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Chen J, Qi D, Hu H, Wang X, Lin W. Unconventional posttranslational modification in innate immunity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:290. [PMID: 38970666 PMCID: PMC11335215 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05319-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) play a crucial role in innate immunity, and a complex network tightly controls their signaling cascades to maintain immune homeostasis. Within the modification network, posttranslational modifications (PTMs) are at the core of signaling cascades. Conventional PTMs, which include phosphorylation and ubiquitination, have been extensively studied. The regulatory role of unconventional PTMs, involving unanchored ubiquitination, ISGylation, SUMOylation, NEDDylation, methylation, acetylation, palmitoylation, glycosylation, and myristylation, in the modulation of innate immune signaling pathways has been increasingly investigated. This comprehensive review delves into the emerging field of unconventional PTMs and highlights their pivotal role in innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxi Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dejun Qi
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haorui Hu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaojian Wang
- Institute of Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
| | - Wenlong Lin
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.
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Jiang Z, Sun Z, Hu J, Li D, Xu X, Li M, Feng Z, Zeng S, Mao H, Hu C. Grass Carp Mex3A Promotes Ubiquitination and Degradation of RIG-I to Inhibit Innate Immune Response. Front Immunol 2022; 13:909315. [PMID: 35865536 PMCID: PMC9295999 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.909315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
As one of the Mex3 family members, Mex3A is crucial in cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis in mammals. In this study, a novel gene homologous to mammalian Mex3A (named CiMex3A, MW368974) was cloned and identified in grass carp, which is 1,521 bp in length encoding a putative polypeptide of 506 amino acids. In CIK cells, CiMex3A is upregulated after stimulation with LPS, Z-DNA, and especially with intracellular poly(I:C). CiMex3A overexpression reduces the expressions of IFN1, ISG15, and pro-inflammatory factors IL8 and TNFα; likewise, Mex3A inhibits IRF3 phosphorylation upon treatment with poly(I:C). A screening test to identify potential targets suggested that CiMex3A interacts with RIG-I exclusively. Co-localization analysis showed that Mex3A and RIG-I are simultaneously located in the endoplasmic reticulum, while they rarely appear in the endosome, mitochondria, or lysosome after exposure to poly(I:C). However, RIG-I is mainly located in the early endosome and then transferred to the late endosome following stimulation with poly(I:C). Moreover, we investigated the molecular mechanism underlying CiMex3A-mediated suppression of RIG-I ubiquitination. The results demonstrated that Mex3A truncation mutant (deletion in the RING domain) can still interact physically with RIG-I, but fail to degrade it, suggesting that Mex3A also acts as a RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligase. Taken together, this study showed that grass carp Mex3A can interact with RIG-I in the endoplasmic reticulum following poly(I:C) stimulation, and then Mex3A facilitates the ubiquitination and degradation of RIG-I to inhibit IRF3-mediated innate antiviral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyin Jiang
- School of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhichao Sun
- School of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Human Aging Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Human Aging, Nanchang, China
| | - Jihuan Hu
- School of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Dongming Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fuzhou Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaowen Xu
- School of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Meifeng Li
- School of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhiqing Feng
- School of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Shanshan Zeng
- School of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Huiling Mao
- School of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Chengyu Hu
- School of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- *Correspondence: Chengyu Hu,
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Fan Y, Li X, Zhang L, Zong Z, Wang F, Huang J, Zeng L, Zhang C, Yan H, Zhang L, Zhou F. SUMOylation in Viral Replication and Antiviral Defense. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2104126. [PMID: 35060688 PMCID: PMC8895153 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202104126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
SUMOylation is a ubiquitination-like post-translational modification that plays an essential role in the regulation of protein function. Recent studies have shown that proteins from both RNA and DNA virus families can be modified by SUMO conjugation, which facilitates viral replication. Viruses can manipulate the entire process of SUMOylation through interplay with the SUMO pathway. By contrast, SUMOylation can eliminate viral infection by regulating host antiviral immune components. A deeper understanding of how SUMOylation regulates viral proteins and cellular antiviral components is necessary for the development of effective antiviral therapies. In the present review, the regulatory mechanism of SUMOylation in viral replication and infection and the antiviral immune response, and the consequences of this regulation for viral replication and engagement with antiviral innate immunity are summarized. The potential therapeutic applications of SUMOylation in diseases caused by viruses are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Fan
- Department of PharmacologyZhejiang University City College School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang310015China
- Institutes of Biology and Medical ScienceSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123China
| | - Xiang Li
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling NetworkLife Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityRui'an325200China
| | - Zhi Zong
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling NetworkLife Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Fangwei Wang
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling NetworkLife Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Jun Huang
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling NetworkLife Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Linghui Zeng
- Department of PharmacologyZhejiang University City College School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang310015China
| | - Chong Zhang
- Department of PharmacologyZhejiang University City College School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang310015China
| | - Haiyan Yan
- Department of PharmacologyZhejiang University City College School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang310015China
| | - Long Zhang
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling NetworkLife Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Fangfang Zhou
- Institutes of Biology and Medical ScienceSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123China
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Li M, Hu J, Mao H, Li D, Jiang Z, Sun Z, Yu T, Hu C, Xu X. Grass Carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idella) KAT8 Inhibits IFN 1 Response Through Acetylating IRF3/IRF7. Front Immunol 2022; 12:808159. [PMID: 35046960 PMCID: PMC8761793 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.808159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs), such as phosphorylation and ubiquitination, etc., have been reported to modulate the activities of IRF3 and IRF7. In this study, we found an acetyltransferase KAT8 in grass carp (CiKAT8, MW286472) that acetylated IRF3/IRF7 and then resulted in inhibition of IFN 1 response. CiKAT8 expression was up-regulated in the cells under poly I:C, B-DNA or Z-DNA stimulation as well as GCRV(strain 873) or SVCV infection. The acetyltransferase domain (MYST domain) of KAT8 promoted the acetylation of IRF3 and IRF7 through the direct interaction with them. So, the domain is essential for KAT8 function. Expectedly, KAT8 without MYST domain (KAT8-△264-487) was granularly aggregated in the nucleus and failed to down-regulate IFN 1 expression. Subcellular localization analysis showed that KAT8 protein was evenly distributed in the nucleus. In addition, we found that KAT8 inhibited the recruitment of IRF3 and IRF7 to ISRE response element. Taken together, our findings revealed that grass carp KAT8 blocked the activities of IRF3 and IRF7 by acetylating them, resulting in a low affinity interaction of ISRE response element with IRF3 and IRF7, and then inhibiting nucleic acids-induced innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meifeng Li
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jihuan Hu
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Huiling Mao
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Dongming Li
- Fuzhou Medical College, Nanchang University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zeyin Jiang
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhichao Sun
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Tingting Yu
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Chengyu Hu
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaowen Xu
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Abstract
REC8 meiotic recombination protein (REC8) is a member of structural maintenance of chromosome (SMC) protein partners, which play an important role in meiosis, anti-tumor, and sperm formation. As the adapter proteins of RLR signaling and cGAS-DNA signaling, the activity and stability of MAVS (also known as VISA, Cardif and IPS-1) and STING (also known as MITA) are critical for innate immunity. Here, we report that REC8 interacts with MAVS and STING, and inhibits their ubiquitination and subsequent degradation, thereby promoting innate antiviral signaling. REC8 is upregulated through the JAK-STAT signaling pathway under viral infection. Knockdown of REC8 impair the innate immune responses against VSV (Vesicular Stomatitis Virus), NDV (Newcastle disease virus) and HSV (herpes simplex virus). Mechanistically, under the infection of viruses, the SUMOylated REC8 is transferred from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and then interacts with MAVS and STING to inhibit their K48-linked ubiquitination triggered by RNF5. Moreover, REC8 promotes the recruitment of TBK1 to MAVS and STING. Thus, REC8 functions as a positive modulator of innate immunity. Our work highlights a previously undocumented role of meiosis-associated protein REC8 in regulating innate immunity. IMPORTANCE The innate immune response is crucial for the host to resist the invasion of viruses and other pathogens. STING and MAVS play a critical role in the innate immune response to DNA and RNA viral infection, respectively. In this study, REC8 promotes the innate immune response by targeting STING and MAVS. Notably, REC8 interacts with MAVS and STING in the cytoplasm and inhibits K48-linked ubiquitination of MAVS and STING triggered by RNF5, stabilizing MAVS and STING protein to promote innate immunity and gradually inhibiting viral infection. Our study provides a new insight for the study of antiviral innate immune.
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Li W, Qiao J, You Q, Zong S, Peng Q, Liu Y, Hu S, Liu W, Li S, Shu X, Sun B. SARS-CoV-2 Nsp5 Activates NF-κB Pathway by Upregulating SUMOylation of MAVS. Front Immunol 2021; 12:750969. [PMID: 34858407 PMCID: PMC8631293 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.750969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection. A large number of clinical studies found high-level expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, which fuels the rapid development of the disease. However, the specific molecular mechanism is still unclear. In this study, we found that SARS-CoV-2 Nsp5 can induce the expression of cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-2 in Calu-3 and THP1 cells. Further research found that Nsp5 enhances cytokine expression through activating the NF-κB signaling pathway. Subsequently, we investigated the upstream effectors of the NF-κB signal pathway on Nsp5 overexpression and discovered that Nsp5 increases the protein level of MAVS. Moreover, Nsp5 can promote the SUMOylation of MAVS to increase its stability and lead to increasing levels of MAVS protein, finally triggering activation of NF-κB signaling. The knockdown of MAVS and the inhibitor of SUMOylation treatment can attenuate Nsp5-mediated NF-κB activation and cytokine induction. We identified a novel role of SARS-CoV-2 Nsp5 to enhance cytokine production by activating the NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiling Li
- Wuhan Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jialu Qiao
- Wuhan Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang You
- Wuhan Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shan Zong
- Wuhan Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Peng
- Wuhan Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuchen Liu
- Wuhan Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Song Hu
- Wuhan Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Wuhan Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shufen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiji Shu
- Wuhan Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Binlian Sun
- Wuhan Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
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K. ST, Joshi G, Arya P, Mahajan V, Chaturvedi A, Mishra RK. SUMO and SUMOylation Pathway at the Forefront of Host Immune Response. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:681057. [PMID: 34336833 PMCID: PMC8316833 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.681057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogens pose a continuous challenge for the survival of the host species. In response to the pathogens, the host immune system mounts orchestrated defense responses initiating various mechanisms both at the cellular and molecular levels, including multiple post-translational modifications (PTMs) leading to the initiation of signaling pathways. The network of such pathways results in the recruitment of various innate immune components and cells at the site of infection and activation of the adaptive immune cells, which work in synergy to combat the pathogens. Ubiquitination is one of the most commonly used PTMs. Host cells utilize ubiquitination for both temporal and spatial regulation of immune response pathways. Over the last decade, ubiquitin family proteins, particularly small ubiquitin-related modifiers (SUMO), have been widely implicated in host immune response. SUMOs are ubiquitin-like (Ubl) proteins transiently conjugated to a wide variety of proteins through SUMOylation. SUMOs primarily exert their effect on target proteins by covalently modifying them. However, SUMO also engages in a non-covalent interaction with the SUMO-interacting motif (SIM) in target proteins. Unlike ubiquitination, SUMOylation alters localization, interactions, functions, or stability of target proteins. This review provides an overview of the interplay of SUMOylation and immune signaling and development pathways in general. Additionally, we discuss in detail the regulation exerted by covalent SUMO modifications of target proteins, and SIM mediated non-covalent interactions with several effector proteins. In addition, we provide a comprehensive review of the literature on the importance of the SUMO pathway in the development and maintenance of a robust immune system network of the host. We also summarize how pathogens modulate the host SUMO cycle to sustain infectability. Studies dealing mainly with SUMO pathway proteins in the immune system are still in infancy. We anticipate that the field will see a thorough and more directed analysis of the SUMO pathway in regulating different cells and pathways of the immune system. Our current understanding of the importance of the SUMO pathway in the immune system necessitates an urgent need to synthesize specific inhibitors, bioactive regulatory molecules, as novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajeev T. K.
- Nups and SUMO Biology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, IISER Bhopal, Bhopal, India
| | - Garima Joshi
- Nups and SUMO Biology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, IISER Bhopal, Bhopal, India
| | - Pooja Arya
- National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Vibhuti Mahajan
- National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Akanksha Chaturvedi
- National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Ram Kumar Mishra
- Nups and SUMO Biology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, IISER Bhopal, Bhopal, India
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Yu L, Liu P. Cytosolic DNA sensing by cGAS: regulation, function, and human diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:170. [PMID: 33927185 PMCID: PMC8085147 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00554-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensing invasive cytosolic DNA is an integral component of innate immunity. cGAS was identified in 2013 as the major cytosolic DNA sensor that binds dsDNA to catalyze the synthesis of a special asymmetric cyclic-dinucleotide, 2'3'-cGAMP, as the secondary messenger to bind and activate STING for subsequent production of type I interferons and other immune-modulatory genes. Hyperactivation of cGAS signaling contributes to autoimmune diseases but serves as an adjuvant for anticancer immune therapy. On the other hand, inactivation of cGAS signaling causes deficiency to sense and clear the viral and bacterial infection and creates a tumor-prone immune microenvironment to facilitate tumor evasion of immune surveillance. Thus, cGAS activation is tightly controlled. In this review, we summarize up-to-date multilayers of regulatory mechanisms governing cGAS activation, including cGAS pre- and post-translational regulations, cGAS-binding proteins, and additional cGAS regulators such as ions and small molecules. We will also reveal the pathophysiological function of cGAS and its product cGAMP in human diseases. We hope to provide an up-to-date review for recent research advances of cGAS biology and cGAS-targeted therapies for human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Yu
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Pengda Liu
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Chelbi-Alix MK, Thibault P. Crosstalk Between SUMO and Ubiquitin-Like Proteins: Implication for Antiviral Defense. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:671067. [PMID: 33968942 PMCID: PMC8097047 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.671067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon (IFN) is a crucial first line of defense against viral infection. This cytokine induces the expression of several IFN-Stimulated Genes (ISGs), some of which act as restriction factors. Upon IFN stimulation, cells also express ISG15 and SUMO, two key ubiquitin-like (Ubl) modifiers that play important roles in the antiviral response. IFN itself increases the global cellular SUMOylation in a PML-dependent manner. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics enables the large-scale identification of Ubl protein conjugates to determine the sites of modification and the quantitative changes in protein abundance. Importantly, a key difference amongst SUMO paralogs is the ability of SUMO2/3 to form poly-SUMO chains that recruit SUMO ubiquitin ligases such RING finger protein RNF4 and RNF111, thus resulting in the proteasomal degradation of conjugated substrates. Crosstalk between poly-SUMOylation and ISG15 has been reported recently, where increased poly-SUMOylation in response to IFN enhances IFN-induced ISGylation, stabilizes several ISG products in a TRIM25-dependent fashion, and results in enhanced IFN-induced antiviral activities. This contribution will highlight the relevance of the global SUMO proteome and the crosstalk between SUMO, ubiquitin and ISG15 in controlling both the stability and function of specific restriction factors that mediate IFN antiviral defense.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pierre Thibault
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Montreal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Role of Host-Mediated Post-Translational Modifications (PTMs) in RNA Virus Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010323. [PMID: 33396899 PMCID: PMC7796338 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Being opportunistic intracellular pathogens, viruses are dependent on the host for their replication. They hijack host cellular machinery for their replication and survival by targeting crucial cellular physiological pathways, including transcription, translation, immune pathways, and apoptosis. Immediately after translation, the host and viral proteins undergo a process called post-translational modification (PTM). PTMs of proteins involves the attachment of small proteins, carbohydrates/lipids, or chemical groups to the proteins and are crucial for the proteins’ functioning. During viral infection, host proteins utilize PTMs to control the virus replication, using strategies like activating immune response pathways, inhibiting viral protein synthesis, and ultimately eliminating the virus from the host. PTM of viral proteins increases solubility, enhances antigenicity and virulence properties. However, RNA viruses are devoid of enzymes capable of introducing PTMs to their proteins. Hence, they utilize the host PTM machinery to promote their survival. Proteins from viruses belonging to the family: Togaviridae, Flaviviridae, Retroviridae, and Coronaviridae such as chikungunya, dengue, zika, HIV, and coronavirus are a few that are well-known to be modified. This review discusses various host and virus-mediated PTMs that play a role in the outcome during the infection.
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Suarez B, Prats-Mari L, Unfried JP, Fortes P. LncRNAs in the Type I Interferon Antiviral Response. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6447. [PMID: 32899429 PMCID: PMC7503479 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The proper functioning of the immune system requires a robust control over a delicate equilibrium between an ineffective response and immune overactivation. Poor responses to viral insults may lead to chronic or overwhelming infection, whereas unrestrained activation can cause autoimmune diseases and cancer. Control over the magnitude and duration of the antiviral immune response is exerted by a finely tuned positive or negative regulation at the DNA, RNA, and protein level of members of the type I interferon (IFN) signaling pathways and on the expression and activity of antiviral and proinflammatory factors. As summarized in this review, committed research during the last decade has shown that several of these processes are exquisitely regulated by long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), transcripts with poor coding capacity, but highly versatile functions. After infection, viruses, and the antiviral response they trigger, deregulate the expression of a subset of specific lncRNAs that function to promote or repress viral replication by inactivating or potentiating the antiviral response, respectively. These IFN-related lncRNAs are also highly tissue- and cell-type-specific, rendering them as promising biomarkers or therapeutic candidates to modulate specific stages of the antiviral immune response with fewer adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Suarez
- Program of Gene Therapy and Hepatology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra (UNAV), 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (B.S.); (L.P.-M.)
| | - Laura Prats-Mari
- Program of Gene Therapy and Hepatology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra (UNAV), 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (B.S.); (L.P.-M.)
| | - Juan P. Unfried
- Program of Gene Therapy and Hepatology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra (UNAV), 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (B.S.); (L.P.-M.)
| | - Puri Fortes
- Program of Gene Therapy and Hepatology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra (UNAV), 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (B.S.); (L.P.-M.)
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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12
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Lin H, Cao X. Nuclear innate sensors for nucleic acids in immunity and inflammation. Immunol Rev 2020; 297:162-173. [PMID: 32564422 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Innate sensors recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) to initiate innate immune response by activating downstream signaling. These evolutionarily conserved innate sensors usually locate in the plasma membrane or cytoplasm. However, the nucleus-localized innate sensors are recently found to detect pathogenic nucleic acids for initiating innate response, demonstrating a complicated crosstalk with cytoplasmic sensors and signaling molecules to form an elaborate tiered innate signaling network between nucleus and cytoplasm. Furthermore, these nuclear innate sensors evolve varied mechanisms for discriminating self from non-self nucleic acids to maintain immune homeostasis and avoid autoinflammatory immune response. In this review, we summarize the recent findings on the identification of nuclear innate sensors for nucleic acids, such as hnRNPA2B1, IFI16, SAFA, and their roles in host defense and inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Lin
- Center for Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuetao Cao
- Center for Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammation, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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13
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Sandner G, Mueller AS, Zhou X, Stadlbauer V, Schwarzinger B, Schwarzinger C, Wenzel U, Maenner K, van der Klis JD, Hirtenlehner S, Aumiller T, Weghuber J. Ginseng Extract Ameliorates the Negative Physiological Effects of Heat Stress by Supporting Heat Shock Response and Improving Intestinal Barrier Integrity: Evidence from Studies with Heat-Stressed Caco-2 Cells, C. elegans and Growing Broilers. Molecules 2020; 25:E835. [PMID: 32075045 PMCID: PMC7070719 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25040835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Climatic changes and heat stress have become a great challenge in the livestock industry, negatively affecting, in particular, poultry feed intake and intestinal barrier malfunction. Recently, phytogenic feed additives were applied to reduce heat stress effects on animal farming. Here, we investigated the effects of ginseng extract using various in vitro and in vivo experiments. Quantitative real-time PCR, transepithelial electrical resistance measurements and survival assays under heat stress conditions were carried out in various model systems, including Caco-2 cells, Caenorhabditis elegans and jejunum samples of broilers. Under heat stress conditions, ginseng treatment lowered the expression of HSPA1A (Caco-2) and the heat shock protein genes hsp-1 and hsp-16.2 (both in C. elegans), while all three of the tested genes encoding tight junction proteins, CLDN3, OCLN and CLDN1 (Caco-2), were upregulated. In addition, we observed prolonged survival under heat stress in Caenorhabditis elegans, and a better performance of growing ginseng-fed broilers by the increased gene expression of selected heat shock and tight junction proteins. The presence of ginseng extract resulted in a reduced decrease in transepithelial resistance under heat shock conditions. Finally, LC-MS analysis was performed to quantitate the most prominent ginsenosides in the extract used for this study, being Re, Rg1, Rc, Rb2 and Rd. In conclusion, ginseng extract was found to be a suitable feed additive in animal nutrition to reduce the negative physiological effects caused by heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Sandner
- School of Engineering and Environmental Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Stelzhamerstraße 23, Wels 4600, Austria; (G.S.); (V.S.); (B.S.)
| | - Andreas S. Mueller
- Delacon Biotechnik GmbH, Weissenwolffstraße 14, Steyregg 4221, Austria; (X.Z.); (J.D.v.d.K.); (S.H.); (T.A.)
| | - Xiaodan Zhou
- Delacon Biotechnik GmbH, Weissenwolffstraße 14, Steyregg 4221, Austria; (X.Z.); (J.D.v.d.K.); (S.H.); (T.A.)
| | - Verena Stadlbauer
- School of Engineering and Environmental Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Stelzhamerstraße 23, Wels 4600, Austria; (G.S.); (V.S.); (B.S.)
- FFoQSI GmbH-Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation, Technopark 1C, Tulln 3430, Austria
| | - Bettina Schwarzinger
- School of Engineering and Environmental Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Stelzhamerstraße 23, Wels 4600, Austria; (G.S.); (V.S.); (B.S.)
- FFoQSI GmbH-Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation, Technopark 1C, Tulln 3430, Austria
- Johannes Kepler University, Institute for Chemical Technology of Organic Materials, Linz, Austria 4040;
| | - Clemens Schwarzinger
- Johannes Kepler University, Institute for Chemical Technology of Organic Materials, Linz, Austria 4040;
| | - Uwe Wenzel
- Molecular Nutrition Research, Interdisciplinary Research Centre, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Klaus Maenner
- Institute of Animal Nutrition of Free University Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str.49, 14195 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Jan Dirk van der Klis
- Delacon Biotechnik GmbH, Weissenwolffstraße 14, Steyregg 4221, Austria; (X.Z.); (J.D.v.d.K.); (S.H.); (T.A.)
| | - Stefan Hirtenlehner
- Delacon Biotechnik GmbH, Weissenwolffstraße 14, Steyregg 4221, Austria; (X.Z.); (J.D.v.d.K.); (S.H.); (T.A.)
| | - Tobias Aumiller
- Delacon Biotechnik GmbH, Weissenwolffstraße 14, Steyregg 4221, Austria; (X.Z.); (J.D.v.d.K.); (S.H.); (T.A.)
| | - Julian Weghuber
- School of Engineering and Environmental Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Stelzhamerstraße 23, Wels 4600, Austria; (G.S.); (V.S.); (B.S.)
- FFoQSI GmbH-Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation, Technopark 1C, Tulln 3430, Austria
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14
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Barrio R, Sutherland JD, Rodriguez MS. SUMO and Cytoplasmic RNA Viruses: From Enemies to Best Friends. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1233:263-277. [PMID: 32274761 PMCID: PMC7144409 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-38266-7_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
SUMO is a ubiquitin-like protein that covalently binds to lysine residues of target proteins and regulates many biological processes such as protein subcellular localization or stability, transcription, DNA repair, innate immunity, or antiviral defense. SUMO has a critical role in the signaling pathway governing type I interferon (IFN) production, and among the SUMOylation substrates are many IFN-induced proteins. The overall effect of IFN is increasing global SUMOylation, pointing to SUMO as part of the antiviral stress response. Viral agents have developed different mechanisms to counteract the antiviral activities exerted by SUMO, and some viruses have evolved to exploit the host SUMOylation machinery to modify their own proteins. The exploitation of SUMO has been mainly linked to nuclear replicating viruses due to the predominant nuclear localization of SUMO proteins and enzymes involved in SUMOylation. However, SUMOylation of numerous viral proteins encoded by RNA viruses replicating at the cytoplasm has been lately described. Whether nuclear localization of these viral proteins is required for their SUMOylation is unclear. Here, we summarize the studies on exploitation of SUMOylation by cytoplasmic RNA viruses and discuss about the requirement for nuclear localization of their proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Barrio
- CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain
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15
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Fan X, Jin T. Structures of RIG-I-Like Receptors and Insights into Viral RNA Sensing. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1172:157-188. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-9367-9_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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16
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El Asmi F, Brantis-de-Carvalho CE, Blondel D, Chelbi-Alix MK. Rhabdoviruses, Antiviral Defense, and SUMO Pathway. Viruses 2018; 10:v10120686. [PMID: 30513968 PMCID: PMC6316701 DOI: 10.3390/v10120686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Small Ubiquitin-like MOdifier (SUMO) conjugation to proteins has essential roles in several processes including localization, stability, and function of several players implicated in intrinsic and innate immunity. In human, five paralogs of SUMO are known of which three are ubiquitously expressed (SUMO1, 2, and 3). Infection by rhabdoviruses triggers cellular responses through the activation of pattern recognition receptors, which leads to the production and secretion of interferon. This review will focus on the effects of the stable expression of the different SUMO paralogs or Ubc9 depletion on rhabdoviruses-induced interferon production and interferon signaling pathways as well as on the expression and functions of restriction factors conferring the resistance to rhabdoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faten El Asmi
- INSERM UMR-S 1124, Université Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France.
| | | | - Danielle Blondel
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS UMR 9198, Université Paris-Sud, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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17
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Zhao C, Jia M, Song H, Yu Z, Wang W, Li Q, Zhang L, Zhao W, Cao X. The E3 Ubiquitin Ligase TRIM40 Attenuates Antiviral Immune Responses by Targeting MDA5 and RIG-I. Cell Rep 2018; 21:1613-1623. [PMID: 29117565 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs), including melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) and RIG-I, are crucial for host recognition of non-self RNAs, especially viral RNA. Thus, the expression and activation of RLRs play fundamental roles in eliminating the invading RNA viruses and maintaining immune homeostasis. However, how RLR expression is tightly regulated remains to be further investigated. In this study, we identified a major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-encoded gene, tripartite interaction motif 40 (TRIM40), as a suppressor of RLR signaling by directly targeting MDA5 and RIG-I. TRIM40 binds to MDA5 and RIG-I and promotes their K27- and K48-linked polyubiquitination via its E3 ligase activity, leading to their proteasomal degradation. TRIM40 deficiency enhances RLR-triggered signaling. Consequently, TRIM40 deficiency greatly enhances antiviral immune responses and decreases viral replication in vivo. Thus, we demonstrate that TRIM40 limits RLR-triggered innate activation, suggesting TRIM40 as a potential therapeutic target for the control of viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyuan Zhao
- Department of Immunology & Center for Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Mutian Jia
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Hui Song
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Zhongxia Yu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Wenwen Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Lining Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.
| | - Xuetao Cao
- Department of Immunology & Center for Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China; National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
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18
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Sampaio EP, Ding L, Rose SR, Cruz P, Hsu AP, Kashyap A, Rosen LB, Smelkinson M, Tavella TA, Ferre EMN, Wierman MK, Zerbe CS, Lionakis MS, Holland SM. Novel signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 mutation disrupts small ubiquitin-related modifier conjugation causing gain of function. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 141:1844-1853.e2. [PMID: 28859974 PMCID: PMC5832513 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sumoylation is a posttranslational reversible modification of cellular proteins through the conjugation of small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) and comprises an important regulator of protein function. OBJECTIVE We sought to characterize the molecular mechanism of a novel mutation at the SUMO motif on signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1). METHODS STAT1 sequencing and functional characterization were performed in transfection experiments by using immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation in STAT1-deficient cell lines. Transcriptional response and target gene activation were also investigated in PBMCs. RESULTS We identified a novel STAT1 mutation (c.2114A>T, p.E705V) within the SUMO motif (702IKTE705) in a patient with disseminated Rhodococcus species infection, Norwegian scabies, chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, hypothyroidism, and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. The mutation is located in the tail segment and is predicted to disrupt STAT1 sumoylation. Immunoprecipitation experiments performed in transfected cells confirmed absent STAT1 sumoylation for E705V, whereas it was present in wild-type (WT) STAT1 cells, as well as the loss-of-function mutants L706S and Y701C. Furthermore, stimulation with IFN-γ led to enhanced STAT1 phosphorylation, enhanced transcriptional activity, and target gene expression in the E705V-transfected compared with WT-transfected cells. Computer modeling of WT and mutant STAT1 molecules showed variations in the accessibility of the phosphorylation site Y701, which corresponded to the loss-of-function and gain-of-function variants. CONCLUSION This is the first report of a mutation in the STAT1 sumoylation motif associated with clinical disease. These data reinforce sumoylation as a key posttranslational regulatory modification of STAT1 and identify a novel mechanism for gain-of-function STAT1 disease in human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth P Sampaio
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Md; Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Li Ding
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Md
| | - Stacey R Rose
- Fungal Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Md
| | - Phillip Cruz
- Computational Biology Section, Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch (BCBB), OCICB/OSMO/OD, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Md
| | - Amy P Hsu
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Md
| | - Anuj Kashyap
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Md
| | - Lindsey B Rosen
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Md
| | | | - Tatyana A Tavella
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Md
| | - Elise M N Ferre
- Fungal Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Md
| | - Meredith K Wierman
- Saint Joseph Physician Network Practices, Infectious Diseases, Mishawaka, Ind
| | - Christa S Zerbe
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Md
| | - Michail S Lionakis
- Fungal Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Md
| | - Steven M Holland
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Md
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19
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Said EA, Tremblay N, Al-Balushi MS, Al-Jabri AA, Lamarre D. Viruses Seen by Our Cells: The Role of Viral RNA Sensors. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:9480497. [PMID: 29854853 PMCID: PMC5952511 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9480497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the innate immune response in detecting RNA viruses is crucial for the establishment of proper inflammatory and antiviral responses. Different receptors, known as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), are present in the cytoplasm, endosomes, and on the cellular surface. These receptors have the capacity to sense the presence of viral nucleic acids as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). This recognition leads to the induction of type 1 interferons (IFNs) as well as inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. In this review, we provide an overview of the significant involvement of cellular RNA helicases and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 3, 7, and 8 in antiviral immune defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias A. Said
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 35, 123 Muscat, Oman
| | - Nicolas Tremblay
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM) et Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Mohammed S. Al-Balushi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 35, 123 Muscat, Oman
| | - Ali A. Al-Jabri
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 35, 123 Muscat, Oman
| | - Daniel Lamarre
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM) et Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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20
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Li K, Zhong B. Regulation of Cellular Antiviral Signaling by Modifications of Ubiquitin and Ubiquitin-like Molecules. Immune Netw 2018; 18:e4. [PMID: 29503737 PMCID: PMC5833123 DOI: 10.4110/in.2018.18.e4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The initiation of cellular antiviral signaling depends on host pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs)-mediated recognition of viral nucleic acids that are known as classical pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). PRRs recruit adaptor proteins and kinases to activate transcription factors and epigenetic modifiers to regulate transcription of hundreds of genes, the products of which collaborate to elicit antiviral responses. In addition, PRRs-triggered signaling induces activation of various inflammasomes which leads to the release of IL-1β and inflammation. Recent studies have demonstrated that PRRs-triggered signaling is critically regulated by ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like molecules. In this review, we first summarize an updated understanding of cellular antiviral signaling and virus-induced activation of inflammasome and then focus on the regulation of key components by ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Li
- Department of Immunology, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Bo Zhong
- Department of Immunology, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.,Department of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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21
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Adorisio S, Fierabracci A, Muscari I, Liberati AM, Ayroldi E, Migliorati G, Thuy TT, Riccardi C, Delfino DV. SUMO proteins: Guardians of immune system. J Autoimmun 2017; 84:21-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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22
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Zhou Y, He C, Wang L, Ge B. Post-translational regulation of antiviral innate signaling. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:1414-1426. [PMID: 28744851 PMCID: PMC7163624 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201746959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system initiates immune responses by pattern‐recognition receptors (PRR). Virus‐derived nucleic acids are sensed by the retinoic acid‐inducible gene I (RIG‐I)‐like receptor (RLR) family and the toll‐like receptor (TLR) family as well as the DNA sensor cyclic GMP‐AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS). These receptors activate IRF3/7 and NF‐κB signaling pathways to induce the expression of type I interferons (IFNs) and other cytokines firing antiviral responses within the cell. However, to achieve a favorable outcome for the host, a balanced production of IFNs and activation of antiviral responses is required. Post‐translational modifications (PTMs), such as the covalent linkage of functional groups to amino acid chains, are crucial for this immune homeostasis in antiviral responses. Canonical PTMs including phosphorylation and ubiquitination have been extensively studied and other PTMs such as methylation, acetylation, SUMOylation, ADP‐ribosylation and glutamylation are being increasingly implicated in antiviral innate immunity. Here we summarize our recent understanding of the most important PTMs regulating the antiviral innate immune response, and their role in virus‐related immune pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilong Zhou
- Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenxi He
- Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Baoxue Ge
- Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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23
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Abstract
RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) are cytosolic innate immune sensors that detect pathogenic RNA and induce a systemic antiviral response. During the last decade, many studies focused on their molecular characterization and the identification of RNA agonists. Therefore, it became more and more clear that RLR activation needs to be carefully regulated, because constitutive signaling or detection of endogenous RNA through loss of specificity is detrimental. Here, we review the current understanding of RLR activation and selectivity. We specifically focus upon recent findings on the function of the helicase domain in discriminating between different RNAs, and whose malfunctioning causes serious autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Lässig
- From the Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 81377 Munich and
| | - Karl-Peter Hopfner
- From the Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 81377 Munich and
- the Center for Integrated Protein Sciences, 81377 Munich, Germany
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24
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Doiron K, Goyon V, Coyaud E, Rajapakse S, Raught B, McBride HM. The dynamic interacting landscape of MAPL reveals essential functions for SUMOylation in innate immunity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:107. [PMID: 28273895 PMCID: PMC5427825 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00151-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of the innate immune response triggered by dsRNA viruses occurs through the assembly of the Mitochondrial Anti-Viral Signaling (MAVS) complex. Upon recognition of viral dsRNA, the cytosolic receptor RIG-I is activated and recruited to MAVS to activate the immune signaling response. We here demonstrate a strict requirement for a mitochondrial anchored protein ligase, MAPL (also called MUL1) in the signaling events that drive the transcriptional activation of antiviral genes downstream of Sendai virus infection, both in vivo and in vitro. A biotin environment scan of MAPL interacting polypeptides identified a series of proteins specific to Sendai virus infection; including RIG-I, IFIT1, IFIT2, HERC5 and others. Upon infection, RIG-I is SUMOylated in a MAPL-dependent manner, a conjugation step that is required for its activation. Consistent with this, MAPL was not required for signaling downstream of a constitutively activated form of RIG-I. These data highlight a critical role for MAPL and mitochondrial SUMOylation in the early steps of antiviral signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Doiron
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Ave, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Vanessa Goyon
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Ave, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Etienne Coyaud
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 101 College St., Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Sanjeeva Rajapakse
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Ave, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Brian Raught
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 101 College St., Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Heidi M McBride
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Ave, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada.
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25
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Hu MM, Shu HB. Multifaceted roles of TRIM38 in innate immune and inflammatory responses. Cell Mol Immunol 2017; 14:331-338. [PMID: 28194022 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2016.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The tripartite motif-containing (TRIM) proteins represent the largest E3 ubiquitin ligase family. The multifaceted roles of TRIM38 in innate immunity and inflammation have been intensively investigated in recent years. TRIM38 is essential for cytosolic RNA or DNA sensor-mediated innate immune responses to both RNA and DNA viruses, while negatively regulating TLR3/4- and TNF/IL-1β-triggered inflammatory responses. In these processes, TRIM38 acts as an E3 ubiquitin or SUMO ligase, which targets key cellular signaling components, or as an enzymatic activity-independent regulator. This review summarizes recent advances that highlight the critical roles of TRIM38 in the regulation of proper innate immune and inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ming Hu
- Medical Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Viral Immunology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Hong-Bing Shu
- Medical Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Viral Immunology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
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26
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Liu Y, Olagnier D, Lin R. Host and Viral Modulation of RIG-I-Mediated Antiviral Immunity. Front Immunol 2017; 7:662. [PMID: 28096803 PMCID: PMC5206486 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity is the first line of defense against invading pathogens. Rapid and efficient detection of pathogen-associated molecular patterns via pattern-recognition receptors is essential for the host to mount defensive and protective responses. Retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) is critical in triggering antiviral and inflammatory responses for the control of viral replication in response to cytoplasmic virus-specific RNA structures. Upon viral RNA recognition, RIG-I recruits the mitochondrial adaptor protein mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein, which leads to a signaling cascade that coordinates the induction of type I interferons (IFNs), as well as a large variety of antiviral interferon-stimulated genes. The RIG-I activation is tightly regulated via various posttranslational modifications for the prevention of aberrant innate immune signaling. By contrast, viruses have evolved mechanisms of evasion, such as sequestrating viral structures from RIG-I detections and targeting receptor or signaling molecules for degradation. These virus–host interactions have broadened our understanding of viral pathogenesis and provided insights into the function of the RIG-I pathway. In this review, we summarize the recent advances regarding RIG-I pathogen recognition and signaling transduction, cell-intrinsic control of RIG-I activation, and the viral antagonism of RIG-I signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiliu Liu
- Jewish General Hospital, Lady Davis Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - David Olagnier
- Jewish General Hospital, Lady Davis Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Rongtuan Lin
- Jewish General Hospital, Lady Davis Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Si Y, Zhang Y, Chen Z, Zhou R, Zhang Y, Hao D, Yan D. Posttranslational Modification Control of Inflammatory Signaling. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1024:37-61. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-5987-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Chiang C, Gack MU. Post-translational Control of Intracellular Pathogen Sensing Pathways. Trends Immunol 2016; 38:39-52. [PMID: 27863906 PMCID: PMC5580928 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian cells recognize virus-derived nucleic acids using a defined set of intracellular sensors including the DNA sensors cyclic GMP–AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS) and interferon gamma (IFNγ)-inducible protein 16 (IFI16) as well as viral RNA receptors of the retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptor (RLR) family. Following innate immune recognition, these sensors launch an immune response that is characterized by the transcriptional upregulation of many antiviral molecules, including proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and IFN-stimulated genes. Recent studies have demonstrated that the signal transduction initiated by these sensors is sophisticatedly regulated by post-translational modifications (PTMs) resulting in a robust yet ‘tunable’ cytokine response to maintain immune homeostasis. Here we summarize recent advances in our understanding of how PTMs and regulatory enzymes control the signaling activity of RLRs, cGAS, and IFI16 as well as their proximal adaptor proteins. Positive feedforward regulatory mechanisms serve as an important means of signal amplification to ensure an effective innate immune response. However, negative regulatory circuits are essential for the prevention of premature or overactive proinflammatory responses, which could have harmful consequences for the host organism. Phosphorylation and different types of polyubiquitin chains, particularly K63-linked ubiquitination, are important for fine-tuning signaling initiated by intracellular viral RNA and DNA receptors. Acetylation, glutamylation, and deamidation of innate immune sensors or components in their signaling pathways also dynamically modulate antiviral cytokine induction. Insight into the molecular mechanisms and regulatory enzymes that modulate innate sensing pathways may lead to therapeutics to boost antiviral immunity or dampen proinflammatory/autoimmune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Chiang
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Michaela U Gack
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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SUMO Modification Stabilizes Enterovirus 71 Polymerase 3D To Facilitate Viral Replication. J Virol 2016; 90:10472-10485. [PMID: 27630238 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01756-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that viruses hijack cellular proteins to circumvent the host immune system. Ubiquitination and SUMOylation are extensively studied posttranslational modifications (PTMs) that play critical roles in diverse biological processes. Cross talk between ubiquitination and SUMOylation of both host and viral proteins has been reported to result in distinct functional consequences. Enterovirus 71 (EV71), an RNA virus belonging to the family Picornaviridae, is a common cause of hand, foot, and mouth disease. Little is known concerning how host PTM systems interact with enteroviruses. Here, we demonstrate that the 3D protein, an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of EV71, is modified by small ubiquitin-like modifier 1 (SUMO-1) both during infection and in vitro Residues K159 and L150/D151/L152 were responsible for 3D SUMOylation as determined by bioinformatics prediction combined with site-directed mutagenesis. Also, primer-dependent polymerase assays indicated that mutation of SUMOylation sites impaired 3D polymerase activity and virus replication. Moreover, 3D is ubiquitinated in a SUMO-dependent manner, and SUMOylation is crucial for 3D stability, which may be due to the interplay between the two PTMs. Importantly, increasing the level of SUMO-1 in EV71-infected cells augmented the SUMOylation and ubiquitination levels of 3D, leading to enhanced replication of EV71. These results together suggested that SUMO and ubiquitin cooperatively regulated EV71 infection, either by SUMO-ubiquitin hybrid chains or by ubiquitin conjugating to the exposed lysine residue through SUMOylation. Our study provides new insight into how a virus utilizes cellular pathways to facilitate its replication. IMPORTANCE Infection with enterovirus 71 (EV71) often causes neurological diseases in children, and EV71 is responsible for the majority of fatalities. Based on a better understanding of interplay between virus and host cell, antiviral drugs against enteroviruses may be developed. As a dynamic cellular process of posttranslational modification, SUMOylation regulates global cellular protein localization, interaction, stability, and enzymatic activity. However, little is known concerning how SUMOylation directly influences virus replication by targeting viral polymerase. Here, we found that EV71 polymerase 3D was SUMOylated during EV71 infection and in vitro Moreover, the SUMOylation sites were determined, and in vitro polymerase assays indicated that mutations at SUMOylation sites could impair polymerase synthesis. Importantly, 3D is ubiquitinated in a SUMOylation-dependent manner that enhances the stability of the viral polymerase. Our findings indicate that the two modifications likely cooperatively enhance virus replication. Our study may offer a new therapeutic strategy against virus replication.
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Kim N, Now H, Nguyen NTH, Yoo JY. Multilayered regulations of RIG-I in the anti-viral signaling pathway. J Microbiol 2016; 54:583-587. [PMID: 27572506 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-016-6322-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
RIG-I is a cytosolic receptor recognizing virus-specific RNA structures and initiates an antiviral signaling that induces the production of interferons and proinflammatory cytokines. Because inappropriate RIG-I signaling affects either viral clearance or immune toxicity, multiple regulations of RIG-I have been investigated since its discovery as the viral RNA detector. In this review, we describe the recent progress in research on the regulation of RIG-I activity or abundance. Specifically, we focus on the mechanism that modulates RIG-I-dependent antiviral response through post-translational modifications of or protein-protein interactions with RIG-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nari Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hesung Now
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Nhung T H Nguyen
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Yeon Yoo
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
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Liu J, Qian C, Cao X. Post-Translational Modification Control of Innate Immunity. Immunity 2016; 45:15-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Hannoun Z, Maarifi G, Chelbi-Alix MK. The implication of SUMO in intrinsic and innate immunity. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2016; 29:3-16. [PMID: 27157810 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Since its discovery, SUMOylation has emerged as a key post-translational modification involved in the regulation of host-virus interactions. SUMOylation has been associated with the replication of a large number of viruses, either through the direct modification of viral proteins or through the modulation of cellular proteins implicated in antiviral defense. SUMO can affect protein function via covalent or non-covalent binding. There is growing evidence that SUMO regulates several host proteins involved in intrinsic and innate immunity, thereby contributing to the process governing interferon production during viral infection; as well as the interferon-activated Jak/STAT pathway. Unlike the interferon-mediated innate immune response, intrinsic antiviral resistance is mediated by constitutively expressed antiviral proteins (defined as restriction factors), which confer direct viral resistance through a variety of mechanisms. The aim of this review is to evaluate the role of SUMO in intrinsic and innate immunity; highlighting the involvement of the TRIM family proteins, with a specific focus on the mechanism through which SUMO affects i- interferon production upon viral infection, ii-interferon Jak/STAT signaling and biological responses, iii-the relationship between restriction factors and RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zara Hannoun
- INSERM UMR-S 1124, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
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Nguyen NT, Now H, Kim WJ, Kim N, Yoo JY. Ubiquitin-like modifier FAT10 attenuates RIG-I mediated antiviral signaling by segregating activated RIG-I from its signaling platform. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23377. [PMID: 26996158 PMCID: PMC4800306 DOI: 10.1038/srep23377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
RIG-I is a key cytosolic RNA sensor that mediates innate immune defense against RNA virus. Aberrant RIG-I activity leads to severe pathological states such as autosomal dominant multi-system disorder, inflammatory myophathies and dermatomyositis. Therefore, identification of regulators that ensure efficient defense without harmful immune-pathology is particularly critical to deal with RIG-I-associated diseases. Here, we presented the inflammatory inducible FAT10 as a novel negative regulator of RIG-I-mediated inflammatory response. In various cell lines, FAT10 protein is undetectable unless it is induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines. FAT10 non-covalently associated with the 2CARD domain of RIG-I, and inhibited viral RNA-induced IRF3 and NF-kB activation through modulating the RIG-I protein solubility. We further demonstrated that FAT10 was recruited to RIG-I-TRIM25 to form an inhibitory complex where FAT10 was stabilized by E3 ligase TRIM25. As the result, FAT10 inhibited the antiviral stress granules formation contains RIG-I and sequestered the active RIG-I away from the mitochondria. Our study presented a novel mechanism to dampen RIG-I activity. Highly accumulated FAT10 is observed in various cancers with pro-inflammatory environment, therefore, our finding which uncovered the suppressive effect of the accumulated FAT10 during virus-mediated inflammatory response may also provide molecular clue to understand the carcinogenesis related with infection and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhung T.H. Nguyen
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea Hyoja-dong 31, Pohang, 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Hesung Now
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea Hyoja-dong 31, Pohang, 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Jong Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea Hyoja-dong 31, Pohang, 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Nari Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea Hyoja-dong 31, Pohang, 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Yeon Yoo
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea Hyoja-dong 31, Pohang, 790-784, Republic of Korea
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Choi SJ, Lee HC, Kim JH, Park SY, Kim TH, Lee WK, Jang DJ, Yoon JE, Choi YI, Kim S, Ma J, Kim CJ, Yao TP, Jung JU, Lee JY, Lee JS. HDAC6 regulates cellular viral RNA sensing by deacetylation of RIG-I. EMBO J 2016; 35:429-42. [PMID: 26746851 PMCID: PMC4755110 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201592586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
RIG-I is a key cytosolic sensor that detects RNA viruses through its C-terminal region and activates the production of antiviral interferons (IFNs) and proinflammatory cytokines. While posttranslational modification has been demonstrated to regulate RIG-I signaling activity, its significance for the sensing of viral RNAs remains unclear. Here, we first show that the RIG-I C-terminal region undergoes deacetylation to regulate its viral RNA-sensing activity and that the HDAC6-mediated deacetylation of RIG-I is critical for viral RNA detection. HDAC6 transiently bound to RIG-I and removed the lysine 909 acetylation in the presence of viral RNAs, promoting RIG-I sensing of viral RNAs. Depletion of HDAC6 expression led to impaired antiviral responses against RNA viruses, but not against DNA viruses. Consequently, HDAC6 knockout mice were highly susceptible to RNA virus infections compared to wild-type mice. These findings underscore the critical role of HDAC6 in the modulation of the RIG-I-mediated antiviral sensing pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Jin Choi
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology (GRAST), Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hyun-Cheol Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Program), Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Program), Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Song Yi Park
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology (GRAST), Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Tae-Hwan Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Program), Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Woon-Kyu Lee
- College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Duk-Jae Jang
- College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Program), Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Yoon
- Foot and Mouth Disease Division, Animal Quarantine and Inspection Agency, Anyang, Korea
| | - Young-Il Choi
- CKD Research Institute, Yongin-si Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Seihwan Kim
- CKD Research Institute, Yongin-si Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - JinYeul Ma
- Korean Medicine (KM) Based Herbal Drug Development Group, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Chul-Joong Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Program), Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Tso-Pang Yao
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jae U Jung
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joo-Yong Lee
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology (GRAST), Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jong-Soo Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Program), Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
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Sumoylation coordinates the repression of inflammatory and anti-viral gene-expression programs during innate sensing. Nat Immunol 2015; 17:140-9. [PMID: 26657003 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Innate sensing of pathogens initiates inflammatory cytokine responses that need to be tightly controlled. We found here that after engagement of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in myeloid cells, deficient sumoylation caused increased secretion of transcription factor NF-κB-dependent inflammatory cytokines and a massive type I interferon signature. In mice, diminished sumoylation conferred susceptibility to endotoxin shock and resistance to viral infection. Overproduction of several NF-κB-dependent inflammatory cytokines required expression of the type I interferon receptor, which identified type I interferon as a central sumoylation-controlled hub for inflammation. Mechanistically, the small ubiquitin-like modifier SUMO operated from a distal enhancer of the gene encoding interferon-β (Ifnb1) to silence both basal and stimulus-induced activity of the Ifnb1 promoter. Therefore, sumoylation restrained inflammation by silencing Ifnb1 expression and by strictly suppressing an unanticipated priming by type I interferons of the TLR-induced production of inflammatory cytokines.
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36
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van der Lee R, Feng Q, Langereis MA, ter Horst R, Szklarczyk R, Netea MG, Andeweg AC, van Kuppeveld FJM, Huynen MA. Integrative Genomics-Based Discovery of Novel Regulators of the Innate Antiviral Response. PLoS Comput Biol 2015; 11:e1004553. [PMID: 26485378 PMCID: PMC4618338 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) pathway is essential for detecting cytosolic viral RNA to trigger the production of type I interferons (IFNα/β) that initiate an innate antiviral response. Through systematic assessment of a wide variety of genomics data, we discovered 10 molecular signatures of known RLR pathway components that collectively predict novel members. We demonstrate that RLR pathway genes, among others, tend to evolve rapidly, interact with viral proteins, contain a limited set of protein domains, are regulated by specific transcription factors, and form a tightly connected interaction network. Using a Bayesian approach to integrate these signatures, we propose likely novel RLR regulators. RNAi knockdown experiments revealed a high prediction accuracy, identifying 94 genes among 187 candidates tested (~50%) that affected viral RNA-induced production of IFNβ. The discovered antiviral regulators may participate in a wide range of processes that highlight the complexity of antiviral defense (e.g. MAP3K11, CDK11B, PSMA3, TRIM14, HSPA9B, CDC37, NUP98, G3BP1), and include uncharacterized factors (DDX17, C6orf58, C16orf57, PKN2, SNW1). Our validated RLR pathway list (http://rlr.cmbi.umcn.nl/), obtained using a combination of integrative genomics and experiments, is a new resource for innate antiviral immunity research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin van der Lee
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Qian Feng
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn A. Langereis
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rob ter Horst
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Radek Szklarczyk
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mihai G. Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Arno C. Andeweg
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank J. M. van Kuppeveld
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn A. Huynen
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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37
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Blondel D, Maarifi G, Nisole S, Chelbi-Alix MK. Resistance to Rhabdoviridae Infection and Subversion of Antiviral Responses. Viruses 2015; 7:3675-702. [PMID: 26198243 PMCID: PMC4517123 DOI: 10.3390/v7072794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon (IFN) treatment induces the expression of hundreds of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). However, only a selection of their products have been demonstrated to be responsible for the inhibition of rhabdovirus replication in cultured cells; and only a few have been shown to play a role in mediating the antiviral response in vivo using gene knockout mouse models. IFNs inhibit rhabdovirus replication at different stages via the induction of a variety of ISGs. This review will discuss how individual ISG products confer resistance to rhabdoviruses by blocking viral entry, degrading single stranded viral RNA, inhibiting viral translation or preventing release of virions from the cell. Furthermore, this review will highlight how these viruses counteract the host IFN system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Blondel
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS UMR 9198, Université Paris-Sud, Gif-sur-Yvette 91190, France.
| | - Ghizlane Maarifi
- INSERM UMR-S 1124, Université Paris Descartes, Centre Interdisciplinaire Chimie Biologie-Paris (FR 3567, CNRS), 75270 Paris Cedex 6, France.
| | - Sébastien Nisole
- INSERM UMR-S 1124, Université Paris Descartes, Centre Interdisciplinaire Chimie Biologie-Paris (FR 3567, CNRS), 75270 Paris Cedex 6, France.
| | - Mounira K Chelbi-Alix
- INSERM UMR-S 1124, Université Paris Descartes, Centre Interdisciplinaire Chimie Biologie-Paris (FR 3567, CNRS), 75270 Paris Cedex 6, France.
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38
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Lin D, Zhong B. Regulation of cellular innate antiviral signaling by ubiquitin modification. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2015; 47:149-55. [PMID: 25651846 PMCID: PMC7109689 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmu133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Host pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns generated by invading viruses and initiate a series of signaling cascades that lead to the activation of interferon-regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and subsequent induction of type I interferons (IFNs). Posttranslational modification of proteins by ubiquitin plays an essential role in mediating or regulating the virus-triggered PRRs-mediated signaling. Deubiquitination is the reversible process of ubiquitination and its role in regulating PRRs-mediated signaling has recently been explored. In this review, we first summarize the ubiquitination events in PRRs-mediated signaling that is triggered by viral nucleic acid and then focus on host and viral deubiquitinating enzymes-mediated regulation of virus-triggered signaling that modulates the activation of IRF3 and NF-κB and subsequent induction of type I IFNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Lin
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Bo Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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39
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxi Wu
- Department of Molecular Biology and
| | - Zhijian J. Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology and
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9148; ,
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40
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Li MT, Di W, Xu H, Yang YK, Chen HW, Zhang FX, Zhai ZH, Chen DY. Negative regulation of RIG-I-mediated innate antiviral signaling by SEC14L1. J Virol 2013; 87:10037-46. [PMID: 23843640 PMCID: PMC3754010 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01073-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) is a key sensor for recognizing nucleic acids derived from RNA viruses and triggers beta interferon (IFN-β) production. Because of its important role in antiviral innate immunity, the activity of RIG-I must be tightly controlled. Here, we used yeast two-hybrid screening to identify a SEC14 family member, SEC14L1, as a RIG-I-associated negative regulator. Transfected SEC14L1 interacted with RIG-I, and endogenous SEC14L1 associated with RIG-I in a viral infection-inducible manner. Overexpression of SEC14L1 inhibited transcriptional activity of the IFN-β promoter induced by RIG-I but not TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3). Knockdown of endogenous SEC14L1 in both HEK293T cells and HT1080 cells potentiated RIG-I and Sendai virus-triggered IFN-β production as well as attenuated the replication of Newcastle disease virus. SEC14L1 interacted with the N-terminal domain of RIG-I (RIG-I caspase activation and recruitment domain [RIG-I-CARD]) and competed with VISA/MAVS/IPS-1/Cardif for RIG-I-CARD binding. Domain mapping further indicated that the PRELI-MSF1 and CRAL-TRIO domains but not the GOLD domain of SEC14L1 are required for interaction and inhibitory function. These findings suggest that SEC14L1 functions as a novel negative regulator of RIG-I-mediated antiviral signaling by preventing RIG-I interaction with the downstream effector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Tong Li
- The Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Di
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Kang Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hai-Wei Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Fei-Xiong Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong-He Zhai
- The Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Dan-Ying Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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41
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Liu X, Wang Q, Chen W, Wang C. Dynamic regulation of innate immunity by ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2013; 24:559-70. [PMID: 23953672 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) are central to the host innate immune regulations. Dynamically, PTMs fine-tune the spatial and temporary responses of immune- and non-immune-cells, in accordance with extracellular and intracellular stresses. Ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins (Ubls) are emerging as the important multi-functional signals, controlling the activation, stability, affinity and location of many signaling proteins. Recent investigations, at the molecular-cellular-animal models, have shed new light on the versatility of the ubiquitin, SUMO and ISG15, for shaping the strength and duration of the innate immune responses. This review summarizes our current knowledge on the functions and regulatory mechanisms of the ubiquitin and Ubls in the innate immunity, the first line of host defense against microbial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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42
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Britto AMA, Amoedo ND, Pezzuto P, Afonso AO, Martínez AMB, Silveira J, Sion FS, Machado ES, Soares MA, Giannini ALM. Expression levels of the innate response gene RIG-I and its regulators RNF125 and TRIM25 in HIV-1-infected adult and pediatric individuals. AIDS 2013; 27:1879-85. [PMID: 24131985 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e328361cfbf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE TLRs (Toll-like receptors) and RLRs (RIG-I-like receptors) mediate innate immune responses by detecting microorganism invasion. RIG-I activation results in the production of interferon (IFN) type 1 and IFN responsive genes (ISGs). As the ubiquitin ligases RNF125 and TRIM25 are involved in regulating RIG-I function, our aim was to assess whether the levels of these three genes vary between healthy and HIV-infected individuals and whether these levels are related to disease progression. DESIGN Gene expression analyses for RIG-I, RNF125, and TRIM25 were performed for HIV-infected adults and the children's peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). METHODS Reverse transcription-quantitative PCRs (RT-qPCRs) were performed in order to quantify the expression levels of RIG-I, RNF125 and TRIM25 from PBMCs purified from control or HIV-infected individuals. RESULTS Controls express higher levels of the three genes when compared to HIV-infected patients. These expressions are clearly distinct between healthy and progressors, and are reproduced in adults and children. In controls, RNF125 is the highest expressed gene, whereas in progressors, RIG-I is either the highest expressed gene or is expressed similarly to RNF125 and TRIM25. CONCLUSION A pattern of expression of RIG-I, RNF125, and TRIM25 genes in HIV patients is evident. The high expression of RNF125 in healthy individuals reflects the importance of keeping RIG-I function off, inhibiting unnecessary IFN production. Consistent with this assumption, RNF125 levels are lower in HIV patients and importantly, the RNF125/RIG-I ratio is lower in patients who progress to AIDS. Our results might help to predict disease progression and unveil the role of poorly characterized host genes during HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan M A Britto
- aDepartamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia bInstituto de Bioquímica Médica, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro cFaculdade de Medicina, UFRG, Rio Grande dHospital Universitário Gaffrée e Guinle, UNIRIO eInstituto de Puericultura e Pediatria Martagão Gesteira, UFRJ fPrograma de Genética, INCA, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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43
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Abstract
Cells are equipped with mechanisms that allow them to rapidly detect and respond to viruses. These defense mechanisms rely partly on receptors that monitor the cytosol for the presence of atypical nucleic acids associated with virus infection. RIG-I-like receptors detect RNA molecules that are absent from the uninfected host. DNA receptors alert the cell to the abnormal presence of that nucleic acid in the cytosol. Signaling by RNA and DNA receptors results in the induction of restriction factors that prevent virus replication and establish cell-intrinsic antiviral immunity. In light of these formidable obstacles, viruses have evolved mechanisms of evasion, masking nucleic acid structures recognized by the host, sequestering themselves away from the cytosol or targeting host sensors, and signaling adaptors for deactivation or degradation. Here, we detail recent advances in the molecular understanding of cytosolic nucleic acid detection and its evasion by viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Goubau
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Safia Deddouche
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Caetano Reis e Sousa
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
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44
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Everett RD, Boutell C, Hale BG. Interplay between viruses and host sumoylation pathways. Nat Rev Microbiol 2013; 11:400-11. [PMID: 23624814 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro3015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modification by members of the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) family of proteins is important for the regulation of many cellular proteins and pathways. As obligate parasites, viruses must engage with the host cell throughout their replication cycles, and it is therefore unsurprising that there are many examples of interplay between viral proteins and the host sumoylation system. This article reviews recent advances in this field, summarizing information on sumoylated viral proteins, the varied ways in which viruses engage with SUMO-related pathways, and the consequences of these interactions for viral replication and engagement with innate and intrinsic immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger D Everett
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, 8 Church Street, Glasgow G11 5JR, UK.
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45
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Wan Q, Su J, Wang L, Peng L, Chen L. Correlation between grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) resistance to grass carp reovirus and the genetic insert-deletion polymorphisms in promoter and intron of RIG-I gene. Gene 2013; 516:320-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.12.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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46
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Luo D, Kohlway A, Pyle AM. Duplex RNA activated ATPases (DRAs): platforms for RNA sensing, signaling and processing. RNA Biol 2012; 10:111-20. [PMID: 23228901 PMCID: PMC3590228 DOI: 10.4161/rna.22706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Double-stranded RNAs are an important class of functional macromolecules in living systems. They are usually found as part of highly specialized intracellular machines that control diverse cellular events, ranging from virus replication, antiviral defense, RNA interference, to regulation of gene activities and genomic integrity. Within different intracellular machines, the RNA duplex is often found in association with specific RNA-dependent ATPases, including Dicer, RIG-I and DRH-3 proteins. These duplex RNA-activated ATPases represent an emerging group of motor proteins within the large and diverse super family 2 nucleic acid-dependent ATPases (which are historically defined as SF2 helicases). The duplex RNA-activated ATPases share characteristic molecular features for duplex RNA recognition, including motifs (e.g., motifs IIa and Vc) and an insertion domain (HEL2i), and they require double-strand RNA binding for their enzymatic activities. Proteins in this family undergo large conformational changes concomitant with RNA binding, ATP binding and ATP hydrolysis in order to achieve their functions, which include the release of signaling domains and the recruitment of partner proteins. The duplex RNA-activated ATPases represent a distinct and fascinating group of nanomechanical molecular motors that are essential for duplex RNA sensing and processing in diverse cellular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahai Luo
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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47
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Linking innate and adaptive immunity. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-012-5480-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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48
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Wilson VG. Sumoylation at the host-pathogen interface. Biomolecules 2012; 2:203-27. [PMID: 23795346 PMCID: PMC3685863 DOI: 10.3390/biom2020203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Many viral proteins have been shown to be sumoylated with corresponding regulatory effects on their protein function, indicating that this host cell modification process is widely exploited by viral pathogens to control viral activity. In addition to using sumoylation to regulate their own proteins, several viral pathogens have been shown to modulate overall host sumoylation levels. Given the large number of cellular targets for SUMO addition and the breadth of critical cellular processes that are regulated via sumoylation, viral modulation of overall sumoylation presumably alters the cellular environment to ensure that it is favorable for viral reproduction and/or persistence. Like some viruses, certain bacterial plant pathogens also target the sumoylation system, usually decreasing sumoylation to disrupt host anti-pathogen responses. The recent demonstration that Listeria monocytogenes also disrupts host sumoylation, and that this is required for efficient infection, extends the plant pathogen observations to a human pathogen and suggests that pathogen modulation of host sumoylation may be more widespread than previously appreciated. This review will focus on recent aspects of how pathogens modulate the host sumoylation system and how this benefits the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van G Wilson
- Department of Microbial & Molecular Pathogenesis, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, 8447 HWY 47, Bryan, TX 77807-1359
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49
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Type I interferons: diversity of sources, production pathways and effects on immune responses. Curr Opin Virol 2011; 1:463-75. [PMID: 22440910 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2011.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Revised: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN-I) were first described over 50 years ago as factors produced by cells that interfere with virus replication and promote an antiviral state. Innate and adaptive immune responses to viruses are also greatly influenced by IFN-I. In this article we discuss the diversity of cellular sources of IFN-I and the pathways leading to IFN-I production during viral infections. Finally, we discuss the effects of IFN-I on cells of the immune system with emphasis on dendritic cells.
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50
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Luo D, Ding SC, Vela A, Kohlway A, Lindenbach BD, Pyle AM. Structural insights into RNA recognition by RIG-I. Cell 2011; 147:409-22. [PMID: 22000018 PMCID: PMC3222294 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2011.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs, including RIG-I, MDA-5, and LGP2) recognize viral RNAs as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and initiate an antiviral immune response. To understand the molecular basis of this process, we determined the crystal structure of RIG-I in complex with double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). The dsRNA is sheathed within a network of protein domains that include a conserved "helicase" domain (regions HEL1 and HEL2), a specialized insertion domain (HEL2i), and a C-terminal regulatory domain (CTD). A V-shaped pincer connects HEL2 and the CTD by gripping an α-helical shaft that extends from HEL1. In this way, the pincer coordinates functions of all the domains and couples RNA binding with ATP hydrolysis. RIG-I falls within the Dicer-RIG-I clade of the superfamily 2 helicases, and this structure reveals complex interplay between motor domains, accessory mechanical domains, and RNA that has implications for understanding the nanomechanical function of this protein family and other ATPases more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahai Luo
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815
| | - Steve C. Ding
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Adriana Vela
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Andrew Kohlway
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Brett D. Lindenbach
- Section of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Anna Marie Pyle
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815
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