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Kirkwood-Donelson KI, Dodds JN, Schnetzer A, Hall N, Baker ES. Uncovering per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) with nontargeted ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry analyses. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadj7048. [PMID: 37878714 PMCID: PMC10599621 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj7048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Because of environmental and health concerns, legacy per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been voluntarily phased out, and thousands of emerging PFAS introduced as replacements. Traditional analytical methods target a limited number of mainly legacy PFAS; therefore, many species are not routinely assessed in the environment. Nontargeted approaches using high-resolution mass spectrometry methods have therefore been used to detect and characterize unknown PFAS. However, their ability to elucidate chemical structures relies on generation of informative fragments, and many low concentration species are not fragmented in typical data-dependent acquisition approaches. Here, a data-independent method leveraging ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) and size-dependent fragmentation was developed and applied to characterize aquatic passive samplers deployed near a North Carolina fluorochemical manufacturer. From the study, 11 PFAS structures for various per- and polyfluorinated ether sulfonic acids and multiheaded perfluorinated ether acids were elucidated in addition to 36 known PFAS. Eight of these species were previously unreported in environmental media, and three suspected species were validated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James N. Dodds
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Astrid Schnetzer
- Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC,, USA
| | - Nathan Hall
- Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Morehead City, NC, USA
| | - Erin S. Baker
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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2
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Sainju D, Lucas R, Le Gresley A. Evaluation of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for characterisation and quantitation of water-soluble polymers in river water. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 245:120650. [PMID: 37742403 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble polymers (WSPs) are commonly used in industrial, commercial, agricultural and pharmaceutical products and their molecular weights and concentrations vary considerably. Methods commonly used in the analysis of WSPs are often for pure products or formulations with only a few other high MW constituents. These methods, like size exclusion chromatography (SEC) or Gel Permeation Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (MS) can be frustrated by the impact of the necessary separation steps prior to identification and the limitations of MS when identifying and quantifying polymers. To that end, the employment of a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) method to identify, characterize and quantify WSPs in the real-world is reported for the first time. Samples were taken from fourteen UK inland river sites, concentrated via air-drying, freeze-drying or vacuum-drying and analyzed using 1D 1H NMR and 2D 1H Diffusion Ordered Spectroscopy (DOSY) NMR analysis. Seven of the river sites showed the presence of polyethylene glycol (PEG) with a range of molecular weights, evidencing the application of these techniques in analysis of WSPs. Soil percolation models evidenced the proof of principle that these techniques can also be used for the detection of polyacrylamide (PAM) and polyacrylic acid (PAA). This work should better enable the evaluation of the biological impact of WSPs on aquatic organisms in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drishna Sainju
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, HSSCE Faculty, Kingston University, Kingston-upon-Thames, Surrey KT1 2EE, UK
| | - Robert Lucas
- Consumer Healthcare, Haleon PLC, Weybridge, Surrey, UK
| | - Adam Le Gresley
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, HSSCE Faculty, Kingston University, Kingston-upon-Thames, Surrey KT1 2EE, UK.
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Strynar M, McCord J, Newton S, Washington J, Barzen-Hanson K, Trier X, Liu Y, Dimzon IK, Bugsel B, Zwiener C, Munoz G. Practical application guide for the discovery of novel PFAS in environmental samples using high resolution mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2023; 33:575-588. [PMID: 37516787 PMCID: PMC10561087 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-023-00578-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The intersection of the topics of high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) bring together two disparate and complex subjects. Recently non-targeted analysis (NTA) for the discovery of novel PFAS in environmental and biological media has been shown to be valuable in multiple applications. Classical targeted analysis for PFAS using LC-MS/MS, though growing in compound coverage, is still unable to inform a holistic understanding of the PFAS burden in most samples. NTA fills at least a portion of this data gap. OBJECTIVES Entrance into the study of novel PFAS discovery requires identification techniques such as HRMS (e.g., QTOF and Orbitrap) instrumentation. This requires practical knowledge of best approaches depending on the purpose of the analyses. The utility of HRMS applications for PFAS discovery is unquestioned and will likely play a significant role in many future environmental and human exposure studies. METHODS/RESULTS PFAS have some characteristics that make them standout from most other chemicals present in samples. Through a series of tell-tale PFAS characteristics (e.g., characteristic mass defect range, homologous series and characteristic fragmentation patterns), and case studies different approaches and remaining challenges are demonstrated. IMPACT STATEMENT The identification of novel PFAS via non-targeted analysis using high resolution mass spectrometry is an important and difficult endeavor. This synopsis document will hopefully make current and future efforts on this topic easier to perform for novice and experienced alike. The typical time devoted to NTA PFAS investigations (weeks to months or more) may benefit from these practical steps employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Strynar
- USEPA Office of Research and Development Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Durham, NC and Athens, GA, USA.
| | - James McCord
- USEPA Office of Research and Development Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Durham, NC and Athens, GA, USA
| | - Seth Newton
- USEPA Office of Research and Development Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Durham, NC and Athens, GA, USA
| | - John Washington
- USEPA Office of Research and Development Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Durham, NC and Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Xenia Trier
- Section of Environmental Chemistry and Physics, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences (PLEN), University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Yanna Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085, Beijing, China
| | - Ian Ken Dimzon
- Ateneo de Manila University, Loyola Heights, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Boris Bugsel
- Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 94-96, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian Zwiener
- Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 94-96, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gabriel Munoz
- Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
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Li X, Cui D, Ng B, Ogunbiyi OD, Guerra de Navarro M, Gardinali P, Quinete N. Non-targeted analysis for the screening and semi-quantitative estimates of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances in water samples from South Florida environments. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 452:131224. [PMID: 36948119 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of anthropogenic pollutants that are found ubiquitously in surface and drinking water supplies. Due to their persistent nature, bioaccumulative potential, and significant adverse health effects associated with low concentrations, they pose a concern for human and environmental exposure. With the advances in high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) methods, there has been an increasing number of non-targeted analysis (NTA) approaches that allow for a more comprehensive characterization of total PFAS present in environmental samples. In this study, we have developed and compared NTA workflows based on an online solid phase extraction- liquid chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry (online SPE-LC-HRMS) method followed by data processing using Compound Discoverer and FluoroMatch for the screening of PFAS in drinking waters from populated counties in South Florida, as well as in surface waters from Biscayne Bay, Key west, and Everglades canals. Tap water showed the highest number of PFAS features, indicating a poor removal of these chemicals by water treatment or perhaps the breakdown of PFAS precursors. The high number of PFAS features identified only by CD and FluoroMatch emphasizes the complementary aspects of these data processing methods. A Semi-quantitation method for NTA (qNTA) was proposed using a global calibration curve based on existing native standards and internal standards, in which concentration estimates were determined by a regression-based model and internal standard (IS) response factors. NTA play a crucial role in the identification and prioritization of non-traditionally monitored PFAS, needed for the understanding of the toxicological and environmental impact, which are largely underestimated due to the lack of such information for many PFAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuerong Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Modesto A. Maidique Campus, Miami, FL 33199, USA; Institute of Environment, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Modesto A. Maidique Campus, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Danni Cui
- Institute of Environment, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Modesto A. Maidique Campus, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Brian Ng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Modesto A. Maidique Campus, Miami, FL 33199, USA; Institute of Environment, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Modesto A. Maidique Campus, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Olutobi Daniel Ogunbiyi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Modesto A. Maidique Campus, Miami, FL 33199, USA; Institute of Environment, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Modesto A. Maidique Campus, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Maria Guerra de Navarro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Modesto A. Maidique Campus, Miami, FL 33199, USA; Institute of Environment, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Modesto A. Maidique Campus, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Piero Gardinali
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Modesto A. Maidique Campus, Miami, FL 33199, USA; Institute of Environment, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Modesto A. Maidique Campus, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Natalia Quinete
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Modesto A. Maidique Campus, Miami, FL 33199, USA; Institute of Environment, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Modesto A. Maidique Campus, Miami, FL 33199, USA
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Lai A, Schaub J, Steinbeck C, Schymanski EL. An algorithm to classify homologous series within compound datasets. J Cheminform 2022; 14:85. [PMID: 36510332 PMCID: PMC9746203 DOI: 10.1186/s13321-022-00663-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Homologous series are groups of related compounds that share the same core structure attached to a motif that repeats to different degrees. Compounds forming homologous series are of interest in multiple domains, including natural products, environmental chemistry, and drug design. However, many homologous compounds remain unannotated as such in compound datasets, which poses obstacles to understanding chemical diversity and their analytical identification via database matching. To overcome these challenges, an algorithm to detect homologous series within compound datasets was developed and implemented using the RDKit. The algorithm takes a list of molecules as SMILES strings and a monomer (i.e., repeating unit) encoded as SMARTS as its main inputs. In an iterative process, substructure matching of repeating units, molecule fragmentation, and core detection lead to homologous series classification through grouping of identical cores. Three open compound datasets from environmental chemistry (NORMAN Suspect List Exchange, NORMAN-SLE), exposomics (PubChemLite for Exposomics), and natural products (the COlleCtion of Open NatUral producTs, COCONUT) were subject to homologous series classification using the algorithm. Over 2000, 12,000, and 5000 series with CH2 repeating units were classified in the NORMAN-SLE, PubChemLite, and COCONUT respectively. Validation of classified series was performed using published homologous series and structure categories, including a comparison with a similar existing method for categorising PFAS compounds. The OngLai algorithm and its implementation for classifying homologues are openly available at: https://github.com/adelenelai/onglai-classify-homologues .
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelene Lai
- grid.16008.3f0000 0001 2295 9843Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 6 Avenue du Swing, 4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg ,grid.9613.d0000 0001 1939 2794Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessing Strasse 8, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Jonas Schaub
- grid.9613.d0000 0001 1939 2794Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessing Strasse 8, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Christoph Steinbeck
- grid.9613.d0000 0001 1939 2794Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessing Strasse 8, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Emma L. Schymanski
- grid.16008.3f0000 0001 2295 9843Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 6 Avenue du Swing, 4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
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Jacob P, Barzen-Hanson KA, Helbling DE. Target and Nontarget Analysis of Per- and Polyfluoralkyl Substances in Wastewater from Electronics Fabrication Facilities. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:2346-2356. [PMID: 33497568 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The goals of this study were to improve our understanding of the types of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) that occur in wastewater from electronics fabrication facilities (fabs) and to assess the relative concentrations of PFAS species. We collected wastewater samples from three fabs in the United States, analyzed the samples by means of high-resolution mass spectrometry, and implemented complementary target and nontarget analyses. Twelve of 25 target PFASs were quantified in at least one sample, and five perfluorocarboxylates and perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) were quantified in all samples. PFBS was quantified at the highest concentration among the samples (8040 ng L-1) and we expect that its presence is related to the use of photoacid generators during photolithography. The sum concentrations of the target PFASs in the diluted discharge samples from each fab were 623, 394, and 376 ng L-1. Nontarget analysis revealed the presence of 41 homologous series of PFASs comprising 133 homologues. We proposed structures for 15 homologous series of nontarget PFASs, six of which are reported here for the first time. Using an approach for semiquantification of nontarget PFASs, we estimated that the sum concentrations of target and nontarget PFASs in the diluted discharge samples from each fab were 1490, 78 700, and 2170 ng L-1. Our findings are essential for developing alternative photolithography chemicals or informing the implementation of advanced wastewater treatment technologies at fabs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige Jacob
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | | | - Damian E Helbling
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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7
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Dodds JN, Alexander NLM, Kirkwood KI, Foster MR, Hopkins ZR, Knappe DRU, Baker ES. From Pesticides to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances: An Evaluation of Recent Targeted and Untargeted Mass Spectrometry Methods for Xenobiotics. Anal Chem 2021; 93:641-656. [PMID: 33136371 PMCID: PMC7855838 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- James N Dodds
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Nancy Lee M Alexander
- Department of Civil, Construction, & Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, United States
| | - Kaylie I Kirkwood
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - MaKayla R Foster
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Zachary R Hopkins
- Department of Civil, Construction, & Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, United States
| | - Detlef R U Knappe
- Department of Civil, Construction, & Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, United States
| | - Erin S Baker
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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8
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Glüge J, Scheringer M, Cousins IT, DeWitt JC, Goldenman G, Herzke D, Lohmann R, Ng CA, Trier X, Wang Z. An overview of the uses of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:2345-2373. [PMID: 33125022 PMCID: PMC7784712 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00291g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 500] [Impact Index Per Article: 125.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are of concern because of their high persistence (or that of their degradation products) and their impacts on human and environmental health that are known or can be deduced from some well-studied PFAS. Currently, many different PFAS (on the order of several thousands) are used in a wide range of applications, and there is no comprehensive source of information on the many individual substances and their functions in different applications. Here we provide a broad overview of many use categories where PFAS have been employed and for which function; we also specify which PFAS have been used and discuss the magnitude of the uses. Despite being non-exhaustive, our study clearly demonstrates that PFAS are used in almost all industry branches and many consumer products. In total, more than 200 use categories and subcategories are identified for more than 1400 individual PFAS. In addition to well-known categories such as textile impregnation, fire-fighting foam, and electroplating, the identified use categories also include many categories not described in the scientific literature, including PFAS in ammunition, climbing ropes, guitar strings, artificial turf, and soil remediation. We further discuss several use categories that may be prioritised for finding PFAS-free alternatives. Besides the detailed description of use categories, the present study also provides a list of the identified PFAS per use category, including their exact masses for future analytical studies aiming to identify additional PFAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Glüge
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
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9
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Huppertsberg S, Zahn D, Pauelsen F, Reemtsma T, Knepper TP. Making waves: Water-soluble polymers in the aquatic environment: An overlooked class of synthetic polymers? WATER RESEARCH 2020; 181:115931. [PMID: 32505887 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic polymers have been one of the defining environmental topics of the last decade. Synthetic polymers in the environment are usually classified by their size. They encompass the widely discussed size fractions of macroplastic, microplastic, and nanoplastic. Water-soluble polymers (WSPs), however, are mostly absent in this discussion. In this paper, we argue that WSPs are produced in large quantities and have many applications that facilitate a discharge into the environment, where their fate and impact remain mostly unclear. We argue that there are yet no suitable analytical methods for the quantification of WSPs in environmental matrices and propose an analytical method that utilizes size exclusion chromatography - mass spectrometry to detect and potentially also quantify WSPs through specific fragments generated by in-source fragmentation. With the detection of polyethylene glycol in a wastewater treatment plant effluent and a surface water sample we provide a first prove of principle for the applicability of this novel analytical approach to WSPs. Ultimately, we conclude that WSPs are currently in a similar position as MP were in the advent of their investigation: We know of an environmental contamination but are uncertain of its extent and impact and still lack the tools to investigate them thoroughly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Huppertsberg
- Hochschule Fresenius, University of Applied Sciences, Limburger Straße 2, 65510, Idstein, Germany
| | - Daniel Zahn
- Hochschule Fresenius, University of Applied Sciences, Limburger Straße 2, 65510, Idstein, Germany
| | - Frances Pauelsen
- Hochschule Fresenius, University of Applied Sciences, Limburger Straße 2, 65510, Idstein, Germany
| | - Thorsten Reemtsma
- Helmholz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany; University of Leipzig, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Linnéstrasse 3, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas P Knepper
- Hochschule Fresenius, University of Applied Sciences, Limburger Straße 2, 65510, Idstein, Germany.
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Ishitsuka K, Kakiuchi T, Sato H, Fouquet TNJ. An arsenal of tools based on Kendrick mass defects to process congested electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectra of polymers with multiple charging. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34 Suppl 2:e8584. [PMID: 31517411 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Electrospray ionization (ESI) favors the multiple charging of high molecular weight polymer samples and allows their high-resolution mass analysis in the low-mass range. It also induces the detection of numerous ion series at different charge states with different adducts complicating the interpretation of the mass spectrum which should be facilitated by an appropriate data processing. METHODS An arsenal of tools based on the Kendrick mass defect (KMD) is proposed to process congested ESI high-resolution mass spectra of poly(propylene oxide) (PPO) samples. The combination of regular, charge-dependent, and resolution-enhanced KMD plots in addition to a "remainders" plot and a new three-dimensional plot offers unrivaled capabilities of filtering for any minor series among thousands of points. The sequential data processing is conducted using Kendo, a spreadsheet developed in-house for an advanced KMD analysis. RESULTS The charge-state distribution is easily evaluated by counting the parallel lines in a regular KMD plot. A charge-dependent resolution-enhanced KMD plot instantly reveals the variation of adducted ions at a given charge state, helping the user to choose the best analytical conditions. Ion series at different charge states from PPO oligomers carrying different end-groups are also efficiently extracted using several combinations of KMD and remainders plots and assigned using a new simulator tool. CONCLUSIONS The innovative combination of existing and new KMD-related plots, selection tools, and simulator all combined in a single spreadsheet dramatically facilitates the processing and interpretation of complex ESI mass spectral data. The presented tools may be extended to any other class of homo-, co- and terpolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Ishitsuka
- Analytical Science Team, Common Base Technology Division, Innovative Technology Laboratories, AGC Inc., Yokohama, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Kakiuchi
- Analytical Science Team, Common Base Technology Division, Innovative Technology Laboratories, AGC Inc., Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Sato
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Thierry N J Fouquet
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
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11
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Gularyan SK, Gulin AA, Anufrieva KS, Shender VO, Shakhparonov MI, Bastola S, Antipova NV, Kovalenko TF, Rubtsov YP, Latyshev YA, Potapov AA, Pavlyukov MS. Investigation of Inter- and Intratumoral Heterogeneity of Glioblastoma Using TOF-SIMS. Mol Cell Proteomics 2020; 19:960-970. [PMID: 32265293 PMCID: PMC7261812 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra120.001986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most aggressive human cancers with a median survival of less than two years. A distinguishing pathological feature of GBM is a high degree of inter- and intratumoral heterogeneity. Intertumoral heterogeneity of GBM has been extensively investigated on genomic, methylomic, transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomics levels, however only a few studies describe intratumoral heterogeneity because of the lack of methods allowing to analyze GBM samples with high spatial resolution. Here, we applied TOF-SIMS (Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry) for the analysis of single cells and clinical samples such as paraffin and frozen tumor sections obtained from 57 patients. We developed a technique that allows us to simultaneously detect the distribution of proteins and metabolites in glioma tissue with 800 nm spatial resolution. Our results demonstrate that according to TOF-SIMS data glioma samples can be subdivided into clinically relevant groups and distinguished from the normal brain tissue. In addition, TOF-SIMS was able to elucidate differences between morphologically distinct regions of GBM within the same tumor. By staining GBM sections with gold-conjugated antibodies against Caveolin-1 we could visualize border between zones of necrotic and cellular tumor and subdivide glioma samples into groups characterized by different survival of the patients. Finally, we demonstrated that GBM contains cells that are characterized by high levels of Caveolin-1 protein and cholesterol. This population may partly represent a glioma stem cells. Collectively, our results show that the technique described here allows to analyze glioma tissues with a spatial resolution beyond reach of most of other omics approaches and the obtained data may be used to predict clinical behavior of the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samvel K Gularyan
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander A Gulin
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Moscow, Russia; Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow Russia
| | - Ksenia S Anufrieva
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Victoria O Shender
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia; Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Soniya Bastola
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Wallace Tumor Institute, Birmingham, Alabama
| | | | | | - Yury P Rubtsov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yaroslav A Latyshev
- Federal State Autonomous Institution, N.N. Burdenko National Medical Research Center of Neurosurgery, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander A Potapov
- Federal State Autonomous Institution, N.N. Burdenko National Medical Research Center of Neurosurgery, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marat S Pavlyukov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia.
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12
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Sato H, Nakamura S, Fouquet T, Ohmura T, Kotani M, Naito Y. Molecular characterization of polyethylene oxide based oligomers by surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry using a through-hole alumina membrane as active substrate. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8597. [PMID: 31520435 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Molecular characterization of industrial oligomeric products is performed using surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (SALDI-MS), termed desorption ionization using a through-hole alumina membrane (DIUTHAME). This paper describes the unique feature of a DIUTHAME chip applying active SALDI, which generates specific types of fragments of polyglycol samples. METHODS Polyethylene oxide (PEO) and PEO-based materials were subjected to SALDI-MS. The influence of the presence or absence of a cationization salt on the mass spectrum was investigated. The resulting mass spectra composed of fragment ions were compared with those obtained by collision-induced dissociation (CID)-MS/MS. The specific fragment ions generated using the DIUTHAME chip were further subjected to high-energy CID-MS/MS. RESULTS The addition of a cationization salt resulted in SALDI mass spectra with fewer fragment peaks. The mass spectra obtained without adding the cationization salt were composed of many more fragment ions caused by in-source decay. The fragmentation pattern was similar to that seen with low-energy CID. The resulting fragment ions were formed by selective cleavage at the C-O bond. High-energy CID-MS/MS can be performed for the specific fragment ions generated by in-source decay fragmentation. CONCLUSIONS Molecular characterization of PEO-based oligomers by SALDI-MS using the DIUTHAME chip was successfully demonstrated. The selective fragmentation and high-energy CID-MS/MS of the in-source decay fragments made it possible to provide more detailed structural information. This unique feature of DIUTHAME gives it potential for use in new molecular characterization techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Sato
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Sayaka Nakamura
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Thierry Fouquet
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ohmura
- Hamamatsu Photonics KK, 314-5 Shimokanzo, Iwata, Shizuoka, 438-0193, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kotani
- Hamamatsu Photonics KK, 314-5 Shimokanzo, Iwata, Shizuoka, 438-0193, Japan
| | - Yasuhide Naito
- Graduate School for Creation of New Photonics Industries, 1955-1 Kurematsu-cho, Nishi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-1202, Japan
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High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) methods for nontarget discovery and characterization of poly- and per-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in environmental and human samples. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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14
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Cousins IT, Goldenman G, Herzke D, Lohmann R, Miller M, Ng CA, Patton S, Scheringer M, Trier X, Vierke L, Wang Z, DeWitt JC. The concept of essential use for determining when uses of PFASs can be phased out. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2019; 21:1803-1815. [PMID: 31204421 PMCID: PMC6992415 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00163h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Because of the extreme persistence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and their associated risks, the Madrid Statement argues for stopping their use where they are deemed not essential or when safer alternatives exist. To determine when uses of PFASs have an essential function in modern society, and when they do not, is not an easy task. Here, we: (1) develop the concept of "essential use" based on an existing approach described in the Montreal Protocol, (2) apply the concept to various uses of PFASs to determine the feasibility of elimination or substitution of PFASs in each use category, and (3) outline the challenges for phasing out uses of PFASs in society. In brief, we developed three distinct categories to describe the different levels of essentiality of individual uses. A phase-out of many uses of PFASs can be implemented because they are not necessary for the betterment of society in terms of health and safety, or because functional alternatives are currently available that can be substituted into these products or applications. Some specific uses of PFASs would be considered essential because they provide for vital functions and are currently without established alternatives. However, this essentiality should not be considered as permanent; rather, constant efforts are needed to search for alternatives. We provide a description of several ongoing uses of PFASs and discuss whether these uses are essential or non-essential according to the three essentiality categories. It is not possible to describe each use case of PFASs in detail in this single article. For follow-up work, we suggest further refining the assessment of the use cases of PFASs covered here, where necessary, and expanding the application of this concept to all other uses of PFASs. The concept of essential use can also be applied in the management of other chemicals, or groups of chemicals, of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian T Cousins
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, SE-10691, Sweden.
| | | | - Dorte Herzke
- NILU, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Rainer Lohmann
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI, USA
| | - Mark Miller
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, U.S. Public Health Service, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Carla A Ng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | | | - Martin Scheringer
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Xenia Trier
- DTU Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lena Vierke
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Zhanyun Wang
- Chair of Ecological Systems Design, Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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McCord J, Strynar M. Identifying Per- and Polyfluorinated Chemical Species with a Combined Targeted and Non-Targeted-Screening High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Workflow. J Vis Exp 2019:10.3791/59142. [PMID: 31058907 PMCID: PMC8801205 DOI: 10.3791/59142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Historical and emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have garnered significant interest from the public and government agencies from the local to federal levels. The continuing evolution of PFAS chemistries presents a challenge to the environmental monitoring, where ongoing development of targeted methods necessarily lags the discovery of new chemical compounds. There is a need, therefore, to have forward-looking methodologies that can detect emerging and unexpected compounds, monitor these species over time, and resolve details of their chemical structure to enable future work in human health. To this end, non-targeted analysis by high-resolution mass spectrometry offers a broad base detection approach that can be combined with almost any sample preparation scheme and provides significant capabilities for compound identification after detection. Herein, we describe a solid-phase extraction (SPE) based sample concentration method tuned for shorter chain and more hydrophilic PFAS chemistries, such as per fluorinated ether acids and sulfonates, and describe analysis of samples prepared in this fashion in both targeted and non-targeted modes. Targeted methods provide superior quantification when reference standards are available but are intrinsically limited to expected compounds when performing analysis. In contrast, a non-targeted approach can identify the presence of unexpected compounds and provide some information about their chemical structure. Information about chemical features can be used to correlate compounds across sample locations and track abundance and occurrence over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- James McCord
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
| | - Mark Strynar
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency;
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16
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Nakamura S, Fouquet T, Sato H. Molecular Characterization of High Molecular Weight Polyesters by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry Combined with On-plate Alkaline Degradation and Mass Defect Analysis. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:355-367. [PMID: 30411195 PMCID: PMC6345728 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-2092-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI HR TOF MS) is a powerful tool for the molecular characterization of industrial polymers. However, accurate mass determination and resolution of isobaric ions are possible for oligomer samples only typically below m/z 3000. To cut long polymer chains into oligomers suitable for high-resolution mass spectrometry, we propose a simple "on-plate" alkaline degradation of polyesters as a sample pretreatment technique prior to the MALDI TOF MS measurement. This pretreatment can be performed on a MALDI target using a small amount of sample (μg or less) and 1 μL of alkaline reagent by simple pipetting. Informative mass spectra in the oligomeric mass range are successfully recorded but complicated by the variation of end-groups and the copolymeric composition of the degradation products. Data processing is assisted by a series of advanced Kendrick mass defect (KMD) analyses recently proposed by the authors to plot visually understandable two-dimensional maps. On-plate degradation pretreatment, high-resolution MALDI TOF MS measurements, and advanced KMD analyses are innovatively combined for the compositional characterization of bacterial poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid-co-3-hydroxyvaleric acid) and industrial poly(ethylene terephthalate) samples. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Nakamura
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Thierry Fouquet
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Sato
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan.
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17
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2-formyl-3,6-bis(hydroxymethyl)phenyl benzoate in Electrochemical Dry Cell. OPEN CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/chem-2018-0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractSolvated organic compound with the general formula 2-formyl-3,6-bis(hydroxymethyl)phenyl benzoate [C16H14O5] was synthesized. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), Mass Spectrometry (MS) and X-ray powder analytical methods were used here for structure elucidation. Characterization revealed a triclinic geometry with space group P1. The refined unit cell parameters are, a = 15.196 Å, b = 14.882 Å and c = 14.606 Å. Development in present work is an idea of the organic electrochemical dry cell. Electrochemists with an idea in vitro/vivo development in present assay are openly encouraged for supporting exploration.
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19
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Liu Y, Qian M, Ma X, Zhu L, Martin JW. Nontarget Mass Spectrometry Reveals New Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Fish from the Yangtze River and Tangxun Lake, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:5830-5840. [PMID: 29659273 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b00779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Nontarget high-resolution mass spectrometry (Nt-HRMS) has been proven useful for the identification of unknown poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in commercial products and water, but applications to biological samples are limited. China is the major PFAS-manufacturing nation; thus, here, we adapted our Nt-HRMS methods to fish collected from the Yangtze River and Tangxun Lake to discover potentially bioaccumulative PFASs in aquatic organisms destined for human consumption. In addition to traditional PFASs, over 330 other fluorinated analytes belonging to 10 classes of PFASs were detected among the pooled fish livers, including 6 sulfonate classes, 2 amine classes, 1 carboxylate class, and 1 N-heterocycle class. One class was detected in samples from both locations, 8 classes were detected exclusively in Tangxun Lake fish, and 1 class was detected exclusively in Yangtze River fish, 10 km downstream of a fluorochemical manufacturing site where we first reported these substances in wastewater 3 years ago. Overall, 4 of the PFAS classes (>165 analytes) are reported for the first time here. Wider monitoring and toxicological testing should be a priority for understanding the health risks posed to people and wildlife exposed to these substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanna Liu
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicity, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta Canada , T6G 2G3
| | - Manli Qian
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory , Wuxi AppTec , Suzhou , China , 215104
| | - Xinxin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nankai University , Tianjin , China , 300071
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nankai University , Tianjin , China , 300071
| | - Jonathan W Martin
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicity, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta Canada , T6G 2G3
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry , Stockholm University , Stockholm , Sweden , 10691
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20
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Fouquet T, Cody RB, Sato H. Capabilities of the remainders of nominal Kendrick masses and the referenced Kendrick mass defects for copolymer ions. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2017; 52:618-624. [PMID: 28670698 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T Fouquet
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, 305-8565, Japan
| | - R B Cody
- JEOL USA, Inc., 11 Dearborn Rd., Peabody, MA, 01960, USA
| | - H Sato
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, 305-8565, Japan
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21
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Fouquet T, Sato H. How to choose the best fractional base unit for a high-resolution Kendrick mass defect analysis of polymer ions. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2017; 31:1067-1072. [PMID: 28370542 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Fouquet
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute for Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Sato
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute for Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, 305-8565, Japan
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22
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Fouquet T, Sato H. Improving the Resolution of Kendrick Mass Defect Analysis for Polymer Ions with Fractional Base Units. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 6:A0055. [PMID: 28580221 PMCID: PMC5447562 DOI: 10.5702/massspectrometry.a0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The concept of a fractional base unit for the Kendrick mass defect (KMD) analysis of polymer ions is introduced for the first time. A fraction of the ethylene oxide (EO) repeat unit (namely EO/8) has been used for the KMD analysis of a poly(ethylene oxide) and found to amplify the variations of KMD between monoisotopic and 13C isotopes, producing an isotopically resolved KMD plot at full scale when the KMD plot computed with EO is fuzzy. The expansion of the KMD dimension using a fractional base unit has then been successfully used to unequivocally discriminate all the distributions from a blend of poly(ethylene oxide)s in a high resolution KMD plot calculated with EO/3 as base unit. Extending the concept of fractional base units to other repeat units, the visualization of the co-oligomers from a poly(ethylene oxide-b-propylene oxide-b-ethylene oxide) triblock copolymer has been dramatically improved using a fraction of the propylene oxide repeat unit (namely PO/3) in an oligomer and isotope resolved plot. High resolution KMD plots were eventually calculated from tandem mass spectra of poly(dimethylsiloxane) ions using a fraction of the dimethylsiloxane (DMS) unit (namely DMS/6) with clearer point alignments and a discrimination of all the product ion series, out of reach of the KMD analysis using DMS. Versatile and producing high resolution KMD plots, the introduction of fractional base units is believed to be a major step towards the implementation of the KMD analysis as a routine data mining tool for mass spectrometry in polymer chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Fouquet
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
| | - Hiroaki Sato
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
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23
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Barzen-Hanson KA, Roberts SC, Choyke S, Oetjen K, McAlees A, Riddell N, McCrindle R, Ferguson PL, Higgins CP, Field JA. Discovery of 40 Classes of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Historical Aqueous Film-Forming Foams (AFFFs) and AFFF-Impacted Groundwater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:2047-2057. [PMID: 28098989 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 424] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs), containing per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), are released into the environment during response to fire-related emergencies. Repeated historical applications of AFFF at military sites were a result of fire-fighter training exercises and equipment testing. Recent data on AFFF-impacted groundwater indicates that ∼25% of the PFASs remain unidentified. In an attempt to close the mass balance, a systematic evaluation of 3M and fluorotelomer-based AFFFs, commercial products, and AFFF-impacted groundwaters from 15 U.S. military bases was conducted to identify the remaining PFASs. Liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry was used for compound discovery. Nontarget analysis utilized Kendrick mass defect plots and a "nontarget" R script. Suspect screening compared masses with those of previously reported PFASs. Forty classes of novel anionic, zwitterionic, and cationic PFASs were discovered, and an additional 17 previously reported classes were observed for the first time in AFFF and/or AFFF-impacted groundwater. All 57 classes received an acronym and IUPAC-like name derived from collective author knowledge. Thirty-four of the 40 newly identified PFAS classes derive from electrochemical fluorination (ECF) processes, most of which have the same base structure. Of the newly discovered PFASs found only in AFFF-impacted groundwater, 11 of the 13 classes are ECF-derived, and the remaining two classes are fluorotelomer-derived, which suggests that both ECF- and fluorotelomer-based PFASs are persistent in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista A Barzen-Hanson
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University , 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Simon C Roberts
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines , 1500 Illinois St., Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Sarah Choyke
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Karl Oetjen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines , 1500 Illinois St., Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Alan McAlees
- Wellington Laboratories Inc., 345 Southgate Drive, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 3M5
| | - Nicole Riddell
- Wellington Laboratories Inc., 345 Southgate Drive, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 3M5
| | - Robert McCrindle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph , Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - P Lee Ferguson
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Christopher P Higgins
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines , 1500 Illinois St., Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Jennifer A Field
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University , 1007 ALS Building, 2750 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
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Lang JR, Allred BM, Field JA, Levis JW, Barlaz MA. National Estimate of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substance (PFAS) Release to U.S. Municipal Landfill Leachate. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:2197-2205. [PMID: 28103667 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Landfills are the final stage in the life cycle of many products containing per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and their presence has been reported in landfill leachate. The concentrations of 70 PFASs in 95 samples of leachate were measured in a survey of U.S. landfills of varying climates and waste ages. National release of PFASs was estimated by coupling measured concentrations for the 19 PFASs where more than 50% of samples had quantifiable concentrations, with climate-specific estimates of annual leachate volumes. For 2013, the total volume of leachate generated in the U.S. was estimated to be 61.1 million m3, with 79% of this volume coming from landfills in wet climates (>75 cm/yr precipitation) that contain 47% of U.S. solid waste. The mass of measured PFASs from U.S. landfill leachate to wastewater treatment plants was estimated to be between 563 and 638 kg for 2013. In the majority of landfill leachate samples, 5:3 fluorotelomer carboxylic acid (FTCA) was dominant and variations in concentrations with waste age affected total estimated mass. There were six PFASs that demonstrated significantly higher concentrations in leachate from younger waste compared to older waste and six PFAS demonstrated significant variation with climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnsie R Lang
- Department of Civil, Constructional, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University , Box 7908 Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7908, United States
| | - B McKay Allred
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University , 153 Gilbert Hall Corvallis, Oregon 97331-4003, United States
| | - Jennifer A Field
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University , 1007 ALS Bldg. 2750 Campus Way, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-4003, United States
| | - James W Levis
- Department of Civil, Constructional, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University , Box 7908 Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7908, United States
| | - Morton A Barlaz
- Department of Civil, Constructional, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University , Box 7908 Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7908, United States
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Fouquet T, Sato H. Extension of the Kendrick Mass Defect Analysis of Homopolymers to Low Resolution and High Mass Range Mass Spectra Using Fractional Base Units. Anal Chem 2017; 89:2682-2686. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b05136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Fouquet
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Sato
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
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26
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Newton S, McMahen R, Stoeckel JA, Chislock M, Lindstrom A, Strynar M. Novel Polyfluorinated Compounds Identified Using High Resolution Mass Spectrometry Downstream of Manufacturing Facilities near Decatur, Alabama. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:1544-1552. [PMID: 28084732 PMCID: PMC6620606 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Concern over persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity has led to international regulation and phase-outs of certain perfluorinated compounds and little is known about their replacement products. High resolution mass spectrometry was used to investigate the occurrence and identity of replacement fluorinated compounds in surface water and sediment of the Tennessee River near Decatur, Alabama. Analysis of legacy Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) revealed a marked increase in concentrations downstream of manufacturing facilities, with the most abundant compounds being perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), perfluorobutanesulfonate (PFBS), and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) as high as 220 ng L-1, 160 ng L-1, and 120 ng L-1, respectively. A series of nine polyfluorinated carboxylic acids was discovered, each differing by CF2CH2. These acids are likely products or byproducts of a manufacturing process that uses 1,1-difluoroethene, which is registered to a manufacturing facility in the area. Two other predominant compounds discovered have structures consistent with perfluorobutanesulfonate and perfluoroheptanoic acid but have a single hydrogen substituted for a fluorine someplace in their structure. A polyfluoroalkyl sulfate with differing mixes of hydrogen and fluorine substitution was also observed. N-methyl perfluorobutane sulfonamidoacetic acid (MeFBSAA) was observed at high concentrations and several other perfluorobutane sulfonamido substances were present as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth Newton
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Rebecca McMahen
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831 United States
| | - James A. Stoeckel
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, U.S.A
| | - Michael Chislock
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, U.S.A
| | - Andrew Lindstrom
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Mark Strynar
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
- Corresponding Author: Address: 109 T.W. Alexander Dr., Durham, NC, Phone: 919-541-3706,
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Schaider LA, Balan SA, Blum A, Andrews DQ, Strynar MJ, Dickinson ME, Lunderberg DM, Lang JR, Peaslee GF. Fluorinated Compounds in U.S. Fast Food Packaging. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2017; 4:105-111. [PMID: 30148183 PMCID: PMC6104644 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.6b00435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are highly persistent synthetic chemicals, some of which have been associated with cancer, developmental toxicity, immunotoxicity, and other health effects. PFASs in grease-resistant food packaging can leach into food and increase dietary exposure. We collected ~400 samples of food contact papers, paperboard containers, and beverage containers from fast food restaurants throughout the United States and measured total fluorine using particle-induced γ-ray emission (PIGE) spectroscopy. PIGE can rapidly and inexpensively measure total fluorine in solid-phase samples. We found that 46% of food contact papers and 20% of paperboard samples contained detectable fluorine (>16 nmol/cm2). Liquid chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis of a subset of 20 samples found perfluorocarboxylates, perfluorosulfonates, and other known PFASs and/or unidentified polyfluorinated compounds (based on nontargeted analysis). The total peak area for PFASs was higher in 70% of samples (10 of 14) with a total fluorine level of >200 nmol/cm2 compared to six samples with a total fluorine level of <16 nmol/cm2. Samples with high total fluorine levels but low levels of measured PFASs may contain volatile PFASs, PFAS polymers, newer replacement PFASs, or other fluorinated compounds. The prevalence of fluorinated chemicals in fast food packaging demonstrates their potentially significant contribution to dietary PFAS exposure and environmental contamination during production and disposal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simona A Balan
- California Department of Toxic Substances Control, Sacramento, California 95814, United States
| | - Arlene Blum
- Green Science Policy Institute, Berkeley, California 94709, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - David Q Andrews
- Environmental Working Group, Washington, D.C. 20009, United States
| | - Mark J Strynar
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | | | - David M Lunderberg
- Chemistry Department, Hope College, Holland, Michigan 49423, United States
| | - Johnsie R Lang
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Graham F Peaslee
- Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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Fouquet T, Aizawa H, Sato H. Taking MALDI SpiralTOF high-resolution mass spectrometry and mass defect analysis to the next level with ethylene vinyl acetate vinyl alcohol terpolymers. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:1818-1822. [PMID: 27426459 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Fouquet
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Environmental Management Research Institute (EMRI), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8569, Japan
| | - Hidenobu Aizawa
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Environmental Management Research Institute (EMRI), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8569, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Sato
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Environmental Management Research Institute (EMRI), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8569, Japan
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29
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Rosenmai AK, Taxvig C, Svingen T, Trier X, van Vugt-Lussenburg BMA, Pedersen M, Lesné L, Jégou B, Vinggaard AM. Fluorinated alkyl substances and technical mixtures used in food paper-packaging exhibit endocrine-related activity in vitro. Andrology 2016; 4:662-72. [DOI: 10.1111/andr.12190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. K. Rosenmai
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention, and Toxicology; National Food Institute; Technical University of Denmark; Søborg Denmark
| | - C. Taxvig
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention, and Toxicology; National Food Institute; Technical University of Denmark; Søborg Denmark
| | - T. Svingen
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention, and Toxicology; National Food Institute; Technical University of Denmark; Søborg Denmark
| | - X. Trier
- Research Group for Analytical Food Chemistry; National Food Institute; Technical University of Denmark; Søborg Denmark
| | | | - M. Pedersen
- Research Group for Analytical Food Chemistry; National Food Institute; Technical University of Denmark; Søborg Denmark
| | - L. Lesné
- Inserm (Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale); IRSET, U1085; Rennes CEDEX France
- Université de Rennes I; Rennes CEDEX France
| | - B. Jégou
- Inserm (Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale); IRSET, U1085; Rennes CEDEX France
- Université de Rennes I; Rennes CEDEX France
- EHESP - School of Public Health; Rennes CEDEX France
| | - A. M. Vinggaard
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention, and Toxicology; National Food Institute; Technical University of Denmark; Søborg Denmark
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30
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Kumar S, Maiti P. Controlled biodegradation of polymers using nanoparticles and its application. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra08641a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlled biodegradation mechanism has been revealed using different nanoparticles which eventually regulate pH of media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar
- School of Materials Science and Technology
- Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University)
- Varanasi 221 005
- India
| | - Pralay Maiti
- School of Materials Science and Technology
- Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University)
- Varanasi 221 005
- India
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