1
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Kim HJ, Cho YB, Heo K, Kim JW, Shin HG, Lee EB, Park SM, Park JB, Lee S. Targeting cell surface glucose-regulated protein 94 in gastric cancer with an anti-GRP94 human monoclonal antibody. BMB Rep 2024; 57:188-193. [PMID: 38449302 PMCID: PMC11058359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC), a leading cause of cancer-related mortality, remains a significant challenge despite recent therapeutic advancements. In this study, we explore the potential of targeting cell surface glucose-regulated protein 94 (GRP94) with antibodies as a novel therapeutic approach for GC. Our comprehensive analysis of GRP94 expression across various cancer types, with a specific focus on GC, revealed a substantial overexpression of GRP94, highlighting its potential as a promising target. Through in vitro and in vivo efficacy assessments, as well as toxicological analyses, we found that K101.1, a fully human monoclonal antibody designed to specifically target cell surface GRP94, effectively inhibits GC growth and angiogenesis without causing in vivo toxicity. Furthermore, our findings indicate that K101.1 promotes the internalization and concurrent downregulation of cell surface GRP94 on GC cells. In conclusion, our study suggests that cell surface GRP94 may be a potential therapeutic target in GC, and that antibody-based targeting of cell surface GRP94 may be an effective strategy for inhibiting GRP94-mediated GC growth and angiogenesis. [BMB Reports 2024; 57(4): 188-193].
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jung Kim
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea
| | - Yea Bin Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea
| | - Kyun Heo
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea
- Antibody Research Institute, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea
| | - Ji Woong Kim
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea
| | - Ha Gyeong Shin
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea
| | - Eun-bi Lee
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea
| | - Seong-Min Park
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea
| | - Jong Bae Park
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea
| | - Sukmook Lee
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea
- Antibody Research Institute, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea
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2
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Zeng C, Han S, Pan Y, Huang Z, Zhang B, Zhang B. Revisiting the chaperonin T-complex protein-1 ring complex in human health and disease: A proteostasis modulator and beyond. Clin Transl Med 2024; 14:e1592. [PMID: 38363102 PMCID: PMC10870801 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disrupted protein homeostasis (proteostasis) has been demonstrated to facilitate the progression of various diseases. The cytosolic T-complex protein-1 ring complex (TRiC/CCT) was discovered to be a critical player in orchestrating proteostasis by folding eukaryotic proteins, guiding intracellular localisation and suppressing protein aggregation. Intensive investigations of TRiC/CCT in different fields have improved the understanding of its role and molecular mechanism in multiple physiological and pathological processes. MAIN BODY In this review, we embark on a journey through the dynamic protein folding cycle of TRiC/CCT, unraveling the intricate mechanisms of its substrate selection, recognition, and intriguing folding and assembly processes. In addition to discussing the critical role of TRiC/CCT in maintaining proteostasis, we detail its involvement in cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, autophagy, metabolic control, adaptive immunity and signal transduction processes. Furthermore, we meticulously catalogue a compendium of TRiC-associated diseases, such as neuropathies, cardiovascular diseases and various malignancies. Specifically, we report the roles and molecular mechanisms of TRiC/CCT in regulating cancer formation and progression. Finally, we discuss unresolved issues in TRiC/CCT research, highlighting the efforts required for translation to clinical applications, such as diagnosis and treatment. CONCLUSION This review aims to provide a comprehensive view of TRiC/CCT for researchers to inspire further investigations and explorations of potential translational possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong Zeng
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Clinical Medical Research Center of Hepatic Surgery at Hubei ProvinceWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato‐Pancreatic‐Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Shenqi Han
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Clinical Medical Research Center of Hepatic Surgery at Hubei ProvinceWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato‐Pancreatic‐Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Yonglong Pan
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Clinical Medical Research Center of Hepatic Surgery at Hubei ProvinceWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato‐Pancreatic‐Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Zhao Huang
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Clinical Medical Research Center of Hepatic Surgery at Hubei ProvinceWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato‐Pancreatic‐Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Binhao Zhang
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Clinical Medical Research Center of Hepatic Surgery at Hubei ProvinceWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato‐Pancreatic‐Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Bixiang Zhang
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Clinical Medical Research Center of Hepatic Surgery at Hubei ProvinceWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato‐Pancreatic‐Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of EducationWuhanChina
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, National Health CommissionWuhanChina
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesWuhanChina
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3
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Cho SK, Lee K, Woo JH, Choi JH. Macrophages Promote Ovarian Cancer-Mesothelial Cell Adhesion by Upregulation of ITGA2 and VEGFC in Mesothelial Cells. Cells 2023; 12:384. [PMID: 36766725 PMCID: PMC9913165 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is a metastatic disease that frequently exhibits extensive peritoneal dissemination. Recent studies have revealed that noncancerous cells inside the tumor microenvironment, such as macrophages and mesothelial cells, may play a role in ovarian cancer metastasis. In this study, we found that human ovarian cancer cells (A2780 and SKOV3) adhered more to human mesothelial Met5A cells stimulated by macrophages (M-Met5A) in comparison to unstimulated control Met5A cells. The mRNA sequencing revealed that 94 adhesion-related genes, including FMN1, ITGA2, COL13A1, VEGFC, and NRG1, were markedly upregulated in M-Met5A cells. Knockdown of ITGA2 and VEGFC in M-Met5A cells significantly inhibited the adhesion of ovarian cancer cells. Inhibition of the JNK and Akt signaling pathways suppressed ITGA2 and VEGFC expression in M-Met5A cells as well as ovarian cancer-mesothelial cell adhesion. Furthermore, increased production of CC chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) and CCL5 by macrophages elevated ovarian cancer-mesothelial cell adhesion. These findings imply that macrophages may play a significant role in ovarian cancer-mesothelial cell adhesion by inducing the mesothelial expression of adhesion-related genes via the JNK and Akt pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Kye Cho
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Kijun Lee
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Division of Molecular Biology, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hwa Woo
- Division of Molecular Biology, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hye Choi
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Division of Molecular Biology, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
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4
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Pugh KW, Alnaed M, Brackett CM, Blagg BSJ. The biology and inhibition of glucose-regulated protein 94/gp96. Med Res Rev 2022; 42:2007-2024. [PMID: 35861260 PMCID: PMC10003671 DOI: 10.1002/med.21915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The 94 kDa molecular chaperone, glucose-regulated protein 94 (Grp94), has garnered interest during the last decade due to its direct association with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and disease. Grp94 belongs to the Hsp90 family of molecular chaperones and is a master regulator of ER homeostasis due to its ability to fold and stabilize proteins/receptors, and to chaperone misfolded proteins for degradation. Multiple studies have demonstrated that Grp94 knockdown or inhibition leads to the degradation of client protein substrates, which leads to disruption of disease-dependent signaling pathways. As a result, small molecule inhibitors of Grp94 have become a promising therapeutic approach to target a variety of disease states. Specifically, Grp94 has proven to be a promising target for cancer, glaucoma, immune-mediated inflammation, and viral infection. Moreover, Grp94-peptide complexes have been utilized effectively as adjuvants for vaccines against a variety of disease states. This work highlights the significance of Grp94 biology and the development of therapeutics that target this molecular chaperone in multiple disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyler W. Pugh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Warren Family Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Marim Alnaed
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Warren Family Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Christopher M. Brackett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Warren Family Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Brian S. J. Blagg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Warren Family Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
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5
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Kciuk M, Gielecińska A, Budzinska A, Mojzych M, Kontek R. Metastasis and MAPK Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073847. [PMID: 35409206 PMCID: PMC8998814 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. In many cases, the treatment of the disease is limited due to the metastasis of cells to distant locations of the body through the blood and lymphatic drainage. Most of the anticancer therapeutic options focus mainly on the inhibition of tumor cell growth or the induction of cell death, and do not consider the molecular basis of metastasis. The aim of this work is to provide a comprehensive review focusing on cancer metastasis and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway (ERK/JNK/P38 signaling) as a crucial modulator of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Kciuk
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Lodz, Banacha Street 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 12/16 Banacha St., 90-237 Lodz, Poland; (A.G.); (R.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Adrianna Gielecińska
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 12/16 Banacha St., 90-237 Lodz, Poland; (A.G.); (R.K.)
| | - Adrianna Budzinska
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biochemistry, Department of Bioenergetics, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Mariusz Mojzych
- Department of Chemistry, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, 3 Maja 54, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland;
| | - Renata Kontek
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 12/16 Banacha St., 90-237 Lodz, Poland; (A.G.); (R.K.)
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6
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Wei PL, Lin JC, Hung CS, Makondi PT, Batzorig U, Chang TC, Huang CY, Chang YJ. Human α-defensin 6 (HD6) suppresses CRC proliferation and metastasis through abolished EGF/EGFR signaling pathway. Int J Med Sci 2022; 19:34-46. [PMID: 34975297 PMCID: PMC8692109 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.64850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) has increased significantly in the past decade. Early diagnosis and new therapeutics are still urgently needed for CRC in clinical practice. Human α-defensin 6 (HD6) plays a defense role against microbes in the gastrointestinal tract. However, the role and mechanism of HD6 in CRC is still unresolved. Specimens from CRC patients with higher HD6 showed better outcomes. Overexpressed HD6 in CRC cells caused a reduction of cell proliferative, migratory, and invasive ability in vitro and in vivo. HD6-overexpressed caused S phase arrest through changes in cyclin-A and B and CDK2 levels. In addition, serpine-1 may be negatively regulated by HD6 altering the translocation of c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK), extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK), and p38. Higher HD6 and lower serpine-1 levels in CRC patients reflected better outcomes. Finally, we found that HD6 interacts directly with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) by co-immunoprecipitated assay. EGF treatment caused an increase of the level of serpine-1 and pEGFR levels and then increased growth activity in HD6 overexpressing cells. Together, our study shows that HD6 may compete with EGF to bind to EGFR and interrupt cancer progression in CRC. We believe these findings may give new insights for HD6 in CRC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Li Wei
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Cancer Research Center and Translational Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jang-Chun Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Sheng Hung
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Uyanga Batzorig
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Cheng Chang
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Colon and Rectal, Department of Surgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yu Huang
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Colon and Rectal, Department of Surgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jia Chang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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7
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Liao Q, Ren Y, Yang Y, Zhu X, Zhi Y, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Ding Y, Zhao L. CCT8 recovers WTp53-suppressed cell cycle evolution and EMT to promote colorectal cancer progression. Oncogenesis 2021; 10:84. [PMID: 34862361 PMCID: PMC8642402 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-021-00374-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
LIM and SH3 protein 1 (LASP1) is a metastasis-related protein reported to enhance tumor progression in colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the underlying mechanism is still elusive. The chaperonin protein containing TCP1 (CCT) is a cellular molecular chaperone complex, which is necessary for the correct folding of many proteins. It contains eight subunits, CCT1-8. CCT8 is overexpressed in many cancers, however, studies on CCT8 are limited and its role on CRC development and progression remains elusive. In this study, we confirmed that CCT8 and LASP1 can interact with each other and express positively in CRC cells. CCT8 could recover the ability of LASP1 to promote the invasion of CRC; CCT8 could significantly promote the proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of colorectal cells in vivo and in vitro. Mechanically, CCT8 inhibited the entry of WTp53 into the nucleus, and there was a negative correlation between the expression of CCT8 and the nuclear expression of WTp53 in clinical colorectal tissues. CCT8 promoted the cell cycle evolution and EMT progression of CRC by inhibiting the entry of WTp53 into the nucleus. Clinically, CCT8 was highly expressed in CRC. More importantly, the overall survival of CRC patients with high expression of CCT8 was worse than that of patients with low expression of CCT8. These findings indicate that as LASP1-modulated proteins, CCT8 plays a key role in promoting the progression of colorectal cancer, which provides a potential target for clinical intervention in patients with colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liao
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathology & Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Ren
- Department of Pathology & Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangzhou, Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuyi Yang
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.,The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathology & Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfei Zhi
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathology & Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujie Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathology & Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathology & Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanqing Ding
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Pathology & Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Liang Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Pathology & Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong province, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Gao Y, Liu Y, Sun L, Ouyang X, Zhu C, Qin X. MAD2L1 Functions As a Novel Diagnostic and Predictive Biomarker in Cholangiocarcinoma. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2021; 25:685-695. [PMID: 34788140 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2021.0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Most cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage of disease, and the postoperational recurrence rates are high in those undergoing resection. The lack of satisfying biomarkers for early diagnoses and effective targeting of driver pathways is the leading reason for therapeutic failures. The goal of this study was to find a biomarker for making improved diagnoses with enhanced prognostic capabilities for CCA. Materials and Methods: Our study used bioinformatic analyses of microarray data from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and investigated mitotic arrest deficient 2-like protein 1 (MAD2L1) expression in tumor and adjacent non-neoplastic biliary ducts through immunocytochemistry in 42 surgically removed primary CCAs from a single institute. In vitro and in vivo models were used to explore the function of MAD2L1. Results: In total, 297 high probability differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained from overlapping the DEGs from the three individual data sets. Through enrichment assays and protein-protein interaction networks analyses, seven hub genes were identified. MAD2L1 was picked up as a novel biomarker based on hierarchical cluster analyses and Kaplan-Meier survival analyses. MAD2L1 was expressed in cancer tissues but not in the surrounding normal tissue, with 31 (73.81%) of 42 CCAs MAD2L1 positive by immunohistochemistry (IHC). MAD2L1 expression levels were significantly correlated with tumor size, pathological grade, and clinical stage. A Kaplan-Meier survival analysis demonstrated an inverse correlation with MAD2L1 expression. Real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting results further confirmed the results of IHC and bioinformatic analyses. In vitro and in vivo models demonstrated decreasing MAD2L1 could significantly suppress tumor growth, whereas increasing MAD2L1 could promote tumor growth. Conclusion: MAD2L1 could be used as a biomarker to predict prognosis and potential therapeutic target in CCA. Clinical Trial Registration Number: [2020]KY157-01.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- Departments of General Surgery, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Departments of General Surgery, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Li Sun
- Departments of General Surgery, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Xiwu Ouyang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chunfu Zhu
- Departments of General Surgery, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Xihu Qin
- Departments of General Surgery, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
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9
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Liu J, Huang L, Zhu Y, He Y, Zhang W, Lei T, Xuan J, Xiao B, Li L, Zhou Q, Sun Z. Exploring the Expression and Prognostic Value of the TCP1 Ring Complex in Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Overexpressing Its Subunit 5 Promotes HCC Tumorigenesis. Front Oncol 2021; 11:739660. [PMID: 34676169 PMCID: PMC8525800 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.739660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
T-complex protein-1 ring complex (TRiC), also known as Chaperonin Containing T-complex protein-1 (CCT), is a multisubunit chaperonin required for the folding of nascent proteins. Mounting evidence suggests that TRiC also contributes to the development and progression of tumors, but there are limited studies on pathogenic functions in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We comprehensively evaluated the expression pattern and biological functions of TRiC subunits using The Cancer Genome Atlas and The Human Protein Atlas. Expression levels of TRiC subunits TCP1, CCT2/3/4/5/6A/7/8 were significantly upregulated in HCC tissues at both transcript and protein levels, which predicted shorter overall survival (OS). Moreover, high mutation rates were found in several CCT subunits, and patients with altered CCT genes exhibited poorer clinical outcomes. Functional enrichment analysis showed that co-regulated genes were preferentially involved in 'protein folding' and 'microtubule-based process', while genes co-expressed with CCT subunits were primarily involved in 'ribosome' and 'spliceosome'. Knockout of CCT5 in a HCC cell line reduced while overexpression enhanced proliferation rate, cycle transition, migration, and invasion. In conclusion, these findings suggest that subunits of the TRiC may be potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of HCC and play an important role in the occurrence and development of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Liu
- Graduate School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of People's Liberation Army (PLA), Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of People's Liberation Army (PLA), Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Zhu
- Graduate School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of People's Liberation Army (PLA), Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongyin He
- Graduate School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of People's Liberation Army (PLA), Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiyun Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of People's Liberation Army (PLA), Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Lei
- Graduate School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of People's Liberation Army (PLA), Guangzhou, China
| | - Junfeng Xuan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of People's Liberation Army (PLA), Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Xiao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of People's Liberation Army (PLA), Guangzhou, China.,Qingyuan People's Hospital, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
| | - Linhai Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of People's Liberation Army (PLA), Guangzhou, China.,Qingyuan People's Hospital, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
| | - Quan Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of People's Liberation Army (PLA), Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Basic Medical Science, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaohui Sun
- Graduate School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of People's Liberation Army (PLA), Guangzhou, China
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10
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Cho HJ, Baek GO, Yoon MG, Ahn HR, Son JA, Kim SS, Cheong JY, Eun JW. Overexpressed Proteins in HCC Cell-Derived Exosomes, CCT8, and Cofilin-1 Are Potential Biomarkers for Patients with HCC. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11071221. [PMID: 34359304 PMCID: PMC8307801 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11071221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein markers of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)-derived exosomes (HEX) have not yet been fully evaluated. Here, we identified novel protein contents of HEX and their clinical significance as biomarkers. Exosomes were isolated from human HCC cell lines and an immortalized normal hepatocyte cell line. Proteomic analyses revealed 15 markedly overexpressed proteins in HEX. The clinical relevance of the 15 proteins was analyzed in public RNA-sequencing datasets, and 6 proteins were selected as candidate of potential biomarkers. Serum CCT8 and CFL1 were markedly overexpressed in test cohort (n = 8). In the validation cohort (n = 224), the area under the curve (AUC) of serum CCT8 and CFL1 for HCC diagnosis was calculated as 0.698 and 0.677, respectively, whereas that of serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was 0.628. The combination of three serum markers (CCT8, CFL1, and AFP) demonstrated the highest AUC for HCC diagnosis. (AUC = 0.838, 95% confidence interval = 0.773–0.876) Furthermore, higher serum CCT8 and CFL1 concentrations were significantly associated with the presence of vascular invasion, advanced tumor stage, poor disease-free survival, and poor overall survival. Cofilin-1 and CCT8, enriched proteins in HEX, were identified as potential diagnostic and prognostic serum biomarkers for HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Jung Cho
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea; (H.J.C.); (G.O.B.); (M.G.Y.); (H.R.A.); (J.A.S.); (S.S.K.)
| | - Geum Ok Baek
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea; (H.J.C.); (G.O.B.); (M.G.Y.); (H.R.A.); (J.A.S.); (S.S.K.)
| | - Moon Gyeong Yoon
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea; (H.J.C.); (G.O.B.); (M.G.Y.); (H.R.A.); (J.A.S.); (S.S.K.)
| | - Hye Ri Ahn
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea; (H.J.C.); (G.O.B.); (M.G.Y.); (H.R.A.); (J.A.S.); (S.S.K.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Ju A Son
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea; (H.J.C.); (G.O.B.); (M.G.Y.); (H.R.A.); (J.A.S.); (S.S.K.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Soon Sun Kim
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea; (H.J.C.); (G.O.B.); (M.G.Y.); (H.R.A.); (J.A.S.); (S.S.K.)
| | - Jae Youn Cheong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea; (H.J.C.); (G.O.B.); (M.G.Y.); (H.R.A.); (J.A.S.); (S.S.K.)
- Correspondence: (J.Y.C.); (J.W.E.); Tel.: +82-31-219-5119 (J.Y.C.); +82-31-219-4681 (J.W.E.)
| | - Jung Woo Eun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea; (H.J.C.); (G.O.B.); (M.G.Y.); (H.R.A.); (J.A.S.); (S.S.K.)
- Correspondence: (J.Y.C.); (J.W.E.); Tel.: +82-31-219-5119 (J.Y.C.); +82-31-219-4681 (J.W.E.)
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11
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Duan X, Iwanowycz S, Ngoi S, Hill M, Zhao Q, Liu B. Molecular Chaperone GRP94/GP96 in Cancers: Oncogenesis and Therapeutic Target. Front Oncol 2021; 11:629846. [PMID: 33898309 PMCID: PMC8062746 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.629846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During tumor development and progression, intrinsic and extrinsic factors trigger endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the unfolded protein response, resulting in the increased expression of molecular chaperones to cope with the stress and maintain tumor cell survival. Heat shock protein (HSP) GRP94, also known as GP96, is an ER paralog of HSP90 and has been shown to promote survival signaling during tumor-induced stress and modulate the immune response through its multiple clients, including TLRs, integrins, LRP6, GARP, IGF, and HER2. Clinically, elevated expression of GRP94 correlates with an aggressive phenotype and poor clinical outcome in a variety of cancers. Thus, GRP94 is a potential molecular marker and therapeutic target in malignancies. In this review, we will undergo deep molecular profiling of GRP94 in tumor development and summarize the individual roles of GRP94 in common cancers, including breast cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer, liver cancer, multiple myeloma, and others. Finally, we will briefly review the therapeutic potential of selectively targeting GRP94 for the treatment of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Duan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Stephen Iwanowycz
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Soo Ngoi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Megan Hill
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Qiang Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Tianjin Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Bei Liu
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, United States
- The Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology at The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, United States
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12
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Kim JW, Cho YB, Lee S. Cell Surface GRP94 as a Novel Emerging Therapeutic Target for Monoclonal Antibody Cancer Therapy. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030670. [PMID: 33802964 PMCID: PMC8002708 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose-regulated protein 94 (GRP94) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident member of the heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) family. In physiological conditions, it plays a vital role in regulating biological functions, including chaperoning cellular proteins in the ER lumen, maintaining calcium homeostasis, and modulating immune system function. Recently, several reports have shown the functional role and clinical relevance of GRP94 overexpression in the progression and metastasis of several cancers. Therefore, the current review highlights GRP94’s physiological and pathophysiological roles in normal and cancer cells. Additionally, the unmet medical needs of small chemical inhibitors and the current development status of monoclonal antibodies specifically targeting GRP94 will be discussed to emphasize the importance of cell surface GRP94 as an emerging therapeutic target in monoclonal antibody therapy for cancer.
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13
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Batzorig U, Wei PL, Wang W, Huang CY, Chang YJ. Glucose-Regulated Protein 94 Mediates the Proliferation and Metastasis through the Regulation of ETV1 and MAPK Pathway in Colorectal Cancer. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18:2251-2261. [PMID: 33967600 PMCID: PMC8100635 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.56024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a worldwide health problem. Glucose-regulated protein 94 (GRP94) is known as an important endoplasmic reticulum-stress response protein that shows correlation with aggressive cancer behavior. However, the role of GRP94 in CRC is still unclear. Our results showed that silencing GRP94 (GRP94-KD) reduced cell proliferation, invasion and migration of CRC cells and suppressed tumorigenesis in the xenograft mouse model. Rescue assay showed that ETV1 overexpression reversed the effect of GRP94 on cell proliferation and migration. In the molecular mechanism, we found that knockdown of GRP94 inhibited the level of MAPK pathway, including ERK/p-ERK, JNK/p-JNK, and p38/p-p38 signals. Cyclooxygenase-2 and epithelial-mesenchymal transformation biomarkers, such as N-cadherin, vimentin, and β-catenin were suppressed in GRP94 knockdown cells. Treatment of specific inhibitors of MAPK pathway showed that ERK/p-ERK, and p38/p-p38 inhibitors significantly influenced ETV1 expression as compared to JNK/p-JNK inhibitor. Our results indicated that silencing GRP94 repressed the ability of EMT process, cancer cell proliferation, metastasis, and CRC tumorigenesis. Therefore, GRP94 may play an important role in CRC by regulating ETV1 and MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uyanga Batzorig
- International Ph.D. Program in Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Po-Li Wei
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.,Cancer Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Weu Wang
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yu Huang
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.,Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University.,Department of Pathology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jia Chang
- International Ph.D. Program in Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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14
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Pechalrieu D, Assemat F, Halby L, Marcellin M, Yan P, Chaoui K, Sharma S, Chiosis G, Burlet-Schiltz O, Arimondo PB, Lopez M. Bisubstrate-Type Chemical Probes Identify GRP94 as a Potential Target of Cytosine-Containing Adenosine Analogs. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:952-961. [PMID: 32191434 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We synthesized affinity-based chemical probes of cytosine-adenosine bisubstrate analogs and identified several potential targets by proteomic analysis. The validation of the proteomic analysis identified the chemical probe as a specific inhibitor of glucose-regulated protein 94 (GRP94), a potential drug target for several types of cancers. Therefore, as a result of the use of bisubstrate-type chemical probes and a chemical-biology methodology, this work opens the way to the development of a new family of GRP94 inhibitors that could potentially be of therapeutic interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dany Pechalrieu
- ETaC, CNRS FRE3600, Centre de Recherche et Développement Pierre Fabre, Toulouse, France
| | - Fanny Assemat
- ETaC, CNRS FRE3600, Centre de Recherche et Développement Pierre Fabre, Toulouse, France
| | - Ludovic Halby
- ETaC, CNRS FRE3600, Centre de Recherche et Développement Pierre Fabre, Toulouse, France
- EpiCBio, Epigenetic Chemical Biology, Department Structural Biology and Chemistry, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR no. 3523, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Marlene Marcellin
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Pengrong Yan
- Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States
| | - Karima Chaoui
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Sahil Sharma
- Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States
| | - Gabriela Chiosis
- Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States
| | - Odile Burlet-Schiltz
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Paola B. Arimondo
- ETaC, CNRS FRE3600, Centre de Recherche et Développement Pierre Fabre, Toulouse, France
- EpiCBio, Epigenetic Chemical Biology, Department Structural Biology and Chemistry, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR no. 3523, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Marie Lopez
- ETaC, CNRS FRE3600, Centre de Recherche et Développement Pierre Fabre, Toulouse, France
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), CNRS, Univ Montpellier, ENSCM UMR 5247, 240 Avenue du Prof. E. Jeanbrau, 34296 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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15
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The clinical and prognostic evaluation of GRP94 immunoexpression in Caucasian patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma. GASTROENTEROLOGY REVIEW 2019; 14:140-147. [PMID: 31616529 PMCID: PMC6791135 DOI: 10.5114/pg.2019.85898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Colorectal cancer (CRC) is traditionally regarded as the most commonly diagnosed gastrointestinal malignant disease. Nevertheless, despite advances in diagnosis and novel therapeutic options, the clinical outcomes of patients are still unsatisfactory. Aim To investigate the clinicopathological and prognostic roles of GRP94 expression, the immunohistochemical investigation was performed on samples of CRC tumour tissues, adjacent non-pathological mucosa, and metastatic foci in regional lymph nodes in Caucasian patients. Material and methods Paraffin-embedded adenocarcinoma samples were assessed immunohistochemically for GRP94 protein and scored according to the percentage of cells with positive reaction combined with staining intensity. Connections between GRP94 immunoexpression and clinicopathological factors including the overall survival (OS) were evaluated. Results The level of the GRP94 immunohistochemical reactivity was correlated with the grade of the histological differentiation (H (2.92) = 25.906; p < 0.001), size of the primary tumour (Z = –4.010; p < 0.001), regional lymph node involvement (Z = –6.547; p < 0.001), and perineural invasion (Z = –6.235; p < 0.001). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that the survival time for patients with a low expression of GRP94 was significantly longer than that for patients with a moderate or strong level of GRP94 immunoreactivity (p < 0.001). Conclusions An enhanced level of GRP94 immunoexpression was significantly associated with malignancy-related clinicopathological factors and reduced the 5-year overall survival in CRC patients. However, a multivariate analysis demonstrated that GRP94 was not revealed as an independent risk factor for CRC prognosis.
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16
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Abstract
The eukaryotic group II chaperonin TRiC/CCT assists the folding of 10% of cytosolic proteins including many key structural and regulatory proteins. TRiC plays an essential role in maintaining protein homeostasis, and dysfunction of TRiC is closely related to human diseases including cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. TRiC consists of eight paralogous subunits, each of which plays a specific role in the assembly, allosteric cooperativity, and substrate recognition and folding of this complex macromolecular machine. TRiC-mediated substrate folding is regulated through its ATP-driven conformational changes. In recent years, progresses have been made on the structure, subunit arrangement, conformational cycle, and substrate folding of TRiC. Additionally, accumulating evidences also demonstrate the linkage between TRiC oligomer or monomer and diseases. In this review, we focus on the TRiC structure itself, TRiC assisted substrate folding, TRiC and disease, and the potential therapeutic application of TRiC in various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingliang Jin
- National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Caixuan Liu
- National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenyu Han
- National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Cong
- National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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17
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Huang CY, Wei PL, Chen WY, Chang WC, Chang YJ. Silencing Heat Shock Protein 27 Inhibits the Progression and Metastasis of Colorectal Cancer (CRC) by Maintaining the Stability of Stromal Interaction Molecule 1 (STIM1) Proteins. Cells 2018; 7:cells7120262. [PMID: 30544747 PMCID: PMC6315635 DOI: 10.3390/cells7120262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) has significantly increased in recent decades, and this disease has become an important health issue worldwide. Currently, there is no useful prognostic or diagnostic biomarker for CRC. Heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) is a chaperone that interacts with many proteins. HSP27 has been shown to be overexpressed in many cancers, including colon cancer, and its overexpression is related to poor disease outcome. Although the importance of HSP27 as a biomarker cannot be underrated, its detailed mechanisms in colon cancer are still unclear. In vitro studies have indicated that silencing HSP27 reduces the proliferation, migration and invasion of colon cancer cells, and xenograft models have shown that silencing HSP27 decreases tumor progression. Tissue array results showed that colon cancer patients with high expression of HSP27 exhibited poor prognosis. In addition, we found a reduction of calcium influx through a decrease in STIM1 protein after HSP27 was abolished. The formation of puncta was decreased in HSP27 knockdown (HSP27KD) cells after thapsigargin (TG) treatment. Finally, we confirmed that the reduction of STIM1 after HSP27 silencing may be due to a loss of STIM1 stability instead of transcription. HSP27 may interact with STIM1 but not Orai1, as shown by immunoprecipitation assays. HSP27 and STIM1 were co-expressed in CRC specimens. Our study showed that HSP27 is a key mediator in the progression and metastasis of CRC by regulating the store-operated calcium entry. This novel pathway may provide a new direction for development of therapeutic strategies for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Yu Huang
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Po-Li Wei
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Cancer Research Center and Translational Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Yu Chen
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Department of Pathology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Chiao Chang
- School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Master Program for Clinical Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoproteomics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Jia Chang
- Cancer Research Center and Translational Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
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18
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Liang HH, Huang CY, Chou CW, Makondi PT, Huang MT, Wei PL, Chang YJ. Heat shock protein 27 influences the anti-cancer effect of curcumin in colon cancer cells through ROS production and autophagy activation. Life Sci 2018; 209:43-51. [PMID: 30056019 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The problem of therapeutic resistance and chemotherapeutic efficacy is tricky and critical in the management of colorectal cancer (CRC). Curcumin is a promising anti-cancer agent. Heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) is correlated with CRC progression and is said to affect CRC response to different therapies. However, the role of HSP27 on the therapeutic efficacy of curcumin remains unknown. HSP27 was silenced using small hairpin RNA (shRNA) technique. The cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of curcumin were assessed by sulforhodamine B (SRB) colorimetric assay, flow cytometric cell cycle analysis, and annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) double-labeling assays. Total reactive oxygen species (ROS)/superoxide and autophagy detection were performed, and the levels of apoptosis-related proteins were examined by Western blotting. It was found that the silencing of HSP27 (HSP27-KD) resulted in increased treatment resistance to curcumin in CRC cells. In addition, cell cycle analysis showed that the curcumin treatment caused cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase in the control group, and apoptosis was reduced in the HSP27-KD group. Curcumin treatment also resulted in a decrease in anti-apoptotic proteins, p-Akt, Akt, Bcl-2 and p-Bad, and increase in pro-apoptotic proteins Bad and c-PARP levels in the control cells but not in the HSP27-KD cells. This was also followed by low reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), superoxide and autophagy induction levels in the HSP27-KD cells as compared to the control cells. Therefore, as silencing of HSP27 increases curcumin resistance by reducing apoptosis and reactive oxidative stress production, HSP27 is a potential selective target for curcumin treatment in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Hua Liang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-Yu Huang
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Ching-Wen Chou
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Precious Takondwa Makondi
- International PhD Program in Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Te Huang
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Po-Li Wei
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Cancer Research Center and Translational Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Jia Chang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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19
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Grp94 in complexes with IgG is a soluble diagnostic marker of gastrointestinal tumors and displays immune-stimulating activity on peripheral blood immune cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:72923-72940. [PMID: 27662661 PMCID: PMC5341954 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose-regulated protein94 (Grp94), the most represented endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident heat shock protein (HSP), is a tumor antigen shared by different types of solid and hematological tumors. The tumor-specific feature of Grp94 is its translocation from the ER to the cell surface where it displays pro-oncogenic functions. This un-physiological location has important implications for both the tumor pathology and anti-tumor therapy. We wanted to address the question of whether Grp94 could be measured as liquid marker in cancer patients in order to make predictions of diagnostic and therapeutic relevance for the tumor. To this aim, we performed an in-depth investigation on patients with primary tumors of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, using different methodological approaches to detect Grp94 in tumor tissues, plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Results indicate that Grp94 is not only the antigen highly expressed in any tumor tissue and in cells of tumor infiltrates, mostly B lymphocytes, but it is also found in the circulation. However, the only form in which Grp94 was detected in the plasma of any patients and in B lymphocytes induced to proliferate, was that of stable complexes with Immunoglobulin (Ig)G. Using a specific immune-enzyme assay to measure plasma Grp94-IgG complexes, we showed that Grp94-IgG complexes were significantly increased in cancer patients compared to healthy control subjects, serving as diagnostic tumor biomarker. Results also demonstrate that the stimulation of patient PBMCs with Grp94-IgG complexes led to an increased secretion of inflammatory cytokines that might drive a potentially beneficial anti-tumor effect.
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20
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Huang CY, Lee CH, Tu CC, Wu CH, Huang MT, Wei PL, Chang YJ. Glucose-regulated protein 94 mediates progression and metastasis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma via mitochondrial function and the NF-kB/COX-2/VEGF axis. Oncotarget 2018; 9:9425-9441. [PMID: 29507700 PMCID: PMC5823643 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer is a worldwide health problem with a very poor prognosis. Therefore, new diagnostic biomarkers or therapeutic strategies for identifying and managing esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) are urgently needed. Glucose-regulated protein 94 (GRP94) is one of major endoplasmic reticulum-stress response proteins that plays a key role in cancer progression and therapeutic responses. However, the role of GRP94 in ESCC progression and metastasis remains unclear. The tissue array results indicated that higher GRP94 expression levels were associated with lower overall survival and higher lympho-node metastasis. Silencing GRP94 (GRP94-KD) reduced cell proliferation, migration and invasion in ESCC cells. In a xenotransplantation assay, silencing GRP94 reduced cell proliferation in the zebrafish embryo. Transmission electron microscopy revealed impaired mitochondria in GRP94-KD cells, which exhibited reduced basal respiration, spare respiratory capacity and ATP production and increased oxidative damage compared with scrambled control cells. Regarding the molecular mechanism underlying the effects of GRP94 knockdown, we found that silencing GRP94 may reduce the level of NF-kB, c-Jun, p38, IL-6, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) as well as activation of AKT and ERK. In conclusion, our results indicate that silencing GRP94 in ESCC cells suppressed cancer growth and the metastatic potential via mitochondrial functions and NF-kB/COX-2/VEGF in ESCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Yu Huang
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hwa Lee
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Chiang Tu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital; School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsiung Wu
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- En Chu Kong Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Te Huang
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Li Wei
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Cancer Research Center and Translational Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jia Chang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Cancer Research Center and Translational Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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21
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Hung CS, Huang CY, Lee CH, Chen WY, Huang MT, Wei PL, Chang YJ. IGFBP2 plays an important role in heat shock protein 27-mediated cancer progression and metastasis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:54978-54992. [PMID: 28903396 PMCID: PMC5589635 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27) is a key chaperone that interacts with over 200 client proteins. The expression of Hsp27 might be correlated with poor outcome in many types of cancer. Previous study indicated that Hsp27 might be an important biomarker in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the detailed mechanism is less well understood. The shRNA-mediated silencing of Hsp27 decreased the proliferation, migration and invasion of HCC cells. In a xenograft model, the silencing of Hsp27 reduced tumor progression. We revealed that the silencing of Hsp27 led to a reduction in insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 (IGFBP2), which might mediate proliferation and metastasis through vimentin, snail and beta-catenin. The overexpression of IGFBP2 reversed the reductions in cell growth, migration and invasion. The tissue array results showed that HCC patients with high Hsp27 expression exhibited poor prognosis and increased metastasis. The Hsp27 expression was highly correlated with IGFPB2 in CRC specimen. ChIP and luciferase assays showed that Hsp27 does not directly bind the IGFBP2 promoter region to regulate the transcription of IGFBP2. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that Hsp27 is a key mediator of HCC progression and metastasis and that Hsp27 might regulate proliferation and metastasis through IGFBP2. This pathway might provide a new direction for the development of a novel therapeutic strategy for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Sheng Hung
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chien-Yu Huang
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chia-Hwa Lee
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wei-Yu Chen
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Pathology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ming-Te Huang
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Po-Li Wei
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Translational Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Cancer Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Jia Chang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Cancer Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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22
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Chan KKS, Leung CON, Wong CCL, Ho DWH, Chok KSH, Lai CL, Ng IOL, Lo RCL. Secretory Stanniocalcin 1 promotes metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma through activation of JNK signaling pathway. Cancer Lett 2017; 403:330-338. [PMID: 28688970 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The hypoxic microenvironment is well-characterized in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Delineation of hypoxia-responsive events is an integral part to understand the pathogenesis of HCC. We studied the functional role and clinical relevance of Stanniocalcin 1 (STC1), a hypoxia-induced molecular target, in HCC. In our clinical cohort, STC1 transcript was up-regulated in HCC tumor tissues. Moreover, STC1 protein was detected in the sera of HCC patients. A higher serum STC1 level was correlated with larger tumor size and poorer 5-year disease-free survival. Functionally, recombinant STC1 protein (rhSTC1) promoted cell migration and cell invasion in vitro; and the effect was abolished by co-treatment of anti-STC1 neutralizing antibody. By in vivo mouse model, silencing of STC1 in HCC cells downregulated secretory STC1 level and suppressed lung metastasis. Furthermore, we found that rhSTC1 activated the JNK pathway, as evidenced by altered expression of the key molecular targets pJNK and p-c-Jun. The functional effects conferred by rhSTC1 were abrogated by co-treatment of JNK inhibitor. In summary, secretory STC1 enhances metastatic potential of HCC via JNK signaling. It potentially serves as a prognostic serum biomarker and a therapeutic target for HCC.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Biomarkers, Tumor/blood
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/enzymology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/secondary
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Disease-Free Survival
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Glycoproteins/blood
- Glycoproteins/genetics
- Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Humans
- JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Kaplan-Meier Estimate
- Liver Neoplasms/enzymology
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Lung Neoplasms/enzymology
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/secondary
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- RNA Interference
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Time Factors
- Transfection
- Tumor Burden
- Tumor Hypoxia
- Tumor Microenvironment
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy Kwan-Shuen Chan
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Carmen Oi-Ning Leung
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Carmen Chak-Lui Wong
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Daniel Wai-Hung Ho
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Kenneth Siu-Ho Chok
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ching-Lung Lai
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Irene Oi-Lin Ng
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Regina Cheuk-Lam Lo
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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23
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Nezlin R. WITHDRAWN: Diversity of immunoglobulin G functions. Immunol Lett 2016:S0165-2478(16)30179-1. [PMID: 27637766 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roald Nezlin
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 761001, Israel.
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