1
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Zappe A, Miller RL, Struwe WB, Pagel K. State-of-the-art glycosaminoglycan characterization. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022; 41:1040-1071. [PMID: 34608657 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are heterogeneous acidic polysaccharides involved in a range of biological functions. They have a significant influence on the regulation of cellular processes and the development of various diseases and infections. To fully understand the functional roles that GAGs play in mammalian systems, including disease processes, it is essential to understand their structural features. Despite having a linear structure and a repetitive disaccharide backbone, their structural analysis is challenging and requires elaborate preparative and analytical techniques. In particular, the extent to which GAGs are sulfated, as well as variation in sulfate position across the entire oligosaccharide or on individual monosaccharides, represents a major obstacle. Here, we summarize the current state-of-the-art methodologies used for GAG sample preparation and analysis, discussing in detail liquid chromatograpy and mass spectrometry-based approaches, including advanced ion activation methods, ion mobility separations and infrared action spectroscopy of mass-selected species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Zappe
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rebecca L Miller
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Copenhagen Centre for Glycomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Kevin Pagel
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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2
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Ma S, Chen F, Zhang M, Yuan H, Ouyang G, Zhao W, Zhang S, Zhao Y. Carboxyl-Based CPMP Tag for Ultrasensitive Analysis of Disaccharides by Negative Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2022; 94:9557-9563. [PMID: 35759693 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Here, we develop a sensitive method for glucose-containing disaccharide analysis by 1-(4-carboxyphenyl)-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (CPMP) derivatization using mass spectrometry. The intense anion of [M - H]- (m/z 759) was observed for CPMP-labeled disaccharides in a negative mode. After derivatization, its sensitivity was significantly increased with the limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQ) ranging from 3.90 to 8.67 ng L-1 and 12.99 to 28.92 ng L-1, respectively. During CID-MS/MS analysis, the fragment patterns of CPMP derivatized disaccharides in the negative mode were simpler and clearer than their counterparts in a positive mode, which further could be applied to distinct and relatively quantitative isomeric disaccharides with ultrahigh sensitivity and good reproducibility. The great linear relationships could be achieved under wider concentration ratios from 0.01 to 20 compared to the previous report. Eventually, the developed methodology was applicable to identify isomeric disaccharides in beers. No sucrose was discovered. All beers contain 1,4- and 1,6-linked disaccharides. Some of them also have a mixture of 1,2- and 1,3-linked disaccharides. Through the integration of statistical analysis, beers with different production processes were finally discriminated, and the relative quantification of isomaltose and maltose was realized. In general, this method is sensitive, fast, and reliable for the discrimination and relative quantification of isomeric disaccharides in complex matrices. This study provides a new idea for the structural analysis of oligosaccharides in food, plants, and animals and an important theoretical basis for the exploration of new functions of oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Ma
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Henan 450001, China
| | - Fangya Chen
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Henan 450001, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Henan 450001, China
| | - Hang Yuan
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Henan 450001, China
| | - Gangfeng Ouyang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Henan 450001, China.,KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Wuduo Zhao
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Henan 450001, China
| | - Shusheng Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Henan 450001, China
| | - Yufen Zhao
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Henan 450001, China.,Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
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3
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Grabarics M, Lettow M, Kirschbaum C, Greis K, Manz C, Pagel K. Mass Spectrometry-Based Techniques to Elucidate the Sugar Code. Chem Rev 2022; 122:7840-7908. [PMID: 34491038 PMCID: PMC9052437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cells encode information in the sequence of biopolymers, such as nucleic acids, proteins, and glycans. Although glycans are essential to all living organisms, surprisingly little is known about the "sugar code" and the biological roles of these molecules. The reason glycobiology lags behind its counterparts dealing with nucleic acids and proteins lies in the complexity of carbohydrate structures, which renders their analysis extremely challenging. Building blocks that may differ only in the configuration of a single stereocenter, combined with the vast possibilities to connect monosaccharide units, lead to an immense variety of isomers, which poses a formidable challenge to conventional mass spectrometry. In recent years, however, a combination of innovative ion activation methods, commercialization of ion mobility-mass spectrometry, progress in gas-phase ion spectroscopy, and advances in computational chemistry have led to a revolution in mass spectrometry-based glycan analysis. The present review focuses on the above techniques that expanded the traditional glycomics toolkit and provided spectacular insight into the structure of these fascinating biomolecules. To emphasize the specific challenges associated with them, major classes of mammalian glycans are discussed in separate sections. By doing so, we aim to put the spotlight on the most important element of glycobiology: the glycans themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márkó Grabarics
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität
Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Molecular Physics, Fritz Haber Institute
of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4−6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maike Lettow
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität
Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Molecular Physics, Fritz Haber Institute
of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4−6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carla Kirschbaum
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität
Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Molecular Physics, Fritz Haber Institute
of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4−6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kim Greis
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität
Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Molecular Physics, Fritz Haber Institute
of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4−6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Manz
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität
Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Molecular Physics, Fritz Haber Institute
of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4−6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kevin Pagel
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität
Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Molecular Physics, Fritz Haber Institute
of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4−6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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4
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Pepi LE, Leach FE, Klein DR, Brodbelt JS, Amster IJ. Investigation of the Experimental Parameters of Ultraviolet Photodissociation for the Structural Characterization of Chondroitin Sulfate Glycosaminoglycan Isomers. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:1759-1770. [PMID: 34096288 PMCID: PMC8377745 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are linear polysaccharides that participate in a broad range of biological functions. Their incomplete biosynthesis pathway leads to nonuniform chains and complex mixtures. For this reason, the characterization of GAGs has been a difficult hurdle for the analytical community. Recently, ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD) has emerged as a useful tool for determining sites of modification within a GAG chain. Here, we investigate the ability for UVPD to distinguish chondroitin sulfate epimers and the effects of UVPD experimental parameters on fragmentation efficiency. Chondroitin sulfate A (CS-A) and chondroitin sulfate B (CS-B), commonly referred to as dermatan sulfate (DS), differ only in C-5 uronic acid stereochemistry. This uronic acid difference can influence GAG-protein binding and therefore can alter the specific biological function of a GAG chain. Prior tandem mass spectrometry methods investigated for the elucidation of GAG structures also have difficulty differentiating 4-O from 6-O sulfation in chondroitin sulfate GAGs. Preliminary data using UVPD to characterize GAGs showed a promising ability to characterize 4-O sulfation in CS-A GAGs. Here, we look in depth at the capability of UVPD to distinguish chondroitin sulfate C-5 diastereomers and the role of key experimental parameters in making this distinction. Results using a 193 nm excimer laser and a 213 nm solid-state laser are compared for this study. The effect of precursor ionization state, the number of laser pulses (193 or 213 nm UVPD), and the use of the low-pressure versus high-pressure trap are investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Pepi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Franklin E Leach
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Dustin R Klein
- Department of Biochemistry and Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Jennifer S Brodbelt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - I Jonathan Amster
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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5
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Mendis PM, Sasiene ZJ, Ropartz D, Rogniaux H, Jackson GP. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography charge transfer dissociation mass spectrometry (UHPLC-CTD-MS) as a tool for analyzing the structural heterogeneity in carrageenan oligosaccharides. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 414:303-318. [PMID: 34050776 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03396-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) with charge transfer dissociation mass spectrometry (CTD-MS) is presented for the analysis of a mixture of complex sulfated oligosaccharides. The mixture contained kappa (κ), iota (ι), and lambda (λ) carrageenans that contain anhydro bridges, different degrees of sulfation ranging from one to three per dimer, different positioning of the sulfate groups along the backbone, and varying degrees of polymerization (DP) between 4 and 12. Optimization studies using standard mixtures of carrageenans helped establish the optimal conditions for online UHPLC-CTD-MS/MS analysis. Optimization included (1) UHPLC conditions; (2) ion source conditions, such as the capillary voltage, drying gas and nebulizing gas temperature, and flow rate; and (3) CTD-MS conditions, including data-dependent CTD-MS. The UHPLC-CTD results were contrasted with UHPLC-CID results of the same mixture on the same instrument. Whereas CID tends to produce B/Y and C/Z ions with many neutral losses, CTD produced more abundant A/X ions and less abundant neutral losses, which enabled more confident structural detail. The results demonstrate that He-CTD is compatible with the timescale of UHPLC and provides more structural information about carrageenans compared to state-of-the-art methods like UHPLC-CID analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praneeth M Mendis
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506-6121, USA
| | - Zachary J Sasiene
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506-6121, USA
| | - David Ropartz
- INRAE, UR BIA, 44316, Nantes, France
- INRAE, BIBS Facility, 44316, Nantes, France
| | - Hélène Rogniaux
- INRAE, UR BIA, 44316, Nantes, France
- INRAE, BIBS Facility, 44316, Nantes, France
| | - Glen P Jackson
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506-6121, USA.
- Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506-6121, USA.
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6
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Lettow M, Greis K, Grabarics M, Horlebein J, Miller RL, Meijer G, von Helden G, Pagel K. Chondroitin Sulfate Disaccharides in the Gas Phase: Differentiation and Conformational Constraints. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:4373-4379. [PMID: 33979516 PMCID: PMC8279649 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c02463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Glycosaminoglycans
(GAGs) are a family of complex carbohydrates
vital to all mammalian organisms and involved in numerous biological
processes. Chondroitin and dermatan sulfate, an important class of
GAGs, are linear macromolecules consisting of disaccharide building
blocks of N-acetylgalactosamine and two different
uronic acids. The varying degree and the site of sulfation render
their characterization challenging. Here, we combine mass spectrometry
with cryogenic infrared spectroscopy in the wavenumber range from
1000 to 1800 cm–1. Fingerprint spectra were recorded
for a comprehensive set of disaccharides bearing all known motifs
of sulfation. In addition, state-of-the-art quantum chemical calculations
were performed to aid the understanding of the differences in the
experimental fingerprint spectra. The results show that the degree
and position of charged sulfate groups define the size of the conformational
landscape in the gas phase. The detailed understanding of cryogenic
infrared spectroscopy for acidic and often highly sulfated glycans
may pave the way to utilize the technique in fragment-based sequencing
approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Lettow
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany.,Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kim Greis
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany.,Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Márkó Grabarics
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany.,Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Horlebein
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany.,Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rebecca L Miller
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Gerard Meijer
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gert von Helden
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kevin Pagel
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany.,Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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7
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Pepi LE, Amster IJ. Electron-Activated Tandem Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Glycosaminoglycans. Curr Protoc 2021; 1:e83. [PMID: 33798269 PMCID: PMC8034365 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are linear polysaccharides found in a variety of organisms. GAGs contribute to biochemical pathway regulation, cell signaling, and disease progression. GAG sequence information is imperative for determining structure-function relationships. Recent advances in electron-activation techniques paired with high-resolution mass spectrometry allow for full sequencing of GAG structures. Electron detachment dissociation (EDD) and negative electron transfer dissociation (NETD) are two electron-activation methods that have been utilized for GAG characterization. Both methods produce an abundance of informative glycosidic and cross-ring fragment ions without producing a high degree of sulfate decomposition. Here, we provide detailed protocols for using EDD and NETD to sequence GAG chains. In addition to protocols directly involving performing these MS/MS methods, protocols include sample preparation, method development, internal calibration, and data analysis. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Preparation of glycosaminoglycan samples Basic Protocol 2: FTICR method development Basic Protocol 3: Internal calibration with NaTFA Basic Protocol 4: Electron Detachment Dissociation (EDD) of GAG samples Basic Protocol 5: Negative electron transfer dissociation (NETD) of GAG samples Basic Protocol 6: Analysis of MS/MS data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E. Pepi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
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8
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Bilong M, Bayat P, Bourderioux M, Jérôme M, Giuliani A, Daniel R. Mammal Hyaluronidase Activity on Chondroitin Sulfate and Dermatan Sulfate: Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Oligosaccharide Products. Glycobiology 2021; 31:751-761. [PMID: 33442722 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwab004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian hyaluronidases are endo-N-acetyl-D-hexosaminidases involved in the catabolism of hyaluronic acid (HA) but their role in the catabolism of chondroitin sulfate (CS) is also examined. HA and CS are glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) implicated in several physiological and pathological processes, and understanding their metabolism is of significant importance. Data have been previously reported on the degradation of CS under the action of hyaluronidase, yet a detailed structural investigation of CS depolymerization products remains necessary to improve our knowledge of the CS depolymerizyng activity of hyaluronidase. For that purpose, the fine structural characterization of CS oligosaccharides formed upon the enzymatic depolymerization of various CS sub-types by hyaluronidase has been carried out by high resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry and extreme UV (XUV) photodissociation tandem mass spectrometry. The exact mass measurements show the formation of wide size range of even oligosaccharides upon digestion of CS-A and CS-C comprising hexa- and octa-saccharides among the main digestion products, as well as formation of small quantities of odd-numbered oligosaccharides, while no hyaluronidase activity was detected on CS-B. In addition, slight differences have been observed in the distribution of oligosaccharides in the digestion mixture of CS-A and CS-C, the contribution of longer oligosaccharides being significantly higher for CS-C. The sequence of CS oligosaccharide products determined XUV photodissociation experiments verifies the selective β(1 → 4) glycosidic bond cleavage catalyzed by mammal hyaluronidase. The ability of the mammal hyaluronidase to produce hexa- and higher oligosaccharides supports its role in the catabolism of CS anchored to membrane proteoglycans and in extra-cellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Bilong
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, CNRS, LAMBE, 91025 Evry-Courcouronnes, France
| | - Parisa Bayat
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, CNRS, LAMBE, 91025 Evry-Courcouronnes, France
| | - Matthieu Bourderioux
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, CNRS, LAMBE, 91025 Evry-Courcouronnes, France
| | - Murielle Jérôme
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, CNRS, LAMBE, 91025 Evry-Courcouronnes, France
| | - Alexandre Giuliani
- SOLEIL, l'Orme des Merisiers, St Aubin, BP48, 91192 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France.,UAR1008, Transform, INRAe, Rue de la Géraudière, 44316 Nantes, France
| | - Régis Daniel
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, CNRS, LAMBE, 91025 Evry-Courcouronnes, France
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9
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Pepi LE, Sanderson P, Stickney M, Amster IJ. Developments in Mass Spectrometry for Glycosaminoglycan Analysis: A Review. Mol Cell Proteomics 2021; 20:100025. [PMID: 32938749 PMCID: PMC8724624 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.r120.002267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This review covers recent developments in glycosaminoglycan (GAG) analysis via mass spectrometry (MS). GAGs participate in a variety of biological functions, including cellular communication, wound healing, and anticoagulation, and are important targets for structural characterization. GAGs exhibit a diverse range of structural features due to the variety of O- and N-sulfation modifications and uronic acid C-5 epimerization that can occur, making their analysis a challenging target. Mass spectrometry approaches to the structure assignment of GAGs have been widely investigated, and new methodologies remain the subject of development. Advances in sample preparation, tandem MS techniques (MS/MS), online separations, and automated analysis software have advanced the field of GAG analysis. These recent developments have led to remarkable improvements in the precision and time efficiency for the structural characterization of GAGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Pepi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Morgan Stickney
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - I Jonathan Amster
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.
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10
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Pepi LE, Sasiene ZJ, Mendis PM, Jackson GP, Amster IJ. Structural Characterization of Sulfated Glycosaminoglycans Using Charge-Transfer Dissociation. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:2143-2153. [PMID: 32820910 PMCID: PMC8045215 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) participate in a broad range of physiological processes, and their structures are of interest to researchers in structural biology and medicine. Although they are abundant in tissues and extracellular matrices, their structural heterogeneity makes them challenging analytes. Mass spectrometry, and more specifically, tandem mass spectrometry, is particularly well suited for their analysis. Many tandem mass spectrometry techniques have been examined for their suitability toward the structural characterization of GAGs. Threshold activation methods such as collision-induced dissociation (CID) produce mainly glycosidic cleavages and do not yield a broad range of structurally informative cross-ring fragments. Considerable research efforts have been directed at finding other means of dissociating gas-phase GAG ions to produce more comprehensive structural information. Here, we compare the structural information on GAGs obtained by charge-transfer dissociation (CTD) and electron detachment dissociation (EDD). EDD has previously been applied to GAGs and is known to produce both glycosidic and cross-ring cleavages in similar abundance. CTD has not previously been used to analyze GAGs but has been shown to produce abundant cross-ring cleavages and no sulfate loss when applied to another class of sulfated carbohydrates like algal polysaccharides. In contrast to EDD, which is restricted to FTICR mass spectrometers, CTD can be implemented on other platforms, such as ion trap mass spectrometers (ITMS). Here, we show the capability of CTD-ITMS to produce structurally significant details of the sites of modification in both heparan sulfate (HS) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) standards ranging in length from degree of polymerization (dp) 4 to dp6. EDD and CTD both yield more structural information than CID and yield similar fractional abundances to one another for glycosidic fragments, cross-ring fragments, and neutral losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Pepi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Zachary J Sasiene
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Praneeth M Mendis
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Glen P Jackson
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
- Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - I Jonathan Amster
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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11
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Hayes AJ, Melrose J. Electro‐Stimulation, a Promising Therapeutic Treatment Modality for Tissue Repair: Emerging Roles of Sulfated Glycosaminoglycans as Electro‐Regulatory Mediators of Intrinsic Repair Processes. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202000151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J. Hayes
- Bioimaging Research Hub Cardiff School of Biosciences Cardiff University Cardiff Wales CF10 3AX UK
| | - James Melrose
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratory Kolling Institute Northern Sydney Local Health District Faculty of Medicine and Health University of Sydney Royal North Shore Hospital St. Leonards NSW 2065 Australia
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
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12
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Duan J, Pepi L, Amster IJ. A Scoring Algorithm for the Automated Analysis of Glycosaminoglycan MS/MS Data. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:2692-2703. [PMID: 31673949 PMCID: PMC6917907 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-019-02338-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The role of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in major biological functions is numerous and diverse, yet structural characterization of them by mass spectrometric techniques proves to be challenging. Characterization of GAG structure from tandem mass spectrometry is a tedious and time-consuming process but one that can be automated in a database-independent, high-throughput fashion through the assistance of software implementing a genetic algorithm (J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 29, 1802-1911, 2018). This work presents the manner in which this data is interpreted by the software, specifically addressing the development of a scoring algorithm. The significance of glycosidic and cross-ring fragment ions and the implications that specific fragments provide for assigning the positions of modifications are discussed. The scoring algorithm is tested for statistical merit using the widely accepted expectation value as the criterion for quality. Using MS/MS data for well-characterized standards, this scoring approach is shown to assign the correct structure, with a low likelihood (1 in 1012 chances) that the assigned structure matches the data due to random chance. The integrated software that automates the structure assignment is called Glycosaminoglycan-Unambiguous Identification Technology (G-UNIT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiana Duan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Lauren Pepi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - I Jonathan Amster
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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13
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Stickney M, Sanderson P, Leach FE, Zhang F, Linhardt RJ, Amster IJ. Online Capillary Zone Electrophoresis Negative Electron Transfer Dissociation Tandem Mass Spectrometry of Glycosaminoglycan Mixtures. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 445:116209. [PMID: 32641905 PMCID: PMC7343235 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijms.2019.116209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are important biological molecules that are highly anionic and occur in nature as complex mixtures. A platform that combines capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) separations with mass spectrometry (MS) and gas-phase sequencing by using negative electron transfer dissociation (NETD) is shown to be efficacious for the structural analysis of GAG mixtures. CZE is a separation method well suited to the highly negatively charged nature of GAGs. NETD is an electron-based ion activation method that enables the generation of informative fragments with retention of the labile sulfate half-ester modification that determine specific GAG function. Here we combine for the first time NETD and CZE for assigning the structures of GAG oligomers present in mixtures. The speed of ion activation by NETD is found to couple well with the narrow peaks resulting from CZE migration. The platform was optimized with mixtures of GAG tetrasaccharide standards. The potential of the platform is demonstrated by the analysis of enoxaparin, a complex mixture of low molecular weight heparins, which was separated by CZE within 30 minutes and characterized by NETD MS/MS in one online experiment. 37 unique molecular compositions have been identified in enoxaparin using CZE-MS and 9 structures have been assigned with CZE-NETD-MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Stickney
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | | | - Franklin E. Leach
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180
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14
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Klein DR, Leach FE, Amster IJ, Brodbelt JS. Structural Characterization of Glycosaminoglycan Carbohydrates Using Ultraviolet Photodissociation. Anal Chem 2019; 91:6019-6026. [PMID: 30932467 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Structural characterization of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) by mass spectrometry has long been a formidable analytical challenge owing to their high structural variability and the propensity for sulfate decomposition upon activation with low-energy ion activation methods. While derivatization and complexation workflows have aimed to generate informative spectra using low-energy ion activation methods, alternative ion activation methods present the opportunity to obtain informative spectra from native GAG structures. Both electron- and photon-based activation methods, including electron detachment dissociation (EDD), negative electron transfer dissociation (NETD), and extreme ultraviolet photon activation, have been explored previously to overcome the limitations associated with low-energy activation methods for GAGs and other sulfated oligosaccharides. Further, implementation of such methods on high-resolution mass spectrometers has aided the interpretation of the complex spectra generated. Here, we explore ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD) implemented on an Orbitrap mass spectrometer as another option for structural characterization of GAGs. UVPD spectra for both dermatan and heparan sulfate structures display extensive fragmentation including both glycosidic and cross-ring cleavages with the extent of sulfate retention comparable to that observed by EDD and NETD. In addition, the relatively short activation time of UVPD makes it promising for higher throughput analysis of GAGs in complex mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin R Klein
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Franklin E Leach
- Department of Environmental Health Science , The University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , United States
| | - I Jonathan Amster
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , United States
| | - Jennifer S Brodbelt
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
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15
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Recent advances in glycosaminoglycan analysis by various mass spectrometry techniques. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:3731-3741. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01722-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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16
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Chen X, Wang Z, Wong YLE, Wu R, Zhang F, Chan TWD. Electron-ion reaction-based dissociation: A powerful ion activation method for the elucidation of natural product structures. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2018; 37:793-810. [PMID: 29603345 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The structural elucidation of natural products (NPs) remains a challenge due to their structurally diversities and unpredictable functionalities, motifs, and scaffolds. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) is an effective method that assists the full elucidation of complicated NP structures. Ion activation methods play a key role in determining the fragmentation pathways and the structural information obtained from MS/MS. Electron-ion reaction-based dissociation (ExD) methods, including electron capture dissociation (ECD), electron transfer dissociation (ETD), electron-induced dissociation (EID), and electron detachment dissociation (EDD), can induce the breakage of specific chemical bonds and the generation of distinct fragment ions. This review article provides an overview of the mechanisms, instrumentation, and typical applications related to ExD MS/MS in the structural elucidation of NPs, primarly including lipids, oligosaccharides, glycoconjugates, metabolites, and pharmaceutical drugs. This work aims to reveal the capacity and potential of ExD mass spectrometry in analyzing NPs and consequently helping the NP communities to utilize the modern capabilities of MS/MS in the discovery and evaluation of novel NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangfeng Chen
- Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments, Shandong Analysis and Test Centre, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Science), Shandong, P.R. China
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
| | - Ze Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
| | - Y-L Elaine Wong
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
| | - Ri Wu
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - T-W Dominic Chan
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
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17
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Duan J, Jonathan Amster I. An Automated, High-Throughput Method for Interpreting the Tandem Mass Spectra of Glycosaminoglycans. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:1802-1811. [PMID: 29790112 PMCID: PMC6087482 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-1969-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The biological interactions between glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and other biomolecules are heavily influenced by structural features of the glycan. The structure of GAGs can be assigned using tandem mass spectrometry (MS2), but analysis of these data, to date, requires manually interpretation, a slow process that presents a bottleneck to the broader deployment of this approach to solving biologically relevant problems. Automated interpretation remains a challenge, as GAG biosynthesis is not template-driven, and therefore, one cannot predict structures from genomic data, as is done with proteins. The lack of a structure database, a consequence of the non-template biosynthesis, requires a de novo approach to interpretation of the mass spectral data. We propose a model for rapid, high-throughput GAG analysis by using an approach in which candidate structures are scored for the likelihood that they would produce the features observed in the mass spectrum. To make this approach tractable, a genetic algorithm is used to greatly reduce the search-space of isomeric structures that are considered. The time required for analysis is significantly reduced compared to an approach in which every possible isomer is considered and scored. The model is coded in a software package using the MATLAB environment. This approach was tested on tandem mass spectrometry data for long-chain, moderately sulfated chondroitin sulfate oligomers that were derived from the proteoglycan bikunin. The bikunin data was previously interpreted manually. Our approach examines glycosidic fragments to localize SO3 modifications to specific residues and yields the same structures reported in literature, only much more quickly. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiana Duan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30606, USA
| | - I Jonathan Amster
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30606, USA.
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18
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Wu J, Wei J, Hogan JD, Chopra P, Joshi A, Lu W, Klein J, Boons GJ, Lin C, Zaia J. Negative Electron Transfer Dissociation Sequencing of 3-O-Sulfation-Containing Heparan Sulfate Oligosaccharides. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:1262-1272. [PMID: 29564812 PMCID: PMC6004244 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-1907-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Among dissociation methods, negative electron transfer dissociation (NETD) has been proven the most useful for glycosaminoglycan (GAG) sequencing because it produces informative fragmentation, a low degree of sulfate losses, high sensitivity, and translatability to multiple instrument types. The challenge, however, is to distinguish positional sulfation. In particular, NETD has been reported to fail to differentiate 4-O- versus 6-O-sulfation in chondroitin sulfate decasaccharide. This raised the concern of whether NETD is able to differentiate the rare 3-O-sulfation from predominant 6-O-sulfation in heparan sulfate (HS) oligosaccharides. Here, we report that NETD generates highly informative spectra that differentiate sites of O-sulfation on glucosamine residues, enabling structural characterizations of synthetic HS isomers containing 3-O-sulfation. Further, lyase-resistant 3-O-sulfated tetrasaccharides from natural sources were successfully sequenced. Notably, for all of the oligosaccharides in this study, the successful sequencing is based on NETD tandem mass spectra of commonly observed deprotonated precursor ions without derivatization or metal cation adduction, simplifying the experimental workflow and data interpretation. These results demonstrate the potential of NETD as a sensitive analytical tool for detailed, high-throughput structural analysis of highly sulfated GAGs. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiandong Wu
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biochemistry and Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany Street, 5th Floor, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Juan Wei
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biochemistry and Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany Street, 5th Floor, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - John D Hogan
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Pradeep Chopra
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Apoorva Joshi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Weigang Lu
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Joshua Klein
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, 3584, Utrecht, CG, Netherlands
| | - Cheng Lin
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biochemistry and Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany Street, 5th Floor, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Joseph Zaia
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biochemistry and Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany Street, 5th Floor, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
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19
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Frost DC, Li L. Recent advances in mass spectrometry-based glycoproteomics. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2018; 95:71-123. [PMID: 24985770 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800453-1.00003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Protein glycosylation plays fundamental roles in many biological processes as one of the most common, and the most complex, posttranslational modification. Alterations in glycosylation profile are now known to be associated with many diseases. As a result, the discovery and detailed characterization of glycoprotein disease biomarkers is a primary interest of biomedical research. Advances in mass spectrometry (MS)-based glycoproteomics and glycomics are increasingly enabling qualitative and quantitative approaches for site-specific structural analysis of protein glycosylation. While the complexity presented by glycan heterogeneity and the wide dynamic range of clinically relevant samples like plasma, serum, cerebrospinal fluid, and tissue make comprehensive analyses of the glycoproteome a challenging task, the ongoing efforts into the development of glycoprotein enrichment, enzymatic digestion, and separation strategies combined with novel quantitative MS methodologies have greatly improved analytical sensitivity, specificity, and throughput. This review summarizes current MS-based glycoproteomics approaches and highlights recent advances in its application to cancer biomarker and neurodegenerative disease research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin C Frost
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Lingjun Li
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
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20
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Agyekum I, Pepi L, Yu Y, Li J, Yan L, Linhardt RJ, Chen S, Amster IJ. Structural elucidation of fucosylated chondroitin sulfates from sea cucumber using FTICR-MS/MS. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2018; 24:157-167. [PMID: 29232996 PMCID: PMC5732082 DOI: 10.1177/1469066717731900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Fucosylated chondroitin sulfates are complex polysaccharides extracted from sea cucumber. They have been extensively studied for their anticoagulant properties and have been implicated in other biological activities. While nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy has been used to extensively characterize fucosylated chondroitin sulfate oligomers, we herein report the first detailed mass characterization of fucosylated chondroitin sulfate using high-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. The two species of fucosylated chondroitin sulfates considered for this work include Pearsonothuria graeffei (FCS-Pg) and Isostichopus badionotus (FCS-Ib). Fucosylated chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharides were prepared by N-deacetylation-deaminative cleavage of the two fucosylated chondroitin sulfates and purified by repeated gel filtration. Accurate mass measurements obtained from electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry measurements confirmed the oligomeric nature of these two fucosylated chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharides with each trisaccharide repeating unit averaging four sulfates per trisaccharide. Collision-induced dissociation of efficiently deprotonated molecular ions through Na/H+ exchange proved useful in providing structurally relevant glycosidic and cross-ring product ions, capable of assigning the sulfate modifications on the fucosylated chondroitin sulfate oligomers. Careful examination of the tandem mass spectrometry of both species deferring in the positions of sulfate groups on the fucose residue (FCS-Pg-3,4- OS) and (FCS-Ib-2,4- OS) revealed cross-ring products 0,2Aαf and 2,4X2αf which were diagnostic for (FCS-Pg-3,4- OS) and 0,2X2αf diagnostic for (FCS-Ib-2,4- OS). Mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry data acquired for both species varying in oligomer length (dp3-dp15) are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Agyekum
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
| | - Lauren Pepi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
| | - Yanlei Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, USA
| | - Junhui Li
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Lufeng Yan
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, USA
| | - Shiguo Chen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, China
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21
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Yu Y, Duan J, Leach FE, Toida T, Higashi K, Zhang H, Zhang F, Amster IJ, Linhardt RJ. Sequencing the Dermatan Sulfate Chain of Decorin. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:16986-16995. [PMID: 29111696 PMCID: PMC6298738 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b10164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Glycomics represents one of the last frontiers and most challenging in omic analysis. Glycosylation occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi organelle and its control is neither well-understood nor predictable based on proteomic or genomic analysis. One of the most structurally complex classes of glycoconjugates is the proteoglycans (PGs) and their glycosaminoglycan (GAG) side chains. Previously, our laboratory solved the structure of the chondroitin sulfate chain of the bikunin PG. The current study examines the much more complex structure of the dermatan sulfate GAG chain of decorin PG. By utilizing sophisticated separation methods followed by compositional analysis, domain mapping, and tandem mass spectrometry coupled with analysis by a modified genetic algorithm approach, the structural motif for the decorin dermatan sulfate chain was determined. This represents the second example of a GAG with a prominent structural motif, suggesting that the structural variability of this class of glycoconjugates is somewhat simpler than had been expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlei Yu
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies
| | - Jiana Duan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia United States
| | - Franklin E. Leach
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia United States
| | - Toshihiko Toida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kyohei Higashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hong Zhang
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies
| | - I. Jonathan Amster
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia United States
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies
- Department of Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
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22
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Leach FE, Riley NM, Westphall MS, Coon JJ, Amster IJ. Negative Electron Transfer Dissociation Sequencing of Increasingly Sulfated Glycosaminoglycan Oligosaccharides on an Orbitrap Mass Spectrometer. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:1844-1854. [PMID: 28589488 PMCID: PMC5711533 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1709-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The structural characterization of sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) carbohydrates remains an important target for analytical chemists attributable to challenges introduced by the natural complexity of these mixtures and the defined need for molecular-level details to elucidate biological structure-function relationships. Tandem mass spectrometry has proven to be the most powerful technique for this purpose. Previously, electron detachment dissociation (EDD), in comparison to other methods of ion activation, has been shown to provide the largest number of useful cleavages for de novo sequencing of GAG oligosaccharides, but such experiments are restricted to Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometers (FTICR-MS). Negative electron transfer dissociation (NETD) provides similar fragmentation results, and can be achieved on any mass spectrometry platform that is designed to accommodate ion-ion reactions. Here, we examine for the first time the effectiveness of NETD-Orbitrap mass spectrometry for the structural analysis of GAG oligosaccharides. Compounds ranging in size from tetrasaccharides to decasaccharides were dissociated by NETD, producing both glycosidic and cross-ring cleavages that enabled the location of sulfate modifications. The highly-sulfated, heparin-like synthetic GAG, ArixtraTM, was also successfully sequenced by NETD. In comparison to other efforts to sequence GAG chains without fully ionized sulfate constituents, the occurrence of sulfate loss peaks is minimized by judicious precursor ion selection. The results compare quite favorably to prior results with electron detachment dissociation (EDD). Significantly, the duty cycle of the NETD experiment is sufficiently short to make it an effective tool for on-line separations, presenting a straightforward path for selective, high-throughput analysis of GAG mixtures. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas M Riley
- Genome Center of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Michael S Westphall
- Genome Center of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Joshua J Coon
- Genome Center of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA
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23
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Khanal N, Masellis C, Kamrath MZ, Clemmer DE, Rizzo TR. Glycosaminoglycan Analysis by Cryogenic Messenger-Tagging IR Spectroscopy Combined with IMS-MS. Anal Chem 2017; 89:7601-7606. [PMID: 28636333 PMCID: PMC5675075 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We combine ion mobility spectrometry with cryogenic, messenger-tagging, infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry to identify different isomeric disaccharides of chondroitin sulfate (CS) and heparan sulfate (HS), which are representatives of two major subclasses of glycosaminoglycans. Our analysis shows that while CS and HS disaccharide isomers have similar drift times, they can be uniquely distinguished by their vibrational spectrum between ∼3200 and 3700 cm-1 due to their different OH hydrogen-bonding patterns. We suggest that this combination of techniques is well suited to identify and characterize glycan isomers directly, which presents tremendous challenges for existing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelam Khanal
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Chiara Masellis
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Moléculaire, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCPM, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael Z. Kamrath
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Moléculaire, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCPM, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David E. Clemmer
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Thomas R. Rizzo
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Moléculaire, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCPM, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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24
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Liu X, St. Ange K, Lin L, Zhang F, Chi L, Linhardt RJ. Top-down and bottom-up analysis of commercial enoxaparins. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1480:32-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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25
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Ropartz D, Li P, Fanuel M, Giuliani A, Rogniaux H, Jackson GP. Charge Transfer Dissociation of Complex Oligosaccharides: Comparison with Collision-Induced Dissociation and Extreme Ultraviolet Dissociative Photoionization. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2016; 27:1614-9. [PMID: 27582116 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-016-1453-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The structural characterization of oligosaccharides still challenges the field of analytical chemistry. Tandem mass spectrometry offers many advantages toward this aim, although the generic fragmentation method (low-energy collision-induced dissociation) shows clear limitations and is often insufficient to retrieve some essential structural information on these molecules. In this work, we present the first application of helium charge transfer dissociation (He-CTD) to characterize the structure of complex oligosaccharides. We compare this method with low-energy collision-induced dissociation and extreme-ultraviolet dissociative photoionization (XUV-DPI), which was shown previously to ensure the successful characterization of complex glycans. Similarly to what could be obtained by XUV-DPI, He-CTD provides a complete description of the investigated structures by producing many informative cross-ring fragments and no ambiguous fragmentation. Unlike XUV-DPI, which is performed at a synchrotron source, He-CTD has the undeniable advantage of being implementable in a conventional benchtop ion trap in a conventional laboratory setting. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ropartz
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymers Interactions Assemblies, 44316, Nantes, France
| | - Pengfei Li
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Mathieu Fanuel
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymers Interactions Assemblies, 44316, Nantes, France
| | - Alexandre Giuliani
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- UAR 1008 CEPIA, INRA, 44316, Nantes, France
| | - Hélène Rogniaux
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymers Interactions Assemblies, 44316, Nantes, France.
| | - Glen P Jackson
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
- Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506-6121, USA
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26
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Wong YLE, Chen X, Li W, Wang Z, Hung YLW, Wu R, Chan TWD. Differentiation of Isomeric Ginsenosides by Using Electron-Induced Dissociation Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2016; 88:5590-4. [PMID: 27181402 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Current phytochemical research on ginsengs focuses on the structural characterization and isomer differentiation of ginsenosides. In this Letter, electron-induced dissociation (EID) was initially investigated by analyzing isomeric ginsenosides. EID provided more structural information on their differentiation than collision-induced dissociation (CID) did. Glycosyl group migration previously observed in the CID of oligosaccharide ions could also be found in the EID of protonated Rg1. This rearrangement reaction would show substantial ambiguities in differentiating Rg1 from Rf. Although other charge carriers could alleviate this problem, the use of EID in dissociating deprotonated ginsenoside ions was superior to other techniques in terms of eliminating glycosyl group migration and generating diagnostic fragment ions for the differentiation of structural isomers. This study demonstrates a potential method to analyze natural products and thus help discover and evaluate novel compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-L Elaine Wong
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Xiangfeng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory for TCM Quality Control Technology, Shandong Analysis and Test Centre, Shandong Academy of Sciences , Jinan, Shandong, 250014, P. R. China
| | - Wan Li
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Ze Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Y-L Winnie Hung
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Ri Wu
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - T-W Dominic Chan
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
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Huang R, Zong C, Venot A, Chiu Y, Zhou D, Boons GJ, Sharp JS. De Novo Sequencing of Complex Mixtures of Heparan Sulfate Oligosaccharides. Anal Chem 2016; 88:5299-307. [PMID: 27087275 PMCID: PMC5068567 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Here, we describe the first sequencing method of a complex mixture of heparan sulfate tetrasaccharides by LC-MS/MS. Heparin and heparan sulfate (HS) are linear polysaccharides that are modified in a complex manner by N- and O-sulfation, N-acetylation, and epimerization of the uronic acid. Heparin and HS are involved in various essential cellular communication processes. The structural analysis of these glycosaminoglycans is challenging due to the lability of their sulfate groups, the high heterogeneity of modifications, and the epimerization of the uronic acids. While advances in liquid chromatography (LC) and mass spectrometry (MS) have enabled compositional profiling of HS oligosaccharide mixtures, online separation and detailed structural analysis of isomeric and epimeric HS mixtures has not been achieved. Here, we report the development and evaluation of a chemical derivatization and tandem mass spectrometry method that can separate and identify isomeric and epimeric structures from complex mixtures. A series of well-defined synthetic HS tetrasaccharides varying in sulfation patterns and uronic acid epimerization were analyzed by chemical derivatization and LC-MS/MS. These synthetic compounds made it possible to establish relationships between HS structure, chromatographic behavior and MS/MS fragmentation characteristics. Using the analytical characteristics determined through the analysis of the synthetic HS tetrasaccharide standards, an HS tetrasacharide mixture derived from natural sources was successfully sequenced. This method represents the first sequencing of complex mixtures of HS oligosaccharides, an essential milestone in the analysis of structure-function relationships of these carbohydrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Huang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Chengli Zong
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Andre Venot
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Yulun Chiu
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Dandan Zhou
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Joshua S. Sharp
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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Agyekum I, Patel AB, Zong C, Boons GJ, Amster J. Assignment Of Hexuronic Acid Stereochemistry In Synthetic Heparan Sulfate Tetrasaccharides With 2- O-Sulfo Uronic Acids Using Electron Detachment Dissociation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY 2015; 390:163-169. [PMID: 26612977 PMCID: PMC4655891 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijms.2015.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The present work focuses on the assignment of uronic acid stereochemistry in heparan sulfate (HS) oligomers. The structural elucidation of HS glycosaminoglycans is the subject of considerable importance due to the biological and biomedical significance of this class of carbohydrates. They are highly heterogeneous due to their non-template biosynthesis. Advances in tandem mass spectrometry activation methods, particularly electron detachment dissociation (EDD), has led to the development of methods to assign sites of sulfo modification in glycosaminoglycan oligomers, but there are few reports of the assignment of uronic acid stereochemistry, necessary to distinguish glucuronic acid (GlcA) from iduronic acid (IdoA). Whereas preceding studies focused on uronic acid epimers with no sulfo modification, the current work extends the assignment of the hexuronic acid stereochemistry to 2-O-sulfo uronic acid epimeric tetrasaccharides. The presence of a 2-O-sulfo group on the central uronic acid was found to greatly influence the formation of B3, C2, Z2, and Y1 ions in glucuronic acid and Y2 and 1,5X2 for iduronic acid. The intensity of these peaks can be combined to yield a diagnostic ratios (DR), which can be used to confidently assign the uronic acid stereochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Agyekum
- University of Georgia, Department of Chemistry, Athens, GA
| | - Anish B Patel
- University of Georgia, Department of Chemistry, Athens, GA
| | - Chengli Zong
- University of Georgia, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- University of Georgia, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, Athens, GA, United States
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29
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Comparing substrate specificity of two UDP-sugar pyrophosphorylases and efficient one-pot enzymatic synthesis of UDP-GlcA and UDP-GalA. Carbohydr Res 2015; 411:1-5. [PMID: 25942062 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Uridine 5'-diphosphate-glucuronic acid (UDP-GlcA) and UDP-galacturonic acid (UDP-GalA), the unique carboxylic acid-formed sugar nucleotides, are key precursors involved in the biosynthesis of numerous cell components. Limited availability of those components has been hindering the development of efficient ways towards facile synthesis of bioactive glycans such as glycosaminoglycans. In current study, we biochemically characterized two UDP-sugar pyrophosphorylases from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtUSP) and Bifidobacterium infantis ATCC15697 (BiUSP), and compared their activities towards a panel of sugar-1-phosphates and derivatives. Both enzymes showed significant pyrophosphorylation activities towards GlcA-1-phosphate, and AtUSP also exhibited comparable activity towards GalA-1-phosphate. By combining with monosaccharide-1-phosphate kinases, we have developed an efficient and facile one-pot three-enzyme approach to quickly obtain hundreds milligrams of UDP-GlcA and UDP-GalA.
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30
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Kailemia MJ, Patel AB, Johnson DT, Li L, Linhardt RJ, Amster IJ. Differentiating chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycans using collision-induced dissociation; uronic acid cross-ring diagnostic fragments in a single stage of tandem mass spectrometry. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2015; 21:275-85. [PMID: 26307707 PMCID: PMC4552082 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The stereochemistry of the hexuronic acid residues of the structure of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) is a key feature that affects their interactions with proteins and other biological functions. Electron based tandem mass spectrometry methods, in particular electron detachment dissociation (EDD), have been able to distinguish glucuronic acid (GlcA) from iduronic acid (IdoA) residues in some heparan sulfate tetrasaccharides by producing epimer-specific fragments. Similarly, the relative abundance of glycosidic fragment ions produced by collision-induced dissociation (CID) or EDD has been shown to correlate with the type of hexuronic acid present in chondroitin sulfate GAGs. The present work examines the effect of charge state and degree of sodium cationization on the CID fragmentation products that can be used to distinguish GlcA and IdoA containing chondroitin sulfate A and dermatan sulfate chains. The cross-ring fragments (2,4)A(n) and (0,2)X(n) formed within the hexuronic acid residues are highly preferential for chains containing GlcA, distinguishing it from IdoA. The diagnostic capability of the fragments requires the selection of a molecular ion and fragment ions with specific ionization characteristics, namely charge state and number of ionizable protons. The ions with the appropriate characteristics display diagnostic properties for all the chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate chains (degree of polymerization of 4-10) studied.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anish B Patel
- De partment of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Dane T Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Lingyun Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
| | - I Jonathan Amster
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Structural analysis of isomeric chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharides using regioselective 6-O-desulfation method and tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 843:27-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Witt L, Pirkl A, Draude F, Peter-Katalinić J, Dreisewerd K, Mormann M. Water ice is a soft matrix for the structural characterization of glycosaminoglycans by infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization. Anal Chem 2014; 86:6439-46. [PMID: 24862464 DOI: 10.1021/ac5008706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are a class of heterogeneous, often highly sulfated glycans that form linear chains consisting of up to 100 monosaccharide building blocks and more. GAGs are ubiquitous constituents of connective tissue, cartilage, and the extracellular matrix, where they have key functions in many important biological processes. For their characterization by mass spectrometry (MS) and tandem MS, the high molecular weight polymers are usually enzymatically digested to oligomers with a low degree of polymerization (dp), typically disaccharides. However, owing to their lability elimination of sulfate groups upon desorption/ionization is often encountered leading to a loss of information on the analyte. Here, we demonstrate that, in particular, water ice constitutes an extremely mild matrix for the analysis of highly sulfated GAG disaccharides by infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (IR-MALDI) mass spectrometry. Depending on the degree of sulfation, next to the singly charged ionic species doubly- and even triply charged ions are formed. An unambiguous assignment of the sulfation sites becomes possible by subjecting sodium adducts of the GAGs to low-energy collision-induced dissociation tandem MS. These ionic species exhibit a remarkable stability of the sulfate substituents, allowing the formation of fragment ions retaining their sulfation that arise from either cross-ring cleavages or rupture of the glycosidic bonds, thereby allowing an unambiguous assignment of the sulfation sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Witt
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster , 48149 Münster, Germany
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Hashii N, Harazono A, Kuribayashi R, Takakura D, Kawasaki N. Characterization of N-glycan heterogeneities of erythropoietin products by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and multivariate analysis. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:921-932. [PMID: 24623697 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Glycan heterogeneity on recombinant human erythropoietin (rEPO) product is considered to be one of the critical quality attributes, and similarity tests of glycan heterogeneities are required in the manufacturing process changes and developments of biosimilars. A method for differentiating highly complex and diverse glycosylations is needed to evaluate comparability and biosimilarity among rEPO batches and products manufactured by different processes. METHODS The glycan heterogeneities of nine rEPO products (four innovator products and five biosimilar products) were distinguished by multivariate analysis (MVA) using the peak area ratios of each glycan to the total peak area of glycans in mass spectra obtained by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) of N-glycans from rEPOs. RESULTS Principal component analysis (PCA) using glycan profiles obtained by LC/MS proved to be a useful method for differentiating glycan heterogeneities among nine rEPOs. Using PC values as indices, we were able to visualize and digitalize the glycan heterogeneities of each rEPO. The characteristic glycans of each rEPO were also successfully identified by orthogonal partial least-squares discrimination analysis (OPLS-DA), an MVA method, using the glycan profile data. CONCLUSIONS PCA values were useful for evaluating the relative differences among the glycan heterogeneities of rEPOs. The characteristic glycans that contributed to the differentiation were also successfully identified by OPLS-DA. PCA and OPLS-DA based on mass spectrometric data are applicable for distinguishing glycan heterogeneities, which are virtually indistinguishable on rEPO products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noritaka Hashii
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
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Kailemia MJ, Park M, Kaplan DA, Venot A, Boons GJ, Li L, Linhardt RJ, Amster IJ. High-field asymmetric-waveform ion mobility spectrometry and electron detachment dissociation of isobaric mixtures of glycosaminoglycans. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2014; 25:258-68. [PMID: 24254578 PMCID: PMC3946938 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-013-0771-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
High-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS) is shown to be capable of resolving isomeric and isobaric glycosaminoglycan negative ions and to have great utility for the analysis of this class of molecules when combined with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS) and tandem mass spectrometry. Electron detachment dissociation (EDD) and other ion activation methods for tandem mass spectrometry can be used to determine the sites of labile sulfate modifications and for assigning the stereochemistry of hexuronic acid residues of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). However, mixtures with overlapping mass-to-charge values present a challenge, as their precursor species cannot be resolved by a mass analyzer prior to ion activation. FAIMS is shown to resolve two types of mass-to-charge overlaps. A mixture of chondroitin sulfate A (CSA) oligomers with 4-10 saccharides units produces ions of a single mass-to-charge by electrospray ionization, as the charge state increases in direct proportion to the degree of polymerization for these sulfated carbohydrates. FAIMS is shown to resolve the overlapping charge. A more challenging type of mass-to-charge overlap occurs for mixtures of diastereomers. FAIMS is shown to separate two sets of epimeric GAG tetramers. For the epimer pairs, the complexity of the separation is reduced when the reducing end is alkylated, suggesting that anomers are also resolved by FAIMS. The resolved components were activated by EDD and the fragment ions were analyzed by FTICR-MS. The resulting tandem mass spectra were able to distinguish the two epimers from each other.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Andre Venot
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Lingyun Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180
| | - I. Jonathan Amster
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
- Address for correspondence: Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, Phone: (706) 542-2001, Fax: (706) 542-9454,
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Kailemia MJ, Ruhaak LR, Lebrilla CB, Amster IJ. Oligosaccharide analysis by mass spectrometry: a review of recent developments. Anal Chem 2014; 86:196-212. [PMID: 24313268 PMCID: PMC3924431 DOI: 10.1021/ac403969n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - L. Renee Ruhaak
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616
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Leach FE, Arungundram S, Al-Mafraji K, Venot A, Boons GJ, Amster IJ. ELECTRON DETACHMENT DISSOCIATION OF SYNTHETIC HEPARAN SULFATE GLYCOSAMINOGLYCAN TETRASACCHARIDES VARYING IN DEGREE OF SULFATION AND HEXURONIC ACID STEREOCHEMISTRY. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY 2012; 330-332:152-159. [PMID: 23230388 PMCID: PMC3517180 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijms.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) carbohydrates provide a challenging analytical target for structural determination due to their polydisperse nature, non-template biosynthesis, and labile sulfate modifications. The resultant structures, although heterogeneous, contain domains which indicate a sulfation pattern or code that correlates to specific function. Mass spectrometry, in particular electron detachment dissociation Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (EDD FT-ICR MS), provides a highly sensitive platform for GAG structural analysis by providing cross-ring cleavages for sulfation location and product ions specific to hexuronic acid stereochemistry. To investigate the effect of sulfation pattern and variations in stereochemistry on EDD spectra, a series of synthetic heparan sulfate (HS) tetrasaccharides are examined. Whereas previous studies have focused on lowly sulfated compounds (0.5-1 sulfate groups per disaccharide), the current work extends the application of EDD to more highly sulfated tetrasaccharides (1-2 sulfate groups per disaccharide) and presents the first EDD of a tetrasaccharide containing a sulfated hexuronic acid. For these more highly sulfated HS oligomers, alternative strategies are shown to be effective for extracting full structural details. These strategies inlcude sodium cation replacement of protons, for determining the sites of sulfation, and desulfation of the oligosaccharides for the generation of product ions for assigning uronic acid stereochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sailaja Arungundram
- University of Georgia, Department of Chemistry, Athens, GA 30602
- University of Georgia, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, Athens, GA
| | - Kanar Al-Mafraji
- University of Georgia, Department of Chemistry, Athens, GA 30602
- University of Georgia, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, Athens, GA
| | - Andre Venot
- University of Georgia, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, Athens, GA
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- University of Georgia, Department of Chemistry, Athens, GA 30602
- University of Georgia, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, Athens, GA
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Leach FE, Wolff JJ, Xiao Z, Ly M, Laremore TN, Arungundram S, Al-Mafraji K, Venot A, Boons GJ, Linhardt RJ, Amster IJ. Negative electron transfer dissociation Fourier transform mass spectrometry of glycosaminoglycan carbohydrates. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2011; 17:167-76. [PMID: 21719917 PMCID: PMC3347043 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Electron transfer through gas phase ion-ion reactions has led to the widespread application of electron- based techniques once only capable in ion trapping mass spectrometers. Although any mass analyzer can in theory be coupled to an ion-ion reaction device (typically a 3-D ion trap), some systems of interest exceed the capabilities of most mass spectrometers. This case is particularly true in the structural characterization of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) oligosaccharides. To adequately characterize highly sulfated GAGs or oligosaccharides above the tetrasaccharide level, a high resolution mass analyzer is required. To extend previous efforts on an ion trap mass spectrometer, negative electron transfer dissociation coupled with a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer has been applied to increasingly sulfated heparan sulfate and heparin tetrasaccharides as well as a dermatan sulfate octasaccharide. Results similar to those obtained by electron detachment dissociation are observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franklin E. Leach
- University of Georgia, Department of Chemistry, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | | | - Zhongping Xiao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, Institute of Marine and Drug and Food, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Mellisa Ly
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Tatiana N. Laremore
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Sailaja Arungundram
- University of Georgia, Department of Chemistry, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Kanar Al-Mafraji
- University of Georgia, Department of Chemistry, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Andre Venot
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- University of Georgia, Department of Chemistry, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
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