1
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Jha NA, Ayoub SM, Flesher MM, Morton K, Sikkink M, de Guglielmo G, Khokhar JY, Minassian A, Brody AL, Young JW. Acute nicotine vapor normalizes sensorimotor gating and reduces locomotor activity deficits in HIV-1 transgenic rats. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.18.599641. [PMID: 38948796 PMCID: PMC11212989 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.18.599641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Rationale Despite improved life expectancy of people with HIV (PWH), HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment (NCI) persists, alongside deficits in sensorimotor gating and neuroinflammation. PWH exhibit high smoking rates, possibly due to neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and cognitive-enhancing effects of nicotine, suggesting potential self-medication. Objectives Here, we tested the effects of acute nicotine vapor exposure on translatable measures of sensorimotor gating and exploratory behavior in the HIV-1 transgenic (HIV-1Tg) rat model of HIV. Methods Male and female HIV-1Tg and F344 control rats (n=57) were exposed to acute nicotine or vehicle vapor. Sensorimotor gating was assessed using prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle response, and exploratory behavior was evaluated using the behavioral pattern monitor (BPM). Results Vehicle-treated HIV-1Tg rats exhibited PPI deficits at low prepulse intensities compared to F344 controls, as seen previously. No PPI deficits were observed in nicotine-treated HIV-1Tg rats, however. HIV-1Tg rats were hypoactive in the BPM relative to controls, whilst nicotine vapor increased activity and exploratory behavior across genotypes. Cotinine analyses confirmed comparable levels of the primary metabolite of nicotine across genotypes. Conclusions Previous findings of PPI deficits in HIV-1Tg rats were replicated and, importantly, attenuated by acute nicotine vapor. Evidence for similar cotinine levels suggest a nicotine-specific effect in HIV-1Tg rats. HIV-1Tg rats had reduced exploratory behavior compared to controls, attenuated by acute nicotine vapor. Therefore, acute nicotine may be beneficial for remediating sensorimotor and locomotor activity deficits in PWH. Future studies should determine the long-term effects of nicotine vapor on similar HIV/NCI-relevant behaviors.
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2
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Liang HJ, Ernst T, Cunningham E, Chang L. Contributions of chronic tobacco smoking to HIV-associated brain atrophy and cognitive deficits. AIDS 2022; 36:513-524. [PMID: 34860196 PMCID: PMC8881356 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Tobacco smoking is linked to cognitive deficits and greater white matter (WM) abnormalities in people with HIV disease (PWH). Whether tobacco smoking additionally contributes to brain atrophy in PWH is unknown and was evaluated in this study. DESIGN We used a 2 × 2 design that included 83 PWH (43 nonsmokers, 40 smokers) and 171 HIV-seronegative (SN, 106 nonsmokers, 65 smokers) participants and assessed their brain structure and cognitive function. METHODS Selected subcortical volumes, voxel-wise cortical volumes and thickness, and total WM volume were analyzed using FreeSurfer. Independent and interactive effects of HIV and smoking were evaluated with two-way analysis of covariance on cognitive domain Z-scores and morphometric measures on T1-weighted MRI. RESULTS Regardless of smoking status, relative to SN, PWH had smaller brain volumes [basal ganglia, thalami, hippocampi, subcortical gray matter (GM) and cerebral WM volumes (P = 0.002-0.042)], steeper age-related declines in the right superior-parietal (interaction: P < 0.001) volumes, and poorer attention/working memory and learning (P = 0.016-0.027). Regardless of HIV serostatus, smokers tended to have smaller hippocampi than nonsmokers (-0.6%, P = 0.055). PWH smokers had the smallest total and regional subcortical GM and cortical WM volume and poorest cognitive performance. CONCLUSIONS Tobacco smoking additionally contributed to brain atrophy and cognitive deficits in PWH. The greater brain atrophy in PWH smokers may be due to greater neuronal damage or myelin loss in various brain regions, leading to their poor cognitive performance. Therefore, tobacco smoking may exacerbate or increase the risk for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Jun Liang
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine,
University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thomas Ernst
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine,
University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of
Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eric Cunningham
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine,
University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Linda Chang
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine,
University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of
Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of
Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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3
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Royal W, Bryant J, Davis H, Guo M. Cigarette smoke and nicotine effects on behavior in HIV transgenic rats. Behav Brain Res 2022; 417:113591. [PMID: 34551347 PMCID: PMC9107950 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
HIV-related neurocognitive impairment can be worsened by cigarette smoking and be more severe in women. Therefore, we analyzed the effects of sex on behavioral function in HIV transgenic (Tg) rats that were exposed to either nicotine alone, to smoke from either nicotine-containing or nicotine-free cigarettes, or non-exposed. The animals were then assessed on the open field test for the total distance traveled and for the fraction of the total distance traveled and the total time spent in the center of the field, and the results then compared to WT rats subjected to the same exposures and testing. Higher total distances indicate greater locomotor activity and a higher center field measures imply a lower anxiety state. Total distances were overall higher for female and for Tg rats exposed to nicotine-free CS. Also, the total distance and both center field measures were overall higher for female rats in the control and nicotine-free CS-exposed groups. This was observed specifically for WT females as compared to WT males and, for the center field measures, for WT females as compared to Tg males. No genotype or sex-related differences were found for rats in the nicotine-free cigarette smoke (CS) and nicotine-containing CS exposed groups. Therefore, nicotine exposure did not impact genotype- and sex-related differences in motor responses and anxiety levels that were found in the control state. However, exposure to the non-nicotine components of CS resulted in locomotor activation in the presence of the HIV genes and was anxiogenic in WT and Tg male animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Royal
- Morehouse School of Medicine Department of Neurobiology and Neuroscience Institute, Georgia; Atlanta VA Medical Center, USA; University of Maryland School of Medicine, USA.
| | - Joseph Bryant
- University of Maryland School Institute of Human Virology, USA; University of Maryland School of Medicine, USA
| | - Harry Davis
- University of Maryland School Institute of Human Virology, USA; University of Maryland School of Medicine, USA
| | - Ming Guo
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, USA
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4
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Rosa MLDP, Machado CA, Oliveira BDS, Toscano ECDB, Asth L, de Barros JLVM, Teixeira AL, Moreira FA, de Miranda AS. Role of cytokine and neurotrophic factors in nicotine addiction in the conditioned place preference paradigm. Neurosci Lett 2021; 764:136235. [PMID: 34508846 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms involved in the maintenance of cigarette smoking and nicotine reward remain unclear. Immune response might play an important role in this context. Nicotine may induce both central and systemic inflammatory responses as well as changes in the regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). The conditioned place preference (CPP) is a method used for the evaluation of nicotine-induced reward, reproducing nicotine-seeking behavior in humans. So far, there are no studies investigating the relationship between neuroinflammation and nicotine-induced CPP. This study aimed to evaluate the levels of inflammatory mediators and neurotrophic factors in key areas of the central nervous system (CNS) of mice subject to nicotine-induced CPP. CPP was induced with an intraperitoneal administration of 0.5 mg/kg of nicotine in male Swiss mice, using an unbiased protocol. Control group received vehicle by the same route. The levels of cytokines, chemokines, and neurotrophic factors were measured using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) in the brain after CPP test. As expected, nicotine induced place preference behavior. In parallel, we observed increased peripheral levels of IL-6 and IL-10 alongside increased hippocampal levels of NGF but decreased GDNF in mice treated with nicotine compared to controls. In the striatum, nicotine promoted decrease of IL-1ß, IL-10 and GDNF levels, while the levels of all the mediators were similar between groups in the pre-frontal cortex. Our results provide evidence on the role of cytokines and neurotrophic factors in nicotine-induced CPP in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Luciana de Paula Rosa
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Caroline Amaral Machado
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Bruna da Silva Oliveira
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Eliana Cristina de Brito Toscano
- Laboratório de Patologia Celular e Molecular, Departamento de Patologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Laila Asth
- Departmento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - João Luís Vieira Monteiro de Barros
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Antônio Lúcio Teixeira
- Neuropsychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fabrício A Moreira
- Departmento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Aline Silva de Miranda
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.
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5
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Boerwinkle AH, Meeker KL, Luckett P, Ances BM. Neuroimaging the Neuropathogenesis of HIV. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2021; 18:221-228. [PMID: 33630240 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-021-00548-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review highlights neuroimaging studies of HIV conducted over the last 2 years and discusses how relevant findings further our knowledge of the neuropathology of HIV. Three major avenues of neuroimaging research are covered with a particular emphasis on inflammation, aging, and substance use in persons living with HIV (PLWH). RECENT FINDINGS Neuroimaging has been a critical tool for understanding the neuropathological underpinnings observed in HIV. Recent studies comparing levels of neuroinflammation in PLWH and HIV-negative controls show inconsistent results but report an association between elevated neuroinflammation and poorer cognition in PLWH. Other recent neuroimaging studies suggest that older PLWH are at increased risk for brain and cognitive compromise compared to their younger counterparts. Finally, recent findings also suggest that the effects of HIV may be exacerbated by alcohol and drug abuse. These neuroimaging studies provide insight into the structural, functional, and molecular changes occurring in the brain due to HIV. HIV triggers a strong neuroimmune response and may lead to a cascade of events including increased chronic inflammation and cognitive decline. These outcomes are further exacerbated by age and age-related comorbidities, as well as lifestyle factors such as drug use/abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna H Boerwinkle
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, Campus Box 8111, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Karin L Meeker
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, Campus Box 8111, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Patrick Luckett
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, Campus Box 8111, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Beau M Ances
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, Campus Box 8111, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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6
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Quintanilla ME, Morales P, Ezquer F, Ezquer M, Herrera-Marschitz M, Israel Y. Administration of N-acetylcysteine Plus Acetylsalicylic Acid Markedly Inhibits Nicotine Reinstatement Following Chronic Oral Nicotine Intake in Female Rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 14:617418. [PMID: 33633548 PMCID: PMC7902020 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.617418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nicotine is the major addictive component of cigarette smoke and the prime culprit of the failure to quit smoking. Common elements perpetuating the use of addictive drugs are (i) cues associated with the setting in which drug was used and (ii) relapse/reinstatement mediated by an increased glutamatergic tone (iii) associated with drug-induced neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. Aims The present study assessed the effect of the coadministration of the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) plus the anti-inflammatory acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) on oral nicotine reinstatement intake following a post-deprivation re-access in female rats that had chronically and voluntarily consumed a nicotine solution orally. The nicotine-induced oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in the hippocampus and its effects on the glutamate transporters GLT-1 and XCT mRNA levels in prefrontal cortex were also analyzed. Results The oral coadministration of NAC (40 mg/kg/day) and ASA (15 mg/kg/day) inhibited by 85% of the oral nicotine reinstatement intake compared to control (vehicle), showing an additive effect of both drugs. Acetylsalicylic acid and N-acetylcysteine normalized hippocampal oxidative stress and blunted the hippocampal neuroinflammation observed upon oral nicotine reinstatement. Nicotine downregulated GLT-1 and xCT gene expression in the prefrontal cortex, an effect reversed by N-acetylcysteine, while acetylsalicylic acid reversed the nicotine-induced downregulation of GLT-1 gene expression. The inhibitory effect of N-acetylcysteine on chronic nicotine intake was blocked by the administration of sulfasalazine, an inhibitor of the xCT transporter. Conclusion Nicotine reinstatement, following post-deprivation of chronic oral nicotine intake, downregulates the mRNA levels of GLT-1 and xCT transporters, an effect reversed by the coadministration of N-acetylcysteine and acetylsalicylic acid, leading to a marked inhibition of nicotine intake. The combination of these drugs may constitute a valuable adjunct in the treatment of nicotine-dependent behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Elena Quintanilla
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paola Morales
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernando Ezquer
- Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcelo Ezquer
- Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mario Herrera-Marschitz
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Yedy Israel
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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7
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Chang L, Liang H, Kandel SR, He JJ. Independent and Combined Effects of Nicotine or Chronic Tobacco Smoking and HIV on the Brain: A Review of Preclinical and Clinical Studies. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2020; 15:658-693. [PMID: 33108618 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-020-09963-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is highly prevalent among HIV-infected individuals. Chronic smokers with HIV showed greater cognitive deficits and impulsivity, and had more psychopathological symptoms and greater neuroinflammation than HIV non-smokers or smokers without HIV infection. However, preclinical studies that evaluated the combined effects of HIV-infection and tobacco smoking are scare. The preclinical models typically used cell cultures or animal models that involved specific HIV viral proteins or the administration of nicotine to rodents. These preclinical models consistently demonstrated that nicotine had neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects, leading to cognitive enhancement. Although the major addictive ingredient in tobacco smoking is nicotine, chronic smoking does not lead to improved cognitive function in humans. Therefore, preclinical studies designed to unravel the interactive effects of chronic tobacco smoking and HIV infection are needed. In this review, we summarized the preclinical studies that demonstrated the neuroprotective effects of nicotine, the neurotoxic effects of the HIV viral proteins, and the scant literature on nicotine or tobacco smoke in HIV transgenic rat models. We also reviewed the clinical studies that evaluated the neurotoxic effects of tobacco smoking, HIV infection and their combined effects on the brain, including studies that evaluated the cognitive and behavioral assessments, as well as neuroimaging measures. Lastly, we compared the different approaches between preclinical and clinical studies, identified some gaps and proposed some future directions. Graphical abstract Independent and combined effects of HIV and tobacco/nicotine. Left top and bottom panels: Both clinical studies of HIV infected persons and preclinical studies using viral proteins in vitro or in vivo in animal models showed that HIV infection could lead to neurotoxicity and neuroinflammation. Right top and bottom panels: While clinical studies of tobacco smoking consistently showed deleterious effects of smoking, clinical and preclinical studies that used nicotine show mild cognitive enhancement, neuroprotective and possibly anti-inflammatory effects. In the developing brain, however, nicotine is neurotoxic. Middle overlapping panels: Clinical studies of persons with HIV who were smokers typically showed additive deleterious effects of HIV and tobacco smoking. However, in the preclinical studies, when nicotine was administered to the HIV-1 Tg rats, the neurotoxic effects of HIV were attenuated, but tobacco smoke worsened the inflammatory cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Chang
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 670 W. Baltimore Street, HSF III, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA.
| | - Huajun Liang
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 670 W. Baltimore Street, HSF III, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Suresh R Kandel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Center for Cancer Cell Biology, Immunology and Infection, Rosalind Franklin University, 3333 Green Bay Road, Basic Science Building 2.300, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Johnny J He
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Center for Cancer Cell Biology, Immunology and Infection, Rosalind Franklin University, 3333 Green Bay Road, Basic Science Building 2.300, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA.
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8
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Devi K, Moharana B. Cigarette smoke extract triggers neoplastic change in lungs and impairs locomotor activity through wnt3a-β-catenin signaling in aged COPD rodent model. Exp Lung Res 2020; 46:283-296. [PMID: 32729343 DOI: 10.1080/01902148.2020.1800139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic cigarette smoking primes immense decline in lung functions and retardation of motor functions with increase in age. This raise the question of whether age status overwhelm the susceptibility to smoking induced lung inflammatory diseases and neuro-motor dysfunctions. METHODS To study the hypothesis 11-12 month old aged wistar rats (n = 6) were administered cigarette smoke extract (CSE) through intraperitoneal route (0.5 ml/rat) twice a week for 2 months. Respiratory lung functions were measured through whole body plethysmography. Lung histopathological evaluation and neuronal degeneration were observed by using H&E, picrosirius red and nissl staining respectively. Motor function tests were done through panel of neuro-behavioral tests and protein expressions were performed in lung and brain tissue homogenates through western blotting. RESULTS Sub-chronic CSE exposure worsened the lung functions including decreased tidal volume (p < 0.05), peak inspiratory flow (p < 0.05) and enhanced pause (p < 0.05). Grossly, solid neoplastic lesions were visible on the supra-lateral surface of the lungs of the CSE treated animals. Histopathological examination revealed immune cell infiltration, dominated with macrophages and alveolar type II cells stained positive for PCNA. Increased expression of BAX, PCNA, Wnt-3a, p-β-catenin (p < 0.05) was seen in the lungs of CSE treated aged animals. Elevated expression of inflammatory markers including NF-ϏB, TNF-α, TNF-R1, p-AKT was found in CSE treated lung tissues. Moreover, our result showed increased MCP-1, VEGF and IL-6 levels in BALF and plasma (p < 0.01) which might lead to neo-vascularization and excessive cell proliferation in lungs of CSE induced rats. Sub-chronic cigarette smoke exposure retarded the motor activity with suppression of D1 and D2 receptor expression in brain tissues. Brain tissue revealed the abundance of hyperchromatic and pyknotic nuclei suggesting neuronal degeneration. CONCLUSION So in conclusion, chronic cigarette smoking in old age creates susceptibility to fast onset of lung inflammatory diseases and neuro-motor retardation than their nonsmoker counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kusum Devi
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Baisakhi Moharana
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
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9
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Namba MD, Kupchik YM, Spencer SM, Garcia‐Keller C, Goenaga JG, Powell GL, Vicino IA, Hogue IB, Gipson CD. Accumbens neuroimmune signaling and dysregulation of astrocytic glutamate transport underlie conditioned nicotine-seeking behavior. Addict Biol 2020; 25:e12797. [PMID: 31330570 PMCID: PMC7323912 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine self-administration is associated with decreased expression of the glial glutamate transporter (GLT-1) and the cystine-glutamate exchange protein xCT within the nucleus accumbens core (NAcore). N-acetylcysteine (NAC) has been shown to restore these proteins in a rodent model of drug addiction and relapse. However, the specific molecular mechanisms driving its inhibitory effects on cue-induced nicotine reinstatement are unknown. Here, we confirm that extinction of nicotine-seeking behavior is associated with impaired NAcore GLT-1 function and expression and demonstrates that reinstatement of nicotine seeking rapidly enhances membrane fraction GLT-1 expression. Extinction and cue-induced reinstatement of nicotine seeking was also associated with increased tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and decreased glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression in the NAcore. NAC treatment (100 mg/kg/day, i.p., for 5 d) inhibited cue-induced nicotine seeking and suppressed AMPA to NMDA current ratios, suggesting that NAC reduces NAcore postsynaptic excitability. In separate experiments, rats received NAC and an antisense vivo-morpholino to selectively suppress GLT-1 expression in the NAcore during extinction and were subsequently tested for cue-induced reinstatement of nicotine seeking. NAC treatment rescued NAcore GLT-1 expression and attenuated cue-induced nicotine seeking, which was blocked by GLT-1 antisense. NAC also reduced TNFα expression in the NAcore. Viral manipulation of the NF-κB pathway, which is downstream of TNFα, revealed that cue-induced nicotine seeking is regulated by NF-κB pathway signaling in the NAcore independent of GLT-1 expression. Ultimately, these results are the first to show that immunomodulatory mechanisms may regulate known nicotine-induced alterations in glutamatergic plasticity that mediate cue-induced nicotine-seeking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D. Namba
- Department of PsychologyArizona State University Tempe AZ USA
| | - Yonatan M. Kupchik
- Department of Medical NeurobiologyHebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem Israel
| | - Sade M. Spencer
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of Minnesota Minneapolis MN USA
| | | | | | - Gregory L. Powell
- Department of PsychologyArizona State University Tempe AZ USA
- School of Life SciencesArizona State University Tempe AZ USA
| | - Ian A. Vicino
- School of Life SciencesArizona State University Tempe AZ USA
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, Biodesign InstituteArizona State University Tempe AZ USA
| | - Ian B. Hogue
- School of Life SciencesArizona State University Tempe AZ USA
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, Biodesign InstituteArizona State University Tempe AZ USA
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10
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Hillmer AT, Matuskey D, Huang Y, Nabulsi N, Ropchan J, Carson RE, O'Malley SS, Cosgrove KP. Tobacco Smoking in People Is Not Associated with Altered 18-kDa Translocator Protein Levels: A PET Study. J Nucl Med 2020; 61:1200-1204. [PMID: 32005773 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.119.237735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of tobacco smoking on the immune system of the brain are not well elucidated. Although nicotine is immunosuppressive, other constituents in tobacco smoke have inflammatory effects. PET imaging of the 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO) provides a biomarker for microglia, the primary immunocompetent cells of the brain. This work compared brain TSPO levels in 20 tobacco smokers (abstinent for at least 2 h) and 20 nonsmokers using a fully quantitative modeling approach for the first time, to our knowledge. Methods: 11C-PBR28 (N-((2-(methoxy-11C)-phenyl)methyl)-N-(6-phenoxy-3-pyridinyl)acetamide) PET scans were acquired with arterial blood sampling to estimate the metabolite-corrected input function. 11C-PBR28 volumes of distribution were estimated throughout the brain with multilinear analysis. Results: Statistical analyses revealed no evidence of significant differences in regional 11C-PBR28 volumes of distribution between smokers and nonsmokers (whole-brain Cohen d = 0.09) despite adequate power to detect medium effect sizes. Conclusion: These findings inform previous PET studies reporting lower TSPO radiotracer concentrations in the brain (measured as SUV) for tobacco smokers than for nonsmokers by demonstrating the importance of accounting for radiotracer concentrations in plasma. These findings suggest that nonsmokers and smokers have comparable TSPO levels in the brain. Additional work with other biomarkers is needed to fully characterize the effects of tobacco smoking on the brain immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansel T Hillmer
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut .,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Yale University PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale School of Engineering and Applied Science, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - David Matuskey
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Yale University PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and
| | - Yiyun Huang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Yale University PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Nabeel Nabulsi
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Yale University PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jim Ropchan
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Yale University PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Richard E Carson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Yale University PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale School of Engineering and Applied Science, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Stephanie S O'Malley
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Kelly P Cosgrove
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Yale University PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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Liang H, Chang L, Chen R, Oishi K, Ernst T. Independent and Combined Effects of Chronic HIV-Infection and Tobacco Smoking on Brain Microstructure. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2018; 13:509-522. [PMID: 30225549 PMCID: PMC6247419 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-018-9810-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
HIV-infected individuals (HIV+) have 2-3 times higher prevalence of tobacco smoking than the general U.S. population. This study aims to evaluate the independent and combined effects of tobacco-smoking and HIV-infection on brain microstructure and cognition using a 2 × 2 design. 21 HIV + Smokers, 25 HIV + Nonsmokers, 25 Seronegative (SN)-Smokers and 23 SN-Nonsmokers were evaluated using diffusion tensor imaging. Fractional anisotropy (FA), mean (MD), radial (RD) and axial (AD) diffusivity were assessed in 8 major cerebral fiber tracts and 5 subcortical regions. Cognitive performance in 7 neurocognitive domains was also assessed. Compared to SN, HIV+ had higher AD in genu of corpus callosum (GCC, p = 0.002). Smokers also had higher diffusivities in GCC, splenium of corpus callosum (SCC), anterior corona radiata (ACR), sagittal stratum (SS) and superior fronto-occipital fasciculus (SFO), than Nonsmokers (p-values<0.001-0.003). Tobacco-Smoking and HIV-infection showed synergistic effects on AD_SS (p = 0.002) and RD_SFO (p = 0.02), but opposite effects in FA_putamen (p = 0.024). Additive effects from HIV+ and Tobacco-Smoking were observed in 9 other white matter tracts, with highest diffusivities and lowest FA in HIV + Smokers. Higher diffusivities in the GCC, SCC, ACR and SS predicted poorer cognitive performance across all participants (p ≤ 0.001). Higher AD_GCC also predicted slower Speed of information processing and poorer Fluency and Attention only in HIV + Smokers (p = 0.001-0.003). Chronic tobacco smoking and HIV-infection appear to have additive and synergistic adverse effects on brain diffusivities, suggesting greater neuroinflammation, which may contribute to poorer cognition. Therefore, chronic tobacco-smoking may be a risk factor for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajun Liang
- Department of Radiology, University of Maryland Baltimore School of Medicine, 419 W. Redwood Street, Suite 225, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Linda Chang
- Department of Radiology, University of Maryland Baltimore School of Medicine, 419 W. Redwood Street, Suite 225, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Rong Chen
- Department of Radiology, University of Maryland Baltimore School of Medicine, 419 W. Redwood Street, Suite 225, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Kenichi Oishi
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thomas Ernst
- Department of Radiology, University of Maryland Baltimore School of Medicine, 419 W. Redwood Street, Suite 225, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Modulatory Effects of Nicotine on neuroHIV/neuroAIDS. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2018; 13:467-478. [PMID: 30215204 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-018-9806-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine, one of the key active ingredients in tobacco smoke, exerts its effects via binding to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Although both negative and positive pharmacological effects of nicotine have been shown in numerous animals and human studies, its interaction with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) have not been fully elucidated. Even though combined anti-retroviral therapy (cART) limits the progression of HIV-1 to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) remain prevalent. There is thus a compelling need to enhance our understanding of HAND-related neurologic dysfunction. Some biochemical pathways and physiological dysfunctions have been found to be shared by HAND and Alzheimer's (AD) or Parkinson's (PD) diseases, and nicotine may exert the same neuroprotection in HAND that has been observed in both AD and PD. In the past dozen years, various potential therapeutic effects of nicotine such as neuroprotection have been revealed in both in vivo and in vitro studies, including using HIV-1 transgenic (HIV-1Tg) rat model, which mimics HIV-infected patients receiving cART. In the current review, we describe recent progress in the prevalence of HIV/AIDS with and without cigarette smoking, some animal models for studying neural dysfunction associated with HIV-1 infection, elucidating the modulatory effects of cigarette smoking/nicotine on HIV/AIDS, the anti-inflammatory effects of nicotine, and the neuroprotective effects observed in HIV-1Tg rat model. Taken together, these findings suggest the following: although tobacco smoking does cause deleterious effects in both health and disease conditions such as HIV infection, nicotine, the significant component of tobacco smoke, has been shown to possess some neuroprotective effects in HIV patients, possible via its anti-inflammatory activities. It is therefore necessary to study nicotine's dual effects on neuroHIV/neuroAIDS in hope of better defining the potential medical uses of nicotine or its analogues, and to make them available in a purer and less dangerous form.
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Optimizing animal models for HIV-associated CNS dysfunction and CNS reservoir research. J Neurovirol 2018; 24:137-140. [PMID: 29582355 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-018-0631-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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