevention of type 2 diabetes complications has not been completely elucidated, which was the goal of this study. We fed albino rats a high-fat fructose diet (HFFD) for 2 months to induce insulin resistance/type 2 diabetes and then treated the rats with ellagic acid (10 mg/kg body weight, orally) and/or repaglinide (0.5 mg/kg body weight, orally) for 2 weeks. At the serum level, ellagic acid challenged the consequences of HFFD, significantly improving the glucose/insulin balance, liver enzymes, lipid profile, inflammatory cytokines, redox level, adipokines, ammonia, and manganese. At the tissue level (liver, pancreas, adipose tissue, and brain), ellagic acid significantly enhanced insulin signaling, autophosphorylation, adiponectin receptors, glucose transporters, inflammatory mediators, and apoptotic markers. Remarkably, combined treatment with both ellagic acid and repaglinide had a more pronounced effect than treatment with either alone. These outcomes give new insight into the promising molecular mechanisms by which ellagic acid modulates numerous factors induced in the progression of diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M. Amin
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Division, National Research Centre, 33 EL Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Division, National Research Centre, 33 EL Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud S. Arbid
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Division, National Research Centre, 33 EL Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Division, National Research Centre, 33 EL Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Redan BW, Buhman KK, Novotny JA, Ferruzzi MG. Altered Transport and Metabolism of Phenolic Compounds in Obesity and Diabetes: Implications for Functional Food Development and Assessment. Adv Nutr 2016; 7:1090-1104. [PMID: 28140326 PMCID: PMC5105043 DOI: 10.3945/an.116.013029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Interest in the application of phenolic compounds from the diet or supplements for the prevention of chronic diseases has grown substantially, but the efficacy of such approaches in humans is largely dependent on the bioavailability and metabolism of these compounds. Although food and dietary factors have been the focus of intense investigation, the impact of disease states such as obesity or diabetes on their absorption, metabolism, and eventual efficacy is important to consider. These factors must be understood in order to develop effective strategies that leverage bioactive phenolic compounds for the prevention of chronic disease. The goal of this review is to discuss the inducible metabolic systems that may be influenced by disease states and how these effects impact the bioavailability and metabolism of dietary phenolic compounds. Because current studies generally report that obesity and/or diabetes alter the absorption and excretion of these compounds, this review includes a description of the absorption, conjugation, and excretion pathways for phenolic compounds and how they are potentially altered in disease states. A possible mechanism that will be discussed related to the modulation of phenolic bioavailability and metabolism may be linked to increased inflammatory status from increased amounts of adipose tissue or elevated plasma glucose concentrations. Although more studies are needed, the translation of benefits derived from dietary phenolic compounds to individuals with obesity or diabetes may require the consideration of dosing strategies or be accompanied by adjunct therapies to improve the bioavailability of these compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin W Redan
- Interdepartmental Nutrition Program, Department of Nutrition Science, and
| | - Kimberly K Buhman
- Interdepartmental Nutrition Program, Department of Nutrition Science, and
| | - Janet A Novotny
- USDA–Agricultural Research Service Food Components and Health Laboratory, Beltsville, MD
| | - Mario G Ferruzzi
- Interdepartmental Nutrition Program, Department of Nutrition Science, and .,Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN; and
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lee A, Rode A, Nicoll A, Maczurek AE, Lim L, Lim S, Angus P, Kronborg I, Arachchi N, Gorelik A, Liew D, Warner FJ, McCaughan GW, McLennan SV, Shackel NA. Circulating CD147 predicts mortality in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 31:459-66. [PMID: 26312403 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.13148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The glycoprotein CD147 has a role in tumor progression, is readily detectable in the circulation, and is abundantly expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Advanced HCC patients are a heterogeneous group with some individuals having dismal survival. The aim of this study was to examine circulating soluble CD147 levels as a prognostic marker in HCC patients. METHODS CD147 was measured in 277 patients (110 HCC, 115 chronic liver disease, and 52 non-liver disease). Clinical data included etiology, tumor progression, Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) stage, and treatment response. Patients with HCC were stratified into two groups based upon the 75th percentile of CD147 levels (24 ng/mL). RESULTS CD147 in HCC correlated inversely with poor survival (P = 0.031). Increased CD147 predicted poor survival in BCLC stages C and D (P = 0.045), and CD147 levels >24 ng/mL predicted a significantly diminished 90-day and 180-day survival time (hazard ratio [HR] = 6.1; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.1-63.2; P = 0.0045 and HR = 2.8; 95% CI: 1.2-12.6; P = 0.028, respectively). In BCLC stage C, CD147 predicted prognosis; levels >24 ng/mL were associated with a median survival of 1.5 months compared with 6.5 months with CD147 levels ≤24 ng/mL (P = 0.03). CD147 also identified patients with a poor prognosis independent from treatment frequency, modality, and tumor size. CONCLUSIONS Circulating CD147 is an independent marker of survival in advanced HCC. CD147 requires further evaluation as a potential new prognostic measure in HCC to identify patients with advanced disease who have a poor prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aimei Lee
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anthony Rode
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amanda Nicoll
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Box Hill Hospital, Box Hill, Victoria, Australia
| | - Annette E Maczurek
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lucy Lim
- Victorian Liver Transplant Unit and Department of Gastroenterology, Austin Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Seok Lim
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter Angus
- Victorian Liver Transplant Unit and Department of Gastroenterology, Austin Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ian Kronborg
- Department of Gastroenterology, Western Hospital, Footscray, Victoria, Australia
| | - Niranjan Arachchi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Western Hospital, Footscray, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alexandra Gorelik
- Melbourne EpiCentre, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Danny Liew
- Melbourne EpiCentre, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fiona J Warner
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Geoffrey W McCaughan
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,A.W. Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Susan V McLennan
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicholas A Shackel
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,A.W. Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hasanli M, Nikooie R, Aveseh M, Mohammad F. Prediction of aerobic and anaerobic capacities of elite cyclists from changes in lactate during isocapnic buffering phase. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 29:321-9. [PMID: 25144132 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study predicted aerobic and anaerobic capacities using relative changes of arterial blood lactate during the isocapnic buffering phase (relative [La]ISBP). Fourteen male professional cyclists (sprint-trained [n = 6] and endurance [n = 8]) performed 2 exercise sessions to exhaustion on a cycle ergometer; 1 incremental standard test to determine the isocapnic buffering phase, buffering capacities, and relative [La]ISBP and 1 supramaximal exercise test to determine maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD). The time between Lactate threshold (LT) and respiratory compensatory threshold (RCT) was considered to be the isocapnic buffering phase. Total buffering capacity was calculated as Δ[La]·ΔpH. Bicarbonate buffering was calculated as Δ[HCO3]·ΔpH, and the difference between -Δ[La]·ΔpH and Δ[HCO3]·ΔpH was considered as nonbicarbonate buffering. The lactate concentration for LT (p ≤ 0.05) and RCT (p ≤ 0.05), and relative [La]ISBP (p < 0.01) were significantly lower for endurance cyclists than for sprint-trained cyclists. A significant difference was found for bicarbonate buffering capacity between groups (p < 0.01). A significant correlation was found between relative [La]ISBP with (Equation is included in full-text article.)(r = -0.71, p ≤ 0.05) and MAOD (r = 0.73, p < 0.01). Relative [La]ISBP was useful for predicting aerobic power (R = 51%) and anaerobic capacity (R = 53%). These results demonstrated that relative [La]ISBP is an important variable in intermediary metabolism and in addition to (Equation is included in full-text article.)and LT is recommended for better evaluation of performance of athletes who show nearly equal contributions from the aerobic and anaerobic energy systems during exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Hasanli
- 1Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran; and 2Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
High glucose and interleukin 1β-induced apoptosis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells involves in down-regulation of monocarboxylate transporter 4. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 466:607-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
22
|
Aveseh M, Nikooie R, Aminaie M. Exercise-induced changes in tumour LDH-B and MCT1 expression are modulated by oestrogen-related receptor alpha in breast cancer-bearing BALB/c mice. J Physiol 2015; 593:2635-48. [PMID: 25907793 PMCID: PMC4500349 DOI: 10.1113/jp270463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) and lactate dehydrogenase A (LDH-A) play important roles in sustaining the glycolytic phenotype seen in cancer. Endurance training improves aerobic capacity; however, whether endurance training alters the metabolic phenotype of a solid tumour, from the perspective of lactate metabolism, is yet to be proven. This study showed that endurance training decreases expression of the MCT1 basigin (CD147) and LDH-A , and also increases LDH-B expression in solid tumours and attenuates tumour lactate metabolism. Similar results for MCT1 and LDH-B were found with inhibition of the oestrogen-related receptor alpha (ERRα). The training effects were not additive to the ERRα effects on MCT1 and LDH-B expression in the tumour, which indicated that exercise-induced alterations in MCT1 and LDH-B expression were modulated by ERRα. These results suggest that endurance training could be a useful tool in cancer therapy, especially in basal-like and luminal-like breast carcinomas. ABSTRACT Several factors, including overexpression of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs), promote an aerobic lactate production that allows some cancer cells to sustain higher proliferation rates in hostile environments outside the cell. To elucidate the effect of endurance training on the metabolic phenotype of solid tumours, we focused on the tumour expression of LDH-A, LDH-B, MCT1, MCT4, oestrogen-related receptor alpha (ERRα) and LDH isozymes in control (C), trained (T), control+XCT790 (CX) and trained+XCT790 (TX) mice. First, we found that the metabolically altered tumours from the trained animals exhibited lower values for lactate concentration than the control group. The decreased lactate concentration was associated with a shift in the tumour LDH isozyme profile towards LDH-1. These exercise-induced changes were also associated with decreases in the expression of the tumour MCT1, ERRα and CD147 in the trained animals. Secondly, the inhibition of ERRα by treatment of MC4-L2 human breast cancer cells with XCT790 (inverse agonist ligand of ERRα) before injection into the animals not only increased LDH-B expression in the tumour, but also decreased MCT1 expression in the CX group in comparison to the C group. The effects of ERRα inhibition were not additive to the training effects on the expressions of MCT1 and LDH-B in the solid tumours. In conclusion, our results suggest that exercise-induced suppression of ERRα expression modulates alterations in solid tumour expression of LDH-B and MCT1 and contributes towards the prevention of tumour development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malihe Aveseh
- Neuroscience Research Centre, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical SciencesKerman, Iran
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of KermanKerman, Iran
| | - Rohollah Nikooie
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of KermanKerman, Iran
| | - Mohsen Aminaie
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of KermanKerman, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Daneshyar S, Gharakhanlou R, Nikooie R, Forutan Y. The effect of high-fat diet and streptozotocin-induced diabetes and endurance training on plasma levels of calcitonin gene-related peptide and lactate in rats. Can J Diabetes 2014; 38:461-5. [PMID: 25219961 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of type 2 diabetes induced by high-fat diet and streptozotocin, and the effect of endurance training on basal circulating levels of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and lactate. METHODS Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: 1) control (n=8); 2) trained (n=8); 3) diabetic (n=8) and 4) trained diabetic (n=8). At the age of 7 weeks, diabetes was induced by feeding the animals a high-fat diet and injecting them with a low dose of streptozotocin (35 mg/kg). The animals at 10 weeks of age underwent an endurance training protocol on a treadmill for 7 weeks. Plasma lactate concentrations were measured by a lactate assay kit, and an enzyme immunoassay kit was used to measure CGRP. RESULTS The diabetic rats showed significant increases in plasma CGRP (3.0±1 ng/mL vs. 0.5±0.3 ng/mL, p<0.001) and plasma lactate levels (3.6±0.5 mmol/L vs. 1.3±0.5 mmol/L, p<0.001). Further, significant decrease in basal plasma lactate (2.6±0.5 mmol/L vs. 3.6±0.5 mmol/L, p<0.025) but not plasma CGRP levels (2.5±1.2 ng/mL vs. 3.0±1.3 ng/mL) were found in the diabetic subjects after the endurance training. CONCLUSIONS The results showed that endurance training could modify the basal circulating levels of lactate but not CGRP, which were elevated in this model of type 2 diabetic rats, indicating the lack of correspondence between the endurance training-induced changes of lactate and CGRP in this model of diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Daneshyar
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Gharakhanlou
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Rohollah Nikooie
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Yazdan Forutan
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Exercise Physiology and Sports Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Mansouri M, Nikooie R, Keshtkar A, Larijani B, Omidfar K. Effect of endurance training on retinol-binding protein 4 gene expression and its protein level in adipose tissue and the liver in diabetic rats induced by a high-fat diet and streptozotocin. J Diabetes Investig 2014; 5:484-91. [PMID: 25411614 PMCID: PMC4188104 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION The present study was designed to investigate from which tissues the decrease in retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) expression could contribute to the improvement of serum RBP4 and insulin resistance (IR) after endurance training. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male 7-week-old Wistar rats were randomly assigned into four groups including control (C), trained (T), diabetic control (DC) and trained diabetic (TD). At 8 weeks-of-age, diabetes was induced by a high-fat diet and intraperitoneal injection of low-dose streptozotocin (STZ; 35 mg/kg). Rats in the T and TD groups carried out a 7-week exercise program on a motorized treadmill (15-20 m/min for 20 min/day for 5 weeks), whereas the C and DC remained sedentary in their cages. Tissues gene expression and protein levels of RBP4 were assessed by using real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot, respectively, while serum RBP4 was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. RESULTS Exercise significantly improved IR and reduced serum concentration of RBP4 in the TD group. This reduction of serum RBP4 was accompanied by decreased RBP4 protein expression in visceral fat tissue. In contrast, exercise had no significant effect on RBP4 expression in liver and subcutaneous fat tissue in the TD group. Exercise also significantly decreased RBP4 gene expression in visceral fat tissue and muscle, whereas the effect of exercise on liver RBP4 messenger ribonucleic acid expression was not significant. CONCLUSIONS The present study showed that the mechanism for RBP4 reducing the effect of endurance training could involve decreased RBP4 messenger ribonucleic acid expression and its protein level in adipose tissue in STZ-induced diabetic rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masoume Mansouri
- Obesity and Eating Habits Research CenterEndocrinology and Metabolism Molecular‐Cellular Sciences InstituteTehranIran
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research CenterEndocrinology and Metabolism Research InstituteTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Rohollah Nikooie
- Department of Exercise PhysiologyFaculty of Physical Education and Sport ScienceShahid Bahonar UniversityKermanIran
| | - Abasali Keshtkar
- Osteoprosis Research CenterEndocrinology and Metabolism Research InstituteTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research CenterEndocrinology and Metabolism Research InstituteTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Kobra Omidfar
- Biosensor Research CenterEndocrinology and Metabolism Molecular‐Cellular Sciences InstituteTehranIran
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Aveseh M, Nikooie R, Sheibani V, Esmaeili-Mahani S. Endurance training increases brain lactate uptake during hypoglycemia by up regulation of brain lactate transporters. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 394:29-36. [PMID: 25004253 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The capacity of the brain to metabolize non-glucose substrates under hypoglycemic state maintains its energy requirements. We hypothesized that exercise-induced increase in capacity for brain utilization of lactate by up regulation of the monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) may contribute metabolic substrates during hypoglycemia in diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin. The induced diabetes increased MCT1 and MCT2 expression in the cortex and the hippocampus in the sedentary diabetic animals. There were exercise-induced increases in MCT1 in the cortex and the hippocampus and MCT2 expression in the cortex in trained diabetic animals; whereas, no changes were found in the healthy trained animals. Both diabetic and healthy trained animals showed higher values for brain lactate uptake during insulin-induced hypoglycemia when animals were intraperitoneally injected by L(+)-lactic acid. However, the response of counterregulatory hormones during hypoglycemia were blunted in the diabetic trained animals which indicates to carefully monitoring of glycemic targets both during and following prolonged exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malihe Aveseh
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Rohollah Nikooie
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Vahid Sheibani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Saeed Esmaeili-Mahani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Mansor LS, Gonzalez ER, Cole MA, Tyler DJ, Beeson JH, Clarke K, Carr CA, Heather LC. Cardiac metabolism in a new rat model of type 2 diabetes using high-fat diet with low dose streptozotocin. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2013; 12:136. [PMID: 24063408 PMCID: PMC3849358 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-12-136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To study the pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy, reliable animal models of type 2 diabetes are required. Physiologically relevant rodent models are needed, which not only replicate the human pathology but also mimic the disease process. Here we characterised cardiac metabolic abnormalities, and investigated the optimal experimental approach for inducing disease, in a new model of type 2 diabetes. METHODS AND RESULTS Male Wistar rats were fed a high-fat diet for three weeks, with a single intraperitoneal injection of low dose streptozotocin (STZ) after fourteen days at 15, 20, 25 or 30 mg/kg body weight. Compared with chow-fed or high-fat diet fed control rats, a high-fat diet in combination with doses of 15-25 mg/kg STZ did not change insulin concentrations and rats maintained body weight. In contrast, 30 mg/kg STZ induced hypoinsulinaemia, hyperketonaemia and weight loss. There was a dose-dependent increase in blood glucose and plasma lipids with increasing concentrations of STZ. Cardiac and hepatic triglycerides were increased by all doses of STZ, in contrast, cardiac glycogen concentrations increased in a dose-dependent manner with increasing STZ concentrations. Cardiac glucose transporter 4 protein levels were decreased, whereas fatty acid metabolism-regulated proteins, including uncoupling protein 3 and pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) kinase 4, were increased with increasing doses of STZ. Cardiac PDH activity displayed a dose-dependent relationship between enzyme activity and STZ concentration. Cardiac insulin-stimulated glycolytic rates were decreased by 17% in 15 mg/kg STZ high-fat fed diabetic rats compared with control rats, with no effect on cardiac contractile function. CONCLUSIONS High-fat feeding in combination with a low dose of STZ induced cardiac metabolic changes that mirror the decrease in glucose metabolism and increase in fat metabolism in diabetic patients. While low doses of 15-25 mg/kg STZ induced a type 2 diabetic phenotype, higher doses more closely recapitulated type 1 diabetes, demonstrating that the severity of diabetes can be modified according to the requirements of the study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Latt S Mansor
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, OX1 3PT, Oxford, UK
| | - Eileen R Gonzalez
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, OX1 3PT, Oxford, UK
| | - Mark A Cole
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, OX1 3PT, Oxford, UK
- University of Nottingham Medical School, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Damian J Tyler
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, OX1 3PT, Oxford, UK
| | - Jessica H Beeson
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, OX1 3PT, Oxford, UK
| | - Kieran Clarke
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, OX1 3PT, Oxford, UK
| | - Carolyn A Carr
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, OX1 3PT, Oxford, UK
| | - Lisa C Heather
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, OX1 3PT, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|