Magnetic nanoparticle drug delivery systems for targeting tumor

A polylysine/hyaluronan-based core-shell nanoparticle triggers drug delivery by ATP/hyaluronidase dual stimuli for inducing apoptosis of breast cancer cells

The limitations of self-assembled polymeric nanoparticles for cancer therapy, including instability in the bloodstream, non-specific targeting of cancer cells, and unregulated intracellular drug delivery, were effectively addressed by the development of core-shell SNX@PLL-FPBA/mHA NPs. The core was SNX@PLL-FPBA NPs prepared from polylysine conjugated 3-fluoro-4-carboxyphenylboronic acid (PLL-FPBA) self-assembly and SNX encapsulation, while the shell was methacrylate-modified hyaluronic acid (mHA) adhering to the core by electrostatic interactions and subsequently stabilized by photo-crosslinking, without the use of any organic solvent. SNX@PLL-FPBA/mHA NPs exhibited good stability in varying ionic strengths (0-0.30 M NaCl), pH levels (6.8 and 7.4), and plasma environments mimicking the blood, ensuring their efficacy in systemic circulation. The drug delivery from the nanoparticles was highly sensitive to ATP/Hyals stimuli (82 % within 48 h), closely mimicking the intracellular environment of breast cancer cells. The nanoparticles demonstrated good hemocompatibility and non-toxicity towards human skin fibroblasts. Efficient internalization of SNX@PLL-FPBA/mHA NPs by MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells was observed by CLSM and flow cytometry. The intracellular ATP/Hyals stimuli triggered the rapid drug delivery and induced cellular apoptosis. Thus, SNX@PLL-FPBA/mHA NPs were a promising drug nanocarrier for breast cancer therapy, offering improved stability, targeted delivery, and controlled drug release to enhance treatment outcomes.

Antimicrobial efficacy of nano-particles for crop protection and sustainable agriculture

Plant diseases cause colossal crop loss worldwide and are the major yield constraining component in agriculture. Nanotechnology, which has the possible to revolutionize numerous fields of science, innovation, drug, and agriculture. Nanotechnology can be utilized for combating the plant infectious diseases and nano-materials can be utilized as transporter of dynamic elements of pesticides, host defense etc. to the pathogens. The analysis of diseases, finding of pathogens may turn out to be substantially more precise and fast with the utilization of nanosensors. As worldwide demand for food production raises against an evolving atmosphere, nanotechnology could reasonably alleviate numerous challenges in disease managing by diminishing chemical inputs and advancing quick recognition of pathogens. The major goal of this review is to increase growth and productivity using supplements with nanoparticles. (i.e., metals, metal oxides, and carbon) to treat crop diseases and make agricultural practices more productive and sustainable. Prominently, this improved crop may not only be straight connected to the diminished occurrence of pathogenic microorganisms, yet in might possibly add nutritional benefits of the nanoparticles themselves, particularly for the micronutrients important for generating host resistance.

A novel degradable PEG superparamagnetic iron oxide capsule coupled with a polyphenolic nano-enzymatic conjugate (PSPM-NE), to treat ROS-driven cardiovascular-diseases, tested in atherosclerosis as a model disease, and hypothesizing autoimmunity as an atheroma's trigger

Cardiovascular diseases account for a significant portion of the worldwide mortality rate. This aroused interest among the specialised scientific community, seeking for solutions based on non-clinical and clinical investigations, to shed light onto the physio-pathology of cardiovascular impairment. It is proven challenging managing chronic cardiovascular illnesses like atherosclerosis, arrhythmias, and diverse cardiomyopathies. In certain cases, there is no approved treatment. In other cases, the need for combining therapeutic components, when dealing with co-morbidities, may increase the risk of toxicity-driven cardiovascular impairment. In this case, because the risk of cardiac events correlates with the QT prolongation rates, the QT or QTc interval prolongation has become an important biomarker to access drug-related cardio-toxicity. Several approaches have been found in the current literature, aiming at improving physiological acceptance, i.e., to reduce toxicity. Nanotechnology has increasingly appeared as a promising ally to modulate active substances, preserving cardiovascular function and optimising drug effectiveness, i.e., acting as a cardio-protective mechanism, leveraging the effects of drug-driven cardio-toxicity. In this manuscript, the author combines plant active compounds and nanotechnological strategies, e.g., nano-encapsulation, nano-enzymes, magnetically driven nano-delivery systems, applied in regenerative medicine, and assesses their effects on the cardiovascular system, e.g., as cardio-protective factors, reducing cardio-toxicity. The aim is to propose a new strategy to tackle atherosclerosis initiation and progression, in a drug design that targets ROS-removal and reduces inflammation, using auto-immunity biomarkers to select key atheroma-related signalling cascades. To analyse physiological phenomena related to atherosclerosis initiation and progression, the author proposes both experimental observations and a new haemorheological computational model of arterial constriction. The results of such analysis are used as motivators in the design of the here presented strategy to tackle atheroma. This novel design is based on degradable polyethylene glycol (PEG) superparamagnetic iron oxide capsule coupled with a polyphenolic nano-enzymatic conjugate (PSPM-NE).

Feature Matching of Microsecond-Pulsed Magnetic Fields Combined with Fe3O4 Particles for Killing A375 Melanoma Cells

The combination of magnetic fields and magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) to kill cancer cells by magneto-mechanical force represents a novel therapy, offering advantages such as non-invasiveness, among others. Pulsed magnetic fields (PMFs) hold promise for application in this therapy due to advantages such as easily adjustable parameters; however, they suffer from the drawback of narrow pulse width. In order to fully exploit the potential of PMFs and MNPs in this therapy, while maximizing therapeutic efficacy within the constraints of the narrow pulse width, a feature-matching theory is proposed, encompassing the matching of three aspects: (1) MNP volume and critical volume of Brownian relaxation, (2) relaxation time and pulse width, and (3) MNP shape and the intermittence of PMF. In the theory, a microsecond-PMF generator was developed, and four kinds of MNPs were selected for in vitro cell experiments. The results demonstrate that the killing rate of the experimental group meeting the requirements of the theory is at least 18% higher than the control group. This validates the accuracy of our theory and provides valuable guidance for the further application of PMFs in this therapy.

Nanocomposites Based on Magnetic Nanoparticles and Metal-Organic Frameworks for Therapy, Diagnosis, and Theragnostics

In the last two decades, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with highly tunable structure and porosity, have emerged as drug nanocarriers in the biomedical field. In particular, nanoscaled MOFs (nanoMOFs) have been widely investigated because of their potential biocompatibility, high drug loadings, and progressive release. To enhance their properties, MOFs have been combined with magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) to form magnetic nanocomposites (MNP@MOF) with additional functionalities. Due to the magnetic properties of the MNPs, their presence in the nanosystems enables potential combinatorial magnetic targeted therapy and diagnosis. In this Review, we analyze the four main synthetic strategies currently employed for the fabrication of MNP@MOF nanocomposites, namely, mixing, in situ formation of MNPs in presynthesized MOF, in situ formation of MOFs in the presence of MNPs, and layer-by-layer methods. Additionally, we discuss the current progress in bioapplications, focusing on drug delivery systems (DDSs), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), magnetic hyperthermia (MHT), and theragnostic systems. Overall, we provide a comprehensive overview of the recent advances in the development and bioapplications of MNP@MOF nanocomposites, highlighting their potential for future biomedical applications with a critical analysis of the challenges and limitations of these nanocomposites in terms of their synthesis, characterization, biocompatibility, and applicability.

Targeting ferroptosis for leukemia therapy: exploring novel strategies from its mechanisms and role in leukemia based on nanotechnology

The latest findings in iron metabolism and the newly uncovered process of ferroptosis have paved the way for new potential strategies in anti-leukemia treatments. In the current project, we reviewed and summarized the current role of nanomedicine in the treatment and diagnosis of leukemia through a comparison made between traditional approaches applied in the treatment and diagnosis of leukemia via the existing investigations about the ferroptosis molecular mechanisms involved in various anti-tumor treatments. The application of nanotechnology and other novel technologies may provide a new direction in ferroptosis-driven leukemia therapies. The article explores the potential of targeting ferroptosis, a new form of regulated cell death, as a new therapeutic strategy for leukemia. It discusses the mechanisms of ferroptosis and its role in leukemia and how nanotechnology can enhance the delivery and efficacy of ferroptosis-inducing agents. The article not only highlights the promise of ferroptosis-targeted therapies and nanotechnology in revolutionizing leukemia treatment, but also calls for further research to overcome challenges and fully realize the clinical potential of this innovative approach. Finally, it discusses the challenges and opportunities in clinical applications of ferroptosis.

Recent trends in targeted delivery of smart nanocarrier-based microbial enzymes for therapeutic applications

Smart carrier-based immobilization has widened the use of enzymes for the treatment of several disorders. Large surface areas, tunable morphology, and surface modification ability aid the targeted and controlled release of therapeutic enzymes from such formulations. Smart nanocarriers, such as polymeric carriers, liposomes, and silica have also increased the stability, half-life, and permeability of these enzymes. In this review, summarize recent advances in the smart immobilization of microbial enzymes and their development as precision nanomedicine for the treatment of cancer, thrombosis, phenylketonuria (PKU), and wound healing. We also discuss the challenges and measures to be adopted for the successful clinical translation of these formulations.

Nanoparticle-Based Combinational Strategies for Overcoming the Blood-Brain Barrier and Blood-Tumor Barrier

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-tumor barrier (BTB) pose substantial challenges to efficacious drug delivery for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), a primary brain tumor with poor prognosis. Nanoparticle-based combinational strategies have emerged as promising modalities to overcome these barriers and enhance drug penetration into the brain parenchyma. This review discusses various nanoparticle-based combinatorial approaches that combine nanoparticles with cell-based drug delivery, viral drug delivery, focused ultrasound, magnetic field, and intranasal drug delivery to enhance drug permeability across the BBB and BTB. Cell-based drug delivery involves using engineered cells as carriers for nanoparticles, taking advantage of their intrinsic migratory and homing capabilities to facilitate the transport of therapeutic payloads across BBB and BTB. Viral drug delivery uses engineered viral vectors to deliver therapeutic genes or payloads to specific cells within the GBM microenvironment. Focused ultrasound, coupled with microbubbles or nanoparticles, can temporarily disrupt the BBB to increase drug permeability. Magnetic field-guided drug delivery exploits magnetic nanoparticles to facilitate targeted drug delivery under an external magnetic field. Intranasal drug delivery offers a minimally invasive avenue to bypass the BBB and deliver therapeutic agents directly to the brain via olfactory and trigeminal pathways. By combining these strategies, synergistic effects can enhance drug delivery efficiency, improve therapeutic efficacy, and reduce off-target effects. Future research should focus on optimizing nanoparticle design, exploring new combination strategies, and advancing preclinical and clinical investigations to promote the translation of nanoparticle-based combination therapies for GBM.

Magnetic Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles in Regenerative Medicine and Nanomedicine

This review focuses on the latest advancements in magnetic hydroxyapatite (mHA) nanoparticles and their potential applications in nanomedicine and regenerative medicine. mHA nanoparticles have gained significant interest over the last few years for their great potential, offering advanced multi-therapeutic strategies because of their biocompatibility, bioactivity, and unique physicochemical features, enabling on-demand activation and control. The most relevant synthetic methods to obtain magnetic apatite-based materials, either in the form of iron-doped HA nanoparticles showing intrinsic magnetic properties or composite/hybrid compounds between HA and superparamagnetic metal oxide nanoparticles, are described as highlighting structure-property correlations. Following this, this review discusses the application of various magnetic hydroxyapatite nanomaterials in bone regeneration and nanomedicine. Finally, novel perspectives are investigated with respect to the ability of mHA nanoparticles to improve nanocarriers with homogeneous structures to promote multifunctional biological applications, such as cell stimulation and instruction, antimicrobial activity, and drug release with on-demand triggering.

Magnetic Nanoparticles: A Review on Synthesis, Characterization, Functionalization, and Biomedical Applications

Nowadays, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are applied in numerous fields, especially in biomedical applications. Since biofluidic samples and biological tissues are nonmagnetic, negligible background signals can interfere with the magnetic signals from MNPs in magnetic biosensing and imaging applications. In addition, the MNPs can be remotely controlled by magnetic fields, which make it possible for magnetic separation and targeted drug delivery. Furthermore, due to the unique dynamic magnetizations of MNPs when subjected to alternating magnetic fields, MNPs are also proposed as a key tool in cancer treatment, an example is magnetic hyperthermia therapy. Due to their distinct surface chemistry, good biocompatibility, and inducible magnetic moments, the material and morphological structure design of MNPs has attracted enormous interest from a variety of scientific domains. Herein, a thorough review of the chemical synthesis strategies of MNPs, the methodologies to modify the MNPs surface for better biocompatibility, the physicochemical characterization techniques for MNPs, as well as some representative applications of MNPs in disease diagnosis and treatment are provided. Further portions of the review go into the diagnostic and therapeutic uses of composite MNPs with core/shell structures as well as a deeper analysis of MNP properties to learn about potential biomedical applications.

Role of Functionalized Peptides in Nanomedicine for Effective Cancer Therapy

Peptide-functionalized nanomedicine, which addresses the challenges of specificity and efficacy in drug delivery, is emerging as a pivotal approach for cancer therapy. Globally, cancer remains a leading cause of mortality, and conventional treatments, such as chemotherapy, often lack precision and cause adverse effects. The integration of peptides into nanomedicine offers a promising solution for enhancing the targeting and delivery of therapeutic agents. This review focuses on the three primary applications of peptides: cancer cell-targeting ligands, building blocks for self-assembling nanostructures, and elements of stimuli-responsive systems. Nanoparticles modified with peptides improved targeting of cancer cells, minimized damage to healthy tissues, and optimized drug delivery. The versatility of self-assembled peptide structures makes them an innovative vehicle for drug delivery by leveraging their biocompatibility and diverse nanoarchitectures. In particular, the mechanism of cell death induced by self-assembled structures offers a novel approach to cancer therapy. In addition, peptides in stimuli-responsive systems enable precise drug release in response to specific conditions in the tumor microenvironment. The use of peptides in nanomedicine not only augments the efficacy and safety of cancer treatments but also suggests new research directions. In this review, we introduce systems and functionalization methods using peptides or peptide-modified nanoparticles to overcome challenges in the treatment of specific cancers, including breast cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer, prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer, liver cancer, skin cancer, glioma, osteosarcoma, and cervical cancer.

Cell-Based Micro/Nano-Robots for Biomedical Applications: A Review

Micro/nano-robots are powerful tools for biomedical applications and are applied in disease diagnosis, tumor imaging, drug delivery, and targeted therapy. Among the various types of micro-robots, cell-based micro-robots exhibit unique properties because of their different cell sources. In combination with various actuation methods, particularly externally propelled methods, cell-based microrobots have enormous potential for biomedical applications. This review introduces recent progress and applications of cell-based micro/nano-robots. Different actuation methods for micro/nano-robots are summarized, and cell-based micro-robots with different cell templates are introduced. Furthermore, the review focuses on the combination of cell-based micro/nano-robots with precise control using different external fields. Potential challenges, further prospects, and clinical translations are also discussed.

Vincristine-based nanoformulations: a preclinical and clinical studies overview

Vincristine (VCR) is a chemotherapeutic agent obtained from natural alkaloid plant source Catharanthus roseus. VCR has been significantly useful in treatments of lung cancer, lymphocyte-based leukaemia, glioblastomas and acute myeloid leukaemia. VCR attaches to tubulin fibrils and prevents filament polymerization that permanently led to mitosis inhibition in cancer cells. Clinically, VCR is administered to patients in multidrug combination to reduce adverse drug effects and potential blockage of bone marrow inhibition due to prescribed monotherapy. However, VCR possesses low cancer tissue affinity and at higher dose often led to irreversible neurotoxicity. Conventional VCR injectables are successfully used in clinics, but lack of controlled release, non-specific biodistribution and consequent off-target side effects are still major challenges. Currently, nanotechnological drug delivery systems are being explored for improvement of VCR pharmacokinetic profile and tumour-specific targeting. Various nanomedicine formulations such as liposomes, lipid nanoparticles, and polymeric nanocarriers of VCR have been studied under various in vitro and in vivo models. In this review, we have summarised the chemotherapeutic role of VCR, evaluated the mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics and challenges associated with VCR delivery. Moreover, application of VCR in nanomedicine and effect on anticancer efficacy in preclinical and clinical setting are also being discussed.

Hypothesizing the Green Synthesis of Tamoxifen Loaded Magnetic Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is the second leading cause of death all over the world and is not only limited to females but also affects males. For estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer, tamoxifen has been considered the gold-line therapy for many decades. However, due to the side effects associated with the use of tamoxifen, its use is only limited to individuals in high-risk groups and limits its clinical application to moderate and/or lower-risk groups. Thus, there is a necessity to decrease the dose of tamoxifen, which can be achieved by targeting the drug to breast cancer cells and limiting its absorption to other body parts. Artificial antioxidants used in the formulation preparation are assumed to upsurge the risk of cancer and liver damage in humans. The need of the hour is to explore bioefficient antioxidants from natural plant sources as they are safer and additionally possess antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. The objective of this hypothesis is to prepare tamoxifen-loaded PEGylated NiO nanoparticles using green chemistry, tumbling the toxic effects of the conventional method of synthesis for targeted delivery to breast cancer cells. The significance of the work is to hypothesize a green method for the synthesis of NiO nanoparticles that are eco-friendly, cost-effective, decrease multidrug resistance, and can be used for targeted therapy. Garlic extract contains an organosulfur compound (Allicin) which has drug-metabolizing, anti-oxidant, and tumour growth inhibition effects. In breast cancer, allicin sensitizes estrogen receptors, increasing the anticancer efficacy of tamoxifen and reducing offsite toxicity. Thus, this garlic extract would act as a reducing agent and a capping agent. The use of nickel salt can help in targeted delivery to breast cancer cells and, in turn, reduces drug toxicity in different organs. This novel strategy may aim for cancer management with less toxic agents acting as an apt therapeutic modality.

Superparamagnetic Hybrid Nanospheres Based on Chitosan Obtained by Double Crosslinking in a Reverse Emulsion for Cancer Treatment

Nowadays, the Magnetically Targeted Drug Delivery System (MTDDS) is among the most attractive and promising strategies for delivering drugs to the target site. The present study aimed to obtain a biopolymer-magnetite-drug nanosystem via a double crosslinking (ionic and covalent) technique in reverse emulsion, which ensures the mechanical stability of the polymer support in the form of original hybrid nanospheres (NSMs) loaded with biologically active principles (the 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU)) as a potential treatment for cancer. Obtained NSMs were characterized in terms of structure (FT-IR), size (DLS), morphology (SEM), swelling, and 5-FU entrapment/release properties, which were dependent on the synthesis parameters (polymer concentration, dispersion speed, and amount of ionic crosslinking agent). SEM analysis results revealed that NSMs presented a spherical shape and are homogeneous and separated. Moreover, NSMs' ability to load/release 5-FU was tested in vitro, the results confirming, as expected, their dependence on the varied synthesis process and NSM swelling ability in physiological liquids. The drug transport mechanism through the polymer matrix of its release is the Fickian type. The morphological, bio-material characteristics and the ability to include and release an antitumor drug highlight the utility of the NSMs obtained for targeting and treating some tumor diseases.

Electrospun Nanofibers: Shaping the Future of Controlled and Responsive Drug Delivery

Electrospun nanofibers for drug delivery systems (DDS) introduce a revolutionary means of administering pharmaceuticals, holding promise for both improved drug efficacy and reduced side effects. These biopolymer nanofiber membranes, distinguished by their high surface area-to-volume ratio, biocompatibility, and biodegradability, are ideally suited for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. One of their standout attributes is the capability to offer the controlled release of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), allowing custom-tailored release profiles to address specific diseases and administration routes. Moreover, stimuli-responsive electrospun DDS can adapt to conditions at the drug target, enhancing the precision and selectivity of drug delivery. Such localized API delivery paves the way for superior therapeutic efficiency while diminishing the risk of side effects and systemic toxicity. Electrospun nanofibers can foster better patient compliance and enhanced clinical outcomes by amplifying the therapeutic efficiency of routinely prescribed medications. This review delves into the design principles and techniques central to achieving controlled API release using electrospun membranes. The advanced drug release mechanisms of electrospun DDS highlighted in this review illustrate their versatility and potential to improve the efficacy of medical treatments.

The emerging potential of siRNA nanotherapeutics in treatment of arthritis

RNA interference (RNAi) using small interfering RNA (siRNA) has shown potential as a therapeutic option for the treatment of arthritis by silencing specific genes. However, siRNA delivery faces several challenges, including stability, targeting, off-target effects, endosomal escape, immune response activation, intravascular degradation, and renal clearance. A variety of nanotherapeutics like lipidic nanoparticles, liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, and solid lipid nanoparticles have been developed to improve siRNA cellular uptake, protect it from degradation, and enhance its therapeutic efficacy. Researchers are also investigating chemical modifications and bioconjugation to reduce its immunogenicity. This review discusses the potential of siRNA nanotherapeutics as a therapeutic option for various immune-mediated diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, etc. siRNA nanotherapeutics have shown an upsurge of interest and the future looks promising for such interdisciplinary approach-based modalities that combine the principles of molecular biology, nanotechnology, and formulation sciences.

Nanoparticle-mediated cancer cell therapy: basic science to clinical applications

Every sixth person in the world dies due to cancer, making it the second leading severe cause of death after cardiovascular diseases. According to WHO, cancer claimed nearly 10 million deaths in 2020. The most common types of cancers reported have been breast (lung, colon and rectum, prostate cases), skin (non-melanoma) and stomach. In addition to surgery, the most widely used traditional types of anti-cancer treatment are radio- and chemotherapy. However, these do not distinguish between normal and malignant cells. Additional treatment methods have evolved over time for early detection and targeted therapy of cancer. However, each method has its limitations and the associated treatment costs are quite high with adverse effects on the quality of life of patients. Use of individual atoms or a cluster of atoms (nanoparticles) can cause a paradigm shift by virtue of providing point of sight sensing and diagnosis of cancer. Nanoparticles (1-100 nm in size) are 1000 times smaller in size than the human cell and endowed with safer relocation capability to attack mechanically and chemically at a precise location which is one avenue that can be used to destroy cancer cells precisely. This review summarises the extant understanding and the work done in this area to pave the way for physicians to accelerate the use of hybrid mode of treatments by leveraging the use of various nanoparticles.

Systemic Delivery of Magnetogene Nanoparticle Vector for Gene Expression in Hypoxic Tumors

Cancer is a disease that causes millions of deaths per year worldwide because conventional treatments have disadvantages such as unspecific tumor selectivity and unwanted toxicity. Most human solid tumors present hypoxic microenvironments and this promotes multidrug resistance. In this study, we present "Magnetogene nanoparticle vector" which takes advantage of the hypoxic microenvironment of solid tumors to increase selective gene expression in tumor cells and reduce unwanted toxicity in healthy cells; this vector was guided by a magnet to the tumor tissue. Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), chitosan (CS), and the pHRE-Luc plasmid with a hypoxia-inducible promoter were used to synthesize the vector called "Magnetogene nanoparticles" by ionic gelation. The hypoxic functionality of Magnetogene vector nanoparticles was confirmed in the B16F10 cell line by measuring the expression of the luciferase reporter gene under hypoxic and normoxic conditions. Also, the efficiency of the Magnetogene vector was confirmed in vivo. Magnetogene was administered by intravenous injection (IV) in the tail vein and directed through an external magnetic field at the site of tumor growth in C57Bl/6 mice. A Magnetogene vector with a size of 50 to 70 nm was directed and retained at the tumor area and gene expression was higher at the tumor site than in the others tissues, confirming the selectivity of this vector towards hypoxic tumor areas. This nanosystem, that we called the "Magnetogene vector" for systemic delivery and specific gene expression in hypoxic tumors controlled by an external magnetic designed to target hypoxic regions of tumors, can be used for cancer-specific gene therapies.

Machine learning assisted-nanomedicine using magnetic nanoparticles for central nervous system diseases

Magnetic nanoparticles possess unique properties distinct from other types of nanoparticles developed for biomedical applications. Their unique magnetic properties and multifunctionalities are especially beneficial for central nervous system (CNS) disease therapy and diagnostics, as well as targeted and personalized applications using image-guided therapy and theranostics. This review discusses the recent development of magnetic nanoparticles for CNS applications, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, and drug addiction. Machine learning (ML) methods are increasingly applied towards the processing, optimization and development of nanomaterials. By using data-driven approach, ML has the potential to bridge the gap between basic research and clinical research. We review ML approaches used within the various stages of nanomedicine development, from nanoparticle synthesis and characterization to performance prediction and disease diagnosis.

Magnetically Enhanced Intracellular Uptake of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Antitumor Therapy

Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) have been widely employed in biomedical fields, including targeted delivery of antitumor therapy. Conventional magnetic tumor targeting has used simple static magnetic fields (SMFs), which cause SPIONs to linearly aggregate into a long chain-like shape. Such agglomeration greatly hinders the intracellular targeting of SPIONs into tumors, thus reducing the therapeutic efficacy. In this study, we investigated the enhancement of the intracellular uptake of SPIONs through the application of rotating magnetic fields (RMFs). Based on the physical principles of SPION chain disassembly, we investigated physical parameters to predict the chain length favorable for intracellular uptake. Our prediction was validated by clear visualization of the intracellular distributions of SPIONs in tumor cells at both cellular and three-dimensional microtissue levels. To identify the potential therapeutic effects of enhanced intracellular uptake, magnetic hyperthermia as antitumor therapy was investigated under varying conditions of magnetic hyperthermia and RMFs. The results showed that enhanced intracellular uptake reduced magnetic hyperthermia time and strength as well as particle concentration. The proposed method will be useful in the development of techniques to determine the optimized physical conditions for the enhanced intracellular uptake of SPIONs in antitumor therapy.

Combustion Synthesis of Magnetic Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications

Combustion synthesis is a green, energy-saving approach that permits an easy scale-up and continuous technologies. This process allows for synthesizing various nanoscale materials, including oxides, nitrides, sulfides, metals, and alloys. In this work, we critically review the reported results on the combustion synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles, focusing on their properties related to different bio-applications. We also analyze challenges and suggest specific directions of research, which lead to the improvement of the properties and stability of fabricated materials.

Transformable nanodrugs for overcoming the biological barriers in the tumor environment during drug delivery

Drug delivery systems have been studied massively with explosive growth in the last few decades. However, challenges such as biological barriers are still obstructing the delivery efficiency of nanomedicines. Reports have shown that the physicochemical properties, such as the morphologies of nanodrugs, could highly affect their biodistribution and bioavailability. Therefore, transformable nanodrugs that take advantage of different sizes and shapes allow for overcoming multiple biological barriers, providing promising prospects for drug delivery. This review aims to present an overview of the most recent developments of transformable nanodrugs in this emerging field. First, the design principles and transformation mechanisms which serve as guidelines for smart nanodrugs are summarized. Afterward, their applications in overcoming biological barriers, including the bloodstream, intratumoral pressure, cellular membrane, endosomal wrapping, and nuclear membrane, are highlighted. Finally, discussions on the current developments and future perspectives of transformable nanodrugs are given.

Fe3O4/Au/porous Au nanohybrid for efficient delivery of doxorubicin as a model drug

Fe₃O₄/Au/porous Au nanohybrids being bi-functional nanoparticles with magnetic properties and high porosity, were synthesized and used for drug delivery. To achieve this purpose, after Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles synthesis, a gold layer coats them to increase their stability. Then, to improve the loading capacity of Fe₃O₄/Au nanoparticles, a shell of porous gold was synthesized on the Fe₃O₄/Au surface by creating an Ag-Au nanohybrid layer on Fe₃O₄/Au and dissolving the metallic silver atoms in HNO₃ (0.01 M). The DLS results show that the synthesized nanohybrid has an average size of 68.0 ± 7.7 nm and a zeta potential of - 28.1 ± 0.2 mV. Finally, doxorubicin (DOX), as a pharmaceutical agent, was loaded onto the Fe₃O₄/Au/porous Au nanohybrids. The prepared nano-drug enhanced the therapeutic efficacy of DOX on MCF-7 cancer cells compared to the free DOX. These results confirmed a 1.5 times improvement in the antitumor activity of DOX-loaded Fe₃O₄/Au/porous Au nanohybrids.

pH-responsive magnetic Fe3O4/carboxymethyl chitosan/aminated lignosulfonate nanoparticles with uniform size for targeted drug loading

In order to improve the effect of anti-tumor drugs, a magnetic delivery system for targeted drug was reported. Firstly, aminated lignosulfonate (ALS) and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) were used to fabricate nano Fe₃O₄ to obtain pH-responsive magnetic Fe₃O ₄ /CMCS/ALS nanoparticles. Then the nanoparticles were loaded with doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX), realizing the targeted delivery and controlled release of anti-tumor drugs. It was found that the amount of crosslinking agent and emulsifier were the key factors affecting the morphology and size of the magnetic nanoparticles. Under optimized conditions, the particle size was about 79.9-169.9 nm, exhibiting excellent pH responsiveness. When the drug-to-material ratio was 11:10, the DOX loading rate and the encapsulation rate of the nanoparticles was 48.68 % and 86.23 %. While the Fe₃O₄ /CMCS/ALS-DOX particles could release 63.14 %, 56.71 %, and 14.28 % of DOX at pH 4.0, 5.3, and 7.4, respectively. The results showed that the Fe₃O₄ /CMCS/ALS particles exhibited excellent drug loading and release behavior based on the pH responsiveness, which could be described by Langmuir adsorption model and Fick's law of diffusion respectively. MTT assay and Live/dead staining experiments also showed that the drug-loaded particles had obvious growth inhibition on cancer cells.

How Advanced are Cancer Immuno-Nanotherapeutics? A Comprehensive Review of the Literature

Cancer is a broad term for a group of diseases involving uncontrolled cell growth and proliferation. There is no cure for cancer despite recent significant improvements in screening, treatment, and prevention approaches. Among the available treatments, immunotherapy has been successful in targeting and killing cancer cells by stimulating or enhancing the body's immune system. Antibody-based immunotherapeutic agents that block immune checkpoint proteins expressed by cancer cells have shown promising results. The rapid development of nanotechnology has contributed to improving the effectiveness and reducing the adverse effects of these anti-cancer immunotherapeutic agents. Recently, engineered nanomaterials have been the focus of many state-of-The-art approaches toward effective cancer treatment. In this review, the contribution of various nanomaterials such as polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, microspheres, and carbon nanomaterials in improving the efficiency of anti-cancer immunotherapy is discussed as well as nanostructures applied to combination cancer immunotherapy.

An Overview of Polymeric Nanoparticles-Based Drug Delivery System in Cancer Treatment

Cancer is recognized as one of the world's deadliest diseases, with more than 10 million new cases each year. Over the past 2 decades, several studies have been performed on cancer to pursue solutions for effective treatment. One of the vital benefits of utilizing nanoparticles (NPs) in cancer treatment is their high adaptability for modification and amalgamation of different physicochemical properties to boost their anti-cancer activity. Various nanomaterials have been designed as nanocarriers attributing nontoxic and biocompatible drug delivery systems with improved bioactivity. The present review article briefly explained various types of nanocarriers, such as organic-inorganic-hybrid NPs, and their targeting mechanisms. Here a special focus is given to the synthesis, benefits, and applications of polymeric NPs (PNPs) involved in various anti-cancer therapeutics. It has also been discussed about the drug delivery approach by the functionalized/encapsulated PNPs (without/with targeting ability) that are being applied in the therapy and diagnostic (theranostics). Overall, this review can give a glimpse into every aspect of PNPs, from their synthesis to drug delivery application for cancer cells.

Dosimetry Effects Due to the Presence of Fe Nanoparticles for Potential Combination of Hyperthermic Cancer Treatment with MRI-Based Image-Guided Radiotherapy

Nanoparticles have proven to be biocompatible and suitable for many biomedical applications. Currently, hyperthermia cancer treatments based on Fe nanoparticle infusion excited by alternating magnetic fields are commonly used. In addition to this, MRI-based image-guided radiotherapy represents, nowadays, one of the most promising accurate radiotherapy modalities. Hence, assessing the feasibility of combining both techniques requires preliminary characterization of the corresponding dosimetry effects. The present work reports on a theoretical and numerical simulation feasibility study aimed at pointing out preliminary dosimetry issues. Spatial dose distributions incorporating magnetic nanoparticles in MRI-based image-guided radiotherapy have been obtained by Monte Carlo simulation approaches accounting for all relevant radiation interaction properties as well as charged particles coupling with strong external magnetic fields, which are representative of typical MRI-LINAC devices. Two main effects have been evidenced: local dose enhancement (up to 60% at local level) within the infused volume, and non-negligible changes in the dose distribution at the interfaces between different tissues, developing to over 70% for low-density anatomical cavities. Moreover, cellular uptakes up to 10% have been modeled by means of considering different Fe nanoparticle concentrations. A theoretical temperature-dependent model for the thermal enhancement ratio (TER) has been used to account for radiosensitization due to hyperthermia. The outcomes demonstrated the reliability of the Monte Carlo approach in accounting for strong magnetic fields and mass distributions from patient-specific anatomy CT scans to assess dose distributions in MRI-based image-guided radiotherapy combined with magnetic nanoparticles, while the hyperthermic radiosensitization provides further and synergic contributions.

Modulating cell signalling in vivo with magnetic nanotransducers

Weak magnetic fields offer nearly lossless transmission of signals within biological tissue. Magnetic nanomaterials are capable of transducing magnetic fields into a range of biologically relevant signals in vitro and in vivo. These nanotransducers have recently enabled magnetic control of cellular processes, from neuronal firing and gene expression to programmed apoptosis. Effective implementation of magnetically controlled cellular signalling relies on careful tailoring of magnetic nanotransducers and magnetic fields to the responses of the intended molecular targets. This primer discusses the versatility of magnetic modulation modalities and offers practical guidelines for selection of appropriate materials and field parameters, with a particular focus on applications in neuroscience. With recent developments in magnetic instrumentation and nanoparticle chemistries, including those that are commercially available, magnetic approaches promise to empower research aimed at connecting molecular and cellular signalling to physiology and behaviour in untethered moving subjects.

Greener synthesis of nanostructured iron oxide for medical and sustainable agro-environmental benefits

Nanoscale iron oxide-based nanostructures are among the most apparent metallic nanostructures, having great potential and attracting substantial interest due to their unique superparamagnetic properties. The green production of nanostructures has received abundant attention and been actively explored recently because of their various beneficial applications and properties across different fields. The biosynthesis of the nanostructure using green technology by the manipulation of a wide variety of plant materials has been the focus because it is biocompatible, non-toxic, and does not include any harmful substances. Biological methods using agro-wastes under green synthesis have been found to be simple, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective in generating iron oxide-based nanostructures instead of physical and chemical methods. Polysaccharides and biomolecules in agro-wastes could be utilized as stabilizers and reducing agents for the green production of nanostructured iron oxide towards a wide range of benefits. This review discusses the green production of iron oxide-based nanostructures through a simple and eco-friendly method and its potential applications in medical and sustainable agro-environments. This overview provides different ways to expand the usage of iron oxide nanomaterials in different sectors. Further, provided the options to select an appropriate plant towards the specific applications in agriculture and other sectors with the recommended future directions.

Numerical simulation of superparamagnetic nanoparticle motion in blood vessels for magnetic drug delivery

A numerical model is developed for the motion of superparamagnetic nanoparticles in a non-Newtonian blood flow under the influence of a magnetic field. The rheological properties of blood are modeled by the Carreau flow and viscosity, and the stochastic effects of Brownian motion and red blood cell collisions are considered. The model is validated with existing data and good agreement with experimental results is shown. The effectiveness of magnetic drug delivery in various blood vessels is assessed and found to be most successful in arterioles and capillaries. A range of magnetic field strengths are modeled using equations for both a bar magnet and a point dipole: it is shown that the bar magnet is effective at capturing nanoparticles in limited cases, while the point dipole is highly effective across a range of conditions. A parameter study is conducted to show the effects of changing the dipole moment, the distance from the magnet to the blood vessel, and the initial release point of the nanoparticles. The distance from the magnet to the blood vessel is shown to play a significant role in determining nanoparticle capture rate. The optimal initial release position is found to be located within the tumor radius in capillaries and arterioles to prevent rapid diffusion to the edges of the blood vessel prior to arriving at the tumor and near the edge of the magnet when a bar magnet is used.

Nano-fertilizers: A sustainable technology for improving crop nutrition and food security

Excessive use of synthetic fertilizers cause economic burdens, increasing soil, water and atmospheric pollution. Nano-fertilizers have shown great potential for their sustainable uses in soil fertility, crop production and with minimum or no environmental tradeoffs. Nano-fertilizers are of submicroscopic sizes, have a large surface area to volume ratio, can have nutrient encapsulation, and greater mobility hence they may increase plant nutrient access and crop yield. Due to these properties, nano-fertilizers are regarded as deliverable 'smart system of nutrients'. However, the problems in the agroecosystem are broader than existing developments. For example, nutrient delivery in different physicochemical properties of soils, moisture, and other agro-ecological conditions is still a challenge. In this context, the present review provides an overview of various uses of nanotechnology in agriculture, preference of nano-fertilizers over the conventional fertilizers, nano particles formation, mobility, and role in heterogeneous soils, with special emphasis on the development and use of chitosan-based nano-fertilizers.

Smart nanomaterials for cancer diagnosis and treatment

Innovations in nanomedicine has guided the improved outcomes for cancer diagnosis and therapy. However, frequent use of nanomaterials remains challenging due to specific limitations like non-targeted distribution causing low signal-to-noise ratio for diagnostics, complex fabrication, reduced-biocompatibility, decreased photostability, and systemic toxicity of nanomaterials within the body. Thus, better nanomaterial-systems with controlled physicochemical and biological properties, form the need of the hour. In this context, smart nanomaterials serve as promising solution, as they can be activated under specific exogenous or endogenous stimuli such as pH, temperature, enzymes, or a particular biological molecule. The properties of smart nanomaterials make them ideal candidates for various applications like biosensors, controlled drug release, and treatment of various diseases. Recently, smart nanomaterial-based cancer theranostic approaches have been developed, and they are displaying better selectivity and sensitivity with reduced side-effects in comparison to conventional methods. In cancer therapy, the smart nanomaterials-system only activates in response to tumor microenvironment (TME) and remains in deactivated state in normal cells, which further reduces the side-effects and systemic toxicities. Thus, the present review aims to describe the stimulus-based classification of smart nanomaterials, tumor microenvironment-responsive behaviour, and their up-to-date applications in cancer theranostics. Besides, present review addresses the development of various smart nanomaterials and their advantages for diagnosing and treating cancer. Here, we also discuss about the drug targeting and sustained drug release from nanocarriers, and different types of nanomaterials which have been engineered for this intent. Additionally, the present challenges and prospects of nanomaterials in effective cancer diagnosis and therapeutics have been discussed.

An insight into gastrointestinal macromolecule delivery using physical oral devices

Oral delivery is preferred over other routes of drug administration by both patients and physicians. The bioavailability of some therapeutics that are delivered via the oral route is restricted due to the protease- and bacteria-rich environment in the gastrointestinal tract, and by the pH variability along the delivery route. Given these harsh environments, the oral delivery of therapeutic macromolecules is complicated and remains challenging. Various formulation approaches, including the use of permeation enhancers and nanosized carriers, as well as chemical alteration of the drug structure, have been studied as ways to improve the oral absorption of macromolecular drugs. Nevertheless, the bioavailability of marketed oral peptide medicines is often relatively poor. This review highlights the most recent and promising physical methods for improving the oral bioavailability of macromolecules such as peptides. These methods include microneedle injections, high-speed stream injectors, magnetic drug targeting, expandable hydrogels, and iontophoresis. We highlight the potential and challenges of these new technologies, which may impact the future approaches used by pharmaceutical companies to create more efficient and safer orally administered macromolecules. Teaser: Despite substantial effort, the oral delivery of macromolecules remains challenging due to their low bioavailability. This review discusses the potential, challenges, and safety concerns associated with new technologies and devices for oral macromolecule delivery.

Real-Time Observation and Analysis of Magnetomechanical Actuation of Magnetic Nanoparticles in Cells

The origin of cell death in the magnetomechanical actuation of cells induced by magnetic nanoparticle motion under low-frequency magnetic fields is still elusive. Here, a miniaturized electromagnet fitted under a confocal microscope is used to observe in real time cells specifically targeted by superparamagnetic nanoparticles and exposed to a low-frequency rotating magnetic field. Our analysis reveals that the lysosome membrane is permeabilized in only a few minutes after the start of magnetic field application, concomitant with lysosome movements toward the nucleus. Those events are associated with disorganization of the tubulin microtubule network and a change in cell morphology. This miniaturized electromagnet will allow a deeper insight into the physical, molecular, and biological process occurring during the magnetomechanical actuation of magnetic nanoparticles.

Blood-brain barrier crossing using magnetic stimulated nanoparticles

Due to the low permeability and high selectivity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), existing brain therapeutic technologies are limited by the inefficient BBB crossing of conventional drugs. Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have shown great potential as nano-carriers for efficient BBB crossing under the external static magnetic field (SMF). To quantify the impact of SMF on MNPs' in vivo dynamics towards BBB crossing, we developed a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for intraperitoneal (IP) injected superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles coated by gold and conjugated with poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) (SPIO-Au-PEG NPs) in mice. Unlike most reported PBPK models that ignore brain permeability, we first obtained the brain permeabilities with and without SMF by determining the concentration of SPIO-Au-PEG NPs in the cerebral blood and brain tissue. This concentration in the brain was simulated by the advection-diffusion equations and was numerically solved in COMSOL Multiphysics. The results from the PBPK model after incorporating the brain permeability showed a good agreement (regression coefficient R² = 0.848) with the in vivo results, verifying the capability of using the proposed PBPK model to predict the in vivo biodistribution of SPIO-Au-PEG NPs under the exposure to SMF. Furthermore, the in vivo results revealed that the distribution coefficient from blood to brain under the exposure to SMF (4.01%) is slightly better than the control group (3.68%). In addition, the modification of SPIO-Au-PEG NPs with insulin (SPIO-Au-PEG-insulin) showed an improvement of the brain bioavailability by 24.47% in comparison to the non-insulin group. With the SMF stimulation, the brain bioavailability of SPIO-Au-PEG-insulin was further improved by 3.91% compared to the group without SMF. The PBPK model and in vivo validation in this paper lay a solid foundation for future study on non-invasive targeted drug delivery to the brain.

Emerging trends in nanoparticle toxicity and the significance of using Daphnia as a model organism

Nanoparticle production is on the rise due to its many uses in the burgeoning nanotechnology industry. Although nanoparticles have growing applications, there is great concern over their environmental impact due to their inevitable release into the environment. With uncertainty of environmental concentration and risk to aquatic organisms, the microcrustacean Daphnia spp. has emerged as an important freshwater model organism for risk assessment of nanoparticles because of its biological properties, including parthenogenetic reproduction; small size and short generation time; wide range of endpoints for ecotoxicological studies; known genome, useful for providing mechanistic information; and high sensitivity to environmental contaminants and other stressors. In this review, we (1) highlight the advantages of using Daphnia as an experimental model organism for nanotoxicity studies, (2) summarize the impacts of nanoparticle physicochemical characteristics on toxicity in relation to Daphnia, and (3) summarize the effects of nanoparticles (including nanoplastics) on Daphnia as well as mechanisms of toxicity, and (4) highlight research uncertainties and recommend future directions necessary to develop a deeper understanding of the fate and toxicity of nanoparticles and for the development of safer and more sustainable nanotechnology.

Magnetic Solid Nanoparticles and Their Counterparts: Recent Advances towards Cancer Theranostics

Cancer is currently a leading cause of death worldwide. The World Health Organization estimates an increase of 60% in the global cancer incidence in the next two decades. The inefficiency of the currently available therapies has prompted an urgent effort to develop new strategies that enable early diagnosis and improve response to treatment. Nanomedicine formulations can improve the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of conventional therapies and result in optimized cancer treatments. In particular, theranostic formulations aim at addressing the high heterogeneity of tumors and metastases by integrating imaging properties that enable a non-invasive and quantitative assessment of tumor targeting efficiency, drug delivery, and eventually the monitoring of the response to treatment. However, in order to exploit their full potential, the promising results observed in preclinical stages need to achieve clinical translation. Despite the significant number of available functionalization strategies, targeting efficiency is currently one of the major limitations of advanced nanomedicines in the oncology area, highlighting the need for more efficient nanoformulation designs that provide them with selectivity for precise cancer types and tumoral tissue. Under this current need, this review provides an overview of the strategies currently applied in the cancer theranostics field using magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), where both nanocarriers have recently entered the clinical trials stage. The integration of these formulations into magnetic solid lipid nanoparticles—with different composition and phenotypic activity—constitutes a new generation of theranostic nanomedicines with great potential for the selective, controlled, and safe delivery of chemotherapy.

Recent Developments in the Study of the Microenvironment of Cancer and Drug Delivery

Cancer is characterized by disrupted molecular variables caused by cells that deviate from regular signal transduction. The uncontrolled segment of such cancerous cells annihilates most of the tissues that contact them. Gene therapy, immunotherapy, and nanotechnology advancements have resulted in novel strategies for anticancer drug delivery. Furthermore, diverse dispersion of nanoparticles in normal stroma cells adversely affects the healthy cells and disrupts the crosstalk of tumour stroma. It can contribute to cancer cell progression inhibition and, conversely, to acquired resistance, enabling cancer cell metastasis and proliferation. The tumour's microenvironment is critical in controlling the dispersion and physiological activities of nano-chemotherapeutics which is one of the targeted drug therapy. As it is one of the methods of treating cancer that involves the use of medications or other substances to specifically target and kill off certain subsets of malignant cells. A targeted therapy may be administered alone or in addition to more conventional methods of care like surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation treatment. The tumour microenvironment, stromatogenesis, barriers and advancement in the drug delivery system across tumour tissue are summarised in this review.

Recent Advances in Plant Nanoscience

Plants have complex internal signaling pathways to quickly adjust to environmental changes and harvest energy from the environment. Facing the growing population, there is an urgent need for plant transformation and precise monitoring of plant growth to improve crop yields. Nanotechnology, an interdisciplinary research field, has recently been boosting plant yields and meeting global energy needs. In this context, a new field, "plant nanoscience," which describes the interaction between plants and nanotechnology, emerges as the times require. Nanosensors, nanofertilizers, nanopesticides, and nano-plant genetic engineering are of great help in increasing crop yields. Nanogenerators are helping to develop the potential of plants in the field of energy harvesting. Furthermore, the uptake and internalization of nanomaterials in plants and the possible effects are also worthy of attention. In this review, a forward-looking perspective on the plant nanoscience is presented and feasible solutions for future food shortages and energy crises are provided.

Acoustics at the nanoscale (nanoacoustics): A comprehensive literature review.: Part II: Nanoacoustics for biomedical imaging and therapy

In the past decade, acoustics at the nanoscale (i.e., nanoacoustics) has evolved rapidly with continuous and substantial expansion of capabilities and refinement of techniques. Motivated by research innovations in the last decade, for the first time, recent advancements of acoustics-associated nanomaterials/nanostructures and nanodevices for different applications are outlined in this comprehensive review, which is written in two parts. As part II of this two-part review, this paper concentrates on nanoacoustics in biomedical imaging and therapy applications, including molecular ultrasound imaging, photoacoustic imaging, ultrasound-mediated drug delivery and therapy, and photoacoustic drug delivery and therapy. Firstly, the recent developments of nanosized ultrasound and photoacoustic contrast agents as well as their various imaging applications are examined. Secondly, different types of nanomaterials/nanostructures as nanocarriers for ultrasound and photoacoustic therapies are discussed. Finally, a discussion of challenges and future research directions are provided for nanoacoustics in medical imaging and therapy.

Energetic and magnetic directional aggregation properties of KPA@Fe3O4composite particles prepared via a microcrystalline co-precipitation route

The development of new electromagnetic interference materials has attracted much attention in the information warfare. Herein, a novel KPA@Fe3O4composite particle was synthesized via a microcrystalline co-precipitation method. X-ray diffractions, scanning electron microscopes and vibrating sample magnetometer measurements were used to characterize the products. The results indicated that the surface of the potassium picrate (KPA) crystals was covered by magneticFe3O4nanoparticles, and composite particles exhibited excellent magnetic properties. Furthermore, the thermal behavior of the composite particles was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, which showed that the composite particles inherited the energetic property of pure KPA crystals when the mass fraction of magnetic component was 50%, or 65%. As for the composite particles with 75% magnetic component, the thermal stability of was poor. In addition, the magnetic directional aggregation performance of composite particles was analyzed by dynamic simulation, which moved toward the magnetic source. For the composite particles with 50% magnetic component, the maximum concentration was about 63 times of the initial concentration, and the peak velocity was 0.63 m s^-1. With the mass fraction of magnetic component increasing to 65%, the concentration and velocity of the composite particles generally increased at the corresponding moment. As the mass fraction of magnetic component increased to 75%, the change of them was not obvious. Therefore, the composite particles withFe3O4/KPA mass ratios of 65/35 had the best comprehensive properties. The excellent energetic and magnetic directional aggregation properties can allow the composites to be used in many potential applications in the information warfare.

Devices for drug delivery in the gastrointestinal tract: A review of systems physically interacting with the mucosa for enhanced delivery

The delivery of macromolecules via the gastrointestinal (GI) tract remains a significant challenge. A variety of technologies using physical modes of drug delivery have been developed and investigated to overcome the epithelial cell layer of the GI tract for local and systemic delivery. These technologies include direct injection, jetting, ultrasound, and iontophoresis, which have been largely adapted from transdermal drug delivery. Direct injection of agents using needles through endoscopy has been used clinically for over a century. Jetting, a needle-less method of drug delivery where a high-speed stream of fluid medication penetrates tissue, has been evaluated pre-clinically for delivery of agents into the buccal mucosa. Ultrasound has been shown to be beneficial in enhancing delivery of macromolecules, including nucleic acids, in pre-clinical animal models. The application of an electric field gradient to drive drugs into tissues through the technique of iontophoresis has been shown to deliver highly toxic chemotherapies into GI tissues. Here in, we provide an in-depth overview of these physical modes of drug delivery in the GI tract and their clinical and preclinical uses.