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Gustafsson E, Carstensen J, Fleming V, Gustafsson BG, Hoikkala L, Rehder G. Causes and consequences of acidification in the Baltic Sea: implications for monitoring and management. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16322. [PMID: 37770562 PMCID: PMC10539381 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43596-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing atmospheric CO2 drives ocean acidification globally. In coastal seas, acidification trends can however be either counteracted or enhanced by other processes. Ecosystem effects of acidification are so far small in the Baltic Sea, but changes should be anticipated unless CO2 emissions are curbed. Possible future acidification trends in the Baltic Sea, conditional on CO2 emissions, climate change, and changes in productivity, can be assessed by means of model simulations. There are uncertainties regarding potential consequences for marine organisms, partly because of difficulties to assign critical thresholds, but also because of knowledge gaps regarding species' capacity to adapt. Increased temporal and spatial monitoring of inorganic carbon system parameters would allow a better understanding of current acidification trends and also improve the capacity to predict possible future changes. An additional benefit is that such measurements also provide quantitative estimates of productivity. The technology required for precise measurements of the inorganic carbon system is readily available today. Regularly updated status evaluations of acidification, and the inorganic carbon system in general, would support management when assessing climate change effects, eutrophication or characteristics of the pelagic habitats. This would, however, have to be based on a spatially and temporally sufficient monitoring program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Gustafsson
- Baltic Nest Institute, Baltic Sea Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | - Vivi Fleming
- Marine and Freshwater Solutions, Finnish Environment Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bo G Gustafsson
- Baltic Nest Institute, Baltic Sea Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Tvärminne Zoological Station, University of Helsinki, Hanko, Finland
| | - Laura Hoikkala
- Marine and Freshwater Solutions, Finnish Environment Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gregor Rehder
- Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde (IOW), Rostock, Germany
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2
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Banerjee K, Paul R. Role of abiotic factors in enhancing the capacity of mangroves in reducing ocean acidification. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 31:1169-1188. [PMID: 35900710 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-022-02566-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of rising carbon dioxide levels in nature and the carbon sequestration potential of dominant mangrove species for reducing the toxic effects of ocean acidification. The study was conducted on the east coast of Odisha, in the western Bay of Bengal. To determine the effect of these ambient parameters on the absorption of carbon dioxide by the mangroves, water temperature, salinity, pH levels of seawater along with soil texture and pH, salinity expressed in electrical conductivity, compactness expressed in bulk density, and soil organic carbon were simultaneously monitored. The aboveground biomass and carbon of the selected species were studied for 2 consecutive years at 10 designated stations. The total carbon calculated for the study area varied from 242.50 ± 49.00 to 1321.29 ± 445.52 tons with a mean of 626.68 ± 174.81 tons for Bhitarkanika and Mahanadi mangrove chunks. This is equivalent to 2299.92 ± 641.55 tons of CO2 absorbed from the atmosphere. A total of 27 equations were selected as the best fit models for the study area. The equations between mangrove biomass and carbon along with aquatic and edaphic factors governing the pH of water and soil strongly support the positive influence of mangrove photosynthetic activity in shifting the equilibrium toward alkalinity. This calls for conservation of mangrove ecosystem to minimize the pace of acidification of estuarine water. The results indicate that Excoecariaagallocha and Avicennia marina as are the most capable species for combatting maximum carbon dioxide toxicity from the atmosphere; which will be helpful in REDD + programs and carbon-based payments for ecosystem services (PES).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kakoli Banerjee
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation of Natural Resources, Central University of Odisha, Koraput, 763004, India.
| | - Rakesh Paul
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation of Natural Resources, Central University of Odisha, Koraput, 763004, India
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3
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Galotti A, Jiménez-Gómez F, Parra G. Flow Cytometry Assessment of Microalgae Physiological Alterations under CO 2 Injection. Cytometry A 2020; 97:1136-1144. [PMID: 32427422 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Growth rate (GR), esterase activity (EA), membrane potential (MP), and DNA content were measured by flow cytometry to test if this powerful tool could be included in risk assessment and monitoring programs. This study tests a battery of endpoints that were measured on Scenedesmus (Acutodesmus) obliquus as model species, under high levels of injected CO2 to be proposed as biomarkers of effect. New technologies such as carbon capture and storage (CCS) bring positive consequences on CO2 mitigation strategies but also could have negative consequences if a CO2 leakage occurs during injection. Under this scenario, pH might drop down to 4 pH units around the pipe where the leakage happens. The study focus on to ascertain if the endpoints fulfill the requirements such as sensitiveness, be timely and cost-effective, be easy to measure and interpret, and be nondestructive, valuable attributes in effective biomarkers. CO2 injected at high levels significantly affects the EA, the membrane polarization, as well as GRs. However the DNA content did not shown a clear response under this condition. In conclusion, the GR, the EA, and the MP analyzed by flow cytometry fulfilled the attributes mentioned above and are proposed as biomarkers of effect in CCS monitoring programs. © 2020 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa Galotti
- Department of Animal Biology, Plant Biology and Ecology, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain.,Centre of Advanced Studies in Earth Sciences, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Francisco Jiménez-Gómez
- Department of Animal Biology, Plant Biology and Ecology, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain.,Centre of Advanced Studies in Earth Sciences, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Gema Parra
- Department of Animal Biology, Plant Biology and Ecology, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain.,Centre of Advanced Studies in Earth Sciences, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
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4
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Havenhand JN, Filipsson HL, Niiranen S, Troell M, Crépin AS, Jagers S, Langlet D, Matti S, Turner D, Winder M, de Wit P, Anderson LG. Ecological and functional consequences of coastal ocean acidification: Perspectives from the Baltic-Skagerrak System. AMBIO 2019; 48:831-854. [PMID: 30506502 PMCID: PMC6541583 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-018-1110-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Ocean temperatures are rising; species are shifting poleward, and pH is falling (ocean acidification, OA). We summarise current understanding of OA in the brackish Baltic-Skagerrak System, focussing on the direct, indirect and interactive effects of OA with other anthropogenic drivers on marine biogeochemistry, organisms and ecosystems. Substantial recent advances reveal a pattern of stronger responses (positive or negative) of species than ecosystems, more positive responses at lower trophic levels and strong indirect interactions in food-webs. Common emergent themes were as follows: OA drives planktonic systems toward the microbial loop, reducing energy transfer to zooplankton and fish; and nutrient/food availability ameliorates negative impacts of OA. We identify several key areas for further research, notably the need for OA-relevant biogeochemical and ecosystem models, and understanding the ecological and evolutionary capacity of Baltic-Skagerrak ecosystems to respond to OA and other anthropogenic drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan N. Havenhand
- Department of Marine Sciences, Tjärnö Marine Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, Strömstad, 45296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Susa Niiranen
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Kräftriket 2B, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Max Troell
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Kräftriket 2B, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
- Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics, Royal Swedish Academy of Science, Lilla Frescativägen 4, 10405 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anne-Sophie Crépin
- Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics, Royal Swedish Academy of Science, Lilla Frescativägen 4, 10405 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sverker Jagers
- Department of Political Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 711, Sprängkullsgatan 19, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - David Langlet
- Department of Law, University of Gothenburg, Box 650, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Simon Matti
- Department of Political Sciences, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden
| | - David Turner
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Monika Winder
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pierre de Wit
- Department of Marine Sciences, Tjärnö Marine Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, Strömstad, 45296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Leif G. Anderson
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
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5
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Eco-physiological responses of copepods and pteropods to ocean warming and acidification. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4748. [PMID: 30894601 PMCID: PMC6426838 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41213-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We compare physiological responses of the crustacean copepod Calanus pacificus and pelagic pteropod mollusk Limacina helicina to ocean temperatures and pH by measuring biomarkers of oxidative stress, antioxidant defences, and the activity of the respiratory electron transport system in organisms collected on the 2016 West Coast Ocean Acidification cruise in the California Current System. Copepods and pteropods exhibited strong but divergent responses in the same habitat; copepods had higher oxygen-reactive absorbance capacity, glutathione-S-transferase, and total glutathione content. The ratio between reduced to oxidised glutathione was higher in copepods than in pteropods, indicating lower oxidative stress in copepods. Pteropods showed higher activities of glutathione reductase, catalase, and lipid peroxidation, indicating increased antioxidant defences and oxidative stress. Thus, the antioxidant defence system of the copepods has a greater capacity to respond to oxidative stress, while pteropods already face severe stress and show limited capacity to deal with further changes. The results suggest that copepods have higher adaptive potential, owing to their stronger vertical migration behaviour and efficient glutathione metabolism, whereas pteropods run the risk of oxidative stress and mortality under high CO2 conditions. Our results provide a unique dataset and evidence of stress-inducing mechanisms behind pteropod ocean acidification responses.
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Sokołowski A, Brulińska D. The effects of low seawater pH on energy storage and heat shock protein 70 expression in a bivalve Limecola balthica. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 140:289-298. [PMID: 30251647 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Though biological consequences of CCS (Carbon Capture and Storage) implementation into the marine environment have received substantial research attention, the impact of potential CO2 leakage on benthic infauna in the Baltic Sea remained poorly recognized. This study quantified medium-term (56-day laboratory exposure) effects of CO2-induced seawater acidification (pH 7.7, 7.0 and 6.3) on energetic reserves and heat-shock protein HSP70 expression of adult bivalve Limecola balthica from the southern Baltic. While no clear impact was evident in the most acidic treatment (pH 6.3), moderate seawater hypercapnia (pH 7.0) induced elevated catabolism of high caloric reserves (carbohydrates including glycogen and lipids) in order to provide energy to cover enhanced metabolic requirements for acid-base regulation. Biochemical response did not involve, however, breakdown of proteins, suggesting that they were not utilized as metabolic substrates. As indicated also by subtle variations in the chaperone protein HSP70, the clams demonstrated high CO2 tolerance, presumably through development of efficient defensive/compensatory mechanisms during their larval and/or ontogenic life stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Sokołowski
- University of Gdańsk, Institute of Oceanography, Al. Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378, Gdynia, Poland.
| | - Dominika Brulińska
- University of Gdańsk, Institute of Oceanography, Al. Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378, Gdynia, Poland
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7
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Glippa O, Engström-Öst J, Kanerva M, Rein A, Vuori K. Oxidative stress and antioxidant defense responses in Acartia copepods in relation to environmental factors. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195981. [PMID: 29652897 PMCID: PMC5898752 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
On a daily basis, planktonic organisms migrate vertically and thus experience widely varying conditions in their physico-chemical environment. In the Gulf of Finland, these changes are larger than values predicted by climate change scenarios predicted for the next century (up to 0.5 units in pH and 5°C in temperature). In this work, we are interested in how temporal variations in physico-chemical characteristics of the water column on a daily and weekly scale influence oxidative stress level and antioxidant responses in the planktonic copepod of the genus Acartia. Responses were determined from samples collected during a two-week field survey in the western Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea. Our results showed that GST (Glutathione-S-transferase) enzyme activity increased in the surface waters between Weeks I and II, indicating antioxidant defense mechanism activation. This is most likely due to elevating temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen observed between these two weeks. During Week II also GSSG (oxidized glutathione) was detected, indicating that copepods responded to stressor(s) in the environment. Our results suggest that Acartia copepods seem fairly tolerant to weekly fluctuations in environmental conditions in coastal and estuarine areas, in terms of antioxidant defense and oxidative stress. This could be directly connected to a very efficient glutathione cycling system acting as antioxidant defense system for neutralizing ROS and avoiding elevated levels of LPX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Glippa
- Novia University of Applied Sciences, Ekenäs, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Mirella Kanerva
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Anni Rein
- Novia University of Applied Sciences, Ekenäs, Finland
| | - Kristiina Vuori
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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8
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Sokołowski A, Brulińska D, Mirny Z, Burska D, Pryputniewicz-Flis D. Differing responses of the estuarine bivalve Limecola balthica to lowered water pH caused by potential CO 2 leaks from a sub-seabed storage site in the Baltic Sea: An experimental study. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 127:761-773. [PMID: 28987450 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Sub-Seabed CCS is regarded as a key technology for the reduction of CO2 emissions, but little is known about the mechanisms through which leakages from storage sites impact benthic species. In this study, the biological responses of the infaunal bivalve Limecola balthica to CO2-induced seawater acidification (pH7.7, 7.0, and 6.3) were quantified in 56-day mesocosm experiments. Increased water acidity caused changes in behavioral and physiological traits, but even the most acidic conditions did not prove to be fatal. In response to hypercapnia, the bivalves approached the sediment surface and increased respiration rates. Lower seawater pH reduced shell weight and growth, while it simultaneously increased soft tissue weight; this places L. balthica in a somewhat unique position among marine invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Sokołowski
- University of Gdańsk, Institute of Oceanography, Al. Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland.
| | - Dominika Brulińska
- University of Gdańsk, Institute of Oceanography, Al. Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Mirny
- National Marine Fisheries Research Institute, ul. Kołłątaja 1, 81-332 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Dorota Burska
- University of Gdańsk, Institute of Oceanography, Al. Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland
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9
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Wulff A, Karlberg M, Olofsson M, Torstensson A, Riemann L, Steinhoff FS, Mohlin M, Ekstrand N, Chierici M. Ocean acidification and desalination: climate-driven change in a Baltic Sea summer microplanktonic community. MARINE BIOLOGY 2018; 165:63. [PMID: 29563649 PMCID: PMC5843668 DOI: 10.1007/s00227-018-3321-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Helcom scenario modelling suggests that the Baltic Sea, one of the largest brackish-water bodies in the world, could expect increased precipitation (decreased salinity) and increased concentration of atmospheric CO2 over the next 100 years. These changes are expected to affect the microplanktonic food web, and thereby nutrient and carbon cycling, in a complex and possibly synergistic manner. In the Baltic Proper, the extensive summer blooms dominated by the filamentous cyanobacteria Aphanizomenon sp., Dolichospermum spp. and the toxic Nodularia spumigena contribute up to 30% of the yearly new nitrogen and carbon exported to the sediment. In a 12 days outdoor microcosm experiment, we tested the combined effects of decreased salinity (from 6 to 3) and elevated CO2 concentrations (380 and 960 µatm) on a natural summer microplanktonic community, focusing on diazotrophic filamentous cyanobacteria. Elevated pCO2 had no significant effects on the natural microplanktonic community except for higher biovolume of Dolichospermum spp. and lower biomass of heterotrophic bacteria. At the end of the experimental period, heterotrophic bacterial abundance was correlated to the biovolume of N. spumigena. Lower salinity significantly affected cyanobacteria together with biovolumes of dinoflagellates, diatoms, ciliates and heterotrophic bacteria, with higher biovolume of Dolichospermum spp. and lower biovolume of N. spumigena, dinoflagellates, diatoms, ciliates and heterotrophic bacteria in reduced salinity. Although the salinity effects on diatoms were apparent, they could not clearly be separated from the influence of inorganic nutrients. We found a clear diurnal cycle in photosynthetic activity and pH, but without significant treatment effects. The same diurnal pattern was also observed in situ (pCO2, pH). Thus, considering the Baltic Proper, we do not expect any dramatic effects of increased pCO2 in combination with decreased salinity on the microplanktonic food web. However, long-term effects of the experimental treatments need to be further studied, and indirect effects of the lower salinity treatments could not be ruled out. Our study adds one piece to the complicated puzzle to reveal the combined effects of increased pCO2 and reduced salinity levels on the Baltic microplanktonic community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Wulff
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Maria Karlberg
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Malin Olofsson
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Anders Torstensson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
- Present Address: School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Box 357940, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Lasse Riemann
- Department of Biology, Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen, Strandpromenaden 5, 3000 Helsingør, Denmark
| | - Franciska S. Steinhoff
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Malin Mohlin
- Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Sven Källfelts gata 15, 426 71 Västra Frölunda, Sweden
| | - Nina Ekstrand
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Melissa Chierici
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
- Present Address: Institute of Marine Research, Sykehusveien 23, Tromsø, Norway
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Tamelander T, Spilling K, Winder M. Organic matter export to the seafloor in the Baltic Sea: Drivers of change and future projections. AMBIO 2017; 46:842-851. [PMID: 28647909 PMCID: PMC5639801 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-017-0930-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The impact of environmental change and anthropogenic stressors on coastal marine systems will strongly depend on changes in the magnitude and composition of organic matter exported from the water column to the seafloor. Knowledge of vertical export in the Baltic Sea is synthesised to illustrate how organic matter deposition will respond to climate warming, climate-related changes in freshwater runoff, and ocean acidification. Pelagic heterotrophic processes are suggested to become more important in a future warmer climate, with negative feedbacks to organic matter deposition to the seafloor. This is an important step towards improved oxygen conditions in the near-bottom layer that will reduce the release of inorganic nutrients from the sediment and hence counteract further eutrophication. The evaluation of these processes in ecosystem models, validated by field observations, will significantly advance the understanding of the system's response to environmental change and will improve the use of such models in management of coastal areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Tamelander
- Tvärminne Zoological Station, University of Helsinki, 10900 Hanko, Finland
| | - Kristian Spilling
- Marine Research Centre, Finnish Environment Institute, P.O. Box 140, 00251 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Monica Winder
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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11
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Wu Y, Campbell DA, Gao K. Short-term elevated CO 2 exposure stimulated photochemical performance of a coastal marine diatom. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 125:42-48. [PMID: 28126512 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification changes seawater chemistry, with increased CO2 and decreased pH regarded as the most important factors that impact marine organisms. This study employed an unconventional methodology to distinguish the independent effects of pH versus CO2. Changes in CO2 dominated the photochemical responses of the coastal diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum to short-term ocean acidification. Increased CO2 lowered non-photochemical quenching of excitation and stimulated the electron transport rates of photosynthesis, with the largest effects on both parameters when CO2 and pH were altered simultaneously. Changes in pH alone did not show significant effects upon non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) nor upon electron transport rates, but can synergistically amplify CO2 effects under low light. Maximal induction of NPQ after illumination showed only a limited response to increasing CO2 under stable pH, across a range of increasing light levels, but maximal induced NPQ declined rapidly with increasing CO2 under variable pH, when measured under exposure to sub-saturating light, but not under saturating light. These findings show that aqueous CO2 and pH affect different physiological processes independently or interactively, which should be taken into account in future research for better understanding of responses to ocean acidification at the mechanistic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Douglas A Campbell
- Biology Department, Mount Allison University, Sackville, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Kunshan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
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12
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Raddatz S, Guy-Haim T, Rilov G, Wahl M. Future warming and acidification effects on anti-fouling and anti-herbivory traits of the brown alga Fucus vesiculosus (Phaeophyceae). JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2017; 53:44-58. [PMID: 27711971 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Human-induced ocean warming and acidification have received increasing attention over the past decade and are considered to have substantial consequences for a broad range of marine species and their interactions. Understanding how these interactions shift in response to climate change is particularly important with regard to foundation species, such as the brown alga Fucus vesiculosus. This macroalga represents the dominant habitat former on coastal rocky substrata of the Baltic Sea, fulfilling functions essential for the entire benthic community. Its ability to withstand extensive fouling and herbivory regulates the associated community and ecosystem dynamics. This study tested the interactive effects of future warming, acidification, and seasonality on the interactions of a marine macroalga with potential foulers and consumers. F. vesiculosus rockweeds were exposed to different combinations of conditions predicted regionally for the year 2100 (+∆5°C, +∆700 μatm CO2 ) using multifactorial long-term experiments in novel outdoor benthic mesocosms ("Benthocosms") over 9-12-week periods in four seasons. Possible shifts in the macroalgal susceptibility to fouling and consumption were tested using consecutive bioassays. Algal susceptibility to fouling and grazing varied substantially among seasons and between treatments. In all seasons, warming predominantly affected anti-fouling and anti-herbivory interactions while acidification had a subtle nonsignificant influence. Interestingly, anti-microfouling activity was highest during winter under warming, while anti-macrofouling and anti-herbivory activities were highest in the summer under warming. These contrasting findings indicate that seasonal changes in anti-fouling and anti-herbivory traits may interact with ocean warming in altering F. vesiculosus community composition in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Raddatz
- Department of Benthic Ecology, GEOMAR, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Tamar Guy-Haim
- Department of Marine Biology, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, National Institute of Oceanography, P.O. Box 8030, Haifa, 31080, Israel
- Marine Biology Department, The Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa, 31905, Israel
| | - Gil Rilov
- Department of Marine Biology, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, National Institute of Oceanography, P.O. Box 8030, Haifa, 31080, Israel
| | - Martin Wahl
- Department of Benthic Ecology, GEOMAR, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105, Kiel, Germany
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13
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Horn HG, Sander N, Stuhr A, Algueró-Muñiz M, Bach LT, Löder MGJ, Boersma M, Riebesell U, Aberle N. Low CO2 Sensitivity of Microzooplankton Communities in the Gullmar Fjord, Skagerrak: Evidence from a Long-Term Mesocosm Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165800. [PMID: 27893740 PMCID: PMC5125589 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocean acidification is considered as a crucial stressor for marine communities. In this study, we tested the effects of the IPCC RPC6.0 end-of-century acidification scenario on a natural plankton community in the Gullmar Fjord, Sweden, during a long-term mesocosm experiment from a spring bloom to a mid-summer situation. The focus of this study was on microzooplankton and its interactions with phytoplankton and mesozooplankton. The microzooplankton community was dominated by ciliates, especially small Strombidium sp., with the exception of the last days when heterotrophic dinoflagellates increased in abundance. We did not observe any effects of high CO2 on the community composition and diversity of microzooplankton. While ciliate abundance, biomass and growth rate were not affected by elevated CO2, we observed a positive effect of elevated CO2 on dinoflagellate abundances. Additionally, growth rates of dinoflagellates were significantly higher in the high CO2 treatments. Given the higher Chlorophyll a content measured under high CO2, our results point at mainly indirect effects of CO2 on microzooplankton caused by changes in phytoplankton standing stocks, in this case most likely an increase in small-sized phytoplankton of <8 μm. Overall, the results from the present study covering the most important part of the growing season indicate that coastal microzooplankton communities are rather robust towards realistic acidification scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriette G. Horn
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Helgoland, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Nils Sander
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Helgoland, Germany
| | - Annegret Stuhr
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - María Algueró-Muñiz
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Helgoland, Germany
| | - Lennart T. Bach
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Maarten Boersma
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Helgoland, Germany
- University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Ulf Riebesell
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Nicole Aberle
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Helgoland, Germany
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14
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Milano S, Schöne BR, Wang S, Müller WE. Impact of high pCO2 on shell structure of the bivalve Cerastoderma edule. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 119:144-155. [PMID: 27285613 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Raised atmospheric emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) result in an increased ocean pCO2 level and decreased carbonate saturation state. Ocean acidification potentially represents a major threat to calcifying organisms, specifically mollusks. The present study focuses on the impact of elevated pCO2 on shell microstructural and mechanical properties of the bivalve Cerastoderma edule. The mollusks were collected from the Baltic Sea and kept in flow-through systems at six different pCO2 levels from 900 μatm (control) to 24,400 μatm. Extreme pCO2 levels were used to determine the effects of potential leaks from the carbon capture and sequestration sites where CO2 is stored in sub-seabed geological formations. Two approaches were combined to determine the effects of the acidified conditions: (1) Shell microstructures and dissolution damage were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and (2) shell hardness was tested using nanoindentation. Microstructures of specimens reared at different pCO2 levels do not show significant changes in their size and shape. Likewise, the increase of pCO2 does not affect shell hardness. However, dissolution of ontogenetically younger portions of the shell becomes more severe with the increase of pCO2. Irrespective of pCO2, strong negative correlations exist between microstructure size and shell mechanics. An additional sample from the North Sea revealed the same microstructural-mechanical interdependency as the shells from the Baltic Sea. Our findings suggest that the skeletal structure of C. edule is not intensely influenced by pCO2 variations. Furthermore, our study indicates that naturally occurring shell mechanical property depends on the shell architecture at μm-scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Milano
- Institute of Geosciences, University of Mainz, Joh.-J.-Becherweg 21, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Bernd R Schöne
- Institute of Geosciences, University of Mainz, Joh.-J.-Becherweg 21, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Schunfeng Wang
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55099, Mainz, Germany
| | - Werner E Müller
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55099, Mainz, Germany
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15
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Garzke J, Hansen T, Ismar SMH, Sommer U. Combined Effects of Ocean Warming and Acidification on Copepod Abundance, Body Size and Fatty Acid Content. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155952. [PMID: 27224476 PMCID: PMC4880321 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Concerns about increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations and global warming have initiated studies on the consequences of multiple-stressor interactions on marine organisms and ecosystems. We present a fully-crossed factorial mesocosm study and assess how warming and acidification affect the abundance, body size, and fatty acid composition of copepods as a measure of nutritional quality. The experimental set-up allowed us to determine whether the effects of warming and acidification act additively, synergistically, or antagonistically on the abundance, body size, and fatty acid content of copepods, a major group of lower level consumers in marine food webs. Copepodite (developmental stages 1–5) and nauplii abundance were antagonistically affected by warming and acidification. Higher temperature decreased copepodite and nauplii abundance, while acidification partially compensated for the temperature effect. The abundance of adult copepods was negatively affected by warming. The prosome length of copepods was significantly reduced by warming, and the interaction of warming and CO2 antagonistically affected prosome length. Fatty acid composition was also significantly affected by warming. The content of saturated fatty acids increased, and the ratios of the polyunsaturated essential fatty acids docosahexaenoic- (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ARA) to total fatty acid content increased with higher temperatures. Additionally, here was a significant additive interaction effect of both parameters on arachidonic acid. Our results indicate that in a future ocean scenario, acidification might partially counteract some observed effects of increased temperature on zooplankton, while adding to others. These may be results of a fertilizing effect on phytoplankton as a copepod food source. In summary, copepod populations will be more strongly affected by warming rather than by acidifying oceans, but ocean acidification effects can modify some temperature impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Garzke
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Department of Marine Ecology, Experimental Ecology–Food Webs, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105, Kiel, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Thomas Hansen
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Department of Marine Ecology, Experimental Ecology–Food Webs, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefanie M. H. Ismar
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Department of Marine Ecology, Experimental Ecology–Food Webs, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ulrich Sommer
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Department of Marine Ecology, Experimental Ecology–Food Webs, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105, Kiel, Germany
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16
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Jakubowska M, Normant-Saremba M. The Effect of CO2-Induced Seawater Acidification on the Behaviour and Metabolic Rate of the Baltic ClamMacoma balthica. ANN ZOOL FENN 2015. [DOI: 10.5735/086.052.0509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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17
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Jutterström S, Andersson HC, Omstedt A, Malmaeus JM. Multiple stressors threatening the future of the Baltic Sea-Kattegat marine ecosystem: implications for policy and management actions. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2014; 86:468-480. [PMID: 25037874 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The paper discusses the combined effects of ocean acidification, eutrophication and climate change on the Baltic Sea and the implications for current management strategies. The scientific basis is built on results gathered in the BONUS+ projects Baltic-C and ECOSUPPORT. Model results indicate that the Baltic Sea is likely to be warmer, more hypoxic and more acidic in the future. At present management strategies are not taking into account temporal trends and potential ecosystem change due to warming and/or acidification, and therefore fulfilling the obligations specified within the Marine Strategy Framework Directive, OSPAR and HELCOM conventions and national environmental objectives may become significantly more difficult. The paper aims to provide a basis for a discussion on the effectiveness of current policy instruments and possible strategies for setting practical environmental objectives in a changing climate and with multiple stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jutterström
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Box 530 21, SE-400 14 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - H C Andersson
- Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Research & Development - Oceanography, SE-601 76 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - A Omstedt
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Earth Sciences, Box 460, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - J M Malmaeus
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Box 530 21, SE-400 14 Gothenburg, Sweden
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18
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Jansson A, Norkko J, Norkko A. Effects of Reduced pH on Macoma balthica Larvae from a System with Naturally Fluctuating pH-Dynamics. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68198. [PMID: 23840833 PMCID: PMC3693962 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocean acidification is causing severe changes in the inorganic carbon balance of the oceans. The pH conditions predicted for the future oceans are, however, already regularly occurring in the Baltic Sea, and the system might thus work as an analogue for future ocean acidification scenarios. The characteristics of the Baltic Sea with low buffering capacity and large natural pH fluctuations, in combination with multiple other stressors, suggest that OA effects may be severe, but remain largely unexplored. A calcifying species potentially affected by low pH conditions is the bivalve Macoma balthica (L.). We investigated larval survival and development of M. balthica by exposing the larvae to a range of pH levels: 7.2, 7.4, 7.7 and 8.1 during 20 days in order to learn what the effects of reduced pH are on the larval biology and thus also potentially for the population dynamics of this key species. We found that even a slight pH decrease causes significant negative changes during the larval phase, both by slowing growth and by decreasing survival. The growth was slower in all reduced pH treatments compared to the control treatment. The size of 250 µm that is considered indicative to imminent settling in our system was reached by 22% of the larvae grown in control conditions after 20 days, whereas in all reduced pH treatments the size of 250 µm was reached by only 7-14%. The strong impact of ocean acidification on larvae is alarming as slowly growing individuals are exposed to higher predation risk in response to the longer time they are required to spend in the plankton, further decreasing the ecological competence of the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Jansson
- Environmental and Marine Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Åbo, Finland
- Tvärminne Zoological Station, University of Helsinki, Hanko, Finland
- Marine Research Centre, Finnish Environment Institute, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Joanna Norkko
- Tvärminne Zoological Station, University of Helsinki, Hanko, Finland
| | - Alf Norkko
- Tvärminne Zoological Station, University of Helsinki, Hanko, Finland
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19
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Meier HEM, Andersson HC. ECOSUPPORT: a pilot study on decision support for Baltic sea environmental management. AMBIO 2012; 41:529-33. [PMID: 22926876 PMCID: PMC3428481 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-012-0317-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H. E. Markus Meier
- Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, 60176 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Helén C. Andersson
- Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, 60176 Norrköping, Sweden
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