Comparison of salivary nitric oxide and epidermal growth factor level between diabetic patients and healthy individuals

The significance of blood and salivary oxidative stress markers and chemerin in gestational diabetes mellitus

OBJECTIVE

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a medical complication of pregnancy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlations between the salivary and blood levels of oxidative stress markers and an adipokine chemerin, which play a role in the pathogenesis of GDM.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study groups (Control (n = 29), GDM (n = 22)) had been assessed clinically healthy oral hygiene, according to the age range between 25 and 40 years, BMI<30 kg/m2, who were non-smokers and who were not having systemic diseases. GDM was diagnosed using a 100 g OGTT. Saliva samples were collected without stimulation between 08.30 and 10.00 a.m.. Chemerin and TrxR levels were measured by ELISA. Malondialdehyde, sulfhydryl and NO levels were determined by spectrophotometric analysis. Statistical analysis were performed by Shapiro Wilk, Mann Whitney U, Student's t test.

RESULTS

Blood pressure, BMI, and plasma chemerin, salivary chemerin, fasting glucose, LDL, triglyceride, CRP levels in GDM were not different when compared to Control. There were significant differences between Plasma TrxR and HDL levels. Also, significant differences between salivary TrxR and Malondialdehyde levels were observed in GDM.

CONCLUSION

It was concluded that the optimal cut-off points for oxidative stress parameters and chemerin level can be used to distinguish between healthy pregnant and GDM.

Redox changes in obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes

"Life is an instantaneous encounter of circulating matter and flowing energy" (Jean Giaja, Serbian physiologist), is one of the most elegant definitions not only of life but the relationship of redox biology and metabolism. Their evolutionary liaison has created inseparable yet dynamic homeostasis in health, which, when disrupted, leads to disease. This interconnection is even more pertinent today, in an era of increasing metabolic diseases of epidemic proportions such as obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes. Despite great advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms of redox and metabolic regulation, we face significant challenges in preventing, diagnosing, and treating metabolic diseases. The etiological association and temporal overlap of these syndromes present significant challenges for the discrimination of appropriate clinical biomarkers for diagnosis, treatment, and outcome prediction. These multifactorial, multiorgan metabolic syndromes with complex etiopathogenic mechanisms are accompanied by disturbed redox equilibrium in target tissues and circulation. Free radicals and reactive species are considered both a causal factor and a consequence of disease status. Thus, determining the subtypes and levels of free radicals and reactive species, oxidatively damaged biomolecules (lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids) and antioxidant defense components as well as redox-sensitive transcription factors and fluxes of redox-dependent metabolic pathways will help define existing and establish novel redox biomarkers for stratifying metabolic diseases. This review aims to discuss diverse redox/metabolic aspects in obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes, with the imperative to help establish a platform for emerging and future redox-metabolic biomarkers research in precision medicine. Future research warrants detailed investigations into the status of redox biomarkers in healthy subjects and patients, including the use of emerging 'omic' profiling technologies (e.g., redox proteomes, lipidomes, metabolomes, and transcriptomes), taking into account the influence of lifestyle (diet, physical activity, sleep, work patterns) as well as circadian ~24h fluctuations in circulatory factors and metabolites.

A Novel Rhynchophylline Analog, Y396, Inhibits Endothelial Dysfunction Induced by Oxidative Stress in Diabetes Through Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor

Aims: Endothelial dysfunction appears in early diabetes mellitus partially because of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) abnormal activation and downstream oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to determine whether Y396, a synthesized analog of rhynchophylline, could protect against endothelial dysfunction in diabetes and the underlying molecular mechanism. Results: Y396 could directly target the EGFR and inhibit its phosphorylation induced by high glucose and EGF, downstream translocation to the nucleus of E2F1, and its transcriptional activity and expression of Nox4. Diabetes-induced endothelium malfunction was ameliorated by Y396 treatment through EGFR inhibition. Downstream oxidative stress was decreased by Y396 in the aortas of type 1 diabetes mellitus mice and primary rat aorta endothelial cells (RAECs). Y396 could also ameliorate tunicamycin-induced oxidative stress in the aorta and RAECs. In addition, we again determined the protective effects of Y396 on high-fat diet/streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetes mellitus. Innovation: This is the first study to demonstrate that Y396, a novel rhynchophylline analog, suppressed high-glucose-induced endothelial malfunction both in vivo and in vitro by inhibiting abnormal phosphorylation of EGFR. Our work uncovered EGFR as a novel therapeutic target and Y396 as a potential therapy against diabetes-induced complication. Conclusion: Y396 could directly bind with EGFR, and inhibit its phosphorylation and downstream E2F1 transcriptional activity. It could also preserve tunicamycin-evoked endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress. It could protect against diabetes-induced endothelium malfunction in vivo through EGFR inhibition and downstream oxidative stress. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 32, 743-765.

Comparison of salivary nitric oxide and oral health in diabetic patients with and without xerostomia

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic multi-systemic metabolic disorder; diabetic patients are more prone to xerostomia and oral health problems than others. There are evidences that nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in healthy salivary gland function, prevention of insulin resistance and progression of diabetes mellitus. The aim of this study was to compare the salivary NO level between type 2 diabetic (T2DM) patients with and without xerostomia.

METHODS

In this case control study, 70 patients with T2DM, which were matched according to age, sex, type of disease control, were enrolled conveniently. The subjects based on abeslang test were allocated to the two groups; 35 patients with xerostomia and 35 patients without xerostomia. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected by spitting method. NO levels was measured by ELISA method using Griess reaction. Data was analyzed using t-test, ANOVA and logistic regression analysis to examine the association of salivary NO and xerostomia.

RESULTS

The mean and standard deviation of salivary NO in the diabetic subjects with xerostomia was significantly lower than diabetic subjects without xerostomia (138 ± 94.58 μmol/L vs. 356.61 ± 302.81 μmol/L (P-value = 0.001). In logistic regression analysis, salivary NO level was associated with 0.994 fold decreased risk of xerostomia in diabetic subjects after adjustment for age, gender, FBS and HbA1c.

CONCLUSIONS

The present study indicates salivary nitric oxide level was a predictor of xerostomia in diabetic patients. More longitudinal studies are necessary to understand the association of salivary NO level with diabetes-induced xerostomia.

Evaluation and Comparison of Total Antioxidant Capacity of Saliva Between Patients with Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis and Healthy Subjects

Background & Objectives:

Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis (RAS) is one of the most common chronic ulcerative lesions of the oral mucosa and its development may be associated with oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to evaluate salivary Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) in patients with minor RAS.

Materials & Methods:

In this case-control study, 27 patients with minor RAS and 28 age- and sex-matched controls without RAS were enrolled. TAC was measured in unstimulated saliva for patients (during active lesion phase and after healing) and controls by immunologic assay. Data were analyzed by SPSS 18 using paired and unpaired t-tests (P<0.05).

Results:

Salivary TAC levels of patients presented a significant increase from active lesion phase (0.26±0.16) to healing time (0.43±0.41); (P=0.034). There was no significant difference in the level of salivary TAC between patients during active lesion phase and controls (0.24±0.13); (P=0.641).

Conclusion:

Increasing level of salivary TAC may be involved in remission of RAS lesions, suggesting its evaluation in future studies.

Comparison of Saliva Nitric Oxide between Chronic Kidney Disease Before and After Dialysis and with Control Group

Introduction:

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a chronic progressive disorder and a major cause of death and disability in all countries. In the kidneys, Nitric Oxide (NO) has involved in several important cellular processes including glomerular and modular hemodynamics set-out, tubular - glomerular feedback reaction, renin releasing and extracellular fluid volume but NO can act as an inflammatory mediator and oxidative stress factor in high levels.

Aim:

The aim of this study was to evaluate salivary levels of NO in patients with chronic kidney disease on dialysis compared to the healthy subjects and evaluate the effect of dialysis on the level of NO in saliva.

Materials & Methods:

In this case-control study, 30 hemodialysis patients and 30 healthy controls that were matched for age and sex were selected. Unstimulated saliva samples were collected from all subjects. In the patient’s group, half an hour before starting dialysis first sampling and two hours after the completion of dialysis second sampling were collected. NO concentration in the samples was measured by using the Griess method. For data analysis, SPSS software version 16, Mann Whitney-U and Wilcoxon test were used. The level of significance was considered 0.05.

Results:

Mann-Whitney U test showed that the average concentration of salivary NO in patients with CKD (pre-dialysis and after dialysis) was higher than in the control group. The average concentration of salivary NO in patients with CKD was reduced after hemodialysis.

Conclusion:

Hemodialysis reduces salivary NO levels in CKD patients. It seems that hemodialysis has a role in decreasing the concentration of this inflammatory mediator and oxidative stress.

The Effect of Scaling and Root Planning on Salivary TNF-α and IL-1α Concentrations in Patients with Chronic Periodontitis

OBJECTIVE

Periodontitis is one of the main diseases in the oral cavity that causes tooth loss. The host immune response and inflammatory factors have important role in periodontal tissue. The current study was done with the objective to determine the effect of scaling and root planning on the salivary concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1-alpha (IL-1α).

METHODS

In this quasi-experimental clinical trial, 29 patients with chronic periodontitis and 29 healthy subjects without periodontitis were studied. Clinical examination findings and salivary TNF-α and IL-1α (using ELISA method) were compared before and after scaling, root planning.

RESULTS

Before starting treatment, salivary TNF-α and IL-1α concentrations were higher in healthy control group than in periodontitis group (P< 0.05). Non-surgical treatment increased the concentration of these two biomarkers in the saliva. However, increase in IL-1α concentration was not statistically significant (P= 0.056). There was a negative relationship between TNF-α and IL-1α levels with pocket depth and attachment loss (P< 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Scaling and root planning improved periodontal disease indices and salivary TNF-α and IL-1α levels.