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Hîncu S, Apetroaei MM, Ștefan G, Fâcă AI, Arsene AL, Mahler B, Drăgănescu D, Tăerel AE, Stancu E, Hîncu L, Zamfirescu A, Udeanu DI. Drug-Drug Interactions in Nosocomial Infections: An Updated Review for Clinicians. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:1137. [PMID: 39339174 PMCID: PMC11434876 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16091137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2024] [Revised: 08/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Prevention, assessment, and identification of drug-drug interactions (DDIs) represent a challenge for healthcare professionals, especially in nosocomial settings. This narrative review aims to provide a thorough assessment of the most clinically significant DDIs for antibiotics used in healthcare-associated infections. Complex poly-pharmaceutical regimens, targeting multiple pathogens or targeting one pathogen in the presence of another comorbidity, have an increased predisposition to result in life-threatening DDIs. Recognising, assessing, and limiting DDIs in nosocomial infections offers promising opportunities for improving health outcomes. The objective of this review is to provide clinicians with practical advice to prevent or mitigate DDIs, with the aim of increasing the safety and effectiveness of therapy. DDI management is of significant importance for individualising therapy according to the patient, disease status, and associated comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorina Hîncu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6, Traian Vuia Street, 020956 Bucharest, Romania; (S.H.); (G.Ș.); (A.I.F.); (A.L.A.); (D.D.); (A.-E.T.); (E.S.); (L.H.); (D.I.U.)
- Fundeni Clinical Institute, 258, Fundeni Street, 022328 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Miruna-Maria Apetroaei
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6, Traian Vuia Street, 020956 Bucharest, Romania; (S.H.); (G.Ș.); (A.I.F.); (A.L.A.); (D.D.); (A.-E.T.); (E.S.); (L.H.); (D.I.U.)
| | - Gabriela Ștefan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6, Traian Vuia Street, 020956 Bucharest, Romania; (S.H.); (G.Ș.); (A.I.F.); (A.L.A.); (D.D.); (A.-E.T.); (E.S.); (L.H.); (D.I.U.)
| | - Anca Ionela Fâcă
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6, Traian Vuia Street, 020956 Bucharest, Romania; (S.H.); (G.Ș.); (A.I.F.); (A.L.A.); (D.D.); (A.-E.T.); (E.S.); (L.H.); (D.I.U.)
- Marius Nasta Institute of Pneumophthisiology, 90, Viilor Street, 050159 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Andreea Letiția Arsene
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6, Traian Vuia Street, 020956 Bucharest, Romania; (S.H.); (G.Ș.); (A.I.F.); (A.L.A.); (D.D.); (A.-E.T.); (E.S.); (L.H.); (D.I.U.)
- Marius Nasta Institute of Pneumophthisiology, 90, Viilor Street, 050159 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Beatrice Mahler
- Marius Nasta Institute of Pneumophthisiology, 90, Viilor Street, 050159 Bucharest, Romania;
- Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8, Eroii Sanitari Street, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Doina Drăgănescu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6, Traian Vuia Street, 020956 Bucharest, Romania; (S.H.); (G.Ș.); (A.I.F.); (A.L.A.); (D.D.); (A.-E.T.); (E.S.); (L.H.); (D.I.U.)
| | - Adriana-Elena Tăerel
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6, Traian Vuia Street, 020956 Bucharest, Romania; (S.H.); (G.Ș.); (A.I.F.); (A.L.A.); (D.D.); (A.-E.T.); (E.S.); (L.H.); (D.I.U.)
| | - Emilia Stancu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6, Traian Vuia Street, 020956 Bucharest, Romania; (S.H.); (G.Ș.); (A.I.F.); (A.L.A.); (D.D.); (A.-E.T.); (E.S.); (L.H.); (D.I.U.)
| | - Lucian Hîncu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6, Traian Vuia Street, 020956 Bucharest, Romania; (S.H.); (G.Ș.); (A.I.F.); (A.L.A.); (D.D.); (A.-E.T.); (E.S.); (L.H.); (D.I.U.)
| | - Andreea Zamfirescu
- Faculty of Midwifery and Nursing, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8, Street, 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Denisa Ioana Udeanu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6, Traian Vuia Street, 020956 Bucharest, Romania; (S.H.); (G.Ș.); (A.I.F.); (A.L.A.); (D.D.); (A.-E.T.); (E.S.); (L.H.); (D.I.U.)
- Marius Nasta Institute of Pneumophthisiology, 90, Viilor Street, 050159 Bucharest, Romania;
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Kerr WT, Gidal B, Avedissian SN, McAnaney C, Wilmshurst JM, Eley BS, Eyal S, Alick-Lindstrom S. Pre- and Post-Exposure Prophylaxis for HIV in Patients Taking Anti-Seizure Medications. Epilepsy Curr 2024; 24:219-231. [PMID: 39309052 PMCID: PMC11412397 DOI: 10.1177/15357597241253500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The prevention of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has recently emphasized the use of pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP and PEP), both of which were highly effective in prevention of HIV infection. Since the last published guidance regarding the cotreatment of people with anti-seizure medications (ASM) and antiretroviral treatments (ARTs) in 2012, both fields have numerous new medication options. Historically, cotreatment of HIV and seizures could be challenging with increased risk of virologic failure and barriers in access to health care due to global availability, social determinants of health, and stigma of both HIV and seizures. In this narrative review, we describe the data-driven and expected bidirectional pharmacokinetic (PK) interactions between guideline-based PrEP and PEP treatment and ASM, as well as overlapping side effects. There are many ASMs with no known interaction with PrEP or PEP regimens. The interactions focus on enzyme inducing ASMs, valproate, and lamotrigine. Most prominently, enzyme inducing ASMs lower serum levels of tenofovir-containing PrEP regimens and elements of PEP (dolutegravir, raltegravir, and ritonavir), which increased risk of virologic treatment failure in people with HIV but have unclear clinical significance on the effectiveness of PrEP and PEP. In addition, ritonavir treatment in PEP may significantly lower lamotrigine serum levels even during the 4 weeks of treatment, which may increase risk for breakthrough seizures during PEP and skin reactions after discontinuation of ritonavir. In addition to PK interactions, overlapping side effects are common including osteopenia, hepatic toxicity, and other gastrointestinal effects. This narrative review aims to be a resource for all clinicians prescribing ASMs so that they can create a welcoming environment to enable successful treatment of seizures and reduce the risk of HIV infection in people at risk. In addition, we highlight knowledge gaps and areas of unmet need that can be addressed with future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley T. Kerr
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Barry Gidal
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sean N. Avedissian
- Antiviral Pharmacology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Cara McAnaney
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- National Clinician Consultation Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jo M. Wilmshurst
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital, Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Brian S. Eley
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sarah Eyal
- Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sasha Alick-Lindstrom
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA
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Cattaneo D, Gervasoni C. Therapeutic drug monitoring of antiretroviral therapy: current progresses and future directions. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2024; 17:579-587. [PMID: 38829318 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2024.2363847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The treatment of HIV infection has been revolutionized in recent years thanks to the advent of dual antiretroviral regimens, administered orally or as long-acting injectable formulations. Here, we provide an update on the usefulness of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of antiretroviral drugs to optimize the management of people with HIV (PWH) in the current scenario. AREAS COVERED A MEDLINE PubMed search for articles published between January 2014 and January 2024 was completed matching the terms HIV, antiretrovirals and TDM. Moreover, additional studies were identified from the reference list of retrieved articles. EXPERT OPINION Available antiretroviral treatments achieve a response rate of 90%-95%, making the routine TDM of antiretroviral drugs of limited clinical value. However, there are still some important applications of TDM in selected clinical conditions, such as assessing patient compliance or suspected drug-drug interactions (DDIs). Indeed, we are increasingly having to deal with polypharmacy and DDIs in the context of an aging patient with comorbidities that may potentially alter the pharmacokinetics of antiretroviral drugs. Finally, the role of pharmacogenetics, which is closely related to TDM, in influencing both the disposition of antiretrovirals and the course of DDIs should also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Cattaneo
- Gestione Ambulatoriale Politerapie (GAP) Outpatient Clinic, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco University Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco University Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Gervasoni
- Gestione Ambulatoriale Politerapie (GAP) Outpatient Clinic, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco University Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco University Hospital, Milan, Italy
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Cherkos AS, Cranmer LM, Njuguna I, LaCourse SM, Mugo C, Moraa H, Maleche-Obimbo E, Enquobahrie DA, Richardson BA, Wamalwa D, John-Stewart G. Effect of tuberculosis-HIV co-treatment on clinical and growth outcomes among hospitalized children newly initiating antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2024; 38:579-588. [PMID: 38016160 PMCID: PMC10922257 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evaluate effects of tuberculosis (TB)-HIV co-treatment on clinical and growth outcomes in children with HIV (CHIV). DESIGN Longitudinal study among Kenyan hospitalized ART-naive CHIV in the PUSH trial (NCT02063880). METHODS CHIV started ART within 2 weeks of enrollment; Anti-TB therapy was initiated based on clinical and TB diagnostics. Children were followed for 6 months with serial viral load, CD4%, and growth assessments [weight-for-age z -score (WAZ), height-for-age z -score (HAZ), and weight-for-height z -score (WHZ)]. TB-ART treated and ART-only groups were compared at 6 months post-ART for undetectable viral load (<40 c/ml), CD4% change, and growth using generalized linear models, linear regression, and linear mixed-effects models, respectively. RESULT Among 152 CHIV, 40.8% (62) were TB-ART treated. Pre-ART, median age was 2.0 years and growth was significantly lower, and viral load significantly higher in the TB-ART versus ART-only group. After 6 months on ART, 37.2% of CHIV had undetectable viral load and median CD4% increased by 7.2% (IQR 2.0-11.6%) with no difference between groups. The TB-ART group had lower WAZ and HAZ over 6 month follow-up [WAZ -0.81 (95% CI: -1.23 to -0.38], P < 0.001; HAZ -0.15 (95% CI: -0.29 to -0.01), P = 0.030] and greater rate of WAZ increase in analyses unadjusted and adjusted for baseline WAZ [unadjusted 0.62 (95% CI: 0.18-1.07, P = 0.006) or adjusted 0.58 (95% CI: 0.12-1.03, P = 0.013)]. CONCLUSION TB-HIV co-treatment did not adversely affect early viral suppression and CD4 + recovery post-ART. TB-ART-treated CHIV had more rapid growth reconstitution, but growth deficits persisted, suggesting need for continued growth monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashenafi S Cherkos
- Department of Population and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX
| | - Lisa M Cranmer
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory School of Medicine
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory Rollins School of Public Health
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA
| | - Irene Njuguna
- Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Medical Research Department, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sylvia M LaCourse
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Cyrus Mugo
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Hellen Moraa
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Daniel A Enquobahrie
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Barbra A Richardson
- Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health
| | - Dalton Wamalwa
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Grace John-Stewart
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Medical Research Department, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Jindal AB, Bhide AR, Salave S, Rana D, Benival D. Long-acting Parenteral Drug Delivery Systems for the Treatment of Chronic Diseases. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 198:114862. [PMID: 37160247 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The management of chronic conditions often requires patients to take daily medication for an extended duration. However, the need for daily dosing can lead to nonadherence to the therapy, which can result in the recurrence of the disease. Long-acting parenteral drug delivery systems have the potential to improve the treatment of chronic conditions. These systems use various technologies, such as oil-based injectables, PLGA-based microspheres, and in situ forming gel-based depots, to deliver different types of drugs. The use of long-acting parenteral formulations for the treatment of chronic infections such as HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis is a recent development in the field. Researchers are also exploring the use of long-acting parenteral formulations for the treatment of malaria, with the aim of reducing dosing frequency and improving adherence to treatment. This review discusses various aspects of long-acting formulation development, including the impact of the physicochemical properties of the drug, the type of long-acting formulation, and the route of administration. The clinical significance of long-acting formulations and recent advances in the field, such as long-acting nanoformulations and long-acting products currently in clinical trials, have also been highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil B Jindal
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan - 333031, India.
| | - Atharva R Bhide
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan - 333031, India
| | - Sagar Salave
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Ahmedabad (NIPER-A) An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opp. Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar - 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Dhwani Rana
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Ahmedabad (NIPER-A) An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opp. Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar - 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Derajram Benival
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Ahmedabad (NIPER-A) An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opp. Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar - 382355, Gujarat, India
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Costa B, Vale N. Efavirenz: History, Development and Future. Biomolecules 2022; 13:biom13010088. [PMID: 36671473 PMCID: PMC9855767 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Efavirenz (Sustiva®) is a first-generation non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) used to treat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 infection or to prevent the spread of HIV. In 1998, the FDA authorized efavirenz for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. Patients formerly required three 200 mg efavirenz capsules daily, which was rapidly updated to a 600 mg tablet that only required one tablet per day. However, when given 600 mg once daily, plasma efavirenz concentrations were linked not only to poor HIV suppression but also to toxicity. Clinical data suggested that the standard dose of efavirenz could be reduced without compromising its effectiveness, resulting in a reduction in side effects and making the drug more affordable. Therefore, ENCORE1 was performed to compare the efficiency and safeness of a reduced dose of efavirenz (400 mg) with the standard dose (600 mg) plus two NRTI in antiretroviral-naïve HIV-infected individuals. Nowadays, due to the emergence of integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs), some consider that it is time to stop using efavirenz as a first-line treatment on a global scale, in the parts of the world where that is possible. Efavirenz has been a primary first-line antiviral drug for more than 15 years. However, at this moment, the best use for efavirenz could be for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and repurposing in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Costa
- OncoPharma Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Vale
- OncoPharma Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-220426537
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Emerole K, Voznesenskiy SL, Samotolkina ЕS, Kozhevnikova GM, Klimkova PV. EVALUATING THE IATROGENIC EFFECTS OF POLYPHARMACY AND DRUG INTERACTIONS IN HIV-POSITIVE PATIENTS ADMITTED TO THE INTENSIVE CARE UNIT: A SINGLE-CENTER RETROSPECTIVE STUDY. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTION AND IMMUNITY 2022. [DOI: 10.15789/2220-7619-eti-1942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background. Polypharmacy and drug interactions are of particular concern in people living with HIV/AIDS, especially those who receive antiretroviral therapy (ARVs). Polypharmacy and drug-drug interactions (DDIs) can impact the efficacy and toxicity of HIV treatment. ARVs used in HIV treatment are often prone to drug interactions if administered with other non-ARV drugs because many of them are metabolized through the cytochrome P450 system. The pharmacological management of HIV patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) is usually complex and typically involves the administration of several classes of drugs. This patient group may be at higher risk for potential DDIs due to polypharmacy in the ICU.
Objectives. The main objective of this study was to assess the iatrogenic effects of polypharmacy in HIV patients treated in the ICU and to describe the DDI profile between ARVs and other non-ARV medications prescribed in the ICU.
Methods and materials. Between 2018 and 2020, we conducted a single-center, retrospective study evaluating the medical records of 59 HIV patients admitted to the ICU for more than 24 hours at the Infectious Disease Clinical Hospital № 2, Moscow, Russia. We evaluated the impact of polypharmacy on renal, hepatic and haemopoietic function. The Liverpool HIV Drug Interaction database was used to identify DDIs in ART-treated HIV patients.
Results. All patients received more than 5 different medications matching the definition of polypharmacy. The average number of concurrent medications prescribed was 15 6.713 (maximum 40, minimum 6). All drug interactions recorded were between ARVs and antibiotics: 30 cases of potential interactions in 65.5% patients who received ARV. Of such patients, 94% were exposed to at least two potential interactions. Tenofovir (TDF) and the antibiotic vancomycin underlaid the most common potential interaction (49.2%), followed by lopinavir ritonavir (LPV/RTV) and ciprofloxacin (30.3%). A significant difference in average creatinine levels was found in patients with TDF/vancomycin potential interactions (p 0.05).
Conclusion. This study demonstrated that potential DDIs frequently occur in ICU patients in line with previous investigations. It is necessary to implement collaborations among clinical pharmacologists and infectious disease/HIV specialists, as well as frequent clinical and laboratory monitoring, aimed at developing effective and actionable strategies that could reduce potential DDIs in HIV patients in the ICU.
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Issues Related to the Treatment of H. pylori Infection in People Living with HIV and Receiving Antiretrovirals. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10081541. [PMID: 36013959 PMCID: PMC9413132 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection in people living with HIV is associated with several challenges, including those related to drug metabolism which plays a major role in treatment efficacy. In this review, we will discuss the enzymes involved in the metabolism of anti-Helicobacter pylori and anti-HIV drugs to provide a basis for understanding the potential for interactions between these drug classes. We will also provide a clinical perspective on other issues related to the treatment of Helicobacter pylori and HIV infections such as comorbidities, adherence, and peer communication. Finally, based on our understanding of the interplay between the above issues, we propose a new concept “Antimicrobial susceptibility testing-drug interaction-supports-referent physician” (AISR), to provide a framework for improving rates of H. pylori eradication in people living with HIV.
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Kreider EF, Bar KJ. HIV-1 Reservoir Persistence and Decay: Implications for Cure Strategies. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2022; 19:194-206. [PMID: 35404007 PMCID: PMC10443186 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-022-00604-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Despite suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART), a viral reservoir persists in individuals living with HIV that can reignite systemic replication should treatment be interrupted. Understanding how HIV-1 persists through effective ART is essential to develop cure strategies to induce ART-free virus remission. RECENT FINDINGS The HIV-1 reservoir resides in a pool of CD4-expressing cells as a range of viral species, a subset of which is genetically intact. Recent studies suggest that the reservoir on ART is highly dynamic, with expansion and contraction of virus-infected cells over time. Overall, the intact proviral reservoir declines faster than defective viruses, suggesting enhanced immune clearance or cellular turnover. Upon treatment interruption, rebound viruses demonstrate escape from adaptive and innate immune responses, implicating these selective pressures in restriction of virus reactivation. Cure strategies employing immunotherapy are poised to test whether host immune pressure can be augmented to enhance reservoir suppression or clearance. Alternatively, genomic engineering approaches are being applied to directly eliminate intact viruses and shrink the replication-competent virus pool. New evidence suggests host immunity exerts selective pressure on reservoir viruses and clears HIV-1 infected cells over years on ART. Efforts to build on the detectable, but insufficient, reservoir clearance via empiric testing in clinical trials will inform our understanding of mechanisms of viral persistence and the direction of future cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward F Kreider
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Stemmler Hall Room 130-150, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6073, USA
| | - Katharine J Bar
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 502D Johnson Pavilion, 3610 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA, 19104‑0673, USA.
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Sonti S, Tyagi K, Pande A, Daniel R, Sharma AL, Tyagi M. Crossroads of Drug Abuse and HIV Infection: Neurotoxicity and CNS Reservoir. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10020202. [PMID: 35214661 PMCID: PMC8875185 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug abuse is a common comorbidity in people infected with HIV. HIV-infected individuals who abuse drugs are a key population who frequently experience suboptimal outcomes along the HIV continuum of care. A modest proportion of HIV-infected individuals develop HIV-associated neurocognitive issues, the severity of which further increases with drug abuse. Moreover, the tendency of the virus to go into latency in certain cellular reservoirs again complicates the elimination of HIV and HIV-associated illnesses. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) successfully decreased the overall viral load in infected people, yet it does not effectively eliminate the virus from all latent reservoirs. Although ART increased the life expectancy of infected individuals, it showed inconsistent improvement in CNS functioning, thus decreasing the quality of life. Research efforts have been dedicated to identifying common mechanisms through which HIV and drug abuse lead to neurotoxicity and CNS dysfunction. Therefore, in order to develop an effective treatment regimen to treat neurocognitive and related symptoms in HIV-infected patients, it is crucial to understand the involved mechanisms of neurotoxicity. Eventually, those mechanisms could lead the way to design and develop novel therapeutic strategies addressing both CNS HIV reservoir and illicit drug use by HIV patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Sonti
- Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; (S.S.); (A.L.S.)
| | - Kratika Tyagi
- Department of Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Vanasthali, Jaipur 304022, Rajasthan, India;
| | - Amit Pande
- Cell Culture Laboratory, ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research, Bhimtal, Nainital 263136, Uttarakhand, India;
| | - Rene Daniel
- Farber Hospitalist Service, Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA;
| | - Adhikarimayum Lakhikumar Sharma
- Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; (S.S.); (A.L.S.)
| | - Mudit Tyagi
- Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; (S.S.); (A.L.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-215-503-5157 or +1-703-909-9420
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11
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Anthamatten A. Prescribing Contraindications and Cautions for HIV. J Nurse Pract 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nurpra.2021.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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12
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Fernando SS, Paige EK, Dendle C, Weinkove R, Kong DCM, Omond P, Routledge DJ, Szer J, Blyth CC. Consensus guidelines for improving patients' understanding of invasive fungal disease and related risk prevention in the haematology/oncology setting, 2021. Intern Med J 2021; 51 Suppl 7:220-233. [PMID: 34937138 DOI: 10.1111/imj.15593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Patients with invasive fungal disease (IFD) are at significant risk of morbidity and mortality. A productive partnership between patients, their carers/families, and the multidisciplinary team managing the infection and any underlying conditions, is essential. Sharing information and addressing knowledge gaps are required to ensure those at risk of IFD avoid infection, while those with suspected or confirmed infection optimise their therapy and avoid toxicities. This new addition to the Australian and New Zealand consensus guidelines for the management of IFD and antifungal use in the haematology/oncology setting outlines the key information needs of patients and their carers/families. It specifically addresses risk factor reduction, antifungal agents and adherence, and the risks and benefits of complementary and alternative therapies. Knowledge gaps are also identified to help inform the future research agenda.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emma K Paige
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Claire Dendle
- Infection and Immunity Service, Monash Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert Weinkove
- Wellington Blood and Cancer Centre, Capital and Coast District Health Board, Wellington, New Zealand.,Cancer Immunotherapy Programme, Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - David C M Kong
- Pharmacy Department, Ballarat Health Service, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia.,Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul Omond
- National Centre for Infections in Cancer, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David J Routledge
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jeff Szer
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher C Blyth
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, QEII Medical Centre, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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13
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Jin X, Wang Z, Zhang Z, Wu H, Ruan Y, Zhang C, Kang R, Xing H, Lou J. The transmission of drug-resistant strains of HIV in heterosexual populations based on genetic sequences. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259023. [PMID: 34851959 PMCID: PMC8635345 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND China's National Free Antiretroviral Treatment Program (NFATP) has substantially reduced morbidity and HIV/AIDS incidence since 2003. However, HIV resistance to antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) has been a major challenge for the current treatment of HIV/AIDS in China. METHODS In the current study, we established a nested dynamic model to predict the multi-drug resistance dynamics of HIV among the heterosexual population and evaluated the impact of intervention measures on the transmission of drug resistance. We obtained an effective reproductive number [Formula: see text] from each sub-model held at different stages of the dynamic model. Meanwhile, we applied Bayesian phylogenetic methods to infer the weighted average effective reproductive number [Formula: see text] from four HIV subtypes that sampled from 912 HIV-positive patients in China. It is an original and innovative method by fitting [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text] by Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) to generate unknown parameters in [Formula: see text]. RESULTS By analyzing the HIV gene sequences, we inferred that the most recent common ancestor of CRF01AE, CRF07BC, CRF08BC, and CRFBC dated from 1994, 1990, 1993 and 1990, respectively. The weighted average effective reproductive number [Formula: see text] dropped from 1.95 in 1994 to 1.73 in 2018. Considering different interventions, we used a macro dynamic model to predict the trend of HIV resistance. The results show that the number of new infections and total drug resistance under the baseline parameter (S1) are 253,422 and 213,250 in 2025, respectively. Comparing with the numbers under the target treatment rate (S2), they were 219,717 and 236,890, respectively. However, under the ideal treatment target (S3, the treatment rate reaches 90% and the treatment success rate reaches 90%), the number of new infections shows a declining trend and will decrease to 46,559 by 2025. Compared with S1 and S2, the total number of resistance also decreased to 160,899 in 2025. CONCLUSION With the promotion of NFATP in China, HIV resistance to ARVs is inevitable. The strategy of increasing the treatment rate would not only ineffectively curb the epidemic, but also deteriorate drug resistance issue. Whereas, a combination of intervention strategies (the treatment rate reaches 90% and the treatment success rate reaches 90%) can greatly reduce both infection and drug resistance rate than applying one strategy alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jin
- Department of Mathematics, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Mathematics, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhang
- Department of Statistics, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Hui Wu
- Department of Mathematics, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuhua Ruan
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases and National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- School of Nursing, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Ruihua Kang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases and National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Department of Disease Prevention and Control, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hui Xing
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases and National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Lou
- Department of Mathematics, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
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14
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Thomas L, Birangal SR, Ray R, Sekhar Miraj S, Munisamy M, Varma M, S V CS, Banerjee M, Shenoy GG, Rao M. Prediction of potential drug interactions between repurposed COVID-19 and antitubercular drugs: an integrational approach of drug information software and computational techniques data. Ther Adv Drug Saf 2021; 12:20420986211041277. [PMID: 34471515 PMCID: PMC8404633 DOI: 10.1177/20420986211041277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Tuberculosis is a major respiratory disease globally with a higher prevalence in Asian and African countries than rest of the world. With a larger population of tuberculosis patients anticipated to be co-infected with COVID-19 infection, an ongoing pandemic, identifying, preventing and managing drug–drug interactions is inevitable for maximizing patient benefits for the current repurposed COVID-19 and antitubercular drugs. Methods: We assessed the potential drug–drug interactions between repurposed COVID-19 drugs and antitubercular drugs using the drug interaction checker of IBM Micromedex®. Extensive computational studies were performed at a molecular level to validate and understand the drug–drug interactions found from the Micromedex drug interaction checker database at a molecular level. The integrated knowledge derived from Micromedex and computational data was collated and curated for predicting potential drug–drug interactions between repurposed COVID-19 and antitubercular drugs. Results: A total of 91 potential drug–drug interactions along with their severity and level of documentation were identified from Micromedex between repurposed COVID-19 drugs and antitubercular drugs. We identified 47 pharmacodynamic, 42 pharmacokinetic and 2 unknown DDIs. The majority of our molecular modelling results were in line with drug–drug interaction data obtained from the drug information software. QT prolongation was identified as the most common type of pharmacodynamic drug–drug interaction, whereas drug–drug interactions associated with cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibition and induction were identified as the frequent pharmacokinetic drug–drug interactions. The results suggest antitubercular drugs, particularly rifampin and second-line agents, warrant high alert and monitoring while prescribing with the repurposed COVID-19 drugs. Conclusion: Predicting these potential drug–drug interactions, particularly related to CYP3A4, P-gp and the human Ether-à-go-go-Related Gene proteins, could be used in clinical settings for screening and management of drug–drug interactions for delivering safer chemotherapeutic tuberculosis and COVID-19 care. The current study provides an initial propulsion for further well-designed pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic-based drug–drug interaction studies. Plain Language Summary
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Affiliation(s)
- Levin Thomas
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Sumit Raosaheb Birangal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Rajdeep Ray
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Sonal Sekhar Miraj
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Murali Munisamy
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Muralidhar Varma
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | | | - Mithu Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Gautham G Shenoy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Mahadev Rao
- Professor and Head, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Coordinator, Centre for Translational Research, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
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15
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Pincus KJ, Blackman AL, Suen SY, Devabhakthuni S, Gale S, Noel ZR, Seung H, Pandit NS. Statin gap in patients living with HIV: assessing dose appropriateness. HIV Med 2021; 22:917-923. [PMID: 34369052 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.13150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Patients living with HIV (PLWH) are predisposed to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), resulting in concomitant antiretroviral and statin use. A statin prescribing gap for PLWH has been reported, but appropriateness of statin selection and dosing (ASD) has not been described. METHODS This is a comparative, retrospective study reviewing ASD in PLWH vs. uninfected patients at two outpatient clinics within an academic medical centre. Adults > 21 years old indicated for statin therapy were included. The primary outcome was percentage of PLWH prescribed an appropriately dosed statin, accounting for clinical- and patient-related variables, compared with uninfected patients. The secondary outcome was to identify patient characteristics associated with inappropriately dosed statins. RESULTS After propensity score matching, 879 PLWH and 879 uninfected patients were included for analysis. Fewer PLWH (27.8%, n = 244) were prescribed an ASD compared with uninfected patients (40.5%, n = 356, P < 0.001). Similar rates of statin omission were seen in both populations (P = 0.11). More PLWH received too low a dose compared with the uninfected population (P < 0.0064). There were lower ASD rates in PLWH for subgroups of patients with clinical ASCVD (P = 0.00013) and 10-year ASCVD risk ≥7.5% (P = 0.00055), but not in patients with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ≥190 mg/dL or diabetes. CONCLUSIONS Although a statin gap exists in both PLWH and uninfected patients, the clinical significance may be greater for PLWH given the increased risk of ASCVD. This study confirms a larger statin gap in PLWH, particularly when underdosing of statin medications is considered. Additional analysis is warranted to investigate reasons for the ASD gap and beneficial clinical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen J Pincus
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Samuel Y Suen
- Department of Pharmacy, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Sandeep Devabhakthuni
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stormi Gale
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zachary R Noel
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hyunuk Seung
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Neha Sheth Pandit
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, USA
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16
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Bleasby K, Houle R, Hafey M, Lin M, Guo J, Lu B, Sanchez RI, Fillgrove KL. Islatravir Is Not Expected to Be a Victim or Perpetrator of Drug-Drug Interactions via Major Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes or Transporters. Viruses 2021; 13:1566. [PMID: 34452431 PMCID: PMC8402619 DOI: 10.3390/v13081566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Islatravir (MK-8591) is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase translocation inhibitor in development for the treatment and prevention of HIV-1. The potential for islatravir to interact with commonly co-prescribed medications was studied in vitro. Elimination of islatravir is expected to be balanced between adenosine deaminase-mediated metabolism and renal excretion. Islatravir did not inhibit uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 or cytochrome p450 (CYP) enzymes CYP1A2, 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, or 3A4, nor did it induce CYP1A2, 2B6, or 3A4. Islatravir did not inhibit hepatic transporters organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B1, OATP1B3, organic cation transporter (OCT) 1, bile salt export pump (BSEP), multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) 2, MRP3, or MRP4. Islatravir was neither a substrate nor a significant inhibitor of renal transporters organic anion transporter (OAT) 1, OAT3, OCT2, multidrug and toxin extrusion protein (MATE) 1, or MATE2K. Islatravir did not significantly inhibit P-glycoprotein and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP); however, it was a substrate of BCRP, which is not expected to be of clinical significance. These findings suggest islatravir is unlikely to be the victim or perpetrator of drug-drug interactions with commonly co-prescribed medications, including statins, diuretics, anti-diabetic drugs, proton pump inhibitors, anticoagulants, benzodiazepines, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kerry L. Fillgrove
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA; (K.B.); (R.H.); (M.H.); (M.L.); (J.G.); (B.L.); (R.I.S.)
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17
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Abstract
Amentoflavone is one of the flavonoids that are known for their antiviral effects and many of them are predicted to have inhibitory effects against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) enzymes 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) and papain-like protease (PLpro). Amentoflavone is a biflavonoid found in the herbal extracts of St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum), Gingko biloba, Selaginella tamariscina, Torreya nucifera, and many other plants. Its pharmacological actions have been listed as antiviral, antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antidepressant, and neuroprotective. Molecular docking studies have found that amentoflavone binds strongly to the active site of the main protease (Mpro) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). As conventional antiviral medications are met with limited success against coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) and vaccines are one of the only weapons against COVID-19 in the pharmaceutical armamentarium, traditional medicines are being considered for the forefront battle against COVID-19. Clinical studies with Hypericum and Gingko extract as additional or alternative drugs/supplements are registered. Here we review the potential of amentoflavone, an active agent in both Hypericum and Gingko extract as an adjunct therapy for COVID-19. Its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and sepsis preventive actions could provide protection against the "cytokine storm." Compared with the herbal extracts, which induce cytochrome P450 (CYP) and uridine 5'-diphospho (UDP)-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT) activity producing a negative herb-drug interaction, amentoflavone is a potent inhibitor of CYP3A4, CYP2C9, and UGT. Further studies into the therapeutic potential of amentoflavone against the coronavirus infection are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhilesh Vikram Singh
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Sawangi (Meghe), Wardha, Maharashtra442004, India
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18
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Provirus reactivation is impaired in HIV-1 infected individuals on treatment with dasatinib and antiretroviral therapy. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 192:114666. [PMID: 34186065 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The latent viral reservoir formed by HIV-1, mainly in CD4 + T cells, is responsible for the failure of antiretroviral therapy (ART) to achieve a complete elimination of the virus in infected individuals. We previously determined that CD4 + T cells from individuals with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) on treatment with dasatinib are resistant to HIV-1 infection ex vivo. The main mechanism for this antiviral effect is the preservation of SAMHD1 activity. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the impact of dasatinib on the viral reservoir of HIV-infected individuals with CML who were on simultaneous treatment with ART and dasatinib. Due to the low estimated incidence of HIV-1 infection and CML (1:65,000), three male individuals were recruited in Spain and Germany. These individuals had been on treatment with standard ART and dasatinib for median 1.3 years (IQR 1.3-5.3 years). Reservoir size and composition in PBMCs from these individuals was analyzed in comparison with HIV-infected individuals on triple ART regimen and undetectable viremia. The frequency of latently infected cells was reduced more than 5-fold in these individuals. The reactivation of proviruses from these cells was reduced more than 4-fold and, upon activation, SAMHD1 phosphorylation was reduced 40-fold. Plasma levels of the homeostatic cytokine IL-7 and CD4 effector subpopulations TEM and TEMRA in peripheral blood were also reduced. Therefore, treatment of HIV-infected individuals with dasatinib as adjuvant of ART could disturb the reservoir reactivation and reseeding, which might have a beneficial impact to reduce its size.
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19
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Effect of Azadirachta indica and Senna siamea Decoction on CD4+ and CD8+ Level, Toxicological, and Antioxidant Profile in HIV/AIDS Positive Persons. J Toxicol 2021; 2021:5594505. [PMID: 34257647 PMCID: PMC8249164 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5594505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a major public health problem affecting several countries with predominance in black Africa. Faced with therapeutic failure caused by resistance and supply disruptions, searching for other antiretroviral agents, in particular from natural sources, becomes necessary. Given popular consumption of Azadirachta indica and Senna siamea decoction in the Northern Cameroon region and the traditionally attributed antiretroviral value, information on its efficacy and safety consumption is relevant to confirm its use. A total of 297 participants aged 18-52 and HIV-positive were recruited and divided into 3 groups: one taking only the decoction (group 1), another taking only antiretroviral therapy (ARTs) (group 2), and finally, one taking the decoction and antiretroviral (group 3). During 6 months, all the participants of the concerned groups consumed daily (morning and evening) 250 mL of Azadirachta indica and Senna siamea decoction. CD4+ and CD8+ levels were measured by flow cytometry. Hepatic and renal toxicity and oxidative stress were evaluated spectrophotometrically by measuring ALT, AST, ALP, BUN, CREAT, SOD, CAT, and GSH parameters. We note an increase in the CD4+ level of the three groups with values much more pronounced in the group treated by ARTs + decoction, from 328 ± 106 to 752 ± 140. Group 2 presented not only biological signs of hepatic and renal toxicity but also significant oxidative stress. No signs of toxicity were detected in the other groups. The study concludes that a decoction of Azadirachta indica and Senna siamea stimulates the production of CD4+ and is not toxic. On the contrary, it would reduce the toxicity caused by ARTs intake.
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20
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Spencer DA, Shapiro MB, Haigwood NL, Hessell AJ. Advancing HIV Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies: From Discovery to the Clinic. Front Public Health 2021; 9:690017. [PMID: 34123998 PMCID: PMC8187619 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.690017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite substantial progress in confronting the global HIV-1 epidemic since its inception in the 1980s, better approaches for both treatment and prevention will be necessary to end the epidemic and remain a top public health priority. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been effective in extending lives, but at a cost of lifelong adherence to treatment. Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) are directed to conserved regions of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein trimer (Env) and can block infection if present at the time of viral exposure. The therapeutic application of bNAbs holds great promise, and progress is being made toward their development for widespread clinical use. Compared to the current standard of care of small molecule-based ART, bNAbs offer: (1) reduced toxicity; (2) the advantages of extended half-lives that would bypass daily dosing requirements; and (3) the potential to incorporate a wider immune response through Fc signaling. Recent advances in discovery technology can enable system-wide mining of the immunoglobulin repertoire and will continue to accelerate isolation of next generation potent bNAbs. Passive transfer studies in pre-clinical models and clinical trials have demonstrated the utility of bNAbs in blocking or limiting transmission and achieving viral suppression. These studies have helped to define the window of opportunity for optimal intervention to achieve viral clearance, either using bNAbs alone or in combination with ART. None of these advances with bNAbs would be possible without technological advancements and expanding the cohorts of donor participation. Together these elements fueled the remarkable growth in bNAb development. Here, we review the development of bNAbs as therapies for HIV-1, exploring advances in discovery, insights from animal models and early clinical trials, and innovations to optimize their clinical potential through efforts to extend half-life, maximize the contribution of Fc effector functions, preclude escape through multiepitope targeting, and the potential for sustained delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Spencer
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Mariya B. Shapiro
- Molecular Microbiology & Immunology Department, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Nancy L. Haigwood
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
- Molecular Microbiology & Immunology Department, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Ann J. Hessell
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
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21
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Muheem A, Baboota S, Ali J. An in-depth analysis of novel combinatorial drug therapy via nanocarriers against HIV/AIDS infection and their clinical perspectives: a systematic review. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2021; 18:1025-1046. [PMID: 33460332 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2021.1876660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Conventional antiretroviral therapy against HIV infections is threatening to become outdated due to the low chemical, physical, biological, and pharmacokinetic characteristics of therapeutic molecules, followed by the high chance of emergence of drug resistance. Considering the co-encapsulation of multi-infection agents in a single nanocarrier is emerging to offer various benefits such as synergistic action, improved therapeutic efficacy, reduced drug resistance development, patient compliance, and economical therapy.Areas covered: A systematic review of nano-based combinatorial drug therapy was performed using various databases including Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct between 2000 and 2020. The search set was screened as per the inclusion and exclusion criteria, followed by 46 scientific articles and seven clinical studies selected for in-depth analysis.Expert opinion: There has been an immense effort to analyze the mechanism of HIV infection to develop a promising therapeutic approach, although the aim of complete prevention has not been succeeded yet. The key finding is to overcome the challenges associated with conventional therapy by the combinatorial drug in a single nanoformulation, which holds great potential for impact in the management of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Muheem
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi India
| | - Sanjula Baboota
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi India
| | - Javed Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi India
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22
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Rezaee H, Pourkarim F, Pourtaghi‐Anvarian S, Entezari‐Maleki T, Asvadi‐Kermani T, Nouri‐Vaskeh M. Drug-drug interactions with candidate medications used for COVID-19 treatment: An overview. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2021; 9:e00705. [PMID: 33421347 PMCID: PMC7796804 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-drug interaction (DDI) is a common clinical problem that has occurred as a result of the concomitant use of multiple drugs. DDI may occur in patients under treatment with medications used for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19; i.e., chloroquine, lopinavir/ritonavir, ribavirin, tocilizumab, and remdesivir) and increase the risk of serious adverse reactions such as QT-prolongation, retinopathy, increased risk of infection, and hepatotoxicity. This review focuses on summarizing DDIs for candidate medications used for COVID-19 in order to minimize the adverse reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haleh Rezaee
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Department of Clinical PharmacyFaculty of PharmacyTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Fariba Pourkarim
- Department of Clinical PharmacyFaculty of PharmacyTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | | | - Taher Entezari‐Maleki
- Department of Clinical PharmacyFaculty of PharmacyTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Touraj Asvadi‐Kermani
- Department of SurgeryFaculty of MedicineTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Masoud Nouri‐Vaskeh
- Immunology Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMAUniversal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERNTehranIran
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23
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Targeted delivery of lopinavir to HIV reservoirs in the mesenteric lymphatic system by lipophilic ester prodrug approach. J Control Release 2021; 329:1077-1089. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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24
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Shinn LT, Vo KA, Reeves DJ. Lurbinectedin: A New Treatment Option for Relapsed/Refractory Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Ann Pharmacother 2020; 55:1172-1179. [PMID: 33348988 DOI: 10.1177/1060028020983014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the clinical application of lurbinectedin and its role in the therapy of small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). DATA SOURCES PubMed database and ClincialTrials.gov were utilized to perform a comprehensive literature search from August 2011 to mid-November 2020 with the terms lurbinectedin and PM01183. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION English-language clinical trials of lurbinectedin were evaluated. DATA SYNTHESIS Lurbinectedin, as second-line therapy in SCLC, demonstrated an overall response (OR) rate of 35.2% and median overall survival of 9.3 months. Phase II studies in multiple cancers revealed myelosuppression (>95%), increased liver enzymes (>70%), nausea (up to 80%), vomiting (54%), and fatigue (>50%) as the most common adverse events associated with lurbinectedin. CYP3A4 drug interactions affect lurbinectedin exposure (severe pancytopenia occurred after coadministration with aprepitant), and protein binding can affect its clearance. Patients with cardiac comorbidities were not included in published lurbinectedin trials because of cardiotoxicity associated with trabectedin. RELEVANCE TO PATIENT CARE AND CLINICAL PRACTICE Lurbinectedin is an option in SCLC after failure of a platinum-based regimen. Dose adjustments, drug interactions, antiemetic regimen choice, and patient comorbidities are important clinical considerations with lurbinectedin use. Likewise, its place in therapy in the era of immune checkpoint inhibitors requires further exploration. CONCLUSIONS With a promising OR compared with other second-line options, lurbinectedin should be considered in patients who have failed first-line therapy. Studies are ongoing with lurbinectedin in combination with other agents in SCLC, and a phase III trial is assessing use in combination with doxorubicin compared with other second-line regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David J Reeves
- Butler University, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Franciscan Health Indianapolis, IN, USA
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25
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Kumbeni MT, Apanga PA, Ayamga EA. Nexplanon failure in a woman with HIV infection in rural Ghana: A case report. Clin Case Rep 2020; 8:2369-2372. [PMID: 33363743 PMCID: PMC7752638 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.3156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Although Nexplanon is one of the most effective and most utilized long-acting reversible contraceptives in Ghana. We report a rare event of Nexplanon failure in a woman with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in rural Ghana.
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26
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Menezes-Rodrigues FS, Padrão Tavares JG, Pires de Oliveira M, Guzella de Carvalho R, Ruggero Errante P, Omar Taha M, José Fagundes D, Caricati-Neto A. Anticoagulant and antiarrhythmic effects of heparin in the treatment of COVID-19 patients. J Thromb Haemost 2020; 18:2073-2075. [PMID: 32408391 PMCID: PMC7272830 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Sandro Menezes-Rodrigues
- Autonomic and Cardiovascular Pharmacology Lab, Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Gustavo Padrão Tavares
- Autonomic and Cardiovascular Pharmacology Lab, Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Pires de Oliveira
- School of Medicine, União Metropolitana para o Desenvolvimento da Educação e da Cultura (UNIME), Lauro de Freitas, Brazil
| | | | - Paolo Ruggero Errante
- Autonomic and Cardiovascular Pharmacology Lab, Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Afonso Caricati-Neto
- Autonomic and Cardiovascular Pharmacology Lab, Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
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27
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Simeni Njonnou SR, Henrard S, Noure L, Goffard JC. Severe rhabdomyolysis and acute asymptomatic pancreatitis following the concomitant use of Biktarvy in the setting of hyperosmolar diabetic crisis. BMJ Case Rep 2020; 13:13/7/e234483. [PMID: 32611654 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2020-234483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Biktarvy (bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafemanide), which has been recently approved for the treatment of HIV, is a single-pill regimen that associates bictegravir and a novel integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI) with a combination of two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) of emtricitabine and tenofovir alafemanide. Among treatment complications, rhabdomyolysis has been reported in association with some NRTI and INSTI but never with bictegravir. Acute pancreatitis has also been reported recently with another INSTI, dolutegravir. We report here a 62-year-old man with diabetes and HIV infection, and receiving Biktarvy for 1 month. He presented to the emergency department for muscular pain and fatigue. He was on treatment with Descovy (tenofovir alafenamide/emtricitabine) and Viramune (nevirapine) for 2 years but he recently asked for a regimen simplification. Severe rhabdomyolysis and acute pancreatitis were diagnosed. Although the aetiology of these events could be multifactorial, it cannot be ruled out that this episode could be linked to a potential side effect of bictegravir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Raoul Simeni Njonnou
- Département de Médecine Interne, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université de Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon .,Department of Internal Medicine, HIV Reference Center, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Hopital Erasme, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Sophie Henrard
- Department of Internal Medicine, HIV Reference Center, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Hopital Erasme, Bruxelles, Belgium.,Department of Endocrinology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Hopital Erasme, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Lamya Noure
- Department of Internal Medicine, HIV Reference Center, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Hopital Erasme, Bruxelles, Belgium.,Department of Endocrinology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Hopital Erasme, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Jean-Christophe Goffard
- Department of Internal Medicine, HIV Reference Center, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Hopital Erasme, Bruxelles, Belgium.,Department of Endocrinology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Hopital Erasme, Bruxelles, Belgium
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28
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Pontelo BM, Greco DB, Guimarães NS, Rotsen N, Braga VAR, Pimentel PHN, Barbosa H, Barroso TM, Tupinambás U. Profile of drug-drug interactions and impact on the effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy among patients living with HIV followed at an Infectious Diseases Referral Center in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Braz J Infect Dis 2020; 24:104-109. [PMID: 32360120 PMCID: PMC9392032 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV infection may be considered a chronic condition for people living with HIV with access to antiretrovirals and this has effectively increased survival. Moreover, this has also facilitated the emergence of other comorbidities increasing the risk for drug–drug interactions and polypharmacy. The profile of these interactions as well as their consequences for people living with HIV are still not completely elucidated. The objectives of this study were to describe the profile of these interactions, their prevalence and their classification according to the potential for significant or non-significant drug–drug interactions. From June 2015 to July 2016, people living with HIV on follow-up at an Infectious Diseases Referral Center in Belo Horizonte, Brazil have been investigated for the presence of drug–drug interactions. A total of 304 patients were included and the majority (75%) had less than 50 years of age, male (66.4%), and 37.8% self-defined as brown skinned. Approximately 24% were on five or more medications and half of them presented with drug–drug interactions. Patients older than 50 years had a higher frequency of antiretrovirals drug–drug interactions with other drugs compared to younger patients (p = 0.002). No relationship was found between the number of drug–drug interactions and the effectiveness of antiretrovirals. As expected, the higher the number of non-HIV medications used (OR = 1.129; 95%CI 1.004–1.209; p = 0.04) was associated with an increase in drug–drug interactions. The high prevalence of drug–drug interactions found and the data collected should be useful to establish measures of quaternary prevention and to increase the medication security for people living with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betânia Maira Pontelo
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Health Sciences: Infectology and Tropical Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Dirceu Bartolomeu Greco
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Health Sciences: Infectology and Tropical Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Nathalia Sernizon Guimarães
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Health Sciences: Infectology and Tropical Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Nina Rotsen
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais(UFMG), Faculdade de Medicina, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | - Hugo Barbosa
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais(UFMG), Faculdade de Medicina, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Taciane Miranda Barroso
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais(UFMG), Faculdade de Medicina, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Unaí Tupinambás
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Health Sciences: Infectology and Tropical Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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29
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Kozal M, Aberg J, Pialoux G, Cahn P, Thompson M, Molina JM, Grinsztejn B, Diaz R, Castagna A, Kumar P, Latiff G, DeJesus E, Gummel M, Gartland M, Pierce A, Ackerman P, Llamoso C, Lataillade M. Fostemsavir in Adults with Multidrug-Resistant HIV-1 Infection. N Engl J Med 2020; 382:1232-1243. [PMID: 32212519 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1902493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among some patients with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection who have undergone multiple antiretroviral therapies and have limited options for treatment, new classes of antiretroviral drugs with novel mechanisms of action are needed. Fostemsavir is the prodrug of temsavir, a first-in-class investigational HIV-1 attachment inhibitor. METHODS In this ongoing phase 3 trial in 23 countries, we enrolled patients with multidrug-resistant HIV-1 infection in two cohorts, according to their remaining treatment options. In the first cohort, we assigned (in a 3:1 ratio) patients who had the option of using at least one fully active, approved antiretroviral drug in at least one but no more than two antiretroviral classes to add either fostemsavir (at a dose of 600 mg twice daily) or placebo to their failing regimen for 8 days, followed by open-label fostemsavir plus optimized background therapy (randomized cohort). In the second cohort, patients who had no remaining antiretroviral options were started on open-label fostemsavir plus optimized background therapy on day 1 (nonrandomized cohort). The primary end point was the mean change in the HIV-1 RNA level from day 1 through day 8 in the randomized cohort. RESULTS A total of 371 patients were treated, including 272 in the randomized cohort and 99 in the nonrandomized cohort. At day 8, the mean decrease in the HIV-1 RNA level was 0.79 log10 copies per milliliter in the fostemsavir group and 0.17 log10 copies in the placebo group (P<0.001). At week 48, a virologic response (HIV-1 RNA level, <40 copies per milliliter) had occurred in 54% of the patients in the randomized cohort and in 38% of those in the nonrandomized cohort; the mean increase in the CD4+ T-cell count was 139 cells per cubic millimeter and 64 cells per cubic millimeter, respectively. Adverse events led to the discontinuation of fostemsavir in 7% of the patients. In the randomized cohort, glycoprotein 120 (gp120) substitutions were found in 20 of 47 patients (43%) with virologic failure. CONCLUSIONS In patients with multidrug-resistant HIV-1 infection with limited therapy options, those who received fostemsavir had a significantly greater decrease in the HIV-1 RNA level than those who received placebo during the first 8 days. Efficacy was sustained through 48 weeks. (Funded by Bristol-Myers Squibb and GSK/ViiV Healthcare; BRIGHTE ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02362503.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kozal
- From Yale University School of Medicine and the Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, New Haven (M.K.), and ViiV Healthcare, Branford (P.A., C.L., M.L.) - all in Connecticut; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (J.A.); Hôpital Tenon, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (G.P.), and Hôpital Saint Louis, AP-HP, and University of Paris Diderot Paris 7 (J.-M.M.), Paris; Fundación Huesped, Buenos Aires (P.C.); AIDS Research Consortium of Atlanta, Atlanta (M.T.); Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.), and Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo (R.D.); San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan (A.C.); Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC (P.K.); Maxwell Center, Durban, South Africa (G.L.); Orlando Immunology Center, Orlando, FL (E.D.); GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Providence, PA (M. Gummel); and ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, NC (M. Gartland, A.P.)
| | - Judith Aberg
- From Yale University School of Medicine and the Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, New Haven (M.K.), and ViiV Healthcare, Branford (P.A., C.L., M.L.) - all in Connecticut; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (J.A.); Hôpital Tenon, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (G.P.), and Hôpital Saint Louis, AP-HP, and University of Paris Diderot Paris 7 (J.-M.M.), Paris; Fundación Huesped, Buenos Aires (P.C.); AIDS Research Consortium of Atlanta, Atlanta (M.T.); Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.), and Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo (R.D.); San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan (A.C.); Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC (P.K.); Maxwell Center, Durban, South Africa (G.L.); Orlando Immunology Center, Orlando, FL (E.D.); GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Providence, PA (M. Gummel); and ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, NC (M. Gartland, A.P.)
| | - Gilles Pialoux
- From Yale University School of Medicine and the Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, New Haven (M.K.), and ViiV Healthcare, Branford (P.A., C.L., M.L.) - all in Connecticut; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (J.A.); Hôpital Tenon, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (G.P.), and Hôpital Saint Louis, AP-HP, and University of Paris Diderot Paris 7 (J.-M.M.), Paris; Fundación Huesped, Buenos Aires (P.C.); AIDS Research Consortium of Atlanta, Atlanta (M.T.); Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.), and Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo (R.D.); San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan (A.C.); Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC (P.K.); Maxwell Center, Durban, South Africa (G.L.); Orlando Immunology Center, Orlando, FL (E.D.); GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Providence, PA (M. Gummel); and ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, NC (M. Gartland, A.P.)
| | - Pedro Cahn
- From Yale University School of Medicine and the Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, New Haven (M.K.), and ViiV Healthcare, Branford (P.A., C.L., M.L.) - all in Connecticut; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (J.A.); Hôpital Tenon, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (G.P.), and Hôpital Saint Louis, AP-HP, and University of Paris Diderot Paris 7 (J.-M.M.), Paris; Fundación Huesped, Buenos Aires (P.C.); AIDS Research Consortium of Atlanta, Atlanta (M.T.); Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.), and Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo (R.D.); San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan (A.C.); Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC (P.K.); Maxwell Center, Durban, South Africa (G.L.); Orlando Immunology Center, Orlando, FL (E.D.); GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Providence, PA (M. Gummel); and ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, NC (M. Gartland, A.P.)
| | - Melanie Thompson
- From Yale University School of Medicine and the Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, New Haven (M.K.), and ViiV Healthcare, Branford (P.A., C.L., M.L.) - all in Connecticut; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (J.A.); Hôpital Tenon, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (G.P.), and Hôpital Saint Louis, AP-HP, and University of Paris Diderot Paris 7 (J.-M.M.), Paris; Fundación Huesped, Buenos Aires (P.C.); AIDS Research Consortium of Atlanta, Atlanta (M.T.); Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.), and Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo (R.D.); San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan (A.C.); Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC (P.K.); Maxwell Center, Durban, South Africa (G.L.); Orlando Immunology Center, Orlando, FL (E.D.); GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Providence, PA (M. Gummel); and ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, NC (M. Gartland, A.P.)
| | - Jean-Michel Molina
- From Yale University School of Medicine and the Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, New Haven (M.K.), and ViiV Healthcare, Branford (P.A., C.L., M.L.) - all in Connecticut; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (J.A.); Hôpital Tenon, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (G.P.), and Hôpital Saint Louis, AP-HP, and University of Paris Diderot Paris 7 (J.-M.M.), Paris; Fundación Huesped, Buenos Aires (P.C.); AIDS Research Consortium of Atlanta, Atlanta (M.T.); Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.), and Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo (R.D.); San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan (A.C.); Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC (P.K.); Maxwell Center, Durban, South Africa (G.L.); Orlando Immunology Center, Orlando, FL (E.D.); GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Providence, PA (M. Gummel); and ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, NC (M. Gartland, A.P.)
| | - Beatriz Grinsztejn
- From Yale University School of Medicine and the Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, New Haven (M.K.), and ViiV Healthcare, Branford (P.A., C.L., M.L.) - all in Connecticut; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (J.A.); Hôpital Tenon, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (G.P.), and Hôpital Saint Louis, AP-HP, and University of Paris Diderot Paris 7 (J.-M.M.), Paris; Fundación Huesped, Buenos Aires (P.C.); AIDS Research Consortium of Atlanta, Atlanta (M.T.); Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.), and Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo (R.D.); San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan (A.C.); Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC (P.K.); Maxwell Center, Durban, South Africa (G.L.); Orlando Immunology Center, Orlando, FL (E.D.); GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Providence, PA (M. Gummel); and ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, NC (M. Gartland, A.P.)
| | - Ricardo Diaz
- From Yale University School of Medicine and the Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, New Haven (M.K.), and ViiV Healthcare, Branford (P.A., C.L., M.L.) - all in Connecticut; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (J.A.); Hôpital Tenon, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (G.P.), and Hôpital Saint Louis, AP-HP, and University of Paris Diderot Paris 7 (J.-M.M.), Paris; Fundación Huesped, Buenos Aires (P.C.); AIDS Research Consortium of Atlanta, Atlanta (M.T.); Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.), and Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo (R.D.); San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan (A.C.); Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC (P.K.); Maxwell Center, Durban, South Africa (G.L.); Orlando Immunology Center, Orlando, FL (E.D.); GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Providence, PA (M. Gummel); and ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, NC (M. Gartland, A.P.)
| | - Antonella Castagna
- From Yale University School of Medicine and the Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, New Haven (M.K.), and ViiV Healthcare, Branford (P.A., C.L., M.L.) - all in Connecticut; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (J.A.); Hôpital Tenon, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (G.P.), and Hôpital Saint Louis, AP-HP, and University of Paris Diderot Paris 7 (J.-M.M.), Paris; Fundación Huesped, Buenos Aires (P.C.); AIDS Research Consortium of Atlanta, Atlanta (M.T.); Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.), and Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo (R.D.); San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan (A.C.); Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC (P.K.); Maxwell Center, Durban, South Africa (G.L.); Orlando Immunology Center, Orlando, FL (E.D.); GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Providence, PA (M. Gummel); and ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, NC (M. Gartland, A.P.)
| | - Princy Kumar
- From Yale University School of Medicine and the Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, New Haven (M.K.), and ViiV Healthcare, Branford (P.A., C.L., M.L.) - all in Connecticut; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (J.A.); Hôpital Tenon, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (G.P.), and Hôpital Saint Louis, AP-HP, and University of Paris Diderot Paris 7 (J.-M.M.), Paris; Fundación Huesped, Buenos Aires (P.C.); AIDS Research Consortium of Atlanta, Atlanta (M.T.); Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.), and Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo (R.D.); San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan (A.C.); Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC (P.K.); Maxwell Center, Durban, South Africa (G.L.); Orlando Immunology Center, Orlando, FL (E.D.); GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Providence, PA (M. Gummel); and ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, NC (M. Gartland, A.P.)
| | - Gulam Latiff
- From Yale University School of Medicine and the Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, New Haven (M.K.), and ViiV Healthcare, Branford (P.A., C.L., M.L.) - all in Connecticut; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (J.A.); Hôpital Tenon, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (G.P.), and Hôpital Saint Louis, AP-HP, and University of Paris Diderot Paris 7 (J.-M.M.), Paris; Fundación Huesped, Buenos Aires (P.C.); AIDS Research Consortium of Atlanta, Atlanta (M.T.); Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.), and Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo (R.D.); San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan (A.C.); Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC (P.K.); Maxwell Center, Durban, South Africa (G.L.); Orlando Immunology Center, Orlando, FL (E.D.); GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Providence, PA (M. Gummel); and ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, NC (M. Gartland, A.P.)
| | - Edwin DeJesus
- From Yale University School of Medicine and the Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, New Haven (M.K.), and ViiV Healthcare, Branford (P.A., C.L., M.L.) - all in Connecticut; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (J.A.); Hôpital Tenon, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (G.P.), and Hôpital Saint Louis, AP-HP, and University of Paris Diderot Paris 7 (J.-M.M.), Paris; Fundación Huesped, Buenos Aires (P.C.); AIDS Research Consortium of Atlanta, Atlanta (M.T.); Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.), and Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo (R.D.); San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan (A.C.); Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC (P.K.); Maxwell Center, Durban, South Africa (G.L.); Orlando Immunology Center, Orlando, FL (E.D.); GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Providence, PA (M. Gummel); and ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, NC (M. Gartland, A.P.)
| | - Mark Gummel
- From Yale University School of Medicine and the Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, New Haven (M.K.), and ViiV Healthcare, Branford (P.A., C.L., M.L.) - all in Connecticut; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (J.A.); Hôpital Tenon, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (G.P.), and Hôpital Saint Louis, AP-HP, and University of Paris Diderot Paris 7 (J.-M.M.), Paris; Fundación Huesped, Buenos Aires (P.C.); AIDS Research Consortium of Atlanta, Atlanta (M.T.); Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.), and Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo (R.D.); San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan (A.C.); Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC (P.K.); Maxwell Center, Durban, South Africa (G.L.); Orlando Immunology Center, Orlando, FL (E.D.); GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Providence, PA (M. Gummel); and ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, NC (M. Gartland, A.P.)
| | - Margaret Gartland
- From Yale University School of Medicine and the Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, New Haven (M.K.), and ViiV Healthcare, Branford (P.A., C.L., M.L.) - all in Connecticut; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (J.A.); Hôpital Tenon, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (G.P.), and Hôpital Saint Louis, AP-HP, and University of Paris Diderot Paris 7 (J.-M.M.), Paris; Fundación Huesped, Buenos Aires (P.C.); AIDS Research Consortium of Atlanta, Atlanta (M.T.); Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.), and Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo (R.D.); San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan (A.C.); Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC (P.K.); Maxwell Center, Durban, South Africa (G.L.); Orlando Immunology Center, Orlando, FL (E.D.); GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Providence, PA (M. Gummel); and ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, NC (M. Gartland, A.P.)
| | - Amy Pierce
- From Yale University School of Medicine and the Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, New Haven (M.K.), and ViiV Healthcare, Branford (P.A., C.L., M.L.) - all in Connecticut; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (J.A.); Hôpital Tenon, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (G.P.), and Hôpital Saint Louis, AP-HP, and University of Paris Diderot Paris 7 (J.-M.M.), Paris; Fundación Huesped, Buenos Aires (P.C.); AIDS Research Consortium of Atlanta, Atlanta (M.T.); Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.), and Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo (R.D.); San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan (A.C.); Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC (P.K.); Maxwell Center, Durban, South Africa (G.L.); Orlando Immunology Center, Orlando, FL (E.D.); GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Providence, PA (M. Gummel); and ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, NC (M. Gartland, A.P.)
| | - Peter Ackerman
- From Yale University School of Medicine and the Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, New Haven (M.K.), and ViiV Healthcare, Branford (P.A., C.L., M.L.) - all in Connecticut; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (J.A.); Hôpital Tenon, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (G.P.), and Hôpital Saint Louis, AP-HP, and University of Paris Diderot Paris 7 (J.-M.M.), Paris; Fundación Huesped, Buenos Aires (P.C.); AIDS Research Consortium of Atlanta, Atlanta (M.T.); Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.), and Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo (R.D.); San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan (A.C.); Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC (P.K.); Maxwell Center, Durban, South Africa (G.L.); Orlando Immunology Center, Orlando, FL (E.D.); GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Providence, PA (M. Gummel); and ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, NC (M. Gartland, A.P.)
| | - Cyril Llamoso
- From Yale University School of Medicine and the Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, New Haven (M.K.), and ViiV Healthcare, Branford (P.A., C.L., M.L.) - all in Connecticut; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (J.A.); Hôpital Tenon, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (G.P.), and Hôpital Saint Louis, AP-HP, and University of Paris Diderot Paris 7 (J.-M.M.), Paris; Fundación Huesped, Buenos Aires (P.C.); AIDS Research Consortium of Atlanta, Atlanta (M.T.); Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.), and Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo (R.D.); San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan (A.C.); Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC (P.K.); Maxwell Center, Durban, South Africa (G.L.); Orlando Immunology Center, Orlando, FL (E.D.); GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Providence, PA (M. Gummel); and ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, NC (M. Gartland, A.P.)
| | - Max Lataillade
- From Yale University School of Medicine and the Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, New Haven (M.K.), and ViiV Healthcare, Branford (P.A., C.L., M.L.) - all in Connecticut; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (J.A.); Hôpital Tenon, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (G.P.), and Hôpital Saint Louis, AP-HP, and University of Paris Diderot Paris 7 (J.-M.M.), Paris; Fundación Huesped, Buenos Aires (P.C.); AIDS Research Consortium of Atlanta, Atlanta (M.T.); Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.), and Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo (R.D.); San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan (A.C.); Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC (P.K.); Maxwell Center, Durban, South Africa (G.L.); Orlando Immunology Center, Orlando, FL (E.D.); GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Providence, PA (M. Gummel); and ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, NC (M. Gartland, A.P.)
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Prommer E. Midazolam: an essential palliative care drug. Palliat Care Soc Pract 2020; 14:2632352419895527. [PMID: 32215374 PMCID: PMC7065504 DOI: 10.1177/2632352419895527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Midazolam is a commonly used benzodiazepine in palliative care and is considered one of the four essential drugs needed for the promotion of quality care in dying patients. Acting on the benzodiazepine receptor, it promotes the action of gamma-aminobutyric acid. Gamma-aminobutyric acid action promotes sedative, anxiolytic, and anticonvulsant properties. Midazolam has a faster onset and shorter duration of action than other benzodiazepines such as diazepam and lorazepam lending itself to greater flexibility in dosing than other benzodiazepines. The kidneys excrete midazolam and its active metabolite. Metabolism occurs in the liver by the P450 system. This article examines the pharmacology, pharmacodynamics, and clinical uses of midazolam in palliative care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Prommer
- UCLA/VA Hospice and Palliative Medicine Program, UCLA School of Medicine, 11301 Wilshire Blvd., Bldg. 500, Room 2064A, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
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Early Diagnosis of Latent Tuberculosis Reactivation due to Drug Interaction between Cobicistat and Intranasal Fluticasone. Case Rep Infect Dis 2019; 2019:8243868. [PMID: 31885960 PMCID: PMC6914985 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8243868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Single-tablet antiretroviral therapy is currently the first-line choice for the treatment of HIV infection. Some therapeutic regimens contain the CYP3A4 inhibitor cobicistat, which can interact with drugs undergoing hepatic first-pass metabolism, leading to unintended adverse effects. Case Presentation A 41-year-old man presented to the HIV clinic following a visit to the Emergency Department. His CD4+ count was 1,271 cells/μL, and viral load was undetectable in the previous month. The patient was on an antiretroviral therapy regimen containing cobicistat. He reported using a self-initiated over-the-counter fluticasone nasal spray for at least 2 weeks prior. He had a history of positive tuberculin skin test and a negative chest X-ray within the past year. He denied cough and was in no respiratory distress. A chest CT scan revealed a new thick-walled cavitary nodule in the right upper lobe. A CT-guided biopsy of the lesion yielded Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Conclusions HIV-infected individuals have higher risk for tuberculosis reactivation regardless of their CD4+ count. Fluticasone's hepatic metabolism is bypassed in the presence of CYP3A4 inhibitors, which increases its systemic bioavailability and the risk for impaired immunity. The goal of this report is to increase awareness among physicians about the potential adverse outcomes from the interaction of these drugs.
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Mey A, Plummer D, Rogers GD, O’Sullivan M, Domberelli A, Anoopkumar-Dukie S. Yes to Recreational Drugs and Complementary Medicines But No to Life-Saving Medications: Beliefs Underpinning Treatment Decisions Among PLHIV. AIDS Behav 2019; 23:3396-3410. [PMID: 31388852 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-019-02623-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Despite the life-preserving benefits of antiretroviral therapy (ART), some people living with HIV (PLHIV) delay, decline or diverge from recommended treatment while paradoxically being willing to use potentially dangerous substances, such as recreational drugs (RD) and complementary medicines (CM). During 2016 and 2017, interviews were conducted with 40 PLHIV, in Australia to understand drivers underpinning treatment decisions. While many believed ART to be effective, they expressed concerns about long-term effects, frustration over perceived lack of autonomy in treatment decisions and financial, emotional and physical burdens of HIV care. In contrast, they ascribed a sense of self-control over the use of RD and CM, along with multiple professed benefits. The perceived burden of ART emerged as a motivator for deviating from recommended treatment, while positive views towards RD and CM appear to justify use. This study may serve as guidance for the development of future strategies to address barriers to treatment uptake and adherence and subsequently health outcomes for PLHIV in Australia and elsewhere.
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Vélez-Díaz-Pallarés M, Esteban-Cartelle B, Montero-Llorente B, Gramage-Caro T, Rodríguez-Sagrado MÁ, Bermejo-Vicedo T. Interactions of cobicistat and ritonavir in patients with HIV and its clinical consequences. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2019; 38:212-218. [PMID: 31753469 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2019.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The prescription of antiretroviral treatment (ART) that contains pharmacokinetic enhancers such as ritonavir and cobicistat is frequent. The objective of this stdy was to analyze the potential interactions of ART that include these molecules in their formulation with the patient's home medication, as well as the clinical management of those potentially serious. METHODS Prospective study conducted in the pharmacy care clinic of a third level hospital between January and December of 2018. Those HIV+patients with an ART containing cobicistat or ritonavir were included in the study. Potential interactions between ART and concomitant medication were analysed in three databases (Micromedex®, Drugs.com and Liverpool), the interventions carried out were detailed, and adverse drug reactions analysed. RESULTS 968 patients were included with a total of 2,148 prescriptions (274 different medications). A total of 86 interventions were performed regarding potential interactions in patients. The most frequent were substitutions of corticoid treatments, treatment suspensions and closer monitoring of treatments. A total of possible adverse drug reactions were analysed. The degree of agreement in the severity classification of the interactions for cobicistat and ritonavir was good among the three databases. It was remarkable Micromedex® as the most complete because it has more registered medications. CONCLUSION The interactions between ART with pharmacokinetic enhancers in its composition and concomitant medication is frequent and requires a significant variety of interventions. The check of interactions in different databases is recommended since they can cause adverse drug reactions.
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Voshavar C. Protease Inhibitors for the Treatment of HIV/AIDS: Recent Advances and Future Challenges. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:1571-1598. [PMID: 31237209 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190619115243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a chronic disease characterized by multiple life-threatening illnesses caused by a retro-virus, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). HIV infection slowly destroys the immune system and increases the risk of various other infections and diseases. Although, there is no immediate cure for HIV infection/AIDS, several drugs targeting various cruxes of HIV infection are used to slow down the progress of the disease and to boost the immune system. One of the key therapeutic strategies is Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) or ' AIDS cocktail' in a general sense, which is a customized combination of anti-retroviral drugs designed to combat the HIV infection. Since HAART's inception in 1995, this treatment was found to be effective in improving the life expectancy of HIV patients over two decades. Among various classes of HAART treatment regimen, Protease Inhibitors (PIs) are known to be widely used as a major component and found to be effective in treating HIV infection/AIDS. For the past several years, a variety of protease inhibitors have been reported. This review outlines the drug design strategies of PIs, chemical and pharmacological characteristics of some mechanism-based inhibitors, summarizes the recent developments in small molecule based drug discovery with HIV protease as a drug target. Further discussed are the pharmacology, PI drug resistance on HIV PR, adverse effects of HIV PIs and challenges/impediments in the successful application of HIV PIs as an important class of drugs in HAART regimen for the effective treatment of AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrashekhar Voshavar
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, United States
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35
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Gong Y, Chowdhury P, Nagesh PKB, Cory TJ, Dezfuli C, Kodidela S, Singh A, Yallapu MM, Kumar S. Nanotechnology approaches for delivery of cytochrome P450 substrates in HIV treatment. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2019; 16:869-882. [PMID: 31328582 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2019.1646725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has led to a significant reduction in HIV-1 morbidity and mortality. Many antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) are metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) pathway, and the majority of these drugs are also either CYP inhibitors or inducers and few possess both activities. These CYP substrates, when used for HIV treatment in the conventional dosage form, have limitations such as low systemic bioavailability, potential drug-drug interactions, and short half-lives. Thus, an alternative mode of delivery is needed in contrast to conventional ARVs. Areas covered: In this review, we summarized the limitations of conventional ARVs in HIV treatment, especially for ARVs which are CYP substrates. We also discussed the preclinical and clinical studies using the nanotechnology strategy to overcome the limitations of these CYP substrates. The preclinical studies and clinical studies published from 2000 to February 2019 were discussed. Expert opinion: Since preclinical and clinical studies for prevention and treatment of HIV using nanotechnology approaches have shown considerable promise in recent years, nanotechnology could become an alternative strategy for daily oral therapy as a future treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Gong
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Pallabita Chowdhury
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Prashanth K B Nagesh
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Theodore J Cory
- b Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Chelsea Dezfuli
- b Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Sunitha Kodidela
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Ajay Singh
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Murali M Yallapu
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Santosh Kumar
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis , TN , USA
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Gong Y, Haque S, Chowdhury P, Cory TJ, Kodidela S, Yallapu MM, Norwood JM, Kumar S. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cytochrome P450 inhibitors for HIV treatment. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2019; 15:417-427. [PMID: 30951643 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2019.1604685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Drugs used in HIV treatment; all protease inhibitors, some non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and pharmacoenhancers ritonavir and cobicistat can inhibit cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. CYP inhibition can cause clinically significant drug-drug interactions (DDI), leading to increased drug exposure and potential toxicity. Areas covered: A complete understanding of pharmacodynamics and CYP-mediated DDI is crucial to prevent adverse side effects and to achieve optimal efficacy. We summarized the pharmacodynamics of all the CYP inhibitors used for HIV treatment, followed by a discussion of drug interactions between these CYP inhibitors and other drugs, and a discussion on the effect of CYP polymorphisms. We also discussed the potential advancements in improving the pharmacodynamics of these CYP inhibitors by using nanotechnology strategy. Expert opinion: The drug-interactions in HIV patients receiving ARV drugs are complicated, especially when patients are on CYP inhibitors-based ART regimens. Therefore, evaluation of CYP-mediated drug interactions is necessary prior to prescribing ARV drugs to HIV subjects. To improve the treatment efficacy and minimize DDI, novel approaches such as nanotechnology may be the potential alternative approach. However, further studies with large cohort need to be conducted to provide strong evidence for the use of nano-formulated ARVs to effectively treat HIV patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Gong
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Sanjana Haque
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Pallabita Chowdhury
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Theodore J Cory
- b Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science , College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Sunitha Kodidela
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Murali M Yallapu
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - John M Norwood
- c Department of Infectious Disease , College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Santosh Kumar
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis , TN , USA
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Severe rhabdomyolysis-induced acute kidney injury following concomitant use of Genvoya® (EVG/COBI/FTC/TAF) and simvastatin; a case report. BMC Nephrol 2019; 20:69. [PMID: 30808332 PMCID: PMC6390564 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-019-1257-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genvoya® (elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide) is a recent single regimen for the treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). However, because of its complexity, it is difficult to predict drug interactions, especially when associated with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors and/or in the setting of other comorbidities. We discuss the mechanisms of these potential drug interactions as the cause of rhabdomyolysis and acute kidney injury in the context of prior and current medication therapy with possible underlying liver and kidney dysfunction. Case presentation We describe the case of a 54-year-old man diagnosed with HIV who developed severe rhabdomyolysis-induced anuric acute kidney injury (AKI) requiring renal replacement therapy following introduction of Genvoya® concomitantly with simvastatin, in the context of recently diagnosed hepatitis C and hepatitis A. Haemodialysis was continued over 5 weeks followed by progressive clinical and biological improvements. Five months later, a new antiretroviral regimen was started and has been well tolerated. Conclusion Simvastatin, as well as lovastatin, because of their CYP3A4 metabolism, and to a lesser extent atorvastatin, which is only partially metabolized by CYP3A4, are the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors with the greatest risk of drug interactions and should not be used in patients under HIV-therapy. Patients receiving HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors should be monitored regularly for the occurrence of muscular adverse effects and drug interactions should be considered with each new prescription or change in clinical status. There are many online tools that enable clinicians to rapidly check for drug interactions. We recommend the one from the University of Liverpool for patients under HIV-therapy (https://www.hiv-druginteractions.org/checker), while for patients under hepatitis C-therapy, we advise to consult http://www.hep-druginteractions.org/. This case illustrates the importance of multidisciplinary collaboration in the treatment of HIV-positive patients because of their complexity, associated comorbidities and the potential of multiple drug-drug interactions potentially exacerbated by underlying liver and/or kidney dysfunction.
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Genotoxicity and pharmacokinetic characterization of Cereus jamacaru ethanolic extract in rats. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20180672. [PMID: 30563925 PMCID: PMC6341123 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20180672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of Cereus jamacaru ethanolic extract in rats was analyzed using genotoxicity assays and liver ABCB1 and CYP2D4 gene expression. The lyophilized extract of C. jamacaru cladodes was analyzed with LC-MS/MS. Male Wistar rats (n=36) were equally distributed into six groups that did (+) or did not (-) receive cyclophosphamide treatments: Control (-); Control (+); EXP 1 (-), and EXP 1 (+), both treated with 210 mg/kg of ethanolic extract; and EXP 2 (-) and EXP 2 (+), both treated with 420 mg/kg of ethanolic extract. After 30 d of treatment, body weight and food and water intake were monitored. Right femur of the rats and spinal canal fluid were harvested and used for genotoxicity assays, and the liver samples were used for gene expression studies. The phytochemical analysis identified novel compounds. Animals treated with C. jamacaru showed lower body weight and food ingestion compared to controls (P<0.05). The genotoxicity assay showed an absence of ethanolic extract cytotoxicity. CYP2D4 expression was higher in EXP 2 groups compared with EXP 1 (-) group (P<0.05). ABCB1A expression was higher in negative groups compared with the positive groups. These results indicated a new phytochemical characterization of C. jamacaru and its effect on food ingestion and body weight gain. Moreover, the genotoxicity assay suggested that C. jamacaru ethanolic extract treatment presents significant intrinsic genotoxic potential and the enhanced expression of ABCB1 and CYP2D4 on C. jamacaru extract treatment suggests a role of the efflux transporter and microsomal enzyme, respectively, in C. jamacaru pharmacokinetics.
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Cysique LA, Brew BJ. Comorbid depression and apathy in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders in the era of chronic HIV infection. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2019; 165:71-82. [PMID: 31727231 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64012-3.00006-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the current research on the question of depression and apathy in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) in the era of chronic HIV infection. After presenting the epidemiology of each condition showing that depression and apathy are the two most frequent psychiatric comorbidities of HAND, we review the current research, particularly in relation to the milder forms of HAND that characterize treated HIV cohorts. Doing so, we include findings on depression and apathy in non-HIV aging population and the risk of dementia, findings that are relevant to the aging HIV cohorts carrying a high burden of psychiatric comorbidities. We then present a review of the research pertaining to the differentiation between depression and apathy. A section is dedicated to the question of suicidality in chronic HIV infection, which is underappreciated. An overview of the pharmacologic and psychosocial interventions relevant to depression and apathy in HIV cohorts treated with antiretroviral treatment is provided. The chapter concludes with future directions for the research on apathy and depression with emphasis on the question of aging and the need for longitudinal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucette A Cysique
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia; Peter Duncan Neurosciences Unit, St. Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Bruce J Brew
- Neurology and HIV Departments, St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Peter Duncan Neurosciences Unit, St. Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Masyeni S, Sintya E, Megawati D, Sukmawati NMH, Budiyasa DG, Aryastuti SA, Khairunisa SQ, Arijana I, Nasronudin N. Evaluation of antiretroviral effect on mitochondrial DNA depletion among HIV-infected patients in Bali. HIV AIDS-RESEARCH AND PALLIATIVE CARE 2018; 10:145-150. [PMID: 30104903 PMCID: PMC6072679 DOI: 10.2147/hiv.s166245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) are the cornerstone of highly active antiretroviral therapy combination regimens for HIV infection. Unfortunately, NRTIs have been noticeably associated with many adverse effects related to mitochondrial toxicity leading to mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid (mtDNA) depletion. However, similar mitochondrial dysfunction has recently been found even in antiretroviral therapy-naïve patients, suggesting HIV itself could contribute to this abnormality. In this study, we determine whether mtDNA depletion was present in either antiretroviral therapy-naïve or NRTI-treated patients at Sanjiwani Hospital, Bali, Indonesia. Patients and methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of HIV patients. Specifically, the relative content of mtDNA (mtRNR1 gene) to nuclear DNA (ASPOLG gene) was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Data were analyzed with SPSS 16.0 software and GraphPad Prism 7.02. Results A total of 84 samples (67 on NRTIs and 17 HIV-naïve) were suitable for analysis. We identified 21.4% of the samples (18/84) with mtDNA:nDNA ratio <1. Although it was not significant (P=0.121), the median mtDNA:nDNA ratio of HIV-naïve group was slightly higher (median 1.8; interquartile range [IQR]: 1.1-2.1) than NRTI-treated patients (median 1.5; IQR: 1.3-2.85). Tenofovir-based NRTI was more frequently used (73.13%) than zidovudine-based NRTI (26.86%). The period for which NRTI was used probably contributed to the ratio of mtDNA:nDNA. The median ratio of mtDNA:nDNA zidovudine-treated patients was slightly lower (median 1.2; IQR: 1.08-1.98) when compared to tenofovir-based NRTI (median 1.6; IQR: 1.05-2.10), with the median period of former treatment being significantly longer (P<0.001). Although these data overall indicate that NRTI treatment had no effect on mtDNA:nDNA ratios, patients who undergo more than 12 months of NRTIs treatment show a decrease in the ratio; however, further study is required. Conclusion Almost one-fourth of the samples showed a lower mtDNA:nDNA ratio. The decreasing of the ratio mtDNA:nDNA was most likely present after 12 months of NRTI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sri Masyeni
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Warmadewa, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia,
| | - Erly Sintya
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Warmadewa, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia,
| | - Dewi Megawati
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Warmadewa, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia,
| | | | - Dewa Ga Budiyasa
- Internal Medicine Department, Sanjiwani Hospital, Gianyar, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Sri Agung Aryastuti
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Warmadewa, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia,
| | - Siti Qamariyah Khairunisa
- Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Igkn Arijana
- Histology Department of Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
| | - N Nasronudin
- Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
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Gong EC, Chea S, Balupuri A, Kang NS, Chin YW, Choi YH. Enzyme Kinetics and Molecular Docking Studies on Cytochrome 2B6, 2C19, 2E1, and 3A4 Activities by Sauchinone. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23030555. [PMID: 29498658 PMCID: PMC6017976 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23030555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sauchinone, an active lignan isolated from the aerial parts of Saururus chinensis (Saururaceae), exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, anti-hyperglycemic, and anti-hepatic steatosis effects. As herb–drug interaction (HDI) through cytochrome P450s (CYPs)-mediated metabolism limits clinical application of herbs and drugs in combination, this study sought to explore the enzyme kinetics of sauchinone towards CYP inhibition in in vitro human liver microsomes (HLMs) and in vivo mice studies and computational molecular docking analysis. In in vitro HLMs, sauchinone reversibly inhibited CYP2B6, 2C19, 2E1, and 3A4 activities in non-competitive modes, showing inhibition constant (Ki) values of 14.3, 16.8, 41.7, and 6.84 μM, respectively. Also, sauchinone time-dependently inhibited CYP2B6, 2E1 and 3A4 activities in vitro HLMs. Molecular docking study showed that sauchinone could be bound to a few key amino acid residues in the active site of CYP2B6, 2C19, 2E1, and 3A4. When sibutramine, clopidogrel, or chlorzoxazone was co-administered with sauchinone to mice, the systemic exposure of each drug was increased compared to that without sauchinone, because sauchinone reduced the metabolic clearance of each drug. In conclusion, when sauchinone was co-treated with drugs metabolized via CYP2B6, 2C19, 2E1, or 3A4, sauchinone–drug interactions occurred because sauchinone inhibited the CYP-mediated metabolic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Chae Gong
- College of Pharmacy and Intergrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32 Dongguk-lo, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 10326, Korea; (E.C.G.); (S.C.); (Y.-W.C.)
| | - Satya Chea
- College of Pharmacy and Intergrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32 Dongguk-lo, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 10326, Korea; (E.C.G.); (S.C.); (Y.-W.C.)
| | - Anand Balupuri
- Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea; (A.B.); (N.S.K)
| | - Nam Sook Kang
- Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea; (A.B.); (N.S.K)
| | - Young-Won Chin
- College of Pharmacy and Intergrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32 Dongguk-lo, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 10326, Korea; (E.C.G.); (S.C.); (Y.-W.C.)
| | - Young Hee Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Intergrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32 Dongguk-lo, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 10326, Korea; (E.C.G.); (S.C.); (Y.-W.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-961-5212
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Chary A, Nguyen NN, Maiton K, Holodniy M. A review of drug-drug interactions in older HIV-infected patients. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2017; 10:1329-1352. [PMID: 28922979 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2017.1377610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The number of older HIV-infected people is growing due to increasing life expectancies resulting from the use of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Both HIV and aging increase the risk of other comorbidities, such as cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and some malignancies, leading to greater challenges in managing HIV with other conditions. This results in complex medication regimens with the potential for significant drug-drug interactions and increased morbidity and mortality. Area covered: We review the metabolic pathways of ART and other medications used to treat medical co-morbidities, highlight potential areas of concern for drug-drug interactions, and where feasible, suggest alternative approaches for treating these conditions as suggested from national guidelines or articles published in the English language. Expert commentary: There is limited evidence-based data on ART drug interactions, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in the older HIV-infected population. Choosing and maintaining effective ART regimens for older adults requires consideration of side effect profile, individual comorbidities, interactions with concurrent prescriptions and non-prescription medications and supplements, dietary patterns with respect to dosing, pill burden and ease of dosing, cost and affordability, patient preferences, social situation, and ART resistance history. Practitioners must remain vigilant for potential drug interactions and intervene when there is a potential for harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarthi Chary
- a Department of Medicine , Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System , Palo Alto , CA , USA.,b Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine , Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford , CA , USA
| | - Nancy N Nguyen
- c Department of Pharmacy , Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System , Palo Alto , CA , USA.,d Department of Pharmacy Practice, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy & Health Sciences , University of the Pacific , Stockton , CA , USA
| | - Kimberly Maiton
- d Department of Pharmacy Practice, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy & Health Sciences , University of the Pacific , Stockton , CA , USA
| | - Mark Holodniy
- a Department of Medicine , Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System , Palo Alto , CA , USA.,b Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine , Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford , CA , USA.,e Office of Public Health Surveillance & Research , Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System , Palo Alto , CA , USA
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Chastain DB, Franco-Paredes C, Stover KR. Addressing Antiretroviral Therapy-Associated Drug-Drug Interactions in Patients Requiring Treatment for Opportunistic Infections in Low-Income and Resource-Limited Settings. J Clin Pharmacol 2017; 57:1387-1399. [PMID: 28884831 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
An increasing number of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients are achieving virologic suppression on antiretroviral therapy (ART) limiting the use of primary and secondary antimicrobial prophylaxis. However, in low-income and resource-limited settings, half of those infected with HIV are unaware of their diagnosis, and fewer than 50% of patients on ART achieve virologic suppression. Management of comorbidities and opportunistic infections among patients on ART may lead to inevitable drug-drug interactions (DDIs) and even toxicities. Elderly patients, individuals with multiple comorbidities, those receiving complex ART, and patients living in low-income settings experience higher rates of DDIs. Management of these cytochrome P450-mediated, nonmediated, and drug transport system DDIs is critical in HIV-infected patients, particularly those in resource-limited settings with few options for ART. This article critically analyzes and provides recommendations to manage significant DDIs and drug toxicities in HIV-infected patients receiving ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Chastain
- University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Albany, GA, USA.,Phoebe Putney Memorial Hospital, Albany, GA, USA
| | - Carlos Franco-Paredes
- Infectious Diseases Physician, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.,Hospital Infantil de Mexico Federico Gomez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Kayla R Stover
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Mississippi School of Pharmacy, Jackson, MS, USA
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Anti-HIV Activities and Mechanism of 12-O-Tricosanoylphorbol-20-acetate, a Novel Phorbol Ester from Ostodes katharinae. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22091498. [PMID: 28885587 PMCID: PMC6151696 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22091498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
APOBEC3G is a member of the human cytidine deaminase family that restricts Vif-deficient viruses by being packaged with progeny virions and inducing the G to A mutation during the synthesis of HIV-1 viral DNA when the progeny virus infects new cells. HIV-1 Vif protein resists the activity of A3G by mediating A3G degradation. Phorbol esters are plant-derived organic compounds belonging to the tigliane family of diterpenes and could activate the PKC pathway. In this study, we identified an inhibitor 12-O-tricosanoylphorbol-20-acetate (hop-8), a novel ester of phorbol which was isolated from Ostodes katharinae of the family Euphorbiaceae, that inhibited the replication of wild-type HIV-1 and HIV-2 strains and drug-resistant strains broadly both in C8166 cells and PBMCs with low cytotoxicity and the EC50 values ranged from 0.106 μM to 7.987 μM. One of the main mechanisms of hop-8 is to stimulate A3G expressing in HIV-1 producing cells and upregulate the A3G level in progeny virions, which results in reducing the infectivity of the progeny virus. This novel mechanism of hop-8 inhibition of HIV replication might represents a promising approach for developing new therapeutics for HIV infection.
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Major health impact of accelerated aging in young HIV-infected individuals on antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2017; 31:1393-1403. [PMID: 28358731 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aging among HIV-infected individuals on antiretroviral therapy (ART) is a significant clinical challenge; however, studies assessing multidimensional aspects of aging are lacking. We characterized 10 geriatric conditions encompassing multiple functional domains, its health impact and associated risk factors in HIV-infected and age-matched uninfected controls. METHODS HIV-infected individuals were recruited from the outpatient clinic in University Malaya Medical Centre, Malaysia and controls from the community. All participants were aged at least 25 years of age with no acute illness, and HIV-infected individuals were on stable ART. Geriatric conditions were assessed and the burden scored as a composite of geriatric conditions present in an individual (total score = 10). Multivariate regression analysis was performed to determine the risk factors and health impact associated with the burden of geriatric conditions. RESULTS We analyzed data from 336 HIV-infected individuals (total HIV+), of whom 172 were matched for age, sex, and ethnicity with 172 HIV-uninfected controls (matched subset). In the total HIV-positive cohort, median (interquartile range) age was 44 (38-51) years and CD4 T-cell count was 562 (398-737) cells/μl. The burden of geriatric conditions was significantly higher in the HIV-infected group compared with controls (P < 0.001). With an increasing geriatric condition burden, quality-of-life scores were 2.2-times poorer, healthcare use five times greater, and mortality risk scores four times higher in the HIV-infected group compared with matched controls. Both sociobehavioural and HIV-related clinical factors were independently associated with an increasing burden of geriatric condition in HIV. CONCLUSIONS A high burden of geriatric conditions with significant impact on health outcomes, including mortality risk scores are observed among HIV-infected individuals on ART in a resource-limited setting.
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Rilpivirine and Doravirine Have Complementary Efficacies Against NNRTI-Resistant HIV-1 Mutants. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2017; 72:485-91. [PMID: 27124362 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000001031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rilpivirine (RPV) is the latest non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) to be approved by Food and Drug Administration to combat HIV-1 infections. NNRTIs inhibit the chemical step in viral DNA synthesis by binding to an allosteric site located about 10 Å from the polymerase active site of reverse transcriptase (RT). Although NNRTIs potently inhibit the replication of wild-type HIV-1, the binding site is not conserved, and mutations arise in the binding pocket. Doravirine (DOR) is a new NNRTI in phase III clinical trials. METHODS Using a single round HIV-1 infection assay, we tested RPV and DOR against a broad panel of NNRTI-resistant mutants to determine their respective activities. We also used molecular modeling to determine if the susceptibility profile of each compound was related to how they bind RT. RESULTS Several mutants displayed decreased susceptibility to DOR. However, with the exception of E138K, our data suggest that the mutations that reduce the potency of DOR and RPV are non-overlapping. Thus, these 2 NNRTIs have the potential to be used together in combination therapy. We also show that the location at which DOR and RPV bind with the NNRTI binding pocket of RT correlates with the differences in their respective susceptibility to the panel of NNRTI-resistance mutations. CONCLUSIONS This shows that (1) DOR is susceptible to a number of well-known NNRTI resistance mutations and (2) an understanding of the mutational susceptibilities and binding interactions of NNRTIs with RT could be used to develop pairs of compounds with non-overlapping mutational susceptibilities.
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Chastain DB, Stover KR, Riche DM. Evidence-based review of statin use in patients with HIV on antiretroviral therapy. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND TRANSLATIONAL ENDOCRINOLOGY 2017; 8:6-14. [PMID: 29067253 PMCID: PMC5651339 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcte.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is up to two times more prevalent in patient with HIV. Based on pharmacokinetic and clinical data, atorvastatin and pravastatin are generally considered safe for HIV patients receiving ART. Rosuavstatin is generally safe if started at a low dose and a maximum 20 mg per day. Fluvastatin, lovastatin, and simvastatin should be avoided in patients with HIV receiving ART.
Introduction As a result of improved safe and effective therapeutic options for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), life expectancy of those living with HIV is increasing leading to new challenges (e.g., management of chronic diseases). Some chronic diseases (e.g., cardiovascular disease [CVD]), are up to two times more prevalent in patients with HIV. Statins are a mainstay of therapy for prevention of CVD; but, clinicians should be aware that not all statins are appropriate for use in the HIV population, especially those receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). The purpose of this article is to review the pharmacokinetic and clinical data for statin therapy in HIV-infected patients receiving ART. Methods A systematic literature search using PubMed and MEDLINE databases was performed using each statin drug name combined with HIV, pharmacokinetics, AIDS, and/or human immunodeficiency virus. English language trials published from 1946 to November 2016 were considered, and results were limited to clinical efficacy trials. Results In general, atorvastatin and pravastatin are safe and effective for patients treated with protease-inhibitor (PI) or non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based ART. Rosuvastatin is generally considered safe if started at a low dose, but should be avoided if possible in patients receiving PI-based ART. Pitavastatin has limited supporting evidence, but appears safe for use based on its pharmacokinetic properties and low number of drug interactions. Fluvastatin, lovastatin, and simvastatin should be avoided in patients receiving ART due to drug interactions, adverse events, and/or limited clinical data. Conclusion Clinicians need to be familiar with the intricacies of statin selection for the prevention of CVD in patients with HIV on ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Chastain
- University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Albany, GA, USA.,Phoebe Putney Memorial Hospital, Department of Pharmacy, Albany, GA, USA
| | - Kayla R Stover
- The University of Mississippi School of Pharmacy, Jackson, MS, USA.,The University of Mississippi School of Medicine, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Daniel M Riche
- The University of Mississippi School of Pharmacy, Jackson, MS, USA.,The University of Mississippi School of Medicine, Jackson, MS, USA
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Jackson BS, Mokoena T. Comparison of the therapeutic dose of warfarin in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected patients: a study of clinical practice. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e013709. [PMID: 28179414 PMCID: PMC5306524 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND People infected with HIV are prone to venous thrombosis. Treatment of thrombosis is primarily with warfarin. No studies have addressed the effects of HIV infection on warfarin dose. The aims of this study were to determine whether the therapeutic dose of warfarin and induction time to therapeutic dose in HIV-infected patients differ from that in HIV-uninfected patients. METHODS A prospective and retrospective descriptive study of induction time to therapeutic warfarin dose, as well as of ambulant therapeutic warfarin dose, was performed. HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected patients being treated after deep venous thrombosis with or without pulmonary embolism were compared. Sex and use of antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) were also compared in the groups. RESULTS 234 patients were entered into the study. Induction time to therapeutic warfarin dose did not differ between the 2 groups. The mean therapeutic dose of warfarin was higher in the HIV-infected than the HIV-uninfected group: 6.06 vs 5.72 mg/day, but this was not statistically significant (p=0.29). There was no difference in therapeutic warfarin dose between ARV-naïve groups-HIV-uninfected and HIV-infected patients not on ARVs. CONCLUSIONS There appears to be little effect of HIV infection on warfarin dosing. Warfarin therapy should be administered conventionally in HIV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Jackson
- Department of Surgery, University of Pretoria and Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - T Mokoena
- Department of Surgery, University of Pretoria and Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
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Abou-Rizk J, Alameddine M, Naja F. Prevalence and Characteristics of CAM Use among People Living with HIV and AIDS in Lebanon: Implications for Patient Care. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2016; 2016:5013132. [PMID: 28050191 PMCID: PMC5168459 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5013132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the prevalence and determinants of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) use among People Living with HIV and AIDS (PLWHA) in Lebanon and to identify related issues that may affect patient care. A cross-sectional survey design was used to interview 116 PLWHA in Beirut. The questionnaire addressed sociodemographic and disease characteristics as well as CAM use. The main outcome of the study was CAM use since diagnosis. Data analysis included descriptive statistics and logistic regression analyses. Overall, 46.6% of participants reported using one or more CAM therapies, with herbs and herbal products being the most commonly used (63%). A higher education level was associated with a 3-fold increase in the odds of CAM use. Among users, 20% used CAM as alternative to conventional treatment, 48% were not aware of CAM-drug interactions, 89% relied on nonhealth care sources for their choice of CAM, and 44% did not disclose CAM use to their physician. CAM use is prevalent among Lebanese PLWHA. Findings of this study highlighted the need to educate health care practitioners to have an open communication and a patient-centered approach discussing CAM use during routine care and to enhance awareness of PLWHA on safe use of CAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Abou-Rizk
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Riad El-Solh, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Mohamad Alameddine
- Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Building 14, Dubai Healthcare City, P.O. Box 505055, Dubai, UAE
- Department of Health Management and Policy, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Riad El-Solh, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Farah Naja
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Riad El-Solh, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
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