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Smolkova D, Gregus M, Vesely H, Cmelik R, Pizova H, Bobal P, Lavicka J. Synthesis and application of BODIPY-based fluorescent labeling tag for oligosaccharide and N-linked glycan analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1285:342032. [PMID: 38057064 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.342032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycosylation analysis is still challenging, not only because of the extreme structure complexity and conjugation diversity of glycans but also because of instrumental aspects such as the sensitivity limits of analyses. Therefore, glycan analysis by chromatographic methods is very often combined with fluorescence detection in addition to MS. The majority of fluorescent labeling employed before LC separation is based on 2-aminobenzamide, which has several disadvantages such as low labeling yield, poor fluorescence properties, and MS ionization efficiency. Therefore, even after several decades of development of new labels, there is still a need for new labeling tags with improved characteristics. RESULTS We present the application of a newly synthesized fluorescent label designed for oligosaccharide and glycan analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC/FLD). The novel hydrazide derivative of dipyrrometheneboron difluoride (BODIPY) was synthesized from 2,4-dimethylpyrrole, methyl succinyl chloride, and boron trifluoride etherate followed by a reaction with hydrazine. The synthesized label was characterized by several analytical methods including NMR, UV/Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. The labeling reaction via hydrazone formation chemistry was optimized by labeling of maltooligosaccharide standards. The analysis of maltohexaose labeled by BODIPY-hydrazide followed by HPLC/FLD analysis provided the limit of detection in the low tens of femtomole. The presented method based on fluorescence detection is at least 30 times more sensitive than the standard approach employing labeling by 2-aminobenzamide. In addition, the labeling method by BODIPY-hydrazide was used for N-linked glycan profiling of several glycoproteins (ribonuclease B, immunoglobulin G) by RP-HPLC/FLD as well as HILIC/FLD analysis. SIGNIFICANCE This work represents the design, synthesis, and application of a new fluorescent label based on the BODIPY core and hydrazone formation chemistry for oligosaccharide and glycan analysis by HPLC/FLD. The proposed approach significantly improved the oligosaccharide and glycan analysis in comparison to the commonly used procedure employing 2-aminobenzamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denisa Smolkova
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveri 97, 602 00, Brno, Czech Republic; Masaryk University, Department of Chemistry, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Gregus
- Masaryk University, Department of Chemical Drugs, Palackeho trida 1, 612 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hubert Vesely
- Masaryk University, Department of Chemical Drugs, Palackeho trida 1, 612 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Richard Cmelik
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveri 97, 602 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Pizova
- Masaryk University, Department of Chemical Drugs, Palackeho trida 1, 612 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Bobal
- Masaryk University, Department of Chemical Drugs, Palackeho trida 1, 612 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Jana Lavicka
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveri 97, 602 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Wang L, Han Y, Zhang Y, Geng H, Zhu Z, Chen P, Cui X, Wang X, Sun C. In-depth profiling of carbohydrate isomers in biological tissues by chemical derivatization-assisted mass spectrometry imaging. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1278:341741. [PMID: 37709472 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrates play crucial regulatory roles in various physiological and pathological processes. However, the low ionization efficiency and the presence of linkage pattern, monosaccharide composition and anomeric configuration isomers make their in-depth analysis very challenging, especially for heterogeneous biological tissues. In this study, we propose a high-sensitive and isomer-specific imaging approach to visualize the spatial distributions of monosaccharide and disaccharide isomers by integrating chemical derivatization and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization tandem mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MS2I). 2-Pyridinecarbohydrazide (PYD) is developed as a novel derivatization reagent which can not only improves the MS sensitivity of carbohydrates, but also enables the identification and visualization of ketose and aldose monosaccharide isomers, as well as linkage pattern, monosaccharide composition and anomeric configuration disaccharide isomers by mass spectrometry imaging of isomer-specific MS/MS fragment ions. Moreover, we build quantitative MALDI-MS2 and MALDI-MS2I methods for disaccharide isomers based on the diagnostic fragment ions, and good linear relationships could be achieved both in solution and on glass slides. We expect that this study should provide new ideas for in-depth profiling of the spatial signatures of carbohydrates in biological tissues and lay the foundation for a deeper understanding of carbohydrates' structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments of Shandong Province, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China; Key Laboratory for Natural Active Pharmaceutical Constituents Research in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Yuhao Han
- Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments of Shandong Province, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China; Key Laboratory for Natural Active Pharmaceutical Constituents Research in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Yaqi Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments of Shandong Province, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China; Key Laboratory for Natural Active Pharmaceutical Constituents Research in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Haoyuan Geng
- Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments of Shandong Province, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China; Key Laboratory for Natural Active Pharmaceutical Constituents Research in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Zihan Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Panpan Chen
- Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments of Shandong Province, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China; Key Laboratory for Natural Active Pharmaceutical Constituents Research in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Xiaoqing Cui
- Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments of Shandong Province, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China; Key Laboratory for Natural Active Pharmaceutical Constituents Research in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments of Shandong Province, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China; Key Laboratory for Natural Active Pharmaceutical Constituents Research in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Chenglong Sun
- Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments of Shandong Province, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China; Key Laboratory for Natural Active Pharmaceutical Constituents Research in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China.
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3
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Peng W, Reyes CDG, Gautam S, Yu A, Cho BG, Goli M, Donohoo K, Mondello S, Kobeissy F, Mechref Y. MS-based glycomics and glycoproteomics methods enabling isomeric characterization. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023; 42:577-616. [PMID: 34159615 PMCID: PMC8692493 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation is one of the most significant and abundant posttranslational modifications in mammalian cells. It mediates a wide range of biofunctions, including cell adhesion, cell communication, immune cell trafficking, and protein stability. Also, aberrant glycosylation has been associated with various diseases such as diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, inflammation, immune deficiencies, congenital disorders, and cancers. The alterations in the distributions of glycan and glycopeptide isomers are involved in the development and progression of several human diseases. However, the microheterogeneity of glycosylation brings a great challenge to glycomic and glycoproteomic analysis, including the characterization of isomers. Over several decades, different methods and approaches have been developed to facilitate the characterization of glycan and glycopeptide isomers. Mass spectrometry (MS) has been a powerful tool utilized for glycomic and glycoproteomic isomeric analysis due to its high sensitivity and rich structural information using different fragmentation techniques. However, a comprehensive characterization of glycan and glycopeptide isomers remains a challenge when utilizing MS alone. Therefore, various separation methods, including liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, and ion mobility, were developed to resolve glycan and glycopeptide isomers before MS. These separation techniques were coupled to MS for a better identification and quantitation of glycan and glycopeptide isomers. Additionally, bioinformatic tools are essential for the automated processing of glycan and glycopeptide isomeric data to facilitate isomeric studies in biological cohorts. Here in this review, we discuss commonly employed MS-based techniques, separation hyphenated MS methods, and software, facilitating the separation, identification, and quantitation of glycan and glycopeptide isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | | | - Sakshi Gautam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Aiying Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Byeong Gwan Cho
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Mona Goli
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Donohoo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | | | - Firas Kobeissy
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics & Biomarkers Research, Departments of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Yehia Mechref
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
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Peng W, Kobeissy F, Mondello S, Barsa C, Mechref Y. MS-based glycomics: An analytical tool to assess nervous system diseases. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1000179. [PMID: 36408389 PMCID: PMC9671362 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1000179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurological diseases affect millions of peopleochemistryorldwide and are continuously increasing due to the globe's aging population. Such diseases affect the nervous system and are characterized by a progressive decline in brain function and progressive cognitive impairment, decreasing the quality of life for those with the disease as well as for their families and loved ones. The increased burden of nervous system diseases demands a deeper insight into the biomolecular mechanisms at work during disease development in order to improve clinical diagnosis and drug design. Recently, evidence has related glycosylation to nervous system diseases. Glycosylation is a vital post-translational modification that mediates many biological functions, and aberrant glycosylation has been associated with a variety of diseases. Thus, the investigation of glycosylation in neurological diseases could provide novel biomarkers and information for disease pathology. During the last decades, many techniques have been developed for facilitation of reliable and efficient glycomic analysis. Among these, mass spectrometry (MS) is considered the most powerful tool for glycan analysis due to its high resolution, high sensitivity, and the ability to acquire adequate structural information for glycan identification. Along with MS, a variety of approaches and strategies are employed to enhance the MS-based identification and quantitation of glycans in neurological samples. Here, we review the advanced glycomic tools used in nervous system disease studies, including separation techniques prior to MS, fragmentation techniques in MS, and corresponding strategies. The glycan markers in common clinical nervous system diseases discovered by utilizing such MS-based glycomic tools are also summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Firas Kobeissy
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics and Biomarkers Research, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Stefania Mondello
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Chloe Barsa
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics and Biomarkers Research, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Yehia Mechref
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
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5
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Šoić D, Mlinarić Z, Lauc G, Gornik O, Novokmet M, Keser T. In a pursuit of optimal glycan fluorescent label for negative MS mode for high-throughput N-glycan analysis. Front Chem 2022; 10:999770. [PMID: 36262345 PMCID: PMC9574008 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.999770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past few decades, essential role of glycosylation in protein functioning has become widely recognized, rapidly advancing glycan analysis techniques. Because free glycan’s lack chromophore or fluorophore properties, and do not ionize well, they are often derivatized to facilitate their separation or detection, and to enhance the sensitivity of the analysis. Released glycan’s are usually derivatized using a fluorescent tag, which enables their optical detection in LC profiling. Some fluorescent labels can also promote ionization efficiency, thus facilitating MS detection. For this reason, there is a need to design fluorophores that will contribute more to the fluorescence and ionization of glycan’s and the need to quantify these contributions to improve glycan analysis methods. In this paper we focused on negative MS mode as these methods are more informative than methods involving positive MS mode, allowing for a less ambiguous elucidation of detailed glycan structures. Additionally, traditional glycan labels in negative mode MS usually result with diminished sensitivity compared to positive mode, thus making selection of appropriate label even more important for successful high-throughput analysis. Therefore, eleven fluorescent labels of different chemo-physical properties were chosen to study the influence of label hydrophobicity and presence of a negative charge on glycan ionization in negative MS mode. N-glycans released from IgG sample were labeled with one of the eleven labels, purified with HILIC-SPE and analyzed with HILIC-UPLC-FLR-MS. To make evaluation of studied labels performance more objective, analysis was performed in two laboratories and at two mobile phase pH (4.4 and 7.4). Although there was a notable trend of more hydrophobic labels having bigger signal intensities in one laboratory, we observed no such trend in the other laboratory. The results show that MS parameters and intrinsic configuration of the spectrometer have even bigger effect on the final ESI response of the labeled-glycan ionization in negative MS mode that the labels themselves. With this in mind, further research and development of fluorophores that will be suitable for high-throughput glycan analysis in the negative MS mode are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinko Šoić
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zvonimir Mlinarić
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Gordan Lauc
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Olga Gornik
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Toma Keser
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- *Correspondence: Toma Keser,
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6
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Han Y, Zhao Y, Chen P, Wang L, Hu Q, Wang X, Sun C. On-tissue derivatization for isomer-specific mass spectrometry imaging and relative quantification of monosaccharides in biological tissues. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1225:340241. [PMID: 36038240 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Spatially-resolved profiling of tissue monosaccharides not only gives an insight into the spatial heterogeneity of monosaccharides, but also helps to decipher the possible roles of monosaccharides in biological processes. Here, we develop an on-tissue derivatization method, coupled with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) to image and quantify the aldose and ketose isomers of monosaccharide in biological tissues. A new derivatization reagent, 1-naphthaleneacethydrazide (NAH) was synthesized for the on-tissue derivatization of monosaccharides, and it significantly enhanced the imaging sensitivity of monosaccharides. Moreover, the NAH-derivatized aldose and ketose can generate isomer-specific diagnostic ions during MALDI-MS/MS analysis, and thus paves way for the isomer-specific MS imaging of aldose and ketose monosaccharides. On this basis, we further constructed a quantitative MALDI-MS imaging model based on isomer-specific diagnostic ions, and calculated the expression contents of aldose and ketose monosaccharide isomers in different tissue regions of carrot section. We expect that the development of this method should provide more precise view on the spatial distributions and contents of different monosaccharides in heterogeneous biological tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Han
- Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments of Shandong Province, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Yisheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments of Shandong Province, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Panpan Chen
- Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments of Shandong Province, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments of Shandong Province, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Qiongzheng Hu
- Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments of Shandong Province, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments of Shandong Province, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Chenglong Sun
- Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments of Shandong Province, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China.
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7
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Molnarova K, Cokrtova K, Tomnikova A, Krizek T, Kozlik P. Liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis in glycomic and glycoproteomic analysis. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2022; 153:659-686. [PMID: 35754790 PMCID: PMC9212196 DOI: 10.1007/s00706-022-02938-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation is one of the most significant and abundant post-translational modifications in cells. Glycomic and glycoproteomic analyses involve the characterization of oligosaccharides (glycans) conjugated to proteins. Glycomic and glycoproteomic analysis is highly challenging because of the large diversity of structures, low abundance, site-specific heterogeneity, and poor ionization efficiency of glycans and glycopeptides in mass spectrometry (MS). MS is a key tool for characterization of glycans and glycopeptides. However, MS alone does not always provide full structural and quantitative information for many reasons, and thus MS is combined with some separation technique. This review focuses on the role of separation techniques used in glycomic and glycoproteomic analyses, liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis. The most important separation conditions and results are presented and discussed. Graphical abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Molnarova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Cokrtova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alice Tomnikova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Krizek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kozlik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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8
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McCord JP, Groff LC, Sobus JR. Quantitative non-targeted analysis: Bridging the gap between contaminant discovery and risk characterization. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 158:107011. [PMID: 35386928 PMCID: PMC8979303 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.107011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Chemical risk assessments follow a long-standing paradigm that integrates hazard, dose-response, and exposure information to facilitate quantitative risk characterization. Targeted analytical measurement data directly support risk assessment activities, as well as downstream risk management and compliance monitoring efforts. Yet, targeted methods have struggled to keep pace with the demands for data regarding the vast, and growing, number of known chemicals. Many contemporary monitoring studies therefore utilize non-targeted analysis (NTA) methods to screen for known chemicals with limited risk information. Qualitative NTA data has enabled identification of previously unknown compounds and characterization of data-poor compounds in support of hazard identification and exposure assessment efforts. In spite of this, NTA data have seen limited use in risk-based decision making due to uncertainties surrounding their quantitative interpretation. Significant efforts have been made in recent years to bridge this quantitative gap. Based on these advancements, quantitative NTA data, when coupled with other high-throughput data streams and predictive models, are poised to directly support 21st-century risk-based decisions. This article highlights components of the chemical risk assessment process that are influenced by NTA data, surveys the existing literature for approaches to derive quantitative estimates of chemicals from NTA measurements, and presents a conceptual framework for incorporating NTA data into contemporary risk assessment frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P. McCord
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
- Corresponding author. (J.P. McCord)
| | - Louis C. Groff
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) Participant, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Jon R. Sobus
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
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9
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Butler KE, Kalmar JG, Muddiman DC, Baker ES. Utilizing liquid chromatography, ion mobility spectrometry, and mass spectrometry to assess INLIGHT™ derivatized N-linked glycans in biological samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:623-637. [PMID: 34347113 PMCID: PMC8336533 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03570-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation is a ubiquitous co- and post-translational modification involved in the sorting, folding, and trafficking of proteins in biological systems; in humans, >50% of gene products are glycosylated with the cellular machinery of glycosylation compromising ~2% of the genome. Perturbations in glycosylation have been implicated in a variety of diseases including neurodegenerative diseases and certain types of cancer. However, understanding the relationship between a glycan and its biological role is often difficult due to the numerous glycan isomers that exist. To address this challenge, nanoflow liquid chromatography, ion mobility spectrometry, and mass spectrometry (nLC-IMS-MS) were combined with the Individuality Normalization when Labeling with the Isotopic Glycan Hydrazide Tags (INLIGHT™) strategy to study a series of glycan standards and those enzymatically released from the glycoproteins horseradish peroxidase, fetuin, and pooled human plasma. The combination of IMS and the natural (NAT) and stable-isotope label (SIL) in the INLIGHT™ strategy provided additional confidence for each glycan identification due to the mobility aligned NAT- and SIL-labeled glycans and further capabilities for isomer examinations. Additionally, molecular trend lines based on the IMS and MS dimensions were investigated for the INLIGHT™ derivatized glycans, facilitating rapid identification of putative glycans in complex biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen E Butler
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Jaclyn Gowen Kalmar
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - David C Muddiman
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
- Molecular Education, Technology, and Research Innovation Center (METRIC), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Erin S Baker
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
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10
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Segu Z, Stone T, Berdugo C, Roberts A, Doud E, Li Y. A rapid method for relative quantification of N-glycans from a therapeutic monoclonal antibody during trastuzumab biosimilar development. MAbs 2021; 12:1750794. [PMID: 32249667 PMCID: PMC7188402 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2020.1750794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is a common post-translational modification and critical quality attribute that can modulate the efficacy of therapeutic proteins. In the production of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), quantifying the glycoform profile is a vital characterization step. Traditional glycan analysis is time consuming and involves steps at extreme temperature or pH, which may alter glycans. Here, we describe a rapid method for glycan analysis in which glycans are released from mAb samples that are bound to protein A columns. Since host cell proteins, which may also contain glycans, were already removed, this step enables analysis of cell culture products. Glycans released from the mAb samples are then derivatized with InstantPC™ labeling agent and analyzed by HILIC-FLD-MS. To illustrate the method, the glycan profiles of six trastuzumab (Herceptin®) antibody lots and four biosimilar developmental lots were analyzed. The results derived from our novel method, which takes less than 90 min, are compared with those from a typical glycan preparation approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaneer Segu
- Process Development, Catalent Biologics, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Todd Stone
- Process Development, Catalent Biologics, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Claudia Berdugo
- Process Development, Catalent Biologics, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Anthony Roberts
- Process Development, Catalent Biologics, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | | | - Yunsong Li
- Process Development, Catalent Biologics, Bloomington, IN, USA
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11
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Dhakal R, Nieman R, Valente DCA, Cardozo TM, Jayee B, Aqdas A, Peng W, Aquino AJA, Mechref Y, Lischka H, Moussa H. A General New Method for Calculating the Molecular Nonpolar Surface for Analysis of LC-MS Data. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 461:116495. [PMID: 33424422 PMCID: PMC7789828 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijms.2020.116495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The accurate determination of the nonpolar surface area of glycans is vital when utilizing liquid chromatograph/mass spectrometry (LC-MS) for structural characterization. A new approach for defining and computing nonpolar surface areas based on continuum solvation models (CS-NPSA) is presented. It is based on the classification of individual surface elements representing the solvent accessible surface used for the description of the polarized charge density elements in the CS models. Each element can be classified as polar or nonpolar according to a threshold value. The summation of the nonpolar elements then results in the NPSA resulting in a very fine resolution of this surface. The further advantage of the CS-NPSA approach is the straightforward connection to standard quantum chemical methods and program packages. The method has been analyzed in terms of the contributions of different atoms to the NPSA. The analysis showed that not only atoms normally classified as nonpolar contributed to the NPSA, but at least partially also atoms next to polar atoms or N atoms. By virtue of the construction of the solvent accessible surface, atoms in the inner regions of a molecule can be automatically identified as not contributing to the NPSA. The method has been applied to a variety of examples such as the phenylbutanehydrazide series, model dextrans consisting of glucose units and biantennary glycans. Linear correlation of the CS-NPSA values with retention times obtained from liquid chromatographic separations measurements in the mentioned cases give excellent results and promise for more extended applications on a larger variety of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabin Dhakal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech
University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Reed Nieman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech
University, Lubbock, TX, 79409-1061, USA
- Corresponding author.
(R. Nieman),
(A. A. J. Aquino), and
(H. Lischka)
| | - Daniel C. A. Valente
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de
Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro – RJ, 21941-901, Brazil
| | - Thiago M. Cardozo
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de
Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro – RJ, 21941-901, Brazil
| | - Bhumika Jayee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech
University, Lubbock, TX, 79409-1061, USA
| | - Amna Aqdas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech
University, Lubbock, TX, 79409-1061, USA
| | - Wenjing Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech
University, Lubbock, TX, 79409-1061, USA
| | - Adelia J. A. Aquino
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech
University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
- Corresponding author.
(R. Nieman),
(A. A. J. Aquino), and
(H. Lischka)
| | - Yehia Mechref
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech
University, Lubbock, TX, 79409-1061, USA
| | - Hans Lischka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech
University, Lubbock, TX, 79409-1061, USA
- Corresponding author.
(R. Nieman),
(A. A. J. Aquino), and
(H. Lischka)
| | - Hanna Moussa
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech
University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
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12
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Zaikin VG, Borisov RS. Options of the Main Derivatization Approaches for Analytical ESI and MALDI Mass Spectrometry. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 52:1287-1342. [PMID: 33557614 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1873100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The inclusion of preliminary chemical labeling (derivatization) in the analysis process by such powerful and widespread methods as electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS) is a popular and widely used methodological approach. This is due to the need to remove some fundamental limitations inherent in these powerful analytic methods. Although a number of special reviews has been published discussing the utilization of derivatization approaches, the purpose of the present critical review is to comprehensively summarize, characterize and evaluate most of the previously developed and practically applied, as well as recently proposed representative derivatization reagents for ESI-MS and MALDI-MS platforms in their mostly sensitive positive ion mode and frequently hyphenated with separation techniques. The review is focused on the use of preliminary chemical labeling to facilitate the detection, identification, structure elucidation, quantification, profiling or MS imaging of compounds within complex matrices. Two main derivatization approaches, namely the introduction of permanent charge-fixed or highly proton affinitive residues into analytes are critically evaluated. In situ charge-generation, charge-switch and charge-transfer derivatizations are considered separately. The potential of using reactive matrices in MALDI-MS and chemical labeling in MS-based omics sciences is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir G Zaikin
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Roman S Borisov
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
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13
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Kalmar JG, Garrard KP, Muddiman DC. GlycoHunter: An Open-Source Software for the Detection and Relative Quantification of INLIGHT-Labeled N-Linked Glycans. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:1855-1863. [PMID: 33417767 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Glycans are responsible for many biological activities; however, their structures are incredibly diverse and complex, often rendering the field of glycomics unsolvable by a single analytical technique. The development of multiple chemical derivatization strategies and bioinformatic software is responsible for some of the greatest analytical gains in the field of glycomics. The INLIGHT strategy is a chemical derivatization technique using hydrazide chemistry to derivatize the reducing end of N-linked glycans and incorporates either a natural (NAT, 12C6) or a stable-isotope label (SIL, 13C6) to carry out relative quantification. Here we present GlycoHunter, a user-friendly software created in MATLAB that enables researchers to accurately and efficiently process MS1 glycomics data where a NAT and SIL pair is generated for relative quantification, including but not limited to, INLIGHT. GlycoHunter accepts the commonly used data file formats imzML and mzXML and effectively identifies all peak pairs associated with NAT- and SIL-labeled N-linked glycans using MS1 data. It also includes the ability to tailor the search parameters and export the results for further analysis using Skyline or Excel.
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14
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de Haan N, Falck D, Wuhrer M. Monitoring of immunoglobulin N- and O-glycosylation in health and disease. Glycobiology 2020; 30:226-240. [PMID: 31281930 PMCID: PMC7225405 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwz048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein N- and O-glycosylation are well known co- and post-translational modifications of immunoglobulins. Antibody glycosylation on the Fab and Fc portion is known to influence antigen binding and effector functions, respectively. To study associations between antibody glycosylation profiles and (patho) physiological states as well as antibody functionality, advanced technologies and methods are required. In-depth structural characterization of antibody glycosylation usually relies on the separation and tandem mass spectrometric (MS) analysis of released glycans. Protein- and site-specific information, on the other hand, may be obtained by the MS analysis of glycopeptides. With the development of high-resolution mass spectrometers, antibody glycosylation analysis at the intact or middle-up level has gained more interest, providing an integrated view of different post-translational modifications (including glycosylation). Alongside the in-depth methods, there is also great interest in robust, high-throughput techniques for routine glycosylation profiling in biopharma and clinical laboratories. With an emphasis on IgG Fc glycosylation, several highly robust separation-based techniques are employed for this purpose. In this review, we describe recent advances in MS methods, separation techniques and orthogonal approaches for the characterization of immunoglobulin glycosylation in different settings. We put emphasis on the current status and expected developments of antibody glycosylation analysis in biomedical, biopharmaceutical and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noortje de Haan
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - David Falck
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
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15
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Kalmar JG, Butler KE, Baker ES, Muddiman DC. Enhanced protocol for quantitative N-linked glycomics analysis using Individuality Normalization when Labeling with Isotopic Glycan Hydrazide Tags (INLIGHT)™. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:7569-7579. [PMID: 32844281 PMCID: PMC7541788 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02892-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of N-linked glycans using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC-MS) presents significant challenges, particularly owing to their hydrophilic nature. To address these difficulties, a variety of derivatization methods have been developed to facilitate improved ionization and detection sensitivity. One such method, the Individuality Normalization when Labeling with Isotopic Glycan Hydrazide Tags (INLIGHT)™ strategy for labeling glycans, has previously been utilized in the analysis of N- and O-linked glycans in biological samples. To assess the maximum sensitivity and separability of the INLIGHT™ preparation and analysis pipeline, several critical steps were investigated. First, recombinant and nonrecombinant sources of PNGase F were compared to assess variations in the released glycans. Second, modifications in the INLIGHT™ derivatization step were evaluated including temperature optimization, solvent composition changes, reaction condition length and tag concentration. Optimization of the modified method resulted in 20-100 times greater peak areas for the detected N-linked glycans in fetuin and horseradish peroxidase compared with the standard method. Furthermore, the identification of low-abundance glycans, such as (Fuc)1(Gal)2(GlcNAc)4(Man)3(NeuAc)1 and (Gal)3(GlcNAc)5(Man)3(NeuAc)3, was possible. Finally, the optimal LC setup for the INLIGHT™ derivatized N-linked glycan analyses was found to be a C18 reverse-phase (RP) column with mobile phases typical of RPLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn Gowen Kalmar
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Karen E Butler
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Erin S Baker
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - David C Muddiman
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
- Molecular Education, Technology, and Research Innovation Center (METRIC), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
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16
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Lee JY, Kottke PA, Fedorov AG. Electrohydrodynamics of Gas-Assisted Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:2073-2085. [PMID: 32869991 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Gas-flow assistance is commonly used in ESI-MS for improved transport and desolvation, and fundamental understanding of the underlying phenomena is essential for improvement of aerodynamic interfaces that couple ESI sources and MS. For this purpose, an electrohydrodynamic model is developed for simulation of charged droplet dynamics under the combined effects of gas flow and electric fields with consideration of space charge interactions within the charged aerosol plume. The model is implemented in COMSOL by exploiting a formalism for establishing the droplet trajectories as a sequence of successive droplets ejected at a frequency defined by the electrospray current. The model is used to assess the effect of two distinct flow configurations and compared to the baseline care of electrospray without assist gas. The simulated flows are jet flows oriented coaxially with the ESI spray, with and without imposed vorticity (swirling). Droplet trajectory simulations of a bimodal droplet population consisting of large primary droplets and small progeny droplets reveal a unique capability for vortical assist jet flow to selectively transmit smaller droplets into the MS due to inertial separation. ESI-MS analysis of fluorinated phosphazines subjected to the different gas flow conditions supports the model predictions. The electrohydrodynamic model developed in this work provides a versatile tool to analyze and design aerodynamic ESI interfaces with rigorous incorporation of drag, inertia, and space-charge repulsion and can be used as a powerful simulation methodology for optimizing charged droplet transmission and ultimately improved analytical performance of gas-assisted ESI-MS workflows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Y Lee
- G. W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Peter A Kottke
- G. W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Andrei G Fedorov
- G. W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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17
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Ling L, Jiang L, Chen Q, Zhao B, Li Y, Guo X. Rapid and accurate profiling of oligosaccharides in beer by using a reactive matrix via MALDI-TOF MS. Food Chem 2020; 340:128208. [PMID: 33022558 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Oligosaccharides analysis is crucial for brewing technology. Herein, we reported a rapid and highly reproducible method for profiling of oligosaccharides in beer using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) by employing a reasonably designed reactive-matrix, 2-phenyl-3-(p-aminophenyl) acrylonitrile (PAPAN). The PAPAN enhanced ionization efficiency of oligosaccharides and improved reproducibility comparing to the use of conventional matrix, 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB). After optimization of sample dilution factor and cationization agents, the distributions of maltooligosaccharides in different brands of beers were unambiguously identified. Since the PAPAN selectively reacts with the reducing end of oligosaccharides, the interferences from matrixes are effectively eliminated. Therefore, the method shows potentials for analysis of oligosaccharides in other foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Liyan Jiang
- College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Qirui Chen
- College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Bo Zhao
- College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yueying Li
- College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xinhua Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
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18
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Ikegami T. Hydrophilic interaction chromatography for the analysis of biopharmaceutical drugs and therapeutic peptides: A review based on the separation characteristics of the hydrophilic interaction chromatography phases. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:130-213. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201801074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Ikegami
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering; Kyoto Institute of Technology; Kyoto Japan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Pharmaceutical (Bio-) Analysis; Eberhard-Karls Universität Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
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19
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Smith J, Mittermayr S, Váradi C, Bones J. Quantitative glycomics using liquid phase separations coupled to mass spectrometry. Analyst 2018; 142:700-720. [PMID: 28170017 DOI: 10.1039/c6an02715f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modification of proteins by the attachment of glycans is governed by a variety of highly specific enzymes and is associated with fundamental impacts on the parent protein's physical, chemical and biological properties. The inherent connection between cellular physiology and specific glycosylation patterns has been shown to offer potential for diagnostic and prognostic monitoring of altered glycosylation in the disease state. Conversely, glycoprotein based biopharmaceuticals have emerged as dominant therapeutic strategies in the treatment of intricate diseases. Glycosylation present on these biopharmaceuticals represents a major critical quality attribute with impacts on both pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. The structural variety of glycans, based upon their non-template driven assembly, poses a significant analytical challenge for both qualitative and quantitative analysis. Labile monosaccharide constituents, isomeric species and often low sample availability from biological sources necessitates meticulous sample handling, ultra-high-resolution analytical separation and sensitive detection techniques, respectively. In this article a critical review of analytical quantitation approaches using liquid phase separations coupled to mass spectrometry for released glycans of biopharmaceutical and biomedical significance is presented. Considerations associated with sample derivatisation strategies, ionisation, relative quantitation through isotopic as well as isobaric labelling, metabolic/enzymatic incorporation and targeted analysis are all thoroughly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh Smith
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Dublin, A94 X099, Ireland. and School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, D02 R590, Ireland
| | - Stefan Mittermayr
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Dublin, A94 X099, Ireland.
| | - Csaba Váradi
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Dublin, A94 X099, Ireland.
| | - Jonathan Bones
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Dublin, A94 X099, Ireland. and School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1 W8, Ireland
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20
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Dong X, Huang Y, Cho BG, Zhong J, Gautam S, Peng W, Williamson SD, Banazadeh A, Torres-Ulloa KY, Mechref Y. Advances in mass spectrometry-based glycomics. Electrophoresis 2018; 39:3063-3081. [PMID: 30199110 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The diversification of the chemical properties and biological functions of proteins is attained through posttranslational modifications, such as glycosylation. Glycans, which are covalently attached to proteins, play a vital role in cell activities. The microheterogeneity and complexity of glycan structures associated with proteins make comprehensive glycomic analysis challenging. However, recent advancements in mass spectrometry (MS), separation techniques, and sample preparation methods have primarily facilitated structural elucidation and quantitation of glycans. This review focuses on describing recent advances in MS-based techniques used for glycomic analysis (2012-2018), including ionization, tandem MS, and separation techniques coupled with MS. Progress in glycomics workflow involving glycan release, purification, derivatization, and separation will also be highlighted here. Additionally, the recent development of quantitative glycomics through comparative and multiplex approaches will also be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Dong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Yifan Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Byeong Gwan Cho
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Jieqiang Zhong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Sakshi Gautam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Wenjing Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Seth D Williamson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Alireza Banazadeh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Katya Y Torres-Ulloa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Yehia Mechref
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
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21
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Zhang Y, Wang B, Jin W, Wen Y, Nan L, Yang M, Liu R, Zhu Y, Wang C, Huang L, Song X, Wang Z. Sensitive and robust MALDI-TOF-MS glycomics analysis enabled by Girard's reagent T on-target derivatization (GTOD) of reducing glycans. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1048:105-114. [PMID: 30598139 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Sensitive glycomics analysis by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) is of great importance but significantly hampered by their low ionization efficiency and labile sialic acid moieties. Chemical derivatization offers a viable way to improve both the ionization efficiency and analytical sensitivity of the glycans in MS analysis by altering their hydrophobicity or charge property. Here we employed Girard's reagent T (GT) for on-target derivatization (GTOD) of reducing glycan under mild acid condition to form stable hydrazones at room temperature, allowing rapid and sensitive identification of neutral and sialylated glycans in positive-ion mode as only permanently positive charged molecular ions without multiple ion adducts by MALDI-TOF-MS. The MS signal intensities of lactose, sialylated N-glycans derived from bovine fetuin and neutral N-glycans derived from RNaseB and ovalbumin were boosted by 7.44, 9.13, 12.96 and 13.47 folds on average (n = 3), respectively. More importantly, after GTOD strategy, unwanted desialylation of sialylated glycans during MS was suppressed. The detection limit of the assay is desirable since the nanogram of N-glycans derived from 0.16 μg ovalbumin could be detected. The assay demonstrated good stability (RSD≤2.95%, within 10 days), reliable reproducibility (RSD = 2.96%, n = 7) and a desirable linear dynamic range from 78 nmol/mL to 10 μmol/mL. The strategy has been successfully applied to MS analysis of reducing glycans from human milks, neutral and sialylated O-, N-glycans from glycoproteins, and reducing glycans derived from glycosphingolipids, presenting neater [M]+ signals which allow detection of more low-abundance glycans and assignation of Neu5Ac vs. Neu5Gc or fucose vs. hexose in glycans due to the absence of the ambiguous interpretation from multiple peaks (ion adducts [M+Na]+ and [M+K]+). Moreover, the GTOD assay prevents desialylation during MALDI-TOF-MS profiling and enables distinct linkage-specific characterization of terminal sialic acids of N-glycans derived from human serum protein when combines with an esterification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Educational Ministry Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Science, Northwest University, 229 Northern Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, PR China
| | - Bo Wang
- Educational Ministry Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Science, Northwest University, 229 Northern Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, PR China
| | - Wanjun Jin
- Educational Ministry Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Science, Northwest University, 229 Northern Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, PR China
| | - Yanan Wen
- Educational Ministry Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Science, Northwest University, 229 Northern Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, PR China
| | - Lijing Nan
- Educational Ministry Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Science, Northwest University, 229 Northern Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, PR China
| | - Mingming Yang
- Educational Ministry Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Science, Northwest University, 229 Northern Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, PR China
| | - Rendan Liu
- Educational Ministry Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Science, Northwest University, 229 Northern Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, PR China
| | - Yuyang Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Chengjian Wang
- Educational Ministry Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Science, Northwest University, 229 Northern Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, PR China
| | - Linjuan Huang
- Educational Ministry Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Science, Northwest University, 229 Northern Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, PR China
| | - Xuezheng Song
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Zhongfu Wang
- Educational Ministry Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Science, Northwest University, 229 Northern Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, PR China.
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22
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Thacker JB, Schug KA. Effects of solvent parameters on the electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry response of glucose. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2018; 32:1191-1198. [PMID: 29729047 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The importance of saccharides, the most abundant biomolecules on Earth, extends beyond their biological roles and to consumer products and industrial processes. Electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) is an attractive tool for the analysis of underivatized saccharides (US), but they tend to have relatively low sensitivities due to their low surface activities and lack of easily protonable or deprotonable chemical groups. An understanding of the influences that solvent parameters have on their signal intensities would enhance the usefulness of ESI-MS/MS for their analysis. METHODS Solutions of glucose, a model analyte for US, in various combinations of solvent, additive, additive concentration, and pH were analyzed by flow injection analysis ESI-MS/MS in both the positive and negative ionization mode. The blank-corrected signal intensities of the solvent parameter combinations were then compared. RESULTS The addition of acetonitrile led to severe ionization suppression in the positive ionization mode through its competition with glucose for cation adduction. High signal intensity was achieved under wide pH and concentration ranges for methanol: water solutions containing ammonium trifluoroacetate in the positive ionization mode. The highest signal intensities for acetonitrile: water solutions were those containing ammonium formate or lithium fluoride in the negative ionization mode. CONCLUSIONS An understanding of the influence of solvent parameters on the signal intensity of a given analyte is useful for guiding the selection process of mobile phases/flow solvents that lead to low limits of detection or the minimization of matrix effects by allowing its detection at high dilution factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan B Thacker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA
| | - Kevin A Schug
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA
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3-Amino-1-phenyl-2-pyrazoline-5-ketone as a heterobifunctional chromogenic reagent to derivatize reducing glycans for subsequent online LC/MS analysis. Anal Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2018.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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24
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Advances in sample preparation strategies for MS-based qualitative and quantitative N-glycomics. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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25
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Chen Z, Zhong X, Tie C, Chen B, Zhang X, Li L. Development of a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometric imaging platform for N-glycan relative quantitation using stable-isotope labeled hydrazide reagents. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:4437-4447. [PMID: 28540462 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0387-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the capability of newly developed hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) coupled with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometric imaging (MALDI-MSI) platform for quantitative analysis of N-glycans has been demonstrated. As a proof-of-principle experiment, heavy and light stable-isotope labeled hydrazide reagents labeled maltodextrin ladder were used to demonstrate the feasibility of the HILIC-MALDI-MSI platform for reliable quantitative analysis of N-glycans. MALDI-MSI analysis by an Orbitrap mass spectrometer enabled high-resolution and high-sensitivity detection of N-glycans eluted from HILIC column, allowing the re-construction of LC chromatograms as well as accurate mass measurements for structural inference. MALDI-MSI analysis of the collected LC traces showed that the chromatographic resolution was preserved. The N-glycans released from human serum was used to demonstrate the utility of this novel platform in quantitative analysis of N-glycans from a complex sample. Benefiting from the minimized ion suppression provided by HILIC separation, comparison between MALDI-MS and the newly developed platform HILIC-MALDI-MSI revealed that HILIC-MALDI-MSI provided higher N-glycan coverage as well as better quantitation accuracy in the quantitative analysis of N-glycans released from human serum. Graphical abstract Reconstructed chromatograms based on HILIC-MALDI-MSI results of heavy and light labeled maltodextrin enabling quantitative glycan analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengwei Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Xuefei Zhong
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Cai Tie
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Bingming Chen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Xinxiang Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Lingjun Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, No.92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China.
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26
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Adua E, Russell A, Roberts P, Wang Y, Song M, Wang W. Innovation Analysis on Postgenomic Biomarkers: Glycomics for Chronic Diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 21:183-196. [DOI: 10.1089/omi.2017.0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Adua
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
| | - Alyce Russell
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
| | - Peter Roberts
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
| | - Youxin Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Manshu Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
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27
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Villadsen K, Martos-Maldonado MC, Jensen KJ, Thygesen MB. Chemoselective Reactions for the Synthesis of Glycoconjugates from Unprotected Carbohydrates. Chembiochem 2017; 18:574-612. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Villadsen
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Faculty of Science; Thorvaldsensvej 40 1871 Frederiksberg C Denmark
| | - Manuel C. Martos-Maldonado
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Faculty of Science; Thorvaldsensvej 40 1871 Frederiksberg C Denmark
| | - Knud J. Jensen
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Faculty of Science; Thorvaldsensvej 40 1871 Frederiksberg C Denmark
| | - Mikkel B. Thygesen
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Faculty of Science; Thorvaldsensvej 40 1871 Frederiksberg C Denmark
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28
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Abstract
Glycosylation is one of the most common and essential protein modifications. Glycans conjugated to biomolecules modulate the function of such molecules through both direct recognition of glycan structures and indirect mechanisms that involve the control of protein turnover rates, stability, and conformation. The biological attributes of glycans in numerous biological processes and implications in a number of diseases highlight the necessity for comprehensive characterization of protein glycosylation. This chapter reviews cutting-edge methods and tools developed to facilitate quantitative glycomics. This chapter highlights the different methods employed for the release and purification of glycans from biological samples. The most effective labeling methods developed for sensitive quantitative glycomics are also described and discussed. The chromatographic approaches that have been used effectively in glycomics are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Veillon
- Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - S Zhou
- Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Y Mechref
- Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States.
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29
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Comparative analysis of INLIGHT™-labeled enzymatically depolymerized heparin by reverse-phase chromatography and high-performance mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 409:499-509. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-0055-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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30
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Reversed-phase separation methods for glycan analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 409:359-378. [PMID: 27888305 PMCID: PMC5203856 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-0073-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Reversed-phase chromatography is a method that is often used for glycan separation. For this, glycans are often derivatized with a hydrophobic tag to achieve retention on hydrophobic stationary phases. The separation and elution order of glycans in reversed-phase chromatography is highly dependent on the hydrophobicity of the tag and the contribution of the glycan itself to the retention. The contribution of the different monosaccharides to the retention strongly depends on the position and linkage, and isomer separation may be achieved. The influence of sialic acids and fucoses on the retention of glycans is still incompletely understood and deserves further study. Analysis of complex samples may come with incomplete separation of glycan species, thereby complicating reversed-phase chromatography with fluorescence or UV detection, whereas coupling with mass spectrometry detection allows the resolution of complex mixtures. Depending on the column properties, eluents, and run time, separation of isomeric and isobaric structures can be accomplished with reversed-phase chromatography. Alternatively, porous graphitized carbon chromatography and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography are also able to separate isomeric and isobaric structures, generally without the necessity of glycan labeling. Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography, porous graphitized carbon chromatography, and reversed-phase chromatography all serve different research purposes and thus can be used for different research questions. A great advantage of reversed-phase chromatography is its broad distribution as it is used in virtually every bioanalytical research laboratory, making it an attracting platform for glycan analysis. Glycan isomer separation by reversed phase liquid chromatography ![]()
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31
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Zhou S, Hu Y, Veillon L, Snovida SI, Rogers JC, Saba J, Mechref Y. Quantitative LC-MS/MS Glycomic Analysis of Biological Samples Using AminoxyTMT. Anal Chem 2016; 88:7515-22. [PMID: 27377957 PMCID: PMC5759044 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Protein glycosylation plays an important role in various biological processes, such as modification of protein function, regulation of protein-protein interactions, and control of turnover rates of proteins. Moreover, glycans have been considered as potential biomarkers for many mammalian diseases and development of aberrant glycosylation profiles is an important indicator of the pathology of a disease or cancer. Hence, quantitation is an important aspect of a comprehensive glycomics study. Although numerous MS-based quantitation strategies have been developed in the past several decades, some issues affecting sensitivity and accuracy of quantitation still exist, and the development of more effective quantitation strategies is still required. Aminoxy tandem mass tag (aminoxyTMT) reagents are recently commercialized isobaric tags which enable relative quantitation of up to six different glycan samples simultaneously. In this study, liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry conditions have been optimized to achieve reliable LC-MS/MS quantitative glycomic analysis using aminoxyTMT reagents. Samples were resuspended in 0.2 M sodium chloride solution to promote the formation of sodium adduct precursor ions, which leads to higher MS/MS reporter ion yields. This method was first evaluated with glycans from model glycoproteins and pooled human blood serum samples. The observed variation of reporter ion ratios was generally less than 10% relative to the theoretical ratio. Even for the highly complex minor N-glycans, the variation was still below 15%. This strategy was further applied to the glycomic profiling of N-glycans released from blood serum samples of patients with different esophageal diseases. Our results demonstrate the benefits of utilizing aminoxyTMT reagents for reliable quantitation of biological glycomic samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyue Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409
| | - Yunli Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409
| | - Lucas Veillon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409
| | | | | | - Julian Saba
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Jose, CA, 95134
| | - Yehia Mechref
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409
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32
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Yamamoto S, Kinoshita M, Suzuki S. Current landscape of protein glycosylation analysis and recent progress toward a novel paradigm of glycoscience research. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 130:273-300. [PMID: 27461579 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Revised: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This review covers the basics and some applications of methodologies for the analysis of glycoprotein glycans. Analytical techniques used for glycoprotein glycans, including liquid chromatography (LC), capillary electrophoresis (CE), mass spectrometry (MS), and high-throughput analytical methods based on microfluidics, were described to supply the essentials about biopharmaceutical and biomarker glycoproteins. We will also describe the MS analysis of glycoproteins and glycopeptides as well as the chemical and enzymatic releasing methods of glycans from glycoproteins and the chemical reactions used for the derivatization of glycans. We hope the techniques have accommodated most of the requests from glycoproteomics researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachio Yamamoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, 3-4-1, Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan.
| | - Mitsuhiro Kinoshita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, 3-4-1, Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Shigeo Suzuki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, 3-4-1, Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
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33
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Hu Y, Shihab T, Zhou S, Wooding K, Mechref Y. LC-MS/MS of permethylated N-glycans derived from model and human blood serum glycoproteins. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:1498-505. [PMID: 26959726 PMCID: PMC4964794 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
LC-MS/MS is one of the most powerful tools for N-glycan structure elucidation; however, it is still challenging to identify some glycan structures with low abundance. In this study, we investigated the chromatographic behavior of permethylated N-glycans. The relationship between retention times versus molecular weight of dextran, dextrin, and model glycans was investigated. Also, the nonpolar surface area of glycans was calculated and compared to their experimental retention times. Both retention time and nonpolar surface area trends are similar when the intermolecular interaction is included in the calculation. Moreover, retention time corresponds to glycan types and branch types. The N-glycans analysis model, which combines high mass accuracy and retention time, was applied to confirm serum N-glycans. In total, there were 78 N-glycan compositions identified. A linear relationship between retention times and molecular weights were observed for each subgroup of glycan structures, for example, R(2) value for complex N-glycans was determined to be > 0.98. Moreover, the retention time could be further applied to distinguish between structural isomers as well as linkage isomers. MS/MS data were used to confirm the structural isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunli Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409
| | - Tarek Shihab
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409
| | - Shiyue Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409
| | - Kerry Wooding
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409
| | - Yehia Mechref
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409
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34
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Zhou S, Tello N, Harvey A, Boyes B, Orlando R, Mechref Y. Reliable LC-MS quantitative glycomics using iGlycoMab stable isotope labeled glycans as internal standards. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:1489-97. [PMID: 26913967 PMCID: PMC4964797 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Glycans have numerous functions in various biological processes and participate in the progress of diseases. Reliable quantitative glycomic profiling techniques could contribute to the understanding of the biological functions of glycans, and lead to the discovery of potential glycan biomarkers for diseases. Although LC-MS is a powerful analytical tool for quantitative glycomics, the variation of ionization efficiency and MS intensity bias are influencing quantitation reliability. Internal standards can be utilized for glycomic quantitation by MS-based methods to reduce variability. In this study, we used stable isotope labeled IgG2b monoclonal antibody, iGlycoMab, as an internal standard to reduce potential for errors and to reduce variabililty due to sample digestion, derivatization, and fluctuation of nanoESI efficiency in the LC-MS analysis of permethylated N-glycans released from model glycoproteins, human blood serum, and breast cancer cell line. We observed an unanticipated degradation of isotope labeled glycans, tracked a source of such degradation, and optimized a sample preparation protocol to minimize degradation of the internal standard glycans. All results indicated the effectiveness of using iGlycoMab to minimize errors originating from sample handling and instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyue Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
| | - Nadia Tello
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
| | | | | | | | - Yehia Mechref
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
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35
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Hecht ES, McCord JP, Muddiman DC. A Quantitative Glycomics and Proteomics Combined Purification Strategy. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27023253 PMCID: PMC4828233 DOI: 10.3791/53735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing desire in the biological and clinical sciences to integrate and correlate multiple classes of biomolecules to unravel biology, define pathways, improve treatment, understand disease, and aid biomarker discovery. N-linked glycosylation is one of the most important and robust post-translational modifications on proteins and regulates critical cell functions such as signaling, adhesion, and enzymatic function. Analytical techniques to purify and analyze N-glycans have remained relatively static over the last decade. While accurate and effective, they commonly require significant expertise and resources. Though some high-throughput purification schemes have been developed, they have yet to find widespread adoption and often rely on the enrichment of glycopeptides. One promising method, developed by Thomas-Oates et al., filter aided N-glycan separation (FANGS), was qualitatively demonstrated on tissues. Herein, we adapted FANGS to plasma and coupled it to the individuality normalization when labeling with glycan hydrazide tags strategy in order to achieve accurate relative quantification by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry and enhanced electrospray ionization. Furthermore, we designed new functionality to the protocol by achieving tandem, shotgun proteomics and glycosylation site analysis on hen plasma. We showed that N-glycans purified on filter and derivatized by hydrophobic hydrazide tags were comparable in terms of abundance and class to those by solid phase extraction (SPE); the latter is considered a gold standard in the field. Importantly, the variability in the two protocols was not statistically different. Proteomic data that was collected in-line with glycomic data had the same depth compared to a standard trypsin digest. Peptide deamidation is minimized in the protocol, limiting non-specific deamidation detected at glycosylation motifs. This allowed for direct glycosylation site analysis, though the protocol can accommodate (18)O site labeling as well. Overall, we demonstrated a new in-line high-throughput, unbiased, filter based protocol for quantitative glycomics and proteomics analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James P McCord
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University
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36
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Yang S, Rubin A, Eshghi ST, Zhang H. Chemoenzymatic method for glycomics: Isolation, identification, and quantitation. Proteomics 2015; 16:241-56. [PMID: 26390280 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, considerable progress has been made with respect to the analytical methods for analysis of glycans from biological sources. Regardless of the specific methods that are used, glycan analysis includes isolation, identification, and quantitation. Derivatization is indispensable to increase their identification. Derivatization of glycans can be performed by permethylation or carbodiimide coupling/esterification. By introducing a fluorophore or chromophore at their reducing end, glycans can be separated by electrophoresis or chromatography. The fluorogenically labeled glycans can be quantitated using fluorescent detection. The recently developed approaches using solid-phase such as glycoprotein immobilization for glycan extraction and on-tissue glycan mass spectrometry imaging demonstrate advantages over methods performed in solution. Derivatization of sialic acids is favorably implemented on the solid support using carbodiimide coupling, and the released glycans can be further modified at the reducing end or permethylated for quantitative analysis. In this review, methods for glycan isolation, identification, and quantitation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Yang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Abigail Rubin
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | | | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
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37
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Hecht ES, McCord JP, Muddiman DC. Definitive Screening Design Optimization of Mass Spectrometry Parameters for Sensitive Comparison of Filter and Solid Phase Extraction Purified, INLIGHT Plasma N-Glycans. Anal Chem 2015; 87:7305-12. [PMID: 26086806 PMCID: PMC4664066 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput, quantitative processing of N-linked glycans would facilitate large-scale studies correlating the glycome with disease and open the field to basic and applied researchers. We sought to meet these goals by coupling filter-aided-N-glycan separation (FANGS) to the individuality normalization when labeling with glycan hydrazide tags (INLIGHT) for analysis of plasma. A quantitative comparison of this method was conducted against solid phase extraction (SPE), a ubiquitous and trusted method for glycan purification. We demonstrate that FANGS-INLIGHT purification was not significantly different from SPE in terms of glycan abundances, variability, functional classes, or molecular weight distributions. Furthermore, to increase the depth of glycome coverage, we executed a definitive screening design of experiments (DOE) to optimize the MS parameters for glycan analyses. We optimized MS parameters across five N-glycan responses using a standard glycan mixture, translated these to plasma and achieved up to a 3-fold increase in ion abundances.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David C. Muddiman
- North Carolina State University, Department of Chemistry, Raleigh, NC
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38
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Zhao MZ, Zhang YW, Yuan F, Deng Y, Liu JX, Zhou YL, Zhang XX. Hydrazino-s-triazine based labelling reagents for highly sensitive glycan analysis via liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry. Talanta 2015; 144:992-7. [PMID: 26452918 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Labelling strategy plays an important role in mass spectrometry (MS) based glycan analysis due to the high hydrophilicity and low ionization efficiency of glycans. Ten hydrazino-s-triazine based labelling reagents were synthesized under facile and controllable conditions for highly sensitive liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry glycan analysis in this work. Attached to N-glycans through non-reductive reactions, these new labelling reagents were evaluated in aspect of the differently enhanced glycan response to mass spectrometry. Three of the ten labelling reagents demonstrated to be reliable and remarkable for glycan analysis with satisfactory linearity and lowered limits of detection using maltoheptaose (DP7) as model. Furthermore, the most optimal labelling reagent was taken as an example for highly sensitive profiling of N-linked glycans both cleaved from chicken avidin and glycoproteins in human serum, indicating prospective availability for these labelling reagents in frontier of glycomics researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Zhe Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yi-Wei Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Fang Yuan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yan Deng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jing-Xin Liu
- Petrochemical Research Institute, Petrochina Company Limited, Beiwuchun Road, No. 25, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ying-Lin Zhou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Xin-Xiang Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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39
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Yuan W, Li S, Edwards JL. Extraction and Quantitation of Ketones and Aldehydes from Mammalian Cells Using Fluorous Tagging and Capillary LC-MS. Anal Chem 2015; 87:7660-6. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yuan
- Institute
for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States,
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Shuwei Li
- Institute
for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States,
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - James L. Edwards
- Department
of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri 63103, United States
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40
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Lauber MA, Yu YQ, Brousmiche DW, Hua Z, Koza SM, Magnelli P, Guthrie E, Taron CH, Fountain KJ. Rapid Preparation of Released N-Glycans for HILIC Analysis Using a Labeling Reagent that Facilitates Sensitive Fluorescence and ESI-MS Detection. Anal Chem 2015; 87:5401-9. [PMID: 25927596 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
N-glycosylation of proteins is now routinely characterized and monitored because of its significance to the detection of disease states and the manufacturing of biopharmaceuticals. At the same time, hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) has emerged as a powerful technology for N-glycan profiling. Sample preparation techniques for N-glycan HILIC analyses have however tended to be laborious or require compromises in sensitivity. To address these shortcomings, we have developed an N-glycan labeling reagent that provides enhanced fluorescence response and MS sensitivity for glycan detection and have also simplified the process of preparing a sample for analysis. The developed labeling reagent rapidly reacts with glycosylamines upon their release from glycoproteins. Within a 5 min reaction, enzymatically released N-glycans are labeled with this reagent comprised of an NHS-carbamate reactive group, a quinoline fluorophore, and a tertiary amine for enhancing ESI+ MS ionization. To further expedite the released N-glycan sample preparation, rapid tagging has been integrated with a fast PNGase F deglycosylation procedure that achieves complete deglycosylation of a diverse set of glycoproteins in approximately 10 min. Moreover, a technique for HILIC-SPE of the labeled glycans has been developed to provide quantitative recovery and facilitate immediate HILIC analysis of the prepared samples. The described approach makes it possible to quickly prepare N-glycan samples and to incorporate the use of a fluorescence and MS sensitivity enhancing labeling reagent. In demonstration of these new capabilities, we have combined the developed sample preparation techniques with UHPLC HILIC chromatography and high sensitivity mass spectrometry to thoroughly detail the N-glycan profile of a monoclonal antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Lauber
- †Waters Corporation, 34 Maple Street, Milford, Massachusetts 01757-3696, United States
| | - Ying-Qing Yu
- †Waters Corporation, 34 Maple Street, Milford, Massachusetts 01757-3696, United States
| | - Darryl W Brousmiche
- †Waters Corporation, 34 Maple Street, Milford, Massachusetts 01757-3696, United States
| | - Zhengmao Hua
- †Waters Corporation, 34 Maple Street, Milford, Massachusetts 01757-3696, United States
| | - Stephan M Koza
- †Waters Corporation, 34 Maple Street, Milford, Massachusetts 01757-3696, United States
| | - Paula Magnelli
- ‡New England Biolabs, 240 County Road, Ipswich, Massachusetts 01938-2723, United States
| | - Ellen Guthrie
- ‡New England Biolabs, 240 County Road, Ipswich, Massachusetts 01938-2723, United States
| | - Christopher H Taron
- ‡New England Biolabs, 240 County Road, Ipswich, Massachusetts 01938-2723, United States
| | - Kenneth J Fountain
- †Waters Corporation, 34 Maple Street, Milford, Massachusetts 01757-3696, United States
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41
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Randall SM, Koryakina I, Williams GJ, Muddiman DC. Evaluating nonpolar surface area and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry response: an application for site occupancy measurements for enzyme intermediates in polyketide biosynthesis. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:2511-2522. [PMID: 25366398 PMCID: PMC4230892 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Site occupancy measurements using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) are reported throughout the literature. However, site occupancy quantification suffers from ionization bias between modified and unmodified peptides containing the active site. In this study, we explore the MS signal as a function of nonpolar surface area (NPSA) in order to better understand this bias in electrospray response. The correlation between hydrophobicity and LC/MS response was evaluated and applied to study enzyme intermediates in polyketide synthases. METHODS Site occupancy methods were developed to study acyltransferase activity. To further evaluate these methods, several standard peptides containing one cysteine residue were modified with alkylation reagents of increasing hydrophobicity to study the MS signal as a function of NPSA. RESULTS A consistent trend in MS response was observed which is dependent on the NPSA of the analyte. An optimal NPSA zone was observed for the peptides studied. CONCLUSIONS Nonpolar surface area can be used as metric to determine relative LC/MS response for peptides and evaluate site occupancy measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan M. Randall
- W.M. Keck Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Irina Koryakina
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Gavin J. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - David C. Muddiman
- W.M. Keck Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
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Alfaro CM, Uwakweh AO, Todd DA, Ehrmann BM, Cech NB. Investigations of Analyte-Specific Response Saturation and Dynamic Range Limitations in Atmospheric Pressure Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2014; 86:10639-45. [DOI: 10.1021/ac502984a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clint M. Alfaro
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, P.O. Box 26170, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, United States
| | - Agbo-Oma Uwakweh
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, P.O. Box 26170, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, United States
| | - Daniel A. Todd
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, P.O. Box 26170, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, United States
| | - Brandie M. Ehrmann
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, P.O. Box 26170, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, United States
| | - Nadja B. Cech
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, P.O. Box 26170, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, United States
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Cai Y, Zhang Y, Yang P, Lu H. Improved analysis of oligosaccharides for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry using aminopyrazine as a derivatization reagent and a co-matrix. Analyst 2014; 138:6270-6. [PMID: 24010128 DOI: 10.1039/c3an01228j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of oligosaccharides by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) is often limited by their low ionization efficiency and inadequate fragmentation information. Derivatizations of oligosaccharides to enhance their ionization in MS are widely used, but most of these methods require tedious cleanup steps that may cause sample losses. Here, aminopyrazine is developed as the derivatization reagent as well as the co-matrix to improve the detection of oligosaccharides by MALDI-TOF MS. The purification step is eliminated because aminopyrazine acts as the co-matrix after nonreductive amination derivatization of oligosaccharides. Under optimal conditions, nearly complete derivatization (>95%) is obtained and S/N ratios of oligosaccharide are increased by about 2-6 fold with good signal reproducibility (RSD = 7%). Improved analysis of glycans is also achieved without any prior separation from the mixture of glycans and deglycosylated tryptic digest of glycoproteins. In addition, enhancement of MS/MS fragmentation of derivatized oligosaccharides facilitates their structural elucidation. The proposed derivatization technique is successfully applied to the profiling of N-linked glycans derived from chicken ovalbumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Cai
- Shanghai Cancer Center and Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China.
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Bank S, Heller E, Memmel E, Seibel J, Holzgrabe U, Kapková P. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization tandem mass spectrometry of N-glycans derivatized with isonicotinic hydrazide and its biotinylated form. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:1745-1756. [PMID: 24975255 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Successful structural characterization of glycans often requires derivatization prior to mass spectrometric analysis. Here we report on a new derivatization reagent for glycans, biotinylated isonicotinic hydrazide, allowing glycan analysis by both mass spectrometry (MS) and biochemically. Fragmentation behavior in MS and its use in structural elucidation were investigated and compared with other labels. METHODS Glycans, released from ribonuclease B and ovalbumin, were derivatized with hydrazine labels (isoniazid (INH), biotinylated isonicotinic hydrazide (BINH) and biotinamidocaproylhydrazide (BACH)). In addition, native counterparts and 2-aminobenzamide (2-AB) derivatives were prepared. Comparative matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization tandem time-of-flight (MALDI TOF/TOF) experiments were carried out to investigate the fragmentation pattern of the derivatives. Finally, the capability of BINH derivatives to bind lectins was explored. RESULTS Generally, derivatization provided beneficial enhancement in the mass spectrometric signal intensity as compared to native counterparts. The mass spectrometric fragmentation varied with the kind of label used. The most significant structure-revealing ions (cross-ring cleavages) were observed in the spectra of BINH derivatives, whereas mainly glycosidic cleavages were found with native form of glycans and 2-AB derivatives. CONCLUSIONS Hydrazine derivatization provided the means to obtain structurally informative fragment ions. Due to BINH derivatization, specific fragments of the isomers allowed the identification of diverse glycans. The derivatization reaction can be carried out without the need for purification. The biotin residue of BINH enabled for biochemical studies, i.e. protein-glycan interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Bank
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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45
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Qiao X, Qin X, She D, Wang R, Zhang X, Zhang L, Zhang Y. Mass spectrometry-based tag and its application to high efficient peptide analysis – A review. Talanta 2014; 126:91-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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46
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Kailemia MJ, Ruhaak LR, Lebrilla CB, Amster IJ. Oligosaccharide analysis by mass spectrometry: a review of recent developments. Anal Chem 2014; 86:196-212. [PMID: 24313268 PMCID: PMC3924431 DOI: 10.1021/ac403969n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - L. Renee Ruhaak
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616
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Li Z, Zhang YW, Xin YL, Bai Y, Zhou HH, Liu HW. A lithium-rich composite metal oxide used as a SALDI-MS matrix for the determination of small biomolecules. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:15397-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc07479c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A lithium-rich composite metal oxide material used as a SALDI matrix for high throughput analysis of small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yi-Wei Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yue-Long Xin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yu Bai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871, China
| | - Heng-Hui Zhou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hu-Wei Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871, China
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Critical practical aspects in the application of liquid chromatography–mass spectrometric studies for the characterization of impurities and degradation products. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 87:191-217. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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49
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Walker SH, Taylor AD, Muddiman DC. Individuality Normalization when Labeling with Isotopic Glycan Hydrazide Tags (INLIGHT): a novel glycan-relative quantification strategy. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2013; 24:1376-1384. [PMID: 23860851 PMCID: PMC3769964 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-013-0681-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The Individuality Normalization when Labeling with Isotopic Glycan Hydrazide Tags (INLIGHT) strategy for the sample preparation, data analysis, and relative quantification of N-linked glycans is presented. Glycans are derivatized with either natural (L) or stable-isotope labeled (H) hydrazide reagents and analyzed using reversed phase liquid chromatography coupled online to a Q Exactive mass spectrometer. A simple glycan ladder, maltodextrin, is first used to demonstrate the relative quantification strategy in samples with negligible analytical and biological variability. It is shown that after a molecular weight correction attributable to isotopic overlap and a post-acquisition normalization of the data to account for any systematic bias, a plot of the experimental H:L ratio versus the calculated H:L ratio exhibits a correlation of unity for maltodextrin samples mixed in different ratios. We also demonstrate that the INLIGHT approach can quantify species over four orders of magnitude in ion abundance. The INLIGHT strategy is further demonstrated in pooled human plasma, where it is shown that the post-acquisition normalization is more effective than using a single spiked-in internal standard. Finally, changes in glycosylation are able to be detected in complex biological matrices, when spiked with a glycoprotein. The ability to spike in a glycoprotein and detect change at the glycan level validates both the sample preparation and data analysis strategy, making INLIGHT an invaluable relative quantification strategy for the field of glycomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Hunter Walker
- W.M. Keck Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - Amber D. Taylor
- W.M. Keck Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - David C. Muddiman
- W.M. Keck Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
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50
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Lattová E, Perreault H. The usefulness of hydrazine derivatives for mass spectrometric analysis of carbohydrates. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2013; 32:366-385. [PMID: 23345114 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Over the last years, extensive studies have evaluated glycans from different biological samples and validated the importance of glycosylation as one of the most important post-translational modifications of proteins. Although a number of new methods for carbohydrate analysis have been published and there has been significant progress in their identification, the development of new approaches to study these biomolecules and understand their role in living systems are still vivid challenges that intrigue glycobiologists. In the last decade, the success in analyses of oligosaccharides has been driven mainly by the development of innovative, highly sensitive mass spectrometry techniques. For enhanced mass spectrometry detection, carbohydrate molecules are often derivatized. Besides, the type of labeling can influence the fragmentation pattern and make the structural analysis less complicated. In this regard, in 2003 we introduced the low scale, simple non-reductive tagging of glycans employing phenylhydrazine (PHN) as the derivatizing reagent. PHN-labeled glycans showed increased detection and as reported previously they can be analyzed by HPLC, ESI, or MALDI immediately after derivatization. Under tandem mass spectrometry conditions, PHN-derivatives produced useful data for the structural elucidation of oligosaccharides. This approach of analysis has helped to reveal new isomeric structures for glycans of known/unknown composition and has been successfully applied for the profiling of N-glycans obtained from serum samples and cancer cells. The efficacy of this labeling has also been evaluated for different substituted hydrazine reagents. This review summarizes all types of reducing-end labeling based on hydrazone-linkage that have been used for mass spectrometric analyses of oligosaccharides. This review is also aimed at correcting some past misconceptions or interpretations reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Lattová
- Chemistry Department, University of Manitoba, 144 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3T 2N2.
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