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Cui T, Zhang J, Han Y, Su Y, Li Z, Zhang X. Sensory sensitivity and intelligence are correlated with nutrient deficiency in children with autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability. Eur J Clin Nutr 2024; 78:286-294. [PMID: 37978257 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-023-01365-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Relationship between dietary intake and sensory sensitivity and intelligence in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is not well described. This study aims to investigate nutrition status in children with ASD and ID and its association with sensory sensitivity and intelligence. SUBJECTS/METHODS 84 students (34 ASD and 48 ID) in a special education school were recruited. Dietary intakes were evaluated with 3-day food dairy. Sensory sensitivity was measured using short sensory profile (SSP). Wechsler IQ test were performed. RESULTS Two out of twenty-four investigated nutrients had an adequate intake rate of over 50%. Four out of ten investigated vitamins had an inadequate intake rate of over 90% and another two over 80%. 75.6% of participants had inadequate energy intake. After adjusting for age, ASD participants had a higher intake of all surveyed nutrients but only the intake of vitamin E and folate were statistically different (p < 0.05) along with a smaller number of inadequate nutrients (p < 0.001). Taste/smell sensitivity, movement sensitivity, underresponsive/seeks sensation, and total sensory sensitivity symptoms severity were slightly higher in ASD group than in ID group (all p < 0.05). After adjusting for IQ and sensory sensitivity score, difference of number of inadequate nutrients between ASD and ID group were not statistically significant (p = 0.193). CONCLUSIONS Individuals with ASD had better dietary intake but worse sensory sensitivity compared to those with ID. Sensory sensitivity and intelligence are correlated with nutritional status in individuals with neurodevelopmental disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingkai Cui
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, No. 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, 300070, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingchao Zhang
- Tianjin Medical University Stomatological Hospital, No.12 Qixiangtai Road, 300070, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu Han
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, No. 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, 300070, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuanyuan Su
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Experimental Teaching Center of Preventive Medicine, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, No. 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, 300070, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, No. 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, 300070, Tianjin, China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
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Li H, Huang S, Jing J, Yu H, Gu T, Ou X, Pan S, Zhu Y, Su X. Dietary intake and gastrointestinal symptoms are altered in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: the relative contribution of autism-linked traits. Nutr J 2024; 23:27. [PMID: 38419087 PMCID: PMC10900601 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-024-00930-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary and gastrointestinal (GI) problems have been frequently reported in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, the relative contributions of autism-linked traits to dietary and GI problems in children with ASD are poorly understood. This study firstly compared the dietary intake and GI symptoms between children with ASD and typically developing children (TDC), and then quantified the relative contributions of autism-linked traits to dietary intake, and relative contributions of autism-linked traits and dietary intake to GI symptoms within the ASD group. METHODS A sample of 121 children with ASD and 121 age-matched TDC were eligible for this study. The dietary intake indicators included food groups intakes, food variety, and diet quality. The autism-linked traits included ASD symptom severity, restricted repetitive behaviors (RRBs), sensory profiles, mealtime behaviors, and their subtypes. Linear mixed-effects models and mixed-effects logistic regression models were used to estimate the relative contributions. RESULTS Children with ASD had poorer diets with fewer vegetables/fruits, less variety of food, a higher degree of inadequate/unbalanced dietary intake, and more severe constipation/total GI symptoms than age-matched TDC. Within the ASD group, compulsive behavior (a subtype of RRBs) and taste/smell sensitivity were the only traits associated with lower vegetables and fruit consumption, respectively. Self-injurious behavior (a subtype of RRBs) was the only contributing trait to less variety of food. Limited variety (a subtype of mealtime behavior problems) and ASD symptom severity were the primary and secondary contributors to inadequate dietary intake, respectively. ASD symptom severity and limited variety were the primary and secondary contributors to unbalanced dietary intake, respectively. Notably, unbalanced dietary intake was a significant independent factor associated with constipation/total GI symptoms, and autism-linked traits manifested no contributions. CONCLUSIONS ASD symptom severity and unbalanced diets were the most important contributors to unbalanced dietary intake and GI symptoms, respectively. Our findings highlight that ASD symptom severity and unbalanced diets could provide the largest benefits for the dietary and GI problems of ASD if they were targeted for early detection and optimal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailin Li
- Research Center of Children and Adolescent Psychological and Behavioral Development, Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, P.R. China
| | - Saijun Huang
- Department of Child Healthcare, Foshan Women and Children Hospital, Foshan, Guangdong, 528000, P.R. China
| | - Jin Jing
- Research Center of Children and Adolescent Psychological and Behavioral Development, Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, P.R. China
| | - Hong Yu
- Department of Child Healthcare, Foshan Women and Children Hospital, Foshan, Guangdong, 528000, P.R. China
| | - Tingfeng Gu
- Research Center of Children and Adolescent Psychological and Behavioral Development, Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxuan Ou
- Research Center of Children and Adolescent Psychological and Behavioral Development, Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, P.R. China
| | - Shuolin Pan
- Research Center of Children and Adolescent Psychological and Behavioral Development, Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, P.R. China
| | - Yanna Zhu
- Research Center of Children and Adolescent Psychological and Behavioral Development, Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, P.R. China.
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, P.R. China.
| | - Xi Su
- Department of Child Healthcare, Foshan Women and Children Hospital, Foshan, Guangdong, 528000, P.R. China.
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Galler M, Varela P. Methodological approaches to assess tactile sensitivity in the food context-A scoping review. J Texture Stud 2023. [PMID: 38014904 DOI: 10.1111/jtxs.12813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to taste sensitivity, the assessment of texture or tactile sensitivity has received relatively little attention in the food context. Texture plays an important role in food preferences and food intake, and individual differences make it important to understand physiological drivers of perception as tactile sensitivity. The multi-dimensional and dynamic aspects of texture perception suggest there is not one single method that can explain individual differences. This scoping review aims to systematically map methods assessing tactile sensitivity, in the context of food, highlighting differences in approach and implementation. Eligibility criteria included papers describing methods to assess individual differences in tactile sensitivity, that involved human participants and the context was relevant to food behavior. Sources are peer-reviewed publications of original research in English. In mapping the methods, we assessed how they relate to food texture parameters (mechanical, geometrical, and surface) and the dynamics of breaking down (touch with hand, first bite/sip, oral processing, residual or after-swallowing sensations). We also review other parameters associated (oral processing, preference, diet and food intake behavior). The literature in this relatively young area is still very fragmented and it is difficult to have a clear picture regarding best practices or recommendations for the measurement of tactile sensitivity in the food context. Future studies should aim to methodological harmonization for application in the food behavior area, with a design of experiment combining different aspects of tactile sensitivity to food, focusing on the thresholds and perceived intensity of textural parameters as well as affective and behavioral responses, and covering the whole spectrum of tactile texture perception (mechanical, geometrics, and surface), including the dynamics of perception.
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Compañ-Gabucio LM, Ojeda-Belokon C, Torres-Collado L, García-de-la-Hera M. A Scoping Review of Tools to Assess Diet in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Nutrients 2023; 15:3748. [PMID: 37686780 PMCID: PMC10489631 DOI: 10.3390/nu15173748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Eating is considered one of the activities of daily living most affected by autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in children and adolescents and, therefore, needs to be thoroughly assessed using specific tools. The aim of this scoping review was to describe the most widely used tool to assess diet in children and adolescents with ASD. A search was conducted on PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, Web of Science and PsycINFO databases. Two authors screened the articles and included all randomized or non-randomized studies published in English or Spanish in the last five years in which the diet of children and adolescents with ASD was assessed. Fifteen studies were included in this review. Mealtime behaviour was the most assessed variable in the included studies (n = 7). Thirteen different assessment tools were identified to evaluate the diet of children and adolescents with ASD, mainly at ages 2-12 (n = 11). The Brief Assessment scale for Mealtime Behavior in Children (BAMBI) and 24-h recalls were the most commonly used dietary assessment tools in the included studies. Our results can help professionals in the selection of an optimal scale to assess diet in children and adolescents with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura María Compañ-Gabucio
- Nutritional Epidemiology Unit (EPINUT), Department of Public Health, History of Science and Gynaecology, University of Miguel Hernández (UMH), 03550 Alicante, Spain; (L.M.C.-G.); (C.O.-B.); (M.G.-d.-l.-H.)
- Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research, ISABIAL, 03010 Alicante, Spain
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Ojeda-Belokon
- Nutritional Epidemiology Unit (EPINUT), Department of Public Health, History of Science and Gynaecology, University of Miguel Hernández (UMH), 03550 Alicante, Spain; (L.M.C.-G.); (C.O.-B.); (M.G.-d.-l.-H.)
- Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research, ISABIAL, 03010 Alicante, Spain
| | - Laura Torres-Collado
- Nutritional Epidemiology Unit (EPINUT), Department of Public Health, History of Science and Gynaecology, University of Miguel Hernández (UMH), 03550 Alicante, Spain; (L.M.C.-G.); (C.O.-B.); (M.G.-d.-l.-H.)
- Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research, ISABIAL, 03010 Alicante, Spain
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuela García-de-la-Hera
- Nutritional Epidemiology Unit (EPINUT), Department of Public Health, History of Science and Gynaecology, University of Miguel Hernández (UMH), 03550 Alicante, Spain; (L.M.C.-G.); (C.O.-B.); (M.G.-d.-l.-H.)
- Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research, ISABIAL, 03010 Alicante, Spain
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28034 Madrid, Spain
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Rodrigues JVS, Poli MCF, Petrilli PH, Dornelles RCM, Turcio KH, Theodoro LH. Food selectivity and neophobia in children with autism spectrum disorder and neurotypical development: a systematic review. Nutr Rev 2023:6986143. [PMID: 36633300 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuac112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have common eating problems, including food refusal, dietary restrictions, and behavioral problems during eating. OBJECTIVE The aim of this systematic review was to find more clear evidence on the relationship between food selectivity or food neophobia (FN) and ASD in children up to age 14 years. The PECO-based question was: Are food selectivity and FN behaviors more prevalent in children with ASD than in children with neurotypical development (NTD)?, in which the P is children, E is ASD, C is children with NTD, and O is food selectivity and FN. DATA SOURCES Clinical studies in the databases PubMed, Embase and Web of Science, comparing children with ASD and those with NTD, were reviewed from October 1966 to October 2021. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION A total of 122 studies were analyzed for summary reading, and only 17 of these were included in the descriptive qualitative analysis. In 9 studies, the analysis of food selectivity was performed via a questionnaire. RESULTS The results showed that children with ASD are more selective than those with NTD. Four studies evaluated FN through scales; however, only 2 found higher levels of FN in the ASD group than in children with NTD. The sensory profile was measured using questionnaires in 9 studies, and we found that altered sensory processing is more common in children with ASD. CONCLUSION Children with ASD present greater food selectivity than children with NTD. However, the occurrence of FN was higher in only 50% in which FN was investigated, which points to a need for studies that compare FN between siblings with ASD and those with NTD in the same family nucleus. In addition, atypical oral sensitivity seems to be a sensory characteristic most related to eating disorders. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO registration no. CRD42021247880.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Victor S Rodrigues
- Department of Diagnostic and Surgery, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, São Paulo State University, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Clara F Poli
- Department of Diagnostic and Surgery, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, São Paulo State University, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro H Petrilli
- Department of Diagnostic and Surgery, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, São Paulo State University, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rita Cássia M Dornelles
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Karina H Turcio
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leticia H Theodoro
- Department of Diagnostic and Surgery, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, São Paulo State University, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
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Dietary Assessment Methods Applied in Clinical and Epidemiological Studies in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder: a Systematic Review. REVIEW JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s40489-022-00353-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Elsayed HE, Thompson KL, Conklin JL, Watson LR. Systematic Review of the Relation Between Feeding Problems and Sensory Processing in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY 2022; 31:2875-2899. [PMID: 36356224 DOI: 10.1044/2022_ajslp-21-00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Many studies have linked sensory sensitivities to feeding problems in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Despite the importance of sensory processing for a variety of mealtime and eating skills, the specific sensory processes that may impact feeding problems in children with ASD have not been comprehensively reviewed. Thus, the goal of this systematic review was to understand the associations between sensory processing and feeding difficulties in children with ASD. METHOD This systematic review was carried out according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. The PubMed, CINAHL Plus with Full Text (EBSCOhost), Scopus (Elsevier), and Embase (Elsevier) databases were searched from their dates of inception through the final search date of April 19, 2022, for English language studies that examined both sensory processing and feeding among children with ASD. Studies were assessed for quality using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools. RESULTS A total of 27 studies were included. Findings supported the existence of a relationship between sensory processing and feeding problems in children with ASD. Specifically, studies reported that overall scores on sensory processing measures as well as measures of oral sensory processing were frequently associated with feeding problems. CONCLUSIONS This review supports the development of future feeding interventions focusing on sensory processing given the relationship between sensory processing and feeding problems among children with ASD. Future research should focus on utilizing consistent feeding assessments specific to children with ASD and collect information on medical diagnoses that can impact feeding in order to report on feeding more holistically in this population. SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.21453909.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba E Elsayed
- Kessler Foundation, East Hanover, NJ
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark
- Division of Speech and Hearing Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Kelsey L Thompson
- Division of Speech and Hearing Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Jamie L Conklin
- Health Sciences Library, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Linda R Watson
- Division of Speech and Hearing Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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Food Selectivity and Its Implications Associated with Gastrointestinal Disorders in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14132660. [PMID: 35807840 PMCID: PMC9268444 DOI: 10.3390/nu14132660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Food selectivity (FS) in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is common, and its impact on a nutritional level is known. However, the etiology of gastrointestinal disorders (GID) related to alterations in the intestinal microbiota in children with ASD remains unclear. This article provides a narrative review of the literature on FS from the last 15 years, and its relationship with GID in children with ASD. Sensory aversion in ASD leads to food elimination, based on consistencies, preferences, and other sensory issues. The restriction of food groups that modulate the gut microbiota, such as fruits and vegetables, as well as the fibers of some cereals, triggers an intestinal dysbiosis with increased abundance in Enterobacteriaceae, Salmonella Escherichia/Shigella, and Clostridium XIVa, which, together with an aberrant immune response and a leaky gut, may trigger GID. It is observed that FS can be the product of previous GID. GID could provide information to generate a hypothesis of the bidirectional relationship between FS and GID. Emphasis is placed on the need for more studies with methodological rigor in selecting children with ASD, the need for homogeneous criteria in the evaluation of GID, and the adequate classification of FS in children with ASD.
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Reche-Olmedo L, Torres-Collado L, Compañ-Gabucio LM, Garcia-de-la-Hera M. The Role of Occupational Therapy in Managing Food Selectivity of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Scoping Review. CHILDREN 2021; 8:children8111024. [PMID: 34828737 PMCID: PMC8620957 DOI: 10.3390/children8111024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Food selectivity is common in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). It can be defined as the unwillingness to eat common or new foods, resulting in a lack of variety in the diet or limited food consumption for multiple reasons, such as inflexibility or sensory alterations. We conducted a peer scoping review to describe the interventions that are carried out from occupational therapy (OT) in children with ASD with food selectivity. Two authors independently searched the databases PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and EMBASE, as well as the OT journals indexed in Journal Citation Reports. Articles exploring OT interventions in children (≤12 years) with ASD and food selectivity, published in Spanish or English, with experimental design, and with full text available were included. Of the 1445 articles identified, 8 articles met the inclusion criteria. Three main intervention categories were identified: sensory–behavioral, family focused, and other interventions. Most of the interventions from OT were aimed at treating sensory–behavioral aspects. Only three articles described interventions led exclusively by occupational therapists, and the rest were led by a multidisciplinary team. Finally, although these interventions are not exclusive to OT, occupational therapists can participate together with other professionals as an essential component in the treatment of food selectivity in children with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Reche-Olmedo
- Unidad de Epidemiología de la Nutrición, Departamento de Salud Pública, Historia de la Ciencia y Ginecología, Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), 03550 Alicante, Spain; (L.R.-O.); (L.T.-C.); (M.G.-d.-l.-H.)
| | - Laura Torres-Collado
- Unidad de Epidemiología de la Nutrición, Departamento de Salud Pública, Historia de la Ciencia y Ginecología, Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), 03550 Alicante, Spain; (L.R.-O.); (L.T.-C.); (M.G.-d.-l.-H.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante, ISABIAL, 03010 Alicante, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura María Compañ-Gabucio
- Unidad de Epidemiología de la Nutrición, Departamento de Salud Pública, Historia de la Ciencia y Ginecología, Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), 03550 Alicante, Spain; (L.R.-O.); (L.T.-C.); (M.G.-d.-l.-H.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante, ISABIAL, 03010 Alicante, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-965919572
| | - Manuela Garcia-de-la-Hera
- Unidad de Epidemiología de la Nutrición, Departamento de Salud Pública, Historia de la Ciencia y Ginecología, Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), 03550 Alicante, Spain; (L.R.-O.); (L.T.-C.); (M.G.-d.-l.-H.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante, ISABIAL, 03010 Alicante, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28034 Madrid, Spain
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