1
|
Tzanova MT, Yaneva Z, Ivanova D, Toneva M, Grozeva N, Memdueva N. Green Solvents for Extraction of Natural Food Colorants from Plants: Selectivity and Stability Issues. Foods 2024; 13:605. [PMID: 38397582 PMCID: PMC10887973 DOI: 10.3390/foods13040605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Consumers associate the color of food with its freshness and quality. More and more attention is being paid to natural colorants that bring additional health benefits to humans. Such natural substances are the carotenoids (yellow to orange), the anthocyanins (red to blue), and the betalains (red and yellow), which are very sensitive to exposure to light, air, high temperatures, and chemicals. Stability and diversity in terms of color can be optimized by using environmentally friendly and selective extraction processes that provide a balance between efficacy, safety, and stability of the resulting extracts. Green solvents like water, supercritical fluids, natural deep eutectic solvents, and ionic liquids are the most proper green solvents when combined with different extraction techniques like maceration, supercritical extraction, and ultrasound-assisted or microwave-assisted extraction. The choice of the right extracting agent is crucial for the selectivity of the extraction method and the stability of the prepared colorant. The present work reviews the green solvents used for the extraction of natural food colorants from plants and focuses on the issues related to the selectivity and stability of the products extracted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milena Tankova Tzanova
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Biological Sciences, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria; (N.G.); (N.M.)
| | - Zvezdelina Yaneva
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Animal Physiology and Physiological Chemistry, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria; (Z.Y.); (D.I.); (M.T.)
| | - Donika Ivanova
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Animal Physiology and Physiological Chemistry, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria; (Z.Y.); (D.I.); (M.T.)
- Medical Faculty, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Biochemistry, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Monika Toneva
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Animal Physiology and Physiological Chemistry, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria; (Z.Y.); (D.I.); (M.T.)
| | - Neli Grozeva
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Biological Sciences, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria; (N.G.); (N.M.)
| | - Neli Memdueva
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Biological Sciences, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria; (N.G.); (N.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nabi BG, Mukhtar K, Ansar S, Hassan SA, Hafeez MA, Bhat ZF, Mousavi Khaneghah A, Haq AU, Aadil RM. Application of ultrasound technology for the effective management of waste from fruit and vegetable. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2024; 102:106744. [PMID: 38219546 PMCID: PMC10825644 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Food waste presents a continuous challenge for the food industry, leading to environmental pollution and economic issues. A substantial amount of waste, including by-products from fruits and vegetables, non-edible food items, and other waste materials, is produced throughout the food supply chain, from production to consumption. Recycling and valorizing waste from perishable goods is emerging as a key multidisciplinary approach within the circular bio-economy framework. This waste, rich in raw by-products, can be repurposed as a natural source of ingredients. Researchers increasingly focus on biomass valorization to extract and use components that add significant value. Traditional methods for extracting these bio-compounds typically require the use of solvents and are time-consuming, underscoring the need for innovative techniques like ultrasound (US) extraction. Wastes from the processing of fruits and vegetables in the food industry can be used to develop functional foods and edible coatings, offering protection against various environmental factors. This comprehensive review paper discusses the valorization of waste from perishable items like fruits and vegetables using US technology, not only to extract valuable components from waste but also to treat wastewater in the beverage industry. It also covers the application of biomolecules recovered from this process in the development of functional foods and packaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brera Ghulam Nabi
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Kinza Mukhtar
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Sadia Ansar
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Syed Ali Hassan
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Adnan Hafeez
- Department of Human Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Superior University Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Zuhaib F Bhat
- Division of Livestock Products Technology, Skuast-J, Jammu, India
| | - Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
- Department of Fruit and Vegetable Product Technology, Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology - State Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland; Food Health Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
| | - Ahsan Ul Haq
- Department of Forestry & Range Management, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Rana Muhammad Aadil
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kumar G, Upadhyay S, Yadav DK, Malakar S, Dhurve P, Suri S. Application of ultrasound technology for extraction of color pigments from plant sources and their potential bio‐functional properties: A review. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.14238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Kumar
- Department of Food Engineering National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management Sonipat India
| | - Srishti Upadhyay
- Department of Food Engineering National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management Sonipat India
| | - Dhiraj Kumar Yadav
- Department of Food Engineering National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management Sonipat India
| | - Santanu Malakar
- Department of Food Engineering National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management Sonipat India
- Department of Food Technology Rajiv Gandhi University Doimukh India
| | - Priyanka Dhurve
- Department of Food Engineering National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management Sonipat India
| | - Shweta Suri
- Department of Food Engineering National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management Sonipat India
- Amity Institute of Food Technology (AIFT) Amity University Uttar Pradesh Noida India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zin MM, Nagy K, Bánvölgyi S, Abrankó L, Nath A. Effect of microwave pretreatment on the extraction of antioxidant‐rich red color betacyanin, phenolic, and flavonoid from the crown of Cylindra‐type beetroot (
Beta vulgaris
L.). J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.14175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Moh Moh Zin
- Department of Food Process Engineering Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences Budapest Hungary
| | - Katalin Nagy
- Department of Food Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences Budapest Hungary
| | - Szilvia Bánvölgyi
- Department of Food Process Engineering Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences Budapest Hungary
| | - László Abrankó
- Department of Food Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences Budapest Hungary
| | - Arijit Nath
- Department of Food Process Engineering Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences Budapest Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Aslam R, Alam MS, Kaur J, Panayampadan AS, Dar OI, Kothakota A, Pandiselvam R. Understanding the effects of ultrasound processng on texture and rheological properties of food. J Texture Stud 2022; 53:775-799. [PMID: 34747028 DOI: 10.1111/jtxs.12644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The demand for the production of high quality and safe food products has been ever increasing. Consequently, the industry is looking for novel technologies in food processing operations that are cost-effective, rapid and have a better efficiency over traditional methods. Ultrasound is well-known technology to enhance the rate of heat and mass transfer providing a high end-product quality, at just a fraction of time and energy normally required for conventional methods. The irradiation of foods with ultrasound creates acoustic cavitation that has been used to cause desirable changes in the treated products. The technology is being successfully used in various unit operations such as sterilization, pasteurization, extraction, drying, emulsification, degassing, enhancing oxidation, thawing, freezing and crystallization, brining, pickling, foaming and rehydration, and so forth. However, the high pressure and temperature associated with the cavitation process is expected to induce some changes in the textural and rheological properties of foods which form an important aspect of product quality in terms of consumer acceptability. The present review is aimed to focus on the effects of ultrasound processing on the textural and rheological properties of food products and how these properties are influenced by the process variables.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raouf Aslam
- Department of Processing and Food Engineering, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Mohammed Shafiq Alam
- Department of Processing and Food Engineering, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Jaspreet Kaur
- Department of Processing and Food Engineering, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Afthab Saeed Panayampadan
- Department of Processing and Food Engineering, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Owias Iqbal Dar
- Aquatic Toxicology Lab, Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Anjineyulu Kothakota
- Agro-Processing and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Ravi Pandiselvam
- Physiology, Biochemistry and Post-Harvest Technology Division, ICAR-Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Kasaragod, Kerala, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction and the Encapsulation of Bioactive Components for Food Applications. Foods 2022; 11:foods11192973. [PMID: 36230050 PMCID: PMC9564298 DOI: 10.3390/foods11192973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Various potential sources of bioactive components exist in nature which are fairly underutilized due to the lack of a scientific approach that can be sustainable as well as practically feasible. The recovery of bioactive compounds is a big challenge and its use in food industry to develop functional foods is a promising area of research. Various techniques are available for the extraction of these bioactives but due to their thermolabile nature, there is demand for nonthermal or green technologies which can lower the cost of operation and decrease operational time and energy consumption as compared to conventional methods. Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) is gaining popularity due to its relative advantages over solvent extraction. Thereafter, ultrasonication as an encapsulating tool helps in protecting the core components against adverse food environmental conditions during processing and storage. The review mainly aims to discuss ultrasound technology, its applications, the fundamental principles of ultrasonic-assisted extraction and encapsulation, the parameters affecting them, and applications of ultrasound-assisted extraction and encapsulation in food systems. Additionally, future research areas are highlighted with an emphasis on the energy sustainability of the whole process.
Collapse
|
7
|
Calva-Estrada S, Jiménez-Fernández M, Lugo-Cervantes E. Betalains and their applications in food: The current state of processing, stability and future opportunities in the industry. FOOD CHEMISTRY. MOLECULAR SCIENCES 2022; 4:100089. [PMID: 35415668 PMCID: PMC8991513 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2022.100089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Several fruits, plants, and roots are sources of betalains. Betalains analysis can be performed by spectroscopic and chromatographic methods. Betalains extraction techniques have advantages and disadvantages. Betalains encapsulation increases its stability and possibility of incorporation in foods. The incorporation of betalains in food packaging is a potential application.
Betalains are water-soluble nitrogenous pigments with coloring properties and antioxidant activities, which is why they have been incorporated into several foods. However, their use is limited by their instability in response to different factors, such as, pH, oxygen, water activity, light, metals, among others. In this work, a review of up-to-date and relevant information is presented on the primary natural sources of betalains. Additionally, the advantages and disadvantages of the primary betalain extraction techniques are discussed and compared. The results of these studies were focused on the stability of betalains when incorporated into foods, either in pure or encapsulated form, and they are discussed through different technologies. Lastly, the most relevant information related to their stability and a projection of their promising future applications within the food industry is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S.J. Calva-Estrada
- Unidad de Tecnología Alimentaria, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ) A.C., Camino Arenero 1227, El Bajío, Zapopan, Jalisco C.P. 45019, Mexico
| | - M. Jiménez-Fernández
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Alimentos, Universidad Veracruzana, Av. Doctor Luis Castelazo, Industrial Las Animas, Xalapa Enríquez, Veracruz C.P. 91190, Mexico
- Corresponding authors.
| | - E. Lugo-Cervantes
- Unidad de Tecnología Alimentaria, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ) A.C., Camino Arenero 1227, El Bajío, Zapopan, Jalisco C.P. 45019, Mexico
- Corresponding authors.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Carrillo C, Nieto G, Martínez-Zamora L, Ros G, Kamiloglu S, Munekata PES, Pateiro M, Lorenzo JM, Fernández-López J, Viuda-Martos M, Pérez-Álvarez JÁ, Barba FJ. Novel Approaches for the Recovery of Natural Pigments with Potential Health Effects. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:6864-6883. [PMID: 35040324 PMCID: PMC9204822 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c07208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The current increased industrial food production has led to a significant rise in the amount of food waste generated. These food wastes, especially fruit and vegetable byproducts, are good sources of natural pigments, such as anthocyanins, betalains, carotenoids, and chlorophylls, with both coloring and health-related properties. Therefore, recovery of natural pigments from food wastes is important for both economic and environmental reasons. Conventional methods that are used to extract natural pigments from food wastes are time-consuming, expensive, and unsustainable. In addition, natural pigments are sensitive to high temperatures and prolonged processing times that are applied during conventional treatments. In this sense, the present review provides an elucidation of the latest research on the extraction of pigments from the agri-food industry and how their consumption may improve human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Celia Carrillo
- Nutrición
y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, E-09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Gema Nieto
- Department
of Food Technology, Nutrition and Food Science, Veterinary Faculty, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Lorena Martínez-Zamora
- Department
of Food Technology, Nutrition and Food Science, Veterinary Faculty, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Gaspar Ros
- Department
of Food Technology, Nutrition and Food Science, Veterinary Faculty, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Senem Kamiloglu
- Department
of Food Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Bursa Uludag University, 16059 Gorukle, Bursa, Turkey
- Science
and Technology Application and Research Center (BITUAM), Bursa Uludag University, 16059 Gorukle, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Paulo E. S. Munekata
- Centro
Tecnológico de la Carne de Galicia, Avenida Galicia No. 4, Parque Tecnológico
de Galicia, San Cibrao das Viñas 32900, Ourense, Spain
| | - Mirian Pateiro
- Centro
Tecnológico de la Carne de Galicia, Avenida Galicia No. 4, Parque Tecnológico
de Galicia, San Cibrao das Viñas 32900, Ourense, Spain
| | - José M. Lorenzo
- Centro
Tecnológico de la Carne de Galicia, Avenida Galicia No. 4, Parque Tecnológico
de Galicia, San Cibrao das Viñas 32900, Ourense, Spain
- Área
de Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias de Ourense, Universidad de Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Juana Fernández-López
- IPOA
Research Group, Agro-Food Technology Department, Centro de Investigación
e Innovación Agroalimentaria y Agroambiental (CIAGRO-UMH), Miguel Hernández University, 03312 Alicante, Spain
| | - Manuel Viuda-Martos
- IPOA
Research Group, Agro-Food Technology Department, Centro de Investigación
e Innovación Agroalimentaria y Agroambiental (CIAGRO-UMH), Miguel Hernández University, 03312 Alicante, Spain
| | - José Ángel Pérez-Álvarez
- IPOA
Research Group, Agro-Food Technology Department, Centro de Investigación
e Innovación Agroalimentaria y Agroambiental (CIAGRO-UMH), Miguel Hernández University, 03312 Alicante, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Barba
- Nutrition
and Food Science Area, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food
Science, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés, s/n, 46100 Burjassot, València, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Buvaneshwaran M, Radhakrishnan M, Natarajan V. Influence of ultrasound‐assisted extraction techniques on the valorization of agro‐based industrial organic waste – A review. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.14012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Malini Buvaneshwaran
- Department of Food Engineering National Institute of Food Technology, Entrepreneurship and Management – Thanjavur (NIFTEM‐T) Thanjavur India
| | - Mahendran Radhakrishnan
- Centre of Excellence in Nonthermal Processing National Institute of Food Technology, Entrepreneurship and Management – Thanjavur (NIFTEM‐T) Thanjavur India
| | - Venkatachalapathy Natarajan
- Department of Food Engineering National Institute of Food Technology, Entrepreneurship and Management – Thanjavur (NIFTEM‐T) Thanjavur India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ultrasound and Its Combination with Natural Antimicrobials: Effects on Shelf Life and Quality Stability of a Fruit and Vegetable Smoothie. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-021-02745-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
11
|
Carreón-Hidalgo JP, Franco-Vásquez DC, Gómez-Linton DR, Pérez-Flores LJ. Betalain plant sources, biosynthesis, extraction, stability enhancement methods, bioactivity, and applications. Food Res Int 2022; 151:110821. [PMID: 34980373 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Betalains are plant pigments with functional properties used mainly as food dyes. However, they have been shown to be unstable to different environmental factors. This paper provides a review of (1) Betalain plant sources within several plant families such as Amaranthaceae, Basellaceae, Cactaceae, Portulacaceae, and Nyctaginaceae, (2) The biosynthesis pathway of betalains for both betacyanins and betaxanthins, (3) Betalain extraction process, including non-conventional technologies like microwave-assisted, ultrasound-assisted, and pulsed electrical field extraction, (4) Factors affecting their stability, mainly temperature, water activity, light incidence, as well as oxygen concentration, metals, and the presence of antioxidants, as well as activation energy as a mean to assess stability, and novel food-processing technologies able to prevent betalain degradation, (5) Methods to increase shelf life, mainly encapsulation by spray drying, freeze-drying, double emulsions, ionic gelation, nanoliposomes, hydrogels, co-crystallization, and unexplored methods such as complex coacervation and electrospraying, (6) Biological properties of betalains such as their antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antitumoral, and anti-inflammatory activities, among others, and (7) Applications in foods and other products such as cosmetics, textiles and solar cells, among others. Additionally, study perspectives for further research are provided for each section.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Darío R Gómez-Linton
- Department of Health Science, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Iztapalapa, CP 09340 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Laura J Pérez-Flores
- Department of Health Science, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Iztapalapa, CP 09340 Mexico City, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Optimization of antioxidant activity properties of a thermosonicated beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) juice and further in vitro bioaccessibility comparison with thermal treatments. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
13
|
Tabio-García D, Paraguay-Delgado F, Sánchez-Madrigal MÁ, Quintero-Ramos A, Espinoza-Hicks JC, Meléndez-Pizarro CO, Ruiz-Gutiérrez MG, Espitia-Rangel E. Optimisation of the ultrasound-assisted extraction of betalains and polyphenols from Amaranthus hypochondriacus var. Nutrisol. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2021; 77:105680. [PMID: 34365154 PMCID: PMC8355915 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The present study optimised the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of bioactive compounds from Amaranthus hypochondriacus var. Nutrisol. Influence of temperature (25.86-54.14 °C) and ultrasonic power densities (UPD) (76.01-273.99 mW/mL) on total betalains (BT), betacyanins (BC), betaxanthins (BX), total polyphenols (TP), antioxidant activity (AA), colour parameters (L*, a*, and b*), amaranthine (A), and isoamaranthine (IA) were evaluated using response surface methodology. Moreover, betalain extraction kinetics and mass transfer coefficients (KLa) were determined for each experimental condition. BT, BC, BX, TP, AA, b*, KLa, and A were significantly affected (p < 0.05) by temperature extraction and UPD, whereas L*, a*, and IA were only affected (p < 0.05) by temperature. All response models were significantly validated with regression coefficients (R2) ranging from 87.46 to 99.29%. BT, A, IA, and KLa in UAE were 1.38, 1.65, 1.50, and 29.93 times higher than determined using conventional extraction, respectively. Optimal UAE conditions were obtained at 41.80 °C and 188.84 mW/mL using the desired function methodology. Under these conditions, the experimental values for BC, BX, BT, TP, AA, L*, a*, b*, KLa, A, and IA were closely related to the predicted values, indicating the suitability of the developed quadratic models. This study proposes a simple and efficient UAE method to obtain betalains and polyphenols with high antioxidant activity, which can be used in several applications within the food industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danger Tabio-García
- Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Circuito Universitario s/n, Campus Universitario # 2. Chihuahua, Chihuahua C. P. 31 125, Mexico
| | - Francisco Paraguay-Delgado
- Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados S.C., CIMAV. Miguel de Cervantes 120. Chihuahua, Chihuahua C. P. 31 125, Mexico
| | - Miguel Á Sánchez-Madrigal
- Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Circuito Universitario s/n, Campus Universitario # 2. Chihuahua, Chihuahua C. P. 31 125, Mexico
| | - Armando Quintero-Ramos
- Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Circuito Universitario s/n, Campus Universitario # 2. Chihuahua, Chihuahua C. P. 31 125, Mexico.
| | - José C Espinoza-Hicks
- Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Circuito Universitario s/n, Campus Universitario # 2. Chihuahua, Chihuahua C. P. 31 125, Mexico
| | - Carmen O Meléndez-Pizarro
- Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Circuito Universitario s/n, Campus Universitario # 2. Chihuahua, Chihuahua C. P. 31 125, Mexico
| | - Martha G Ruiz-Gutiérrez
- Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Circuito Universitario s/n, Campus Universitario # 2. Chihuahua, Chihuahua C. P. 31 125, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Espitia-Rangel
- INIFAP, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Agrícolas y Pecuarias. Campo Experimental Valle de México, Km 13.5 Carr Los Reyes-Texcoco, C. P. 56 250 Texcoco Estado de Mexico, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Thamapan K, Laohakunjit N, Kerdchoechuen O, Vongsawasdi P, Mingvanish W. Ultrasound-assisted extraction for simultaneous quantitation of potential sweetening compounds from Derris reticulata aqueous extracts: a response surface methodology approach. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-020-00805-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
15
|
Nirmal NP, Mereddy R, Maqsood S. Recent developments in emerging technologies for beetroot pigment extraction and its food applications. Food Chem 2021; 356:129611. [PMID: 33838608 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Beetroot is well known for its deep red-purple colouring pigments called betalains. Betalains also found its application in the preparation of functional foods and drinks. Therefore, extraction of pigments with higher recovery and stability is the prime need for the industry. Conventional extraction techniques such as maceration, grinding or pressing have reported low yield of betalains and required large volume of solvent and energy. On the other hand, emerging technologies such as ultrasound, microwave and pulse electric field techniques are highly efficient processes and can achieve higher recovery. In this regard, this review provides an in-depth discussion on the various extraction methods and factors affecting the stability of betalains using conventional and emerging technologies. The recent applications of pigments in various food systems are also presented. Finally, challenges and future prospects of extraction and application of beetroot pigment have been identified and discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nilesh Prakash Nirmal
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon 4 Road, salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Ram Mereddy
- Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Brisbane, QLD 4108, Australia
| | - Sajid Maqsood
- Department of Food Science, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Jurić S, Jurić M, Król-Kilińska Ż, Vlahoviček-Kahlina K, Vinceković M, Dragović-Uzelac V, Donsì F. Sources, stability, encapsulation and application of natural pigments in foods. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2020.1837862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Slaven Jurić
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Chemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marina Jurić
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Żaneta Król-Kilińska
- Department of Functional Food Products Development, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Marko Vinceković
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Chemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Verica Dragović-Uzelac
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Department of Food Engineering, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Francesco Donsì
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Silva JPP, Bolanho BC, Stevanato N, Massa TB, Silva C. Ultrasound‐assisted extraction of red beet pigments (
Beta vulgaris
L.): Influence of operational parameters and kinetic modeling. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.14762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Natália Stevanato
- Departamento de Engenharia Química Universidade Estadual de Maringá Maringá Brasil
| | - Thainara Bovo Massa
- Departamento de Engenharia Química Universidade Estadual de Maringá Maringá Brasil
| | - Camila Silva
- Departamento de Tecnologia Universidade Estadual de Maringá Umuarama Brasil
- Departamento de Engenharia Química Universidade Estadual de Maringá Maringá Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Recovery of Phytochemicals via Electromagnetic Irradiation (Microwave-Assisted-Extraction): Betalain and Phenolic Compounds in Perspective. Foods 2020; 9:foods9070918. [PMID: 32664694 PMCID: PMC7404971 DOI: 10.3390/foods9070918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Food colorants processed via agro-industrial wastes are in demand as food waste management becomes vital not only for its health benefits but also for cost reduction through waste valorization. Huge efforts have been made to recover valuable components from food wastes and applied in various fields to prove their versatility rather than for feed ruminant usage only. Betalains and phenolics, antioxidant-rich compounds responsible for host color and so commonly used as natural colorants in food and cosmetic industries, are copiously present in several kinds of fruits and vegetables as well as their wastes. Technological innovation has brought extensive convenient ways of bioactive compounds extraction with many advantages like less use of solvents and energy in a short period of processing time in comparison with the classical solid–liquid extraction methods. Emerging technologies, particularly microwave irradiation, have been amenable to electromagnetic technology for decades. Practically, they have been deployed for functional and supplement food production. In this review, the feasibility of dielectric heating (microwave irradiation) in the extraction of betalain and phenolic compounds mostly from fruit and vegetable wastes was discussed.
Collapse
|
19
|
Zin MM, Márki E, Bánvölgyi S. CONVENTIONAL EXTRACTION OF BETALAIN COMPOUNDS FROM BEETROOT PEELS WITH AQUEOUS ETHANOL SOLVENT. ACTA ALIMENTARIA 2020. [DOI: 10.1556/066.2020.49.2.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Consumer concern over artificial food additives has stimulated production of pigments from natural sources. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of process variables on the content of colour compounds (betaxanthin and betacyanin) in beetroot peel juice extracted by conventional method. In this research, the extraction processes were carried out according to the central composite design with different process variables. Quantitative measurements of the basic colour compounds in beetroot extract were performed using spectrophotometer. From our experiment, it was found that the most adequate extraction conditions, which gave the highest yield of colour compounds (952.5 mg l–1 of betaxanthin and 1361 mg l–1 of betacyanin), were extraction time 1 h, operating temperature 20 ºC, and solvent ratio 0.8 w/v. Being a conventional heating method, it is a simple and cost efficient process with relatively high yield.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. M. Zin
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Food Science, Szent István University, Ménesi Street 44, H-1118 Budapest. Hungary
| | - E. Márki
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Food Science, Szent István University, Ménesi Street 44, H-1118 Budapest. Hungary
| | - Sz. Bánvölgyi
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Food Science, Szent István University, Ménesi Street 44, H-1118 Budapest. Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Fernandez MV, Bengardino M, Jagus RJ, Agüero MV. Enrichment and preservation of a vegetable smoothie with an antioxidant and antimicrobial extract obtained from beet by-products. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.108622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
21
|
Bedin S, Zanella K, Bragagnolo N, Taranto OP. IMPLICATION OF MICROWAVES ON THE EXTRACTION PROCESS OF RICE BRAN PROTEIN. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/0104-6632.20190364s20180599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
22
|
Shen L, Xiong X, Zhang D, Zekrumah M, Hu Y, Gu X, Wang C, Zou X. Optimization of betacyanins from agricultural by-products using pressurized hot water extraction for antioxidant and in vitro oleic acid-induced steatohepatitis inhibitory activity. J Food Biochem 2019; 43:e13044. [PMID: 31515832 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE) is proposed to recover betacyanins from agricultural by-products (pitaya fruits peels (PFP), red beet stalks (RBS), and cactus pear peels (CPP)). The extraction yield of betacyanins was optimized by response surface methodology. The optimal PHWE conditions were attained and the actual yields of betacyanins under optimal conditions were well matched with the predicted yields. In addition, betacyanin pigment compositions as well as superoxide anion scavenging activity of individual betacyanins extract (BE) produced in optimal PHWE conditions were characterized by HPLC-ESI/MSn and cyclic voltammetry. Furthermore, the inhibitory activity of three BEs on oleic acid-induced steatohepatitis in cellular model was comparatively investigated. The results showed that unlike PFP, RBS, and CPP presented excellent efficacy in decreasing intracellular triglyceride and reactive oxygen species, inhibiting the release of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase as well as regulating fatty acid synthase and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 mRNAs expression. Practical applications In this study, PHWE, is firstly proposed for the enhancement of the extraction of betacyanins from three agricultural by-products. Betacyanin-rich extracts by PHWE method exhibit excellent activities in inhibition of ROS and regulation of lipid metabolism in hepatic cells. It suggests that PHWE has a strong potentiality in keeping bioactivity of BEs, which is significant for the production of betacyanins functional foods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingqin Shen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiong Xiong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Di Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Jiangsu Hengshun Group Co., Ltd., Zhenjiang, China
| | | | - Yuqian Hu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiangyue Gu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Chengtao Wang
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
| | - Xiaobo Zou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Suryawanshi B, Mohanty B. Modeling and optimization of process parameters for supercritical CO2 extraction of Argemone mexicana (L.) seed oil. CHEM ENG COMMUN 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00986445.2018.1547712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bhupendra Suryawanshi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Bikash Mohanty
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ultrasound assisted pectic polysaccharide extraction and its characterization from waste heads of Helianthus annus. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 173:707-713. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
25
|
A benign alternative process for efficient separation of pure commercially important flavonoid nutraceuticals from edible plants. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2017; 54:1519-1526. [PMID: 28559611 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-017-2583-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study signifies the development of a unique, optimized procedure for both selective determination and separation of different flavonoid nutraceuticals from edible plants. Totally ten different flavonoids were determined (HPLC-DAD) and isolated from five different plants using the developed process with a remarkable purity of 91-98% and recovery of 88-95%. Box-Behnken experimental design model yielded a optimized amount of 40.36 mg/g of AI extract (Pinostrobin) and 28.95 mg/g of AI extract (Baicalein) with a high correlation coefficient (0.98-0.99), indicating a good fit between the second order regression model and the experimental observations. The final purity of compounds through optimized process is 97.1% (Pinostrobin) and 93.5% (Baicalein) respectively. The optimized yields depicted a total recovery of 92% for pinostrobin, and 89% for Baicalein respectively. Thus, the developed process worked as a potential alternative which when statistically optimized results in a remarkable recovery of flavonoids from various plants. Being an environmentally friendly protocol the process could be useful in industrial separation of commercially important flavonoids widely applied in food industry.
Collapse
|
26
|
Maran JP, Priya B, Al-Dhabi NA, Ponmurugan K, Moorthy IG, Sivarajasekar N. Ultrasound assisted citric acid mediated pectin extraction from industrial waste of Musa balbisiana. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2017; 35:204-209. [PMID: 27707645 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2016.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of the present work are to extract pectin from industrial waste of Musa balbisiana by ultrasound assisted citric acid mediated extraction method and optimization was done through central composite statistical experimental design under response surface methodology. The outcomes of this study exhibited that, process variables (ultrasound power, pH and extraction time) had considerable influence on the pectin extraction. Second order mathematical equation was constructed to predict the data through regression analysis. The optimal extraction process condition was ultrasound power of 323w, pH of 3.2, extraction time of 27min and SL (solid-liquid) ratio of 1:15g/ml. The mean experimental yield of pectin (8.99±0.018%) was fine accord among predicted yield of pectin (9.02%).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Prakash Maran
- Department of Food Technology, Kongu Engineering College, Perundurai, Erode, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - B Priya
- Department of Food Process Engineering, SRM University, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
| | - Naif Abdullah Al-Dhabi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - K Ponmurugan
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - I Ganesh Moorthy
- Centre for Research, Bioprocess and Downstream Processing Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology, Virudhunagar, Tamil Nadu 626 001, India
| | - N Sivarajasekar
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641049, India
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Celli GB, Brooks MSL. Impact of extraction and processing conditions on betalains and comparison of properties with anthocyanins - A current review. Food Res Int 2016; 100:501-509. [PMID: 28964374 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2016.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The search for natural pigments has been driven by growing evidence indicating that synthetic colorants can cause deleterious health effects. Betalains, in addition to anthocyanins, have been proposed as an alternative to address this need. However, the incorporation of natural pigments poses some challenges to the food industry, such as reduced stability in comparison to their synthetic counterparts. Moreover, betalains are not well studied in comparison to anthocyanins and information about the effects of processing on their physicochemical properties and stability is scattered. Thus, this review will provide an overview of the recent research on the extraction and processing of betalains from natural sources, and comparison of their colorant and physicochemical properties with anthocyanins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovana Bonat Celli
- Department of Process Engineering and Applied Science, Dalhousie University, PO Box 15000, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Marianne Su-Ling Brooks
- Department of Process Engineering and Applied Science, Dalhousie University, PO Box 15000, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Modeling of polysaccharide extraction from Gossypium arboreum L. seed using central composite rotatable design. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 86:857-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.01.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
29
|
Maran JP, Priya B. Multivariate statistical analysis and optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of natural pigments from waste red beet stalks. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2016; 53:792-9. [PMID: 26788000 PMCID: PMC4711424 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-015-1988-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of natural pigment extraction from waste red beet stalks were optimized under four factors (extraction temperature, ultrasonic power, extraction time and solid-liquid ratio) by using three level Box-Behnken response surface design. Extraction temperature, ultrasonic power and solid-liquid ratio were significantly influenced the extraction yield of pigments. Extraction temperature of 53 °C, ultrasonic power of 89 w, extraction time of 35 min and SL ratio of 1:19 g/ml was identified as the optimal condition. Under this condition, the actual yield of (betacyanin of 1.28 ± 0.02 and betaxanthin of 5.31 ± 0.09 mg/g) pigments was well correlated with predicted values (betacyanin was 1.29 mg/g and betaxanthin was 5.32 mg/g).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. Prakash Maran
- />Department of Food Technology, Kongu Engineering College, Perundurai, Erode, 638052 Tamil Nadu India
| | - B. Priya
- />Department of Food Process Engineering, SRM University, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, Chennai, 603203 Tamil Nadu India
| |
Collapse
|