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Negash M, Chanyalew M, Girma T, Alemu F, Alcantara D, Towler B, Davey G, Boyton RJ, Altmann DM, Howe R, Newport MJ. Evidence for immune activation in pathogenesis of the HLA class II associated disease, podoconiosis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2020. [PMID: 38448477 PMCID: PMC10917762 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46347-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Available evidences suggest that podoconiosis is triggered by long term exposure of bare feet to volcanic red clay soil particles. Previous genome-wide studies in Ethiopia showed association between the HLA class II region and disease susceptibility. However, functional relationships between the soil trigger, immunogenetic risk factors and the immunological basis of the disease are uncharted. Therefore, we aimed to characterise the immune profile and gene expression of podoconiosis patients relative to endemic healthy controls. Peripheral blood immunophenotyping of T cells indicated podoconiosis patients had significantly higher CD4 and CD8 T cell surface HLA-DR expression compared to healthy controls while CD62L expression was significantly lower. The levels of the activation markers CD40 and CD86 were significantly higher on monocytes and dendritic cell subsets in patients compared to the controls. RNA sequencing gene expression data indicated higher transcript levels for activation, scavenger receptors, and apoptosis markers while levels were lower for histones, T cell receptors, variable, and constant immunoglobulin chain in podoconiosis patients compared to healthy controls. Our finding provides evidence that podoconiosis is associated with high levels of immune activation and inflammation with over-expression of genes within the pro-inflammatory axis. This offers further support to a working hypothesis of podoconiosis as soil particle-driven, HLA-associated disease of immunopathogenic aetiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikias Negash
- Brighton and Sussex Centre for Global Health Research, Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK.
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | | | - Tigist Girma
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Fekadu Alemu
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Diana Alcantara
- Brighton and Sussex Centre for Global Health Research, Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
| | - Ben Towler
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Gail Davey
- Brighton and Sussex Centre for Global Health Research, Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
- School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Rosemary J Boyton
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel M Altmann
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Rawleigh Howe
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Melanie J Newport
- Brighton and Sussex Centre for Global Health Research, Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
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2
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Del Vescovo S, Venerito V, Iannone C, Lopalco G. Uncovering the Underworld of Axial Spondyloarthritis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:6463. [PMID: 37047435 PMCID: PMC10095023 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Axial spondyloarthritis (axial-SpA) is a multifactorial disease characterized by inflammation in sacroiliac joints and spine, bone reabsorption, and aberrant bone deposition, which may lead to ankylosis. Disease pathogenesis depends on genetic, immunological, mechanical, and bioenvironmental factors. HLA-B27 represents the most important genetic factor, although the disease may also develop in its absence. This MHC class I molecule has been deeply studied from a molecular point of view. Different theories, including the arthritogenic peptide, the unfolded protein response, and HLA-B27 homodimers formation, have been proposed to explain its role. From an immunological point of view, a complex interplay between the innate and adaptive immune system is involved in disease onset. Unlike other systemic autoimmune diseases, the innate immune system in axial-SpA has a crucial role marked by abnormal activity of innate immune cells, including γδ T cells, type 3 innate lymphoid cells, neutrophils, and mucosal-associated invariant T cells, at tissue-specific sites prone to the disease. On the other hand, a T cell adaptive response would seem involved in axial-SpA pathogenesis as emphasized by several studies focusing on TCR low clonal heterogeneity and clonal expansions as well as an interindividual sharing of CD4/8 T cell receptors. As a result of this immune dysregulation, several proinflammatory molecules are produced following the activation of tangled intracellular pathways involved in pathomechanisms of axial-SpA. This review aims to expand the current understanding of axial-SpA pathogenesis, pointing out novel molecular mechanisms leading to disease development and to further investigate potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Del Vescovo
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J), Polyclinic Hospital, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Venerito
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J), Polyclinic Hospital, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Claudia Iannone
- Division of Clinical Rheumatology, ASST Gaetano Pini-CTO Institute, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lopalco
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J), Polyclinic Hospital, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
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3
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Role of DAMPs and cell death in autoimmune diseases: the example of multiple sclerosis. Genes Immun 2023; 24:57-70. [PMID: 36750753 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-023-00198-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a chronic neuroinflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) of unknown etiology and still incompletely clarified pathogenesis. The disease is generally considered a disorder resulting from a complex interplay between environmental risk factors and predisposing causal genetic variants. To examine the etiopathogenesis of the disease, two complementary pre-clinical models are currently discussed: the "outside-in" model proposing a peripherally elicited inflammatory/autoimmune attack against degraded myelin as the cause of the disease, and the "inside-out" paradigm implying a primary cytodegenerative process of cells in the CNS that triggers secondary reactive inflammatory/autoimmune responses against myelin debris. In this review, the integrating pathogenetic role of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) in these two scenario models is examined by focusing on the origin and sources of these molecules, which are known to promote neuroinflammation and, via activation of pattern recognition receptor-bearing antigen-presenting cells, drive and shape autoimmune responses. In particular, environmental factors are discussed that are conceptually defined as agents which produce endogenous DAMPs via induction of regulated cell death (RCD) or act themselves as exogenous DAMPs. Indeed, in the field of autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis, recent research has focused on environmental triggers that cause secondary events in terms of subroutines of RCD, which have been identified as prolific sources of DAMPs. Finally, a model of a DAMP-driven positive feed-forward loop of chronic inflammatory demyelinating processes is proposed, aimed at reconciling the competing "inside-out" and "outside-in" paradigms.
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4
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Li W, Zhang Y, Li R, Wang Y, Chen L, Dai S. A Novel Tolerogenic Antibody Targeting Disulfide-Modified Autoantigen Effectively Prevents Type 1 Diabetes in NOD Mice. Front Immunol 2022; 13:877022. [PMID: 36032077 PMCID: PMC9406144 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.877022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggested that the islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) is an essential autoantigen in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in humans and non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. A unique disulfide containing IAPP-derived peptide KS20 is one of the highly diabetogenic peptides in NOD mice. The KS20-reactive T cells, including prototypic pathogenic BDC5.2.9, accumulate in the pancreas of prediabetic and diabetic mice and contribute to disease development. We generated a monoclonal antibody (LD96.24) that interacts with IAg7-KS20 complexes with high affinity and specificity. LD96.24 recognized the IAg7-KS20 disulfide loop and blocked the interaction between IAg7-KS20 tetramers and cognate T cells but not other autoantigen-reactive T cells. The in vivo LD96.24 studies, at either early or late stages, drastically induced tolerance and delayed the onset of T1D disease in NOD mice by reducing the infiltration of not only IAPP-specific T cells but also chromogranin A and insulin-specific T cells in the pancreas, together with B cells and dendritic cells. LD96.24 can also significantly increase the ratio of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells with Interferon-gamma-secreting effector T cells. Our data suggested the important role of disulfide-modified peptides in the development of T1D. Targeting the complexes of Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)/disulfide modified antigens would influence the thiol redox balance and could be a novel immunotherapy for T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Immune-Related Diseases, Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Ronghui Li
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Immune-Related Diseases, Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Lan Chen
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Shaodong Dai
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- *Correspondence: Shaodong Dai,
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5
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Heather JM, Spindler MJ, Alonso M, Shui Y, Millar DG, Johnson D, Cobbold M, Hata A. OUP accepted manuscript. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:e68. [PMID: 35325179 PMCID: PMC9262623 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The study and manipulation of T cell receptors (TCRs) is central to multiple fields across basic and translational immunology research. Produced by V(D)J recombination, TCRs are often only recorded in the literature and data repositories as a combination of their V and J gene symbols, plus their hypervariable CDR3 amino acid sequence. However, numerous applications require full-length coding nucleotide sequences. Here we present Stitchr, a software tool developed to specifically address this limitation. Given minimal V/J/CDR3 information, Stitchr produces complete coding sequences representing a fully spliced TCR cDNA. Due to its modular design, Stitchr can be used for TCR engineering using either published germline or novel/modified variable and constant region sequences. Sequences produced by Stitchr were validated by synthesizing and transducing TCR sequences into Jurkat cells, recapitulating the expected antigen specificity of the parental TCR. Using a companion script, Thimble, we demonstrate that Stitchr can process a million TCRs in under ten minutes using a standard desktop personal computer. By systematizing the production and modification of TCR sequences, we propose that Stitchr will increase the speed, repeatability, and reproducibility of TCR research. Stitchr is available on GitHub.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Heather
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1 617 724 0104;
| | | | | | | | - David G Millar
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Mark Cobbold
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aaron N Hata
- Correspondence may also be addressed to Aaron N. Hata. Tel: +1 617 724 3442;
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6
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Ito K, Kanaseki T, Tokita S, Torigoe T, Hirasawa N, Ogasawara K. Palladium-Induced Temporal Internalization of MHC Class I Contributes to T Cell-Mediated Antigenicity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:736936. [PMID: 35003059 PMCID: PMC8732370 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.736936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Palladium (Pd) is a widely used metal and extremely important biomaterial for the reconstruction of occlusions during dental restorations. However, metallic biomaterials can cause serious allergic reactions, such as Pd-related oral mucositis seen in dentistry. Metal allergy is categorized as a type IV allergy and we demonstrated that CD8 T cells play an important role in Pd allergy previously. As TCR of CD8 T cells recognizes MHC class I/peptide complex, the antigen specificity to this complex seems to be generated during Pd allergy. However, it remains unknown if Pd affects the MHC class I/peptide complex. In this study, we investigated the behavior of the MHC class I/peptide complex in response to Pd treatment. We found that PdCl2 treatment altered peptide presentation on MHC class I and that co-culture with Pd-treated DC2.4 cells induced activation of Pd-responsive TCR-expressing T cell line. Furthermore, PdCl2 treatment induced temporal MHC class I internalization and inhibition of membrane movement suppressed Pd-induced T cell-mediated antigenicity. These data suggest that Pd-induced MHC class I internalization is critical for generation of antigenicity through a mechanism including differential peptide loading on MHC class I, which results in Pd allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koyu Ito
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Development Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- *Correspondence: Koyu Ito, ; Kouetsu Ogasawara,
| | - Takayuki Kanaseki
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Serina Tokita
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
- Academic Center, Sapporo Dohto Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Torigoe
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Noriyasu Hirasawa
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy of Life-Style Related Diseases, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kouetsu Ogasawara
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Development Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- *Correspondence: Koyu Ito, ; Kouetsu Ogasawara,
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7
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Hayran Y, Gunindi Korkut M, Öktem A, Şen O, Gür Aksoy G, Özmen F. Evaluation of HLA class I and HLA class II allele profile and its relationship with clinical features in patients with alopecia areata: a case-control study. J DERMATOL TREAT 2021; 33:2175-2181. [PMID: 34057862 DOI: 10.1080/09546634.2021.1937478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alopecia areata (AA) is an autoimmune disease where autoimmune dysregulations along with genetic susceptibility are hypothesized to play a role in pathogenesis. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study in to evaluate HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C, HLA-DQB1, and HLA-DRB1 profile and its relationship with clinical features in AA patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ninety-eight patients with AA and 100 healthy controls were included in the study. HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C, HLA-DQB1, and HLA-DRB1 frequencies were analyzed using polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific primers (PCR-SSP). RESULTS HLA-B*39 and HLA-HLA-DRB1*15 allele frequencies were increased (p = .022 and p = .023, respectively), HLA-A*11 and HLA-B*35 frequencies were decreased (p = .006 and p = .014, respectively) in AA patients. HLA-B*13 and HLA-DRB1*11 were associated with poor prognostic factors. A class I allele, HLA-B*13 was associated with recurrence (p = .023) and presence of nevus flammeus (p = .022), while the class II allele HLA-DRB1*11 was associated with widespread hair loss (diffuse or universal alopecia) (p = .026), presence of ophiasis (p = .049) and juvenile onset (p = .018). CONCLUSION Belonging to two different classes of HLA family, HLA-B*13 and HLA-DRB1*11 alleles identified separate set of risk factors. In addition to increasing the risk of AA, HLA alleles may affect the prognosis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yıldız Hayran
- Department of Dermatology, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Ayşe Öktem
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Orhan Şen
- Department of Dermatology, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Güneş Gür Aksoy
- Department of Dermatology, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Füsun Özmen
- Department of Basic Oncology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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8
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Charles A, Bourne CM, Korontsvit T, Aretz ZEH, Mun SS, Dao T, Klatt MG, Scheinberg DA. Low-dose CDK4/6 inhibitors induce presentation of pathway specific MHC ligands as potential targets for cancer immunotherapy. Oncoimmunology 2021; 10:1916243. [PMID: 34104540 PMCID: PMC8158036 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2021.1916243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclin dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitors (CDK4/6i) lead to cell-cycle arrest but also trigger T cell-mediated immunity, which might be mediated by changes in human leukocyte antigen (HLA) ligands. We investigated the effects of CDK4/6i, abemaciclib and palbociclib, on the immunopeptidome at nontoxic levels in breast cancer cell lines by biochemical identification of HLA ligands followed by network analyses. This treatment led to upregulation of HLA and revealed hundreds of induced HLA ligands in breast cancer cell lines. These new ligands were significantly enriched for peptides derived from proteins involved in the “G1/S phase transition of cell cycle” including HLA ligands from CDK4/6, Cyclin D1 and the 26S regulatory proteasomal subunit 4 (PSMC1). Interestingly, peptides from proteins targeted by abemaciclib and palbociclib, were predicted to be the most likely to induce a T cell response. In strong contrast, peptides induced by solely one of the drugs had a lower T cell recognition score compared to the DMSO control suggesting that the observed effect is class dependent. This general hypothesis was exemplified by a peptide from PSMC1 which was among the HLA ligands with highest prediction scores and which elicited a T cell response in healthy donors. Overall, these data demonstrate that CDK4/6i treatment gives rise to drug-induced HLA ligands from G1/S phase transition, that have the highest chance for being recognized by T cells, thus providing evidence that inhibition of a distinct cellular process leads to increased presentation of the involved proteins that may be targeted by immunotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Charles
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, USA
| | - Christopher M Bourne
- Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Tanya Korontsvit
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, USA
| | - Zita E H Aretz
- Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Sung Soo Mun
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, USA
| | - Tao Dao
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, USA
| | - Martin G Klatt
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, USA
| | - David A Scheinberg
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, USA.,Pharmacology Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, USA
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9
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HLA-DRB1 allelic epitopes that associate with autoimmune disease risk or protection activate reciprocal macrophage polarization. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2599. [PMID: 33510427 PMCID: PMC7844024 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82195-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Associations between particular human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles and susceptibility to-or protection from-autoimmune diseases have been long observed. Allele-specific antigen presentation (AP) has been widely proposed as a culprit, but it is unclear whether HLA molecules might also have non-AP, disease-modulating effects. Here we demonstrate differential macrophage activation by HLA-DRB1 alleles known to associate with autoimmune disease risk or protection with resultant polarization of pro-inflammatory ("M1") versus anti-inflammatory ("M2") macrophages, respectively. RNA-sequencing analyses of in vitro-polarized macrophages in the presence of AP-incompetent short synthetic peptides corresponding to the third allelic hypervariable regions coded by those two HLA-DRB1 alleles showed reciprocal activation of pro- versus anti-inflammatory transcriptomes, with implication of corresponding gene ontologies and upstream regulators. These results identify a previously unrecognized mechanism of differential immune modulation by short HLA-DRB1-coded allelic epitopes independent of AP, and could shed new light on the mechanistic basis of HLA-disease association.
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10
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Loll B, Rückert C, Uchanska-Ziegler B, Ziegler A. Conformational Plasticity of HLA-B27 Molecules Correlates Inversely With Efficiency of Negative T Cell Selection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:179. [PMID: 32117305 PMCID: PMC7027375 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of autoimmune disorders is incompletely understood. Inefficient thymic T cell selection against self-peptides presented by major histocompatibility antigens (HLA in humans) may contribute to the emergence of auto-reactive effector cells, and molecular mimicry between foreign and self-peptides could promote T cell cross-reactivity. A pair of class I subtypes, HLA-B2705 and HLA-B2709, have previously been intensely studied, because they are distinguished from each other only by a single amino acid exchange at the floor of the peptide-binding groove, yet are differentially associated with the autoinflammatory disorder ankylosing spondylitis. Using X-ray crystallography in combination with ensemble refinement, we find that the non-disease-associated subtype HLA-B2709, when presenting the self-peptide pGR (RRRWHRWRL), exhibits elevated conformational dynamics, and the complex can also be recognized by T cells. Both features are not observed in case of the sequence-related self-peptide pVIPR (RRKWRRWHL) in complex with this subtype, and T cell cross-reactivity between pGR, pVIPR, and the viral peptide pLMP2 (RRRWRRLTV) is only rarely observed. The disease-associated subtype HLA-B2705, however, exhibits extensive conformational flexibility in case of the three complexes, all of which are also recognized by frequently occurring cross-reactive T cells. A comparison of the structural and dynamic properties of the six HLA-B27 complexes, together with their individual ability to interact with T cells, permits us to correlate the flexibility of HLA-B27 complexes with effector cell reactivity. The results suggest the existence of an inverse relationship between conformational plasticity of peptide-HLA-B27 complexes and the efficiency of negative selection of self-reactive cells within the thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Loll
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Abteilung Strukturbiochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany,*Correspondence: Bernhard Loll
| | - Christine Rückert
- Institut für Immungenetik, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Barbara Uchanska-Ziegler
- Institut für Immungenetik, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany,Ziegler Biosolutions, Waldshut-Tiengen, Germany
| | - Andreas Ziegler
- Ziegler Biosolutions, Waldshut-Tiengen, Germany,Andreas Ziegler
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11
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D'Antonio M, Reyna J, Jakubosky D, Donovan MKR, Bonder MJ, Matsui H, Stegle O, Nariai N, D'Antonio-Chronowska A, Frazer KA. Systematic genetic analysis of the MHC region reveals mechanistic underpinnings of HLA type associations with disease. eLife 2019; 8:e48476. [PMID: 31746734 PMCID: PMC6904215 DOI: 10.7554/elife.48476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The MHC region is highly associated with autoimmune and infectious diseases. Here we conduct an in-depth interrogation of associations between genetic variation, gene expression and disease. We create a comprehensive map of regulatory variation in the MHC region using WGS from 419 individuals to call eight-digit HLA types and RNA-seq data from matched iPSCs. Building on this regulatory map, we explored GWAS signals for 4083 traits, detecting colocalization for 180 disease loci with eQTLs. We show that eQTL analyses taking HLA type haplotypes into account have substantially greater power compared with only using single variants. We examined the association between the 8.1 ancestral haplotype and delayed colonization in Cystic Fibrosis, postulating that downregulation of RNF5 expression is the likely causal mechanism. Our study provides insights into the genetic architecture of the MHC region and pinpoints disease associations that are due to differential expression of HLA genes and non-HLA genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo D'Antonio
- Institute for Genomic MedicineUniversity of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
- Department of PediatricsRady Children’s Hospital, University of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
| | - Joaquin Reyna
- Department of PediatricsRady Children’s Hospital, University of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate ProgramUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaUnited States
| | - David Jakubosky
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate ProgramUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaUnited States
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Graduate ProgramUniversity of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
| | - Margaret KR Donovan
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Graduate ProgramUniversity of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
- Department of Biomedical InformaticsUniversity of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
| | - Marc-Jan Bonder
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics InstituteCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Hiroko Matsui
- Institute for Genomic MedicineUniversity of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
| | - Oliver Stegle
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics InstituteCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Naoki Nariai
- Department of PediatricsRady Children’s Hospital, University of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
| | - Agnieszka D'Antonio-Chronowska
- Institute for Genomic MedicineUniversity of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
- Department of PediatricsRady Children’s Hospital, University of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
| | - Kelly A Frazer
- Institute for Genomic MedicineUniversity of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
- Department of PediatricsRady Children’s Hospital, University of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
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12
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Driller R, Ballaschk M, Schmieder P, Uchanska-Ziegler B, Ziegler A, Loll B. Metal-triggered conformational reorientation of a self-peptide bound to a disease-associated HLA-B*27 subtype. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:13269-13279. [PMID: 31296658 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Conformational changes of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens have the potential to be recognized by T cells and may arise from polymorphic variation of the MHC molecule, the binding of modifying ligands, or both. Here, we investigated whether metal ions could affect allele-dependent structural variation of the two minimally distinct human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B*27:05 and HLA-B*27:09 subtypes, which exhibit differential association with the rheumatic disease ankylosing spondylitis (AS). We employed NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography coupled with ensemble refinement to study the AS-associated HLA-B*27:05 subtype and the AS-nonassociated HLA-B* 27:09 in complex with the self-peptide pVIPR (RRKWRRWHL). Both techniques revealed that pVIPR exhibits a higher degree of flexibility when complexed with HLA-B*27:05 than with HLA-B*27:09. Furthermore, we found that the binding of the metal ion Cu2+ or Ni2+, but not Mn2+, Zn2+, or Hg2+, affects the structure of a pVIPR-bound HLA-B*27 molecule in a subtype-dependent manner. In HLA-B*27:05, the metals triggered conformational reorientations of pVIPR, but no such structural changes were observed in the HLA-B*27:09 subtype, with or without bound metal ion. These observations provide the first demonstration that not only major histocompatibility complex class II, but also class I, molecules can undergo metal ion-induced conformational alterations. Our findings suggest that metals may have a role in triggering rheumatic diseases such as AS and also have implications for the molecular basis of metal-induced hypersensitivities and allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronja Driller
- Institut für Chemie/Biochemie, AG Strukturbiochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Ballaschk
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Schmieder
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Barbara Uchanska-Ziegler
- Institut für Immungenetik, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Thielallee 73, 14195 Berlin, Germany; Ziegler Biosolutions, Fahrgasse 5, 79761 Waldshut-Tiengen, Germany
| | - Andreas Ziegler
- Ziegler Biosolutions, Fahrgasse 5, 79761 Waldshut-Tiengen, Germany.
| | - Bernhard Loll
- Institut für Chemie/Biochemie, AG Strukturbiochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany; MoloX GmbH, Takustrasse 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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13
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Geenen V, Trussart C, Michaux H, Halouani A, Jaïdane H, Collée C, Renard C, Daukandt M, Ledent P, Martens H. The presentation of neuroendocrine self-peptides in the thymus: an essential event for individual life and vertebrate survival. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1455:113-125. [PMID: 31008523 PMCID: PMC6899491 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Confirming Burnet's early hypothesis, elimination of self‐reactive T cells in the thymus was demonstrated in the late 1980s, and an important question immediately arose about the nature of the self‐peptides expressed in the thymus. Many genes encoding neuroendocrine‐related and tissue‐restricted antigens (TRAs) are transcribed in thymic epithelial cells (TECs). They are then processed for presentation by proteins of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) expressed by TECs and thymic dendritic cells. MHC presentation of self‐peptides in the thymus programs self‐tolerance by two complementary mechanisms: (1) negative selection of self‐reactive “forbidden” T cell clones starting already in fetal life, and (2) generation of self‐specific thymic regulatory T lymphocytes (tTreg cells), mainly after birth. Many studies, including the discovery of the transcription factors autoimmune regulator (AIRE) and fasciculation and elongation protein zeta family zinc finger (FEZF2), have shown that a defect in thymus central self‐tolerance is the earliest event promoting autoimmunity. AIRE and FEZF2 control the level of transcription of many neuroendocrine self‐peptides and TRAs in the thymic epithelium. Furthermore, AIRE and FEZF2 mutations are associated with the development of autoimmunity in peripheral organs. The discovery of the intrathymic presentation of self‐peptides has revolutionized our knowledge of immunology and is opening novel avenues for prevention/treatment of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Geenen
- GIGA Institute, University of Liège, Liège-Sart Tilman, Belgium
| | | | - Hélène Michaux
- GIGA Institute, University of Liège, Liège-Sart Tilman, Belgium
| | - Aymen Halouani
- GIGA Institute, University of Liège, Liège-Sart Tilman, Belgium.,Faculty of Sciences and Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tunis El Manar, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Hela Jaïdane
- Faculty of Sciences and Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tunis El Manar, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Caroline Collée
- GIGA Institute, University of Liège, Liège-Sart Tilman, Belgium
| | - Chantal Renard
- GIGA Institute, University of Liège, Liège-Sart Tilman, Belgium
| | - Marc Daukandt
- X-Press Biologics, Industrial Park of Milmort, Liège, Belgium
| | - Philippe Ledent
- X-Press Biologics, Industrial Park of Milmort, Liège, Belgium
| | - Henri Martens
- GIGA Institute, University of Liège, Liège-Sart Tilman, Belgium
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14
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Abstract
Transition state theory teaches that chemically stable mimics of enzymatic transition states will bind tightly to their cognate enzymes. Kinetic isotope effects combined with computational quantum chemistry provides enzymatic transition state information with sufficient fidelity to design transition state analogues. Examples are selected from various stages of drug development to demonstrate the application of transition state theory, inhibitor design, physicochemical characterization of transition state analogues, and their progress in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vern L. Schramm
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
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15
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van Drongelen V, Holoshitz J. Human Leukocyte Antigen-Disease Associations in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2018; 43:363-376. [PMID: 28711139 DOI: 10.1016/j.rdc.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The cause and pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are influenced by environmental and genetic risk factors. Shared epitope-coding human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DRB1 alleles increase RA risk and severity; however, the underlying mechanisms of action remain unclear. In contrast, several other DRB1 alleles protect against RA. Additionally, genome-wide association studies suggest that RA associates with other, HLA and non-HLA, genes; but the relative contributions of such risk loci to RA are incompletely understood. Future research challenges include integrating the epidemiologic and genomic data into validated arthritogenic pathways and determining the mechanisms of interaction between RA risk genes and environmental influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent van Drongelen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Joseph Holoshitz
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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16
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Yon DK, Ha EK, Lee SY, Kim WK, Park YM, Kim J, Ahn K, Hahm MI, Chae Y, Lee KJ, Kwon HJ, Han MY. Hepatitis B immunogenicity after a primary vaccination course associated with childhood asthma, allergic rhinitis, and allergen sensitization. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2018; 29:221-224. [PMID: 29266497 DOI: 10.1111/pai.12850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Keon Yon
- Department of Pediatrics, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Eun Kyo Ha
- Department of Pediatrics, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - So-Yeon Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Childhood Asthma and Atopy Center, Environmental Health Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo Kyung Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Mean Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Konkuk University Hospital, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jihyun Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Environmental Health Center for Atopic Diseases, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kangmo Ahn
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Environmental Health Center for Atopic Diseases, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myung-Il Hahm
- Department of Health Administration and Management, Soonchunhyang University College of Medical Science, Asan, Korea
| | - Yoomi Chae
- Department of Medical Education, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Kee-Jae Lee
- Department of Information and Statistics, Korea National Open University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho-Jang Kwon
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Man Yong Han
- Department of Pediatrics, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
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17
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Characterization of Autoantigen Presentation by HLA-C*06:02 in Psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 137:2238-2241. [PMID: 28655516 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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18
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Van Drongelen V, Holoshitz J. A reciprocal HLA-Disease Association in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Pemphigus Vulgaris. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2017; 22:909-919. [PMID: 27814654 DOI: 10.2741/4524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Human leukocyte antigens (HLA) have been extensively studied as being antigen presenting receptors, but many aspects of their function remain elusive, especially their association with various autoimmune diseases. Here we discuss an illustrative case of the reciprocal relationship between certain HLA-DRB1 alleles and two diseases, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and pemphigus vulgaris (PV). RA is strongly associated with HLA-DRB1 alleles that encode a five amino acid sequence motif in the 70-74 region of the DR beta chain, called the shared epitope (SE), while PV is associated with the HLA-DRB1*04:02 allele that encodes a different sequence motif in the same region. Interestingly, while HLA-DRB1*04:02 confers susceptibility to PV, this and other alleles that encode the same sequence motif in the 70-74 region of the DR beta chain are protective against RA. Currently, no convincing explanation for this antagonistic effect is present. Here we briefly review the immunology and immunogenetics of both diseases, identify remaining gaps in our understanding of their association with HLA, and propose the possibility that the 70-74 DR beta epitope may contribute to disease risk by mechanisms other than antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph Holoshitz
- University of Michigan, 5520D MSRB1, SPC 5680, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5680,
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19
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Analysis of self-antigen specificity of islet-infiltrating T cells from human donors with type 1 diabetes. Nat Med 2016; 22:1482-1487. [PMID: 27798614 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A major therapeutic goal for type 1 diabetes (T1D) is to induce autoantigen-specific tolerance of T cells. This could suppress autoimmunity in those at risk for the development of T1D, as well as in those with established disease who receive islet replacement or regeneration therapy. Because functional studies of human autoreactive T cell responses have been limited largely to peripheral blood-derived T cells, it is unclear how representative the peripheral T cell repertoire is of T cells infiltrating the islets. Our knowledge of the insulitic T cell repertoire is derived from histological and immunohistochemical analyses of insulitis, the identification of autoreactive CD8+ T cells in situ, in islets of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A2+ donors and isolation and identification of DQ8 and DQ2-DQ8 heterodimer-restricted, proinsulin-reactive CD4+ T cells grown from islets of a single donor with T1D. Here we present an analysis of 50 of a total of 236 CD4+ and CD8+ T cell lines grown from individual handpicked islets or clones directly sorted from handpicked, dispersed islets from nine donors with T1D. Seventeen of these T cell lines and clones reacted to a broad range of studied native islet antigens and to post-translationally modified peptides. These studies demonstrate the existence of a variety of islet-infiltrating, islet-autoantigen reactive T cells in individuals with T1D, and these data have implications for the design of successful immunotherapies.
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20
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Mosaad YM. Clinical Role of Human Leukocyte Antigen in Health and Disease. Scand J Immunol 2015; 82:283-306. [PMID: 26099424 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Most of the genes in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region express high polymorphism that is fundamental for their function. The most important function of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecule is in the induction, regulation of immune responses and the selection of the T cell repertoire. A clinician's attention is normally drawn to a system only when it malfunctions. The HLA system is no exception in this regard, but in contrast to other systems, it also arouses interest when it functions well - too well, in fact. Population studies carried out over the last several decades have identified a long list of human diseases that are significantly more common among individuals that carry particular HLA alleles including inflammatory, autoimmune and malignant disorders. HLA-disease association is the name of this phenomenon, and the mechanism underlying is still a subject of hot debate. Social behaviours are affected by HLA genes and preference for HLA disparate mates may provide 'good genes' for an individual's offspring. Also, certain HLA genes may be associated with shorter life and others with longer lifespan, but the effects depend both on the genetic background and on the environmental conditions. The following is a general overview of the important functional aspects of HLA in health and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y M Mosaad
- Clinical Immunology Unit, Clinical Pathology Department & Mansoura Research Center for Cord Stem Cell (MARC_CSC), Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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21
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Abstract
Studies over the past 35 years in the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse have shown that a number of agents can prevent or even reverse type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM); however, these successes have not been replicated in human clinical trials. Although some of these interventions have delayed disease onset or progression in subsets of participants, none have resulted in a complete cure. Even in the most robust responders, the treatments do not permanently preserve insulin secretion or stimulate the proliferation of β cells, as has been observed in mice. The shortfalls of translating NOD mouse studies into the clinic questions the value of using this model in preclinical studies. In this Perspectives, we suggest how immunological and genetic differences between NOD mice and humans might contribute to the differential outcomes and suggest ways in which the mouse model might be modified or applied as a tool to develop treatments and improve understanding of clinical trial outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Reed
- Department of Immunobiology, 300 George Street, #353E, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Kevan C Herold
- Department of Immunobiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, 300 George Street, #353E, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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22
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Blömeke B, Pot LM, Coenraads PJ, Hennen J, Kock M, Goebel C. Cross-elicitation responses to 2-methoxymethyl-p-phenylenediamine under hair dye use conditions in p-phenylenediamine-allergic individuals. Br J Dermatol 2015; 172:976-80. [PMID: 25234507 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The factors influencing elicitation responses in individuals allergic to p-phenylenediamine (PPD) in hair dyes are not well understood. OBJECTIVES Investigation of the elicitation response to the new, less-sensitizing PPD alternative 2-methoxymethyl-p-phenylenediamine (ME-PPD) under simulated hair dye use conditions. METHODS The cross-elicitation response to ME-PPD (2% in a hair dye test product for 30 min on forearm then rinsing) was analysed at days 2 and 3 in 30 PPD-allergic individuals with diagnostic patch test grades +, ++ or +++ according to the classification of the International Contact Dermatitis Research Group. RESULTS Cross-reactivity to the ME-PPD-containing hair dye test product was elicited in nine of 30 subjects (30%), while 70% were negative. Cross-reactivity was elicited in two of four cases with grade +++, three of 10 with grade ++ and four of 16 with grade +. Under identical conditions, PPD was previously found to elicit a response in 21 of 27 PPD-allergic individuals. In 18 of these 21 individuals, either the strength of the cross-elicitation response to ME-PPD was decreased or no response occurred. CONCLUSIONS Under simulated hair dye use conditions, a significantly lower degree of cross-elicitation to ME-PPD (30%) was observed than previously reported for PPD (32 of 38, 84%). Additionally, a decreased cross-elicitation strength was observed across all three patch test grades, likely reflecting the reduced skin-sensitization properties of ME-PPD. Consequently, careful dermatological evaluation is required to assess cross-reactivity to ME-PPD in patients allergic to hair dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Blömeke
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University Trier, Universitätsring 15,, 54296, Trier, Germany
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23
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Stepanek O, Prabhakar AS, Osswald C, King CG, Bulek A, Naeher D, Beaufils-Hugot M, Abanto ML, Galati V, Hausmann B, Lang R, Cole DK, Huseby ES, Sewell AK, Chakraborty AK, Palmer E. Coreceptor scanning by the T cell receptor provides a mechanism for T cell tolerance. Cell 2014; 159:333-45. [PMID: 25284152 PMCID: PMC4304671 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the thymus, high-affinity, self-reactive thymocytes are eliminated from the pool of developing T cells, generating central tolerance. Here, we investigate how developing T cells measure self-antigen affinity. We show that very few CD4 or CD8 coreceptor molecules are coupled with the signal-initiating kinase, Lck. To initiate signaling, an antigen-engaged T cell receptor (TCR) scans multiple coreceptor molecules to find one that is coupled to Lck; this is the first and rate-limiting step in a kinetic proofreading chain of events that eventually leads to TCR triggering and negative selection. MHCII-restricted TCRs require a shorter antigen dwell time (0.2 s) to initiate negative selection compared to MHCI-restricted TCRs (0.9 s) because more CD4 coreceptors are Lck-loaded compared to CD8. We generated a model (Lck come&stay/signal duration) that accurately predicts the observed differences in antigen dwell-time thresholds used by MHCI- and MHCII-restricted thymocytes to initiate negative selection and generate self-tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Stepanek
- Departments of Biomedicine and Nephrology, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Arvind S Prabhakar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Celine Osswald
- Departments of Biomedicine and Nephrology, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Carolyn G King
- Departments of Biomedicine and Nephrology, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna Bulek
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Dieter Naeher
- Departments of Biomedicine and Nephrology, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marina Beaufils-Hugot
- Departments of Biomedicine and Nephrology, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael L Abanto
- Departments of Biomedicine and Nephrology, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Virginie Galati
- Departments of Biomedicine and Nephrology, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Hausmann
- Departments of Biomedicine and Nephrology, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rosemarie Lang
- Departments of Biomedicine and Nephrology, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - David K Cole
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Eric S Huseby
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Andrew K Sewell
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Arup K Chakraborty
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Departments of Physics, Chemistry, and Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ed Palmer
- Departments of Biomedicine and Nephrology, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland.
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24
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Clambey ET, Davenport B, Kappler JW, Marrack P, Homann D. Molecules in medicine mini review: the αβ T cell receptor. J Mol Med (Berl) 2014; 92:735-41. [PMID: 24848996 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-014-1145-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
As an integral part of the mammalian immune system, a distributed network of tissues, cells, and extracellular factors, T lymphocytes perform and control a multitude of activities that collectively contribute to the effective establishment, maintenance, and restoration of tissue and organismal integrity. Development and function of T cells is controlled by the T cell receptor (TCR), a heterodimeric cell surface protein uniquely expressed on T cells. During T cell development, the TCR undergoes extensive somatic diversification that generates a diverse T cell repertoire capable of recognizing an extraordinary range of protein and nonprotein antigens presented in the context of major histocompatibility complex molecules (MHC). In this review, we provide an introduction to the TCR, describing underlying principles that position this molecule as a central regulator of the adaptive immune system involved in responses ranging from tissue protection and preservation to pathology and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric T Clambey
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Mail Stop B112, Research Complex 2, 12700 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA,
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25
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Eberwine RA, Cort L, Habib M, Mordes JP, Blankenhorn EP. Autoantigen-induced focusing of Vβ13+ T cells precedes onset of autoimmune diabetes in the LEW.1WR1 rat. Diabetes 2014; 63:596-604. [PMID: 24150607 PMCID: PMC3900547 DOI: 10.2337/db13-0462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The earliest events leading to autoimmune type 1 diabetes (T1D) are not known in any species. A T-cell receptor (TCR)-variable region, TCR-Vβ13, is required for susceptibility to autoimmune diabetes in rats, and selective depletion of Vβ13(+) T cells with an allele-specific monoclonal antibody prevents disease in multiple rat strains. To investigate the role of Vβ13 early in diabetes, we examined islet T-cell transcripts in susceptible (LEW.1WR1) and resistant (LEW.1W and Wistar Furth) strains induced with polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid. Vβ13(+) T cells displayed antigenic focusing in LEW.1WR1 islets 5 days postinduction and were characterized by a substantial decrease in complementarity determining region 3 diversity. This occurred prior to significant islet T-cell accumulation (day 7) or frank diabetes (days 10-14). Vβ13(+) transcripts increased in LEW.1WR1 islets during diabetes progression, but not in resistant rats. We also analyzed transcript clonality of rat TCR-Vα5, an ortholog of the dominant TCR-Vα chain found on insulin B:9-23-reactive T cells in nonobese diabetic rat islets. We observed clonal expansion of Vα5(+) transcripts in prediabetic LEW.1WR1 islets, suggesting that rat Vα5 is also an important component of islet autoantigen recognition. These data provide additional evidence that genome-encoded TCR sequences are important determinants of genetic susceptibility to T1D.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Animals, Genetically Modified
- Antibodies, Monoclonal
- Autoantigens
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Islets of Langerhans/cytology
- Poly I-C
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Strains
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/physiology
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A. Eberwine
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Laura Cort
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Michael Habib
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - John P. Mordes
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Elizabeth P. Blankenhorn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
- Corresponding author: Elizabeth P. Blankenhorn,
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26
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Holoshitz J. The quest for better understanding of HLA-disease association: scenes from a road less travelled by. DISCOVERY MEDICINE 2013; 16:93-101. [PMID: 23998445 PMCID: PMC4064294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Dozens of human diseases and health traits are significantly more common among individuals carrying particular human leukocyte antigens (HLA) alleles. The underlying mechanism of this phenomenon, commonly referred to as "HLA-disease association," has been the subject of a decades-long debate. The prevailing hypotheses implicate an auto-aggressive immune response due to aberrant presentation of self-, self-mimicking-, or altered self-antigens by HLA molecules. However, the identity of such putative antigens remains elusive in the vast majority of HLA-associated diseases. Moreover, antigen presentation-based hypotheses are difficult to reconcile with epidemiologic data and functional characteristics of HLA molecules. To provide better answers to these inconsistencies an alternative theory involving allele-based, antigen presentation-independent mechanism is proposed here. Recent research findings in rheumatoid arthritis, an emblematic HLA-associated disease, lend support to the proposed theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Holoshitz
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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