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Lo Turco V, Nava V, Potortì AG, Sgrò B, Arrigo MA, Di Bella G. Total Polyphenol Contents and Mineral Profiles in Commercial Wellness Herbal Infusions: Evaluation of the Differences between Two Preparation Methods. Foods 2024; 13:2145. [PMID: 38998650 PMCID: PMC11241193 DOI: 10.3390/foods13132145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The popularity of the consumption of wellness herbal teas is due to the many health-promoting properties they seem to possess. Modern preparation methods using coffee machines are also popular today. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to evaluate differences in infusions obtained by the traditional method using filters and by espresso coffee machines using pods. In this regard, different herbal materials were selected and purchased in two different types of herbal containers, and the corresponding infusions were analyzed for the contents of total polyphenols and mineral elements. Results showed that filter infusions had higher polyphenol and mineral contents than pod infusions, excluding Cd and Pb. For each of the plant materials used, differences due to the method of infusion preparation are highlighted. From a qualitative point of view, both methods of infusion preparation are valid, but the filter infusion method allows a higher transfer of minerals and polyphenols into the infusion, improving quality. The analyzed infusions can be safely consumed with respect to As, Cd, Pb, and Hg contents. Good amounts of polyphenols and Mn can be obtained by drinking a cup of any of the infusions analyzed, especially the mate infusion obtained by the filter technique, with amounts of 429 mg for polyphenols and 69.27% of the RDA for manganese.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Angela Giorgia Potortì
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and of Morphological and Functional Images (BIOMORF), University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (V.L.T.); (V.N.); (B.S.); (M.A.A.); (G.D.B.)
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Kilic S. Determination of potentially toxic elements and health risk assessment of dried fruits. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2024; 61:397-402. [PMID: 38196710 PMCID: PMC10772032 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-023-05849-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
This study aims to measure the concentrations of As, Cd, Pb, Cr, and Ni in dried fruits and examine the health effects of these trace metals in relation to people's daily dietary intake. 29 samples of dried fruits purchased at bazaar place were analyzed in terms of toxic elements, which have been reported as cancerous by the World Health Organization (WHO). Dried fruits were digested in a microwave oven with HNO3 and H2O2. Metal concentrations (As, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Pb) in these samples were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), specificity/selectivity, and recovery (%) were all evaluated. The correlation coefficients of elements in this method were good (R2 > 0.9997). The amount of consumption in the area was used to calculate a health risk assessment. The results showed that the samples of dried fruit, which are widely consumed in the identified area, had variable levels. All dried fruits had element concentrations that were lower than the WHO/FAO safe limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serpil Kilic
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Processing Technologies, Vocational High School of Technical Sciences, Isparta University of Applied Sciences, Isparta, Turkey
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3
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Teixeira JLDP, Rebellato AP, Fioravanti MIA, Milani RF, Morgano MA. Selenium in plant-based beverages: Total content, estimated bioaccessibility and contribution to daily intake. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2024; 81:127329. [PMID: 37924611 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2023.127329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The search for alternative protein sources has increased the consumption and commercialization of plant-based beverages (PBBs). This study aimed to determine the total Se content, estimate the bioaccessibility of selenium (Se) in commercial PBBs derived from different raw materials, and evaluate their contribution to the reference daily intake (RDI). METHODS An ultrasound assisted acid digestion method and ICP-MS was used to determine Se, and the INFOGEST method to estimate the bioaccessible percentages. Validation of this method was also performed, and the parameters obtained were: LOD and LOQ were 2.1 and 4.0 µg/kg, respectively. For accuracy, recovery percentages ranged from 99 % and 111 % (certified reference materials), and 95 % and 101 % (spiked experiments for bioaccessible extracts as recoveries). RESULTS The PBBs presented total Se content between 4 and 226 µg/kg. Bioaccessible percentages ranged from 63.5 % (mix of plant sources) to 95.9 % (produced with organic cashew nuts). Only one cashew nut PBBs supplied the daily demand of Se, representing 64.6 %, 75.3 % and 82.2 % of the RDI; for lactating and pregnant women, children (≥ 4 years) and adults, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The Se determination method through acid digestion assisted by ultrasound and ICP-MS was considered adequate for the PBBs samples. Se content varied according to the raw material used in sample preparation. High percentages (> 60 %) of bioaccessibility were observed and only one PBBs derived from organic cashew nuts supplied the recommended Se demand for different groups of individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luan da Paixão Teixeira
- Food Science and Quality Center, Institute of Food Technology, Av. Brazil, 2880, Jd. Chapadão, CEP.: 13070-178, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Ana Paula Rebellato
- Food Science and Quality Center, Institute of Food Technology, Av. Brazil, 2880, Jd. Chapadão, CEP.: 13070-178, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Raquel Fernanda Milani
- Food Science and Quality Center, Institute of Food Technology, Av. Brazil, 2880, Jd. Chapadão, CEP.: 13070-178, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Antonio Morgano
- Food Science and Quality Center, Institute of Food Technology, Av. Brazil, 2880, Jd. Chapadão, CEP.: 13070-178, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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4
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Sun R, Li Y, Du T, Qi Y. Recent advances in integrated dual-mode optical sensors for food safety detection. Trends Food Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2023.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
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Du G, Yang R, Yan F, Wei S, Ren D, Li X. Use of Microscopic Characteristics and Multielemental Fingerprinting Analysis to Trace Three Different Cultivation Modes of Medicinal and Edible Dendrobium officinale in China. Biol Trace Elem Res 2023; 201:1006-1018. [PMID: 35507137 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03196-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The traceability of different cultivation modes is critical for ensuring the commercial viability of high-value Dendrobium officinale. In this study, by means of polarizing microscopy, SEM-EDX, ICP-MS and ICP-AES, the possibility of combining microscopic characteristics, multielemental analysis and multivariate statistical authenticity analysis was realized to determine the origins of the fresh stem and dried stem powder of D. officinale derived from three different cultivation modes from six provinces of China. The microscopic structure, chemical elements on the surface of the main microstructures and concentrations of Ca, K, Ba, Cs, As and Cu varied among specimens derived from different cultivation modes. The fresh stems of D. officinale derived from different cultivation modes can be effectively and quickly identified by various microscopic characteristics and different contents of Ca on the surface of the parenchyma, phloem and xylem. Meanwhile, linear discriminant analysis showed that 98.1% of the dried stem powder samples were correctly classified, and the accuracy of cross-validation was 95.3%. This study facilitated an effective integrated method for determining the traceability of the fresh stem and dried stem powder of D. officinale derived from three different cultivation modes. This approach offers a potential method for identifying the origins of medicinal plants derived from different cultivation modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangying Du
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dongqing South Road, Huaxi, Guiyang, 550025, GuiZhou, China.
| | - Ruidong Yang
- Guizhou University, Huaxi, Guiyang, 550025, GuiZhou, China
| | - Fulin Yan
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dongqing South Road, Huaxi, Guiyang, 550025, GuiZhou, China
| | - Shenghua Wei
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dongqing South Road, Huaxi, Guiyang, 550025, GuiZhou, China
| | - Deqiang Ren
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dongqing South Road, Huaxi, Guiyang, 550025, GuiZhou, China
| | - Xiangping Li
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dongqing South Road, Huaxi, Guiyang, 550025, GuiZhou, China
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Kopru S, Cadir M, Soylak M. Investigation of Trace Elements in Vegan Foods by ICP-MS After Microwave Digestion. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:5298-5306. [PMID: 35006553 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03106-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Veganism is gaining popularity around the world day by day. Vegan nutrition is a diet in which not all animal foods are used. A vegan diet does not contain meat, fish, milk and dairy products, and eggs and consists of vegetables, fruits, grains, legumes, and nuts. Vegan diets maintain energy balances in a wide variety of plant foods. So, health problems can be seen due to nutrient and mineral deficiencies in the long-term continuation of the vegan diet. Due to insufficient intake of vitamins and minerals such as vitamin D, vitamin B12, calcium, iron, and zinc, energy and protein balance in the body may not be achieved by vegan individuals. The contents of aluminum, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, arsenic, mercury, cadmium, and lead have been analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) in 10 different vegan foods purchased from Turkey. Certified reference material (1547 peach leaves) was used for validating the digestion procedure. Dry, wet, and microwave processes were compared, and it was found that the microwave digestion method was the best. Element levels in the analyzed samples were found below the legal limits. The purpose of this work is to investigate the trace element content of various foods used in vegan nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semiha Kopru
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Erciyes University, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey
- Technology Research and Application Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Cadir
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Erciyes University, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey
- Technology Research and Application Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Soylak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Erciyes University, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey.
- Technology Research and Application Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.
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7
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Kanrar B, Kundu S, Khan P. Elemental Profiling of North-East Indian Tea (Camellia sinensis) by ICP-MS and Assessment of Associated Health Risk. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022:10.1007/s12011-022-03457-3. [PMID: 36324008 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03457-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Tea is a perennial crop that requires acidic soil for better plant growth. Due to the acidic nature of tea-growing soil, metals can be easily absorbed by tea plants from growing medium. Other anthropogenic activities are also the major contributor of element in the tea. This study provided a comprehensive database of 24 elements which were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Selected 24 elements belong to alkali metal (Li, Rb, Cs), alkaline earth metal (Be, Sr, Ba), transition metal (V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ag, Cd, Hg), basic metal (Al, Ga, Sn, Tl, Pb), metalloid (As), non-metal (Se), and actinide (U). Total 321 drier mouth samples were collected during 2020-2021 from eight different regions (Darjeeling, Terai, Dooars, North Bank, Upper Assam, South Bank, Cachar, and Tripura) of north-east India. No inorganic mercury as well as uranium was detected in any tested tea samples. Mean concentrations of Be, As, Ga, Tl, Li, Se, Cd, Ag, Cs, V, Co, and Pb were at trace level, whereas macro-element mean concentrations were distributed in the manner of Al > Mn > Rb > Ba > Zn > Cu > Sr > Cr > Ni > Sn. Human health risk for non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic metals was also assessed for the studied elements. Hazard quotients (HQs) and hazard index (HI) values (< 1) for non-carcinogenic elements indicated no risk. The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) values for carcinogenic elements indicated no risk for As, Cd, and Pb and medium level risk for Ni. Study concluded that north-east Indian tea would not pose any health hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bappaditya Kanrar
- TLabs, Tea Research Association, Kolkata, 700 016, West Bengal, India.
| | - Sangeeta Kundu
- TLabs, Tea Research Association, Kolkata, 700 016, West Bengal, India
| | - Pathik Khan
- TLabs, Tea Research Association, Kolkata, 700 016, West Bengal, India
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8
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Zheng W, Ma Y, Tigabu M, Yi Z, Guo Y, Lin H, Huang Z, Guo F. Capture of fire smoke particles by leaves of Cunninghamia lanceolata and Schima superba, and importance of leaf characteristics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 841:156772. [PMID: 35724788 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Emission of particulate matter (PM) during forest fires is a major source of air pollution and hence purification of atmospheric pollution has gained increasing importance. Trees can absorb polluting gases and fine particles by their leaves from the atmosphere and act as a sustainable air purification filter. However, the capture efficiency varies among tree species; thus exploring the ability of forest trees to capture smoke PM released during forest fires provides a basis for assessing net emissions from forest fires and the impact of smoke on forest ecosystems. In this study, the main afforestation tree species, Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook, and a fire-resistant tree species, Schima superba Gardn.et Champ, in southern China were exposed to different smoke concentrations by simulating forest fire. The amount of PM per unit leaf area, absorption of nutrient element, leaf surface characteristics and antioxidant enzyme activities were determined. The main findings were: (1) The total quantity of PM captured by unit leaf area (μg·cm-2) of C. lanceolata was 28.25 ± 1.12, 30.52 ± 3.43 and 33.14 ± 3.00 in low, intermediate and high smoke concentrations, respectively. The corresponding values for S. superba was 5.96 ± 0.56, 10.09 ± 1.13 and 12.27 ± 0.39, respectively. (2) Both species had weak absorption capacity for inorganic ions in the PM. (3) The purification of smoke PM by leaves was mainly related to leaf surface roughness, where it was higher for C. lanceolata than S. superba leaves. (4) Smoke treatment positively affected the contents of chlorophyll and soluble protein as well as increased antioxidant enzyme activities. In conclusion, the findings highlight the importance of leaf structural characteristics in capturing smoke particles and C. lanceolata is better suited for purification of atmospheric smoke particles following forest fire than S. superba.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxia Zheng
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yuanfan Ma
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Mulualem Tigabu
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 190, SE-234 22 Lomma, Sweden
| | - Zhigang Yi
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yuxuan Guo
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Haichuan Lin
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Ziyan Huang
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Futao Guo
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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9
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Natural deep eutectic solvent-based microwave-assisted extraction in the medicinal herb sample preparation and elemental determination by ICP OES. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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10
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Zhu C, Lv J, Liu K, Chen J, Liu K, Li G, Lu B, Li X. Rapid Determination of Arsenic in Traditional Chinese Medicine by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS). ANAL LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2022.2061985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chenwei Zhu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Jiaxin Lv
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Kun Liu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Ji Chen
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Ke Liu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Guqiang Li
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, P.R. China
| | - Bing Lu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Xiangyou Li
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
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11
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Alcântara DB, Dionísio AP, Artur AG, Silveira BKS, Lopes AF, Guedes JAC, Luz LR, Nascimento RF, Lopes GS, Hermsdorff HHM, Zocolo GJ. Selenium in Brazil nuts: An overview of agronomical aspects, recent trends in analytical chemistry, and health outcomes. Food Chem 2022; 372:131207. [PMID: 34634585 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Se is an essential element in mammals. We review how its bioavailability in soil and the ability of plants to accumulate Se in foods depends on the soil Se profile (including levels and formats), besides to describe how the various selenoproteins have important biochemical functions in the body and directly impact human health. Owing to its favorable characteristics, the scientific community has investigated selenomethionine in most nut matrices. Among nuts, Brazil nuts have been highlighted as one of the richest sources of bioavailable Se. We summarize the most commonly used analytical methods for Se species and total Se determination in nuts. We also discuss the chemical forms of Se metabolized by mammals, human biochemistry and health outcomes from daily dietary intake of Se from Brazil nuts. These findings may facilitate the understanding of the importance of adequate dietary Se intake and enable researchers to define methods to determine Se species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Alcântara
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Physical Chemistry, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60455-760 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Ana P Dionísio
- Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, Dra Sara Mesquita St., 2270, 60511-110 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Adriana G Artur
- Department of Soil Science, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60455-760 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Brenda K S Silveira
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900 Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Amanda F Lopes
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Physical Chemistry, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60455-760 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Jhonyson A C Guedes
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Physical Chemistry, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60455-760 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Lícia R Luz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Physical Chemistry, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60455-760 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo F Nascimento
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Physical Chemistry, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60455-760 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Gisele S Lopes
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Physical Chemistry, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60455-760 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Helen H M Hermsdorff
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900 Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Guilherme J Zocolo
- Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, Dra Sara Mesquita St., 2270, 60511-110 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
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12
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Werdemberg Dos Santos LC, Granja Arakaki D, Silva de Pádua Melo E, Nascimento VA. Health Hazard Assessment Due to Slimming Medicinal Plant Intake. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:1442-1454. [PMID: 34021873 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02732-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), about 80% of people rely on medicinal plants for their primary health needs. Traditional medicine's principal benefits are their vast population knowledge, low severe adverse effects rate, low cost, and the lack of a medical prescription to use them. While obesity has become a global health issue, an increase in finding cheap and fast ways to lose weight escalates medicinal herbs' use for this purpose, both in dietary supplements or in teas. At the same time that Brazil aims to expand traditional medicine, reports regarding toxicology and poisoning put natural products' safety in check. Plants can accumulate heavy metals and metalloids leading to health risks; however, there is a lack of information on that matter, possibly due to a lack of international standardization regarding elemental contamination - this study aimed to determine metal and metalloid concentrations in slimming medicinal plants and their respective teas and evaluate their safety consumption. Metal and metalloid content were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES). All plants and teas were within the set limits for tolerable upper intake level (UL), provisional tolerable daily maximum intake (PTDMI), and provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI). The hazard quotient index (HQ) was above 1 for almost all plants, and the Hibiscus sabdariffa tea regarding aluminum content. The arsenic level was above the Brazilian Pharmacopeia limit in natura plants demonstrating risk in their consumption. Some herbs also presented detection for elements with no safety limits set, such as lead, cadmium, and arsenic, which could mark as a red flag for consumption once their security intake is not precise yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laís Caroline Werdemberg Dos Santos
- GEBABS - Group of Spectroscopy and Bioinformatics Applied Biodiversity and Health, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, 79070-900, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Midwest Region of Brazil, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Daniela Granja Arakaki
- GEBABS - Group of Spectroscopy and Bioinformatics Applied Biodiversity and Health, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Elaine Silva de Pádua Melo
- GEBABS - Group of Spectroscopy and Bioinformatics Applied Biodiversity and Health, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Valter Aragão Nascimento
- GEBABS - Group of Spectroscopy and Bioinformatics Applied Biodiversity and Health, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, 79070-900, Brazil.
- Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Midwest Region of Brazil, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, 79070-900, Brazil.
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13
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Composition of Stallion Seminal Plasma and Its Impact on Oxidative Stress Markers and Spermatozoa Quality. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11111238. [PMID: 34833114 PMCID: PMC8624310 DOI: 10.3390/life11111238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The composition of seminal plasma of individual sires varies and so does the fertilizing ability. Micro and macro elements along with seminal enzymes, hormones, proteins, and lipids contained in seminal plasma are essential for the proper physiological function of spermatozoa. However, elevated levels against the normal physiological values, especially in the case of trace metals, result in the production of reactive oxygen species. The deficiency of antioxidants in the seminal plasma that could scavenge free radicals causes an impairment of spermatozoa quality. Ejaculates were obtained from 19 stallions. The fresh semen was analyzed to evaluate qualitative parameters of spermatozoa in terms of the motility, viability, and integrity of DNA. Separated seminal plasma underwent the assessment of the chemical and biochemical composition and RedOx markers. Based on the obtained concentrations of individual chemical elements, the correlation analysis suggested a negative impact of Cu in seminal plasma on the SOD, GPx, and LPO. Contrary, positive correlation was detected between FRAP and motility features. While Cu negatively correlated with sperm motion parameters, the adverse effect on viability was suggested for Cd. Our data suggest that seminal plasma has a potential due to its availability to become the potential biomarker of the reproductive health of farm animals.
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Kim YH, Ra WJ, Cho S, Choi S, Soh B, Joo Y, Lee KW. Method Validation for Determination of Thallium by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry and Monitoring of Various Foods in South Korea. Molecules 2021; 26:6729. [PMID: 34771138 PMCID: PMC8588170 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Thallium (Tl) is a rare element and one of the most harmful metals. This study validated an analytical method for determining Tl in foods by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) based on food matrices and calories. For six representative foods, the method's correlation coefficient (R2) was above 0.999, and the method limit of detection (MLOD) was 0.0070-0.0498 μg kg-1, with accuracy ranging from 82.06% to 119.81% and precision within 10%. We investigated 304 various foods in the South Korean market, including agricultural, fishery, livestock, and processed foods. Tl above the MLOD level was detected in 148 samples and was less than 10 μg kg-1 in 98% of the samples. Comparing the Tl concentrations among food groups revealed that fisheries and animal products had higher Tl contents than cereals and vegetables. Tl exposure via food intake did not exceed the health guidance level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon-Hee Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Wook-Jin Ra
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Solyi Cho
- Advanced Food Safety Research Group, School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si 17546, Korea
| | | | - Bokyung Soh
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Yongsung Joo
- Department of Statistics, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 04620, Korea
| | - Kwang-Won Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
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15
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Huang WH, Mai VP, Wu RY, Yeh KL, Yang RJ. A Microfluidic Aptamer-Based Sensor for Detection of Mercury(II) and Lead(II) Ions in Water. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:1283. [PMID: 34832695 PMCID: PMC8619161 DOI: 10.3390/mi12111283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Heavy metal contaminants have serious consequences for the environment and human health. Consequently, effective methods for detecting their presence, particularly in water and food, are urgently required. Accordingly, the present study proposes a sensor capable of detecting mercury Hg(II) and lead Pb(II) ions simultaneously, using graphene oxide (GO) as a quenching agent and an aptamer solution as a reagent. In the proposed device, the aptamer sequences are labeled by FAM and HEX fluorescent dyes, respectively, and are mixed well with 500 ppm GO solution before injection into one inlet of the microchannel, and the heavy metal sample solution is injected into another inlet. The presence of Hg(II) and Pb(II) ions is then detected by measuring the change in the fluorescence intensity of the GO/aptamer suspension as the aptamer molecules undergo fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). The selectivity of these two ions is also shown to be clear among other mixed heavy metal ions. The experimental results show that the aptamer sensors have a linear range of 10~250 nM (i.e., 2.0~50 ppb) for Hg(II) ions and 10~100 nM (i.e., 2.1~20.7 ppb) for Pb(II) ions. Furthermore, the limit of detection is around 0.70 ppb and 0.53 ppb for Hg(II) and Pb(II), respectively, which is lower than the maximum limits of 6 ppb and 10 ppb prescribed by the World Health Organization (WHO) for Hg(II) and Pb(II) in drinking water, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ruey-Jen Yang
- Department of Engineering Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; (W.-H.H.); (V.-P.M.); (R.-Y.W.); (K.-L.Y.)
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16
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Pourfadakari S, Spitz J, Dobaradaran S. Metal (liod)s levels of commercially green tea (camellia sinensis) and salt in Germany and their non-carcinogenic risks. TOXIN REV 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2021.1974484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sudabeh Pourfadakari
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Jörg Spitz
- Akademie für Menschliche Medizin GmbH, Schlangenbad, Germany
| | - Sina Dobaradaran
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
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17
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Fast detection of harmful trace elements in glycyrrhiza using standard addition and internal standard method – Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (SAIS-LIBS). Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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18
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Shishov A, Gerasimov A, Bulatov A. Deep eutectic solvents based on carboxylic acids for metals separation from plant samples: Elemental analysis by ICP-OES. Food Chem 2021; 366:130634. [PMID: 34332422 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Deep eutectic solvents based on choline chloride, carboxylic acids, urea, and polyols were investigated for separation of 14 metals from plant samples. It was found that carboxylic acid as precursor of DES played key-role for effective metals separation. It was established that the solvent synthesized from choline chloride and malic acid provided highest extraction recovery (from 73 to 88%). Mixing and heating the solvent and sample for 30 min at a temperature of 70 °C provided effective separation of metals from plant sample. The developed procedure is not required a microwave digestion of samples. After separation the solvent phase containing analytes was dissolved in aqueous phase and analyzed. The developed procedure was applied to elemental analysis of plant tobacco and lettuce samples by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. Limits of detection calculated as three times the signal-to-noise ratio were in the range from 0.2 to 17 mg kg-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Shishov
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg University, Saint Petersburg State University, SPbSU, SPbU, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg 199034, Russia.
| | - Artur Gerasimov
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg University, Saint Petersburg State University, SPbSU, SPbU, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Andrey Bulatov
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg University, Saint Petersburg State University, SPbSU, SPbU, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
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19
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Sperança MA, Mayorquín-Guevara JE, da Cruz MCP, de Almeida Teixeira GH, Pereira FMV. Biofortification quality in bananas monitored by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence and chemometrics. Food Chem 2021; 362:130172. [PMID: 34118507 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Biofortification is a nutritional strategy used to enhance nutrients in a variety of staple foods. As bananas and plantains (Musa spp.) are considered staple food in many developing countries, monitoring zinc (Zn) content in biofortified bananas is crucial to ensure this mineral intake. Bananas were biofortified by injecting Zn sulfate heptahydrate (ZnSO4·7H2O) solutions into banana trees' pseudostem (1%, 2%, and 4%) compared with the control treatment. Zinc content was estimated using energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) and multivariate calibration using partial least squares (PLS). The impressive result is the possibility of high throughput analysis of Zn in bananas after biofortification to guarantee the quality when eaten as a central portion of the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Aurelio Sperança
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Chemistry, Group of Alternative Analytical Approaches (GAAA), Bioenergy Research Institute (IPBEN), Av. Prof. Francisco Degni, 55 - Jardim Quitandinha, Araraquara, São Paulo CEP: 14.800-060, Brazil
| | - Juan Esteban Mayorquín-Guevara
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences (FCAV), Jaboticabal Campus. Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n. Jaboticabal, São Paulo CEP: 14.884-900, Brazil
| | - Mara Cristina Pessoa da Cruz
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences (FCAV), Jaboticabal Campus. Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n. Jaboticabal, São Paulo CEP: 14.884-900, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Henrique de Almeida Teixeira
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences (FCAV), Jaboticabal Campus. Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n. Jaboticabal, São Paulo CEP: 14.884-900, Brazil
| | - Fabíola Manhas Verbi Pereira
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Chemistry, Group of Alternative Analytical Approaches (GAAA), Bioenergy Research Institute (IPBEN), Av. Prof. Francisco Degni, 55 - Jardim Quitandinha, Araraquara, São Paulo CEP: 14.800-060, Brazil; National Institute of Alternative Technologies for Detection Toxicological Assessment and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactive Substances (INCT-DATREM), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Chemistry, Av. Prof. Francisco Degni, 55 - Jardim Quitandinha, Araraquara, São Paulo, CEP: 14.800-060, Brazil.
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20
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Kilic S, Kilic M, Soylak M. The Determination of Toxic Metals in some Traditional Cosmetic Products and Health Risk Assessment. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:2272-2277. [PMID: 32888120 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02357-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In present study, the levels of some toxic elements in 19 different home-made cosmetic products (spray hair dye, henna, tattoo, eyeliner, eye mascara, smear, lip moisturizer, and lipstick) were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric (ICP-MS) after microwave digestion. The ICP-MS results were verified by the analyzing certificated reference material (EnviroMAT Drinking Water, High).The detection limit (LOD) was set from 0.1 to 0.2 and the quantification limit (LOQ) from 0.2 to 0.8 μg L-1 and the recoveries estimated from 99% to 109%. The relative standard deviation (RSD) (%) for elements was determined in the range of 0.9 and 2.1%. Although various concentrations of arsenic (As),cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), cupper (Cu), and nickel (Ni) were determined in some samples, lead (Pb) concentration was found in all the samples. Data obtained were compared with the permissible limit of cosmetic products by the WHO. The concentration of Pb in smear samples was higher than the permitted limit created by the WHO, and Ni concentration in the some samples exceeds the limit set by the WHO. The rank order of toxic elements based on THQ index was Cr > Pb > Ni. The potential non-carcinogenic was considerably lower than the safe risk limits (THQ > 1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Serpil Kilic
- Department of Electronics and Automation, Vocational High School of Technical Sciences, Isparta University of Applied Sciences, Isparta, Turkey.
| | - Murat Kilic
- Food Safety and Agricultural Research Center, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Soylak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
- Technology Research and Application Center (TAUM), Erciyes University, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey
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21
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Evaluation of Na and K in anti-diabetic ayurvedic medicine using LIBS. Lasers Med Sci 2021; 37:513-522. [PMID: 33755860 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-021-03289-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus, known as diabetes, is a challenging issue, and to control diabetes, a large population is lining toward ayurvedic medicine. In the present study, four brands of anti-diabetic ayurvedic medicines, along with a home remedy, are analyzed using the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopic (LIBS) technique. The study is carried out to know the elements responsible for glycemic potential. The laser-induced breakdown (LIB) spectra elucidate the presence of organic and inorganic elements like Al, Ba, C, Ca, Cu, Fe, H, K, Mg, N, Na, O, Si, Sr, Zn, and the molecular band of CN molecule in medicines. LIBS result also reveals Na and K's distinct concentration, which plays a vital role in diabetes management. The presence of the CN band and organic elements indicate the presence of organic molecular compositions in medicines. For confirmation of organic composition in the drugs, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) has been performed. Principal component analysis (PCA) on the LIBS data of the medicines has been used for instant discrimination based on their elemental/molecular compositions.
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22
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Popović-Djordjević J, Paunović D, Milić A, Krstić Đ, Siavash Moghaddam S, Roje V. Multi-elemental Analysis, Pattern Recognition Techniques of Wild and Cultivated Rosehips from Serbia, and Nutritional Aspect. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:1110-1122. [PMID: 32472352 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02199-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-six major and trace elements, in the seed and the mesocarp of wild and cultivated rosehips from different locations in Serbia, were quantified by means of inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). The cultivated rosehip was investigated for the first time. In both wild and cultivated rosehips, the most abundant elements were K and Ca. Among trace elements, Mn (in both seed and mesocarp); Fe (in seeds); and B, Ba, and Sr (in mesocarp) were quantified in the highest concentrations. The higher content of Cu, K, Mn, P, and S in the seed of cultivated rosehip, as well as Ca, Mg, and Sr in the mesocarp of wild rosehip, was observed, both significant at p < 0.05. Additionally, differences between the seed and the mesocarp of studied rosehip were noticed in the content of B, Cu, Fe, K, Ni, P, S, Sr, and Ti (p < 0.05). Nutritional assessment revealed that both wild and cultivated rosehips are a valuable source of essential elements (Ca, Cu, K, Mg, Mn, and P). The absence of toxic and potentially toxic elements additionally contributes to the quality of studied Serbian rosehip. A high impact of factors such as variety, location, as well as their interaction on the content of elements in cultivated rosehip mesocarp and seed was observed. Pattern recognition techniques, principal component analysis (PCA), and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were applied in order to provide insight into similarities among the analyzed samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Popović-Djordjević
- Department for Food Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, Belgrade, 11080, Serbia.
| | - Dragana Paunović
- Department for Food Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, Belgrade, 11080, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Milić
- Department for Food Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, Belgrade, 11080, Serbia
| | - Đurđa Krstić
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, Belgrade, 11158, Serbia
| | - Sina Siavash Moghaddam
- Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Vibor Roje
- Faculty of Forestry, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska cesta 25, HR-10002, Zagreb, Croatia
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23
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Ahmadi F, Samadi A, Rahimi A. Improving growth properties and phytochemical compounds of Echinacea purpurea (L.) medicinal plant using novel nitrogen slow release fertilizer under greenhouse conditions. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13842. [PMID: 32796914 PMCID: PMC7429836 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70949-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Medicinal plant production is most important than other agricultural plants due to their phytochemical compounds effects on human health. Paying attention to plant nutrition requirement is so important. In order to assess the effect of nitrate (NO3−) dosage supplies from two types of fertilizers on growth and phytochemical properties of Echinacea purpurea rhizomata cum radicibus, an experiment with completely simple design was carried out under greenhouse conditions. Two types of fertilizers (new invented nitrogen (N) slow release fertilizer and urea chemical fertilizer) at three dosages (50, 100, and 150 mM) were applied. Plant growth parameters and total phenolic (TPC), total flavonoids (TFC), polysaccarides content, essential oil content, caffeic acid derivatives, and anti-radical scavenging activities of E. purpurea were assessed. The results showed the significant (p ≤ 0.01) differences among treatments, both in growth and phytochemical properties. Using of N slow release, especially in 150 mM dosage, significantly increased all the plant growth and phytochemical properties. The dried E. purpurea rhizomata cum radicibus contained more caftaric acid (max 12.56 mg g−1 DW) and chicoric acid (max 7.56 mg g−1 DW) than other derivatives. Despite the impact of heavy metals on yield and growth of E. purpurea, the concentration of all heavy metals and micronutrients (boron (B), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn)) in studied soil and fertilizer samples was less than United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) limits of contamination. Based on the results, using of N slow release fertilizers can improve phytochemical properties of the plant due to its polymeric structure and can be a suitable substitution of chemical fertilizers, especially in medicinal plants growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Ahmadi
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Abbas Samadi
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Amir Rahimi
- Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
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