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Gaultier GN, McMillan B, Poloni C, Lo M, Cai B, Zheng JJ, Baer HM, Shulha HP, Simmons K, Márquez AC, Bartlett SR, Cook L, Levings MK, Steiner T, Sekirov I, Zlosnik JEA, Morshed M, Skowronski DM, Krajden M, Jassem AN, Sadarangani M. Adaptive immune responses to two-dose COVID-19 vaccine series in healthy Canadian adults ≥ 50 years: a prospective, observational cohort study. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8926. [PMID: 38637558 PMCID: PMC11026432 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59535-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
To evaluate immune responses to COVID-19 vaccines in adults aged 50 years and older, spike protein (S)-specific antibody concentration, avidity, and function (via angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) inhibition surrogate neutralization and antibody dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP)), as well as S-specific T cells were quantified via activation induced marker (AIM) assay in response to two-dose series. Eighty-four adults were vaccinated with either: mRNA/mRNA (mRNA-1273 and/or BNT162b2); ChAdOx1-S/mRNA; or ChAdOx1-S/ChAdOx1-S. Anti-S IgG concentrations, ADCP scores and ACE2 inhibiting antibody concentrations were highest at one-month post-second dose and declined by four-months post-second dose for all groups. mRNA/mRNA and ChAdOx1-S/mRNA schedules had significantly higher antibody responses than ChAdOx1-S/ChAdOx1-S. CD8+ T-cell responses one-month post-second dose were associated with increased ACE2 surrogate neutralization. Antibody avidity (total relative avidity index) did not change between one-month and four-months post-second dose and did not significantly differ between groups by four-months post-second dose. In determining COVID-19 correlates of protection, a measure that considers both antibody concentration and avidity should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle N Gaultier
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, 950 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Brynn McMillan
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Experimental Medicine Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Chad Poloni
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mandy Lo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, 950 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Bing Cai
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, 950 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jean J Zheng
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hannah M Baer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation & Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Hennady P Shulha
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, 950 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Karen Simmons
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, 950 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Sofia R Bartlett
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Laura Cook
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Megan K Levings
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Theodore Steiner
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Inna Sekirov
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Muhammad Morshed
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Danuta M Skowronski
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mel Krajden
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Agatha N Jassem
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Manish Sadarangani
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, 950 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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2
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Tiara MR, Djauhari H, Rachman FR, Rettob AC, Utami D, Pulungan FCS, Purwanta H, Wisaksana R, Alisjahbana B, Indrati AR. Performance of a Point-of-Care Fluorescence Immunoassay Test to Measure the Anti-Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 Spike, Receptor Binding Domain Antibody Level. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:3686. [PMID: 38132270 PMCID: PMC10743294 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13243686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantitative determination of anti-SARS-CoV2-S-RBD is necessary for the evaluation of vaccination effectiveness. The surrogate viral neutralization test (SVNT) is approved for measuring anti-SARS-CoV2-S-RBD, but a point-of-care platform is needed to simplify anti-SARS-CoV-2-S-RBD measurement. We aimed to evaluate the performance of a rapid fluorescent immunoassay-based kit, FastBio-RBDTM, compared to the SVNT. During April-September 2021, we enrolled two groups of subjects, convalescent subjects and subjects without a COVID-19 history. The subjects were tested for the anti-SARS-CoV2-S-RBD antibody using FastBio-RBDTM and the GenScript-cPASSTM SVNT. We measured the correlation coefficient and conducted an ROC analysis to determine the best cut-off value of anti-SARS-CoV2-S-RBD against the SVNT percent inhibition levels of 30% and 60%. We included 109 subjects. Anti-SARS-CoV-2-S-RBD strongly correlated to SVNT % inhibition with an R value of 0.866 (p < 0.0001). The ROC analysis showed that the anti-SARS-CoV-2-S-RBD of 6.71 AU/mL had 95.7% sensitivity and 87.5% specificity to detect a percentage inhibition of 30%. The anti-SARS-CoV-2-S-RBD of 59.76 AU/mL had a sensitivity of 88.1% and specificity of 97.0% to detect a percentage inhibition of 60%. FastBio-RBDTM could determine the presence and level of anti-SARS-CoV-2-S-RBD with good sensitivity and specificity. It has the potential to be deployed in health facilities with limited resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marita Restie Tiara
- Research Center for Care and Control of Infectious Disease, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40161, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Hofiya Djauhari
- Research Center for Care and Control of Infectious Disease, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40161, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Febi Ramdhani Rachman
- Research Center for Care and Control of Infectious Disease, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40161, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Antonius Christianus Rettob
- Research Center for Care and Control of Infectious Disease, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40161, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Darmastuti Utami
- Research Center for Care and Control of Infectious Disease, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40161, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Fahda Cintia Suci Pulungan
- Research Center for Care and Control of Infectious Disease, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40161, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Heru Purwanta
- Research Center for Agroindustry–National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jakarta 16911, DKI Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Rudi Wisaksana
- Research Center for Care and Control of Infectious Disease, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40161, West Java, Indonesia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40161, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Bachti Alisjahbana
- Research Center for Care and Control of Infectious Disease, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40161, West Java, Indonesia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40161, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Agnes Rengga Indrati
- Research Center for Care and Control of Infectious Disease, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40161, West Java, Indonesia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40161, West Java, Indonesia
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Peterhoff D, Wiegrebe S, Einhauser S, Patt AJ, Beileke S, Günther F, Steininger P, Niller HH, Burkhardt R, Küchenhoff H, Gefeller O, Überla K, Heid IM, Wagner R. Population-based study of the durability of humoral immunity after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1242536. [PMID: 37868969 PMCID: PMC10585261 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1242536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 antibody quantity and quality are key markers of humoral immunity. However, there is substantial uncertainty about their durability. We investigated levels and temporal change of SARS-CoV-2 antibody quantity and quality. We analyzed sera (8 binding, 4 avidity assays for spike-(S-)protein and nucleocapsid-(N-)protein; neutralization) from 211 seropositive unvaccinated participants, from the population-based longitudinal TiKoCo study, at three time points within one year after infection with the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 virus. We found a significant decline of neutralization titers and binding antibody levels in most assays (linear mixed regression model, p<0.01). S-specific serum avidity increased markedly over time, in contrast to N-specific. Binding antibody levels were higher in older versus younger participants - a difference that disappeared for the asymptomatic-infected. We found stronger antibody decline in men versus women and lower binding and avidity levels in current versus never-smokers. Our comprehensive longitudinal analyses across 13 antibody assays suggest decreased neutralization-based protection and prolonged affinity maturation within one year after infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Peterhoff
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Simon Wiegrebe
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Statistical Consulting Unit StaBLab, Department of Statistics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Einhauser
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Arisha J. Patt
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Beileke
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Felix Günther
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Statistical Consulting Unit StaBLab, Department of Statistics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Philipp Steininger
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans H. Niller
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ralph Burkhardt
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Helmut Küchenhoff
- Statistical Consulting Unit StaBLab, Department of Statistics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Olaf Gefeller
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Klaus Überla
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Iris M. Heid
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Wagner
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Semelka CT, DeWitt ME, Blevins MW, Holbrook BC, Sanders JW, Alexander-Miller MA. Frailty impacts immune responses to Moderna COVID-19 mRNA vaccine in older adults. Immun Ageing 2023; 20:4. [PMID: 36650551 PMCID: PMC9843107 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-023-00327-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune responses to COVID-19 mRNA vaccines have not been well characterized in frail older adults. We postulated that frailty is associated with impaired antibody and cellular mRNA vaccine responses. METHODS We followed older adults in a retirement facility with longitudinal clinical and serological samples from the first Moderna mRNA-1273 vaccine dose starting in February 2021 through their 3rd (booster) vaccine dose. Outcomes were antibody titers, antibody avidity, and AIM+ T cell function and phenotype. Statistical analysis used linear regression with clustered error for antibody titers over multiple timepoints with clinical predictors including, age, sex, prior infection status, and clinical frailty scale (CFS) score. T cell function analysis used linear regression models with clinical predictors and cellular memory phenotype variables. RESULTS Participants (n = 15) had median age of 90 years and mild, moderate, or severe frailty scores (n = 3, 7, or 5 respectively). Over the study time course, anti-spike antibody titers were 10-fold higher in individuals with lower frailty status (p = 0.001 and p = 0.005, unadjusted and adjusted for prior COVID-19 infection). Following the booster, titers to spike protein improved regardless of COVID-19 infection or degree of frailty (p = 0.82 and p = 0.29, respectively). Antibody avidity significantly declined over 6 months in all participants following 2 vaccine doses (p < 0.001), which was further impaired with higher frailty (p = 0.001). Notably, avidity increased to peak levels after the booster (p < 0.001). Overall antibody response was inversely correlated with a phenotype of immune-senescent T cells, CD8 + CD28- TEMRA cells (p = 0.036, adjusted for COVID-19 infection). Furthermore, there was increased detection of CD8 + CD28- TEMRA cells in individuals with greater frailty (p = 0.056, adjusted for COVID-19). CONCLUSIONS We evaluated the immune responses to the Moderna COVID-19 mRNA vaccine in frail older adults in a retirement community. A higher degree of frailty was associated with diminished antibody quantity and quality. However, a booster vaccine dose at 6 months overcame these effects. Frailty was associated with an increased immune-senescence phenotype that may contribute to the observed changes in the vaccine response. While the strength of our conclusions was limited by a small cohort, these results are important for guiding further investigation of vaccine responses in frail older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles T Semelka
- Section on Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA.
| | - Michael E DeWitt
- Section on Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Maria W Blevins
- Section on Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Beth C Holbrook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - John W Sanders
- Section on Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Martha A Alexander-Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
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Govindapala D, Dhanaratna D, Senarath U, Lamabadusuriya D, Senaratne T, Wijenayake W, Wijewardena D, Nakkawita D, Kawyangana P, Kulasekara U, Silva ADD, Fernando N. Reactogenicity and persistence of IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 among recipients of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine: A single center experience from Sri Lanka. Int J Health Sci (Qassim) 2023; 17:36-43. [PMID: 36704495 PMCID: PMC9832906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Actual world data on vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are imperative for future immunization decisions. We studied the reactogenicity and IgG response in a cohort dually vaccinated with the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine. Methods This prospective study recruited 494 ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine recipients at the University Hospital KDU between January 30 and February 5, 2021, and followed up for 9 months. The two doses of the vaccine were administered 3-month apart, followed by a booster dose with the BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) vaccine 6 months later. One-week post-vaccination surveillance ascertained the reactogenicity of the vaccine. Seroprevalence of IgG antibodies before each vaccination dose was determined using a commercially available quantitative ELISA kit (WANTAI SARS-CoV-2 IgG Quantitative ELISA Beijing China). Reactogenicity profiles after vaccination doses were compared. Association of pre-vaccination seropositivity and demographic variables with antibody levels was assessed. Results Reactogenicity was reported by 78.5% (329/419) and 25.4% (104/410) participants after the first and second doses, respectively, with a significantly high mean total score of vaccine-related symptoms following the first dose (P = 0.015). Post-first dose seroconversion rate was 97.1%, and the immune response was more robust among pre-vaccination seropositive participants and females. Following the second dose, 100% seroconversion was observed. Subgroup analysis of 196 participants revealed persistent antibodies at nine months with a rise in the previously measured levels among 78.1% compared to 21.9% with declining titers. Antibody waning was significantly associated with pre-vaccination seropositivity (P = 0.015) and female gender (P = 0.022). Conclusions High seroconversion rates and longevity of antibody response in the absence of serious concerns regarding reactogenicity suggest that the vaccine is immunogenic and safe. Significant antibody waning among females and pre-vaccination seropositive participants warrant further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dumitha Govindapala
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University, Rathmalana, Sri Lanka
| | - Dhanuka Dhanaratna
- University Hospital, General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University, Werahera, Sri Lanka
| | - Uththara Senarath
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University, Rathmalana, Sri Lanka
| | - Dilusha Lamabadusuriya
- University Hospital, General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University, Werahera, Sri Lanka
| | - Thamarasi Senaratne
- Department of Multidisciplinary Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University, Rathmalana, Sri Lanka
| | - Wasantha Wijenayake
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University, Rathmalana, Sri Lanka
| | - Dasun Wijewardena
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University, Rathmalana, Sri Lanka
| | - Dilini Nakkawita
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University, Rathmalana, Sri Lanka
| | - Pawanie Kawyangana
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University, Rathmalana, Sri Lanka
| | - Upeksha Kulasekara
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University, Rathmalana, Sri Lanka
| | - Aruna Dharshan De Silva
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University, Rathmalana, Sri Lanka
| | - Nayana Fernando
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University, Rathmalana, Sri Lanka
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Sarrigeorgiou I, Moschandreou D, Dimitriadis A, Tsinti G, Sotiropoulou E, Ntoukaki E, Eliadis P, Backovic M, Labropoulou S, Escriou N, Pouliakis A, Giannopoulou G, Gaitanarou E, Lazaridis K, Mentis A, Mamalaki A, Grouzi E, Lymberi P. Combined monitoring of IgG and IgA anti-Spike and anti-Receptor binding domain long term responses following BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination in Greek healthcare workers. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277827. [PMID: 36409702 PMCID: PMC9678302 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on the humoral response to homologous BNT162b2 mRNA-vaccination focus mainly on IgG antibody dynamics, while long-term IgA kinetics are understudied. Herein, kinetics of IgG and IgA levels against trimeric-Spike (S) and Receptor-Binding-Domain (RBD) were evaluated by in-house ELISAs in 146 two-dose vaccinated Greek healthcare workers (HCWs) in a 9-month period at six time points (up to 270 days after the first dose). The effect of a homologous booster third dose was also studied and evaluated. The peak of immune response was observed 21 days after the second dose; 100% seroconversion rate for anti-S and anti-RBD IgG, and 99.7% and 96.3% respectively for IgA. IgG antibody levels displayed higher increase compared to IgA. Declining but persistent anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels were detected 9 months after vaccination; IgG and IgA anti-S levels approached those after the first dose, while a more rapid reduction rate for anti-RBD antibodies led to significantly lower levels for both classes, supporting the need for a booster dose. Indeed, a homologous booster third dose resulted in enhanced levels of anti-S of both classes, whereas anti-RBD didn't exceed the peak levels after the second dose. Previous SARS-CoV-2 infection, flu vaccination, BMI<35 and the occurrence of an adverse event upon vaccination, were associated with higher IgG antibody levels over time, which however were negatively affected by age increase and the presence of chronic diseases. Overall, after concurrently using the S and RBD target-antigens in in-house ELISAs, we report in addition to IgG, long-term persistence of IgA antibodies. Regarding antibody levels, homologous mRNA vaccination gives rise to an effective anti-viral protection up to 9 months negatively correlated to age. Considering that COVID-19 is still a matter of public concern, booster vaccine doses remain critical to vulnerable individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Sarrigeorgiou
- Immunology Laboratory, Immunology Department, Hellenic Pasteur Institute (HPI), Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitra Moschandreou
- Department of Transfusion Service and Clinical Hemostasis, "Saint Savvas" Oncology Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Gerasimina Tsinti
- Immunology Laboratory, Immunology Department, Hellenic Pasteur Institute (HPI), Athens, Greece
| | | | - Eleni Ntoukaki
- Immunology Laboratory, Immunology Department, Hellenic Pasteur Institute (HPI), Athens, Greece
| | - Petros Eliadis
- Biotechnology Unit, HPI, Athens, Greece
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunobiotechnology, HPI, Athens, Greece
| | - Marija Backovic
- Structural Virology Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, 75015, France
| | | | - Nicolas Escriou
- Innovation Lab, Vaccines, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Abraham Pouliakis
- Second Department of Pathology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "ATTIKON" University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia Giannopoulou
- Department of Transfusion Service and Clinical Hemostasis, "Saint Savvas" Oncology Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Gaitanarou
- Department of Transfusion Service and Clinical Hemostasis, "Saint Savvas" Oncology Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Lazaridis
- Immunology Laboratory, Immunology Department, Hellenic Pasteur Institute (HPI), Athens, Greece
| | | | - Avgi Mamalaki
- Biotechnology Unit, HPI, Athens, Greece
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunobiotechnology, HPI, Athens, Greece
| | - Elisavet Grouzi
- Department of Transfusion Service and Clinical Hemostasis, "Saint Savvas" Oncology Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Peggy Lymberi
- Immunology Laboratory, Immunology Department, Hellenic Pasteur Institute (HPI), Athens, Greece
- * E-mail:
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7
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Kim CJ, Bae JY, Jun KI, Kim J, Son HJ, Chung HS, Kim SK, Kim S, Minn D, Choi HJ. Evaluation of the Efficacy of COVID-19 Booster Vaccinations in Healthcare Personnel. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:1797. [PMID: 36366305 PMCID: PMC9698918 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10111797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of different COVID-19 booster vaccines by measuring the serum antibody titer. SARS-CoV-2 anti-nucleocapsid protein antibody (N-Ab), anti-spike protein antibody (S-Ab), and neutralizing antibody (Neut.Ab) were measured before and 4-6 weeks after booster vaccinations in healthcare personnel with a previous vaccination within 3-6 months. Personnel who previously received two doses of ChAdOx1 vaccine or two doses of BNT162b2 vaccine received the BNT162b2 vaccine (AAP and PPP groups, respectively). Personnel who previously received two doses of mRNA-1273 received the same vaccine as a booster dose (MMM group). Of the 917 participants, the AAP, MMM, and PPP groups comprised 837 (91.3%), 27 (2.9%), and 53 (5.8%) participants, respectively. The pre-booster S-Ab and Neut.Ab titer were significantly lower in the AAP group. After the booster vaccination, all participants were positive for S-Ab and Neut.Ab; furthermore, the S-Ab and Neut.Ab titer significantly increased in all three groups, although the post-booster S-Ab was lower in the AAP group than in the other groups. The post-booster Neut.Ab titer showed no significant difference among the groups. Our study's results suggest that booster vaccination, after two prior vaccinations, shows a significant effect regardless of the type of vaccine administered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Jong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University Seoul Hospital, Seoul 07804, Korea
- Ewha Education and Research Center for Infection, Seoul 07985, Korea
- Office of Infection Control, Ewha Womans University Seoul Hospital, Seoul 07804, Korea
| | - Ji-Yun Bae
- Ewha Education and Research Center for Infection, Seoul 07985, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital, Seoul 07985, Korea
- Office of Infection Control, Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital, Seoul 07985, Korea
| | - Kang-Il Jun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University Seoul Hospital, Seoul 07804, Korea
- Office of Infection Control, Ewha Womans University Seoul Hospital, Seoul 07804, Korea
| | - Jihee Kim
- Office of Infection Control, Ewha Womans University Seoul Hospital, Seoul 07804, Korea
| | - Hee-Jung Son
- Office of Infection Control, Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital, Seoul 07985, Korea
| | - Hae-Sun Chung
- Ewha Education and Research Center for Infection, Seoul 07985, Korea
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ewha Womans University Seoul Hospital, Seoul 07804, Korea
| | - Soo-Kyung Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital, Seoul 07985, Korea
| | - Soohyun Kim
- Department of Diagnostic Immunology, Seegene Medical Foundation, Seoul 04805, Korea
| | - Dohsik Minn
- Department of Diagnostic Immunology, Seegene Medical Foundation, Seoul 04805, Korea
| | - Hee-Jung Choi
- Ewha Education and Research Center for Infection, Seoul 07985, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital, Seoul 07985, Korea
- Office of Infection Control, Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital, Seoul 07985, Korea
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8
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Semelka CT, DeWitt ME, Blevins MW, Holbrook BC, Sanders JW, Alexander-Miller MA. Frailty and Age Impact Immune Responses to Moderna COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine. RESEARCH SQUARE 2022:rs.3.rs-1883093. [PMID: 35982657 PMCID: PMC9387536 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1883093/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune responses to COVID-19 mRNA vaccines have not been well characterized in frail older adults. We postulated that frailty is associated with impaired antibody and cellular mRNA vaccine responses. METHODS We followed older adults in a retirement facility with longitudinal clinical and serological samples from the first Moderna mRNA-1273 vaccine dose starting in February 2021 through their 3rd (booster) vaccine dose. Outcomes were antibody titers, antibody avidity, and AIM+ T cell function and phenotype. Statistical analysis used antibody titers in linear mixed-effects linear regression with clinical predictors including, age, sex, prior infection status, and clinical frailty scale (CFS) score. T cell function analysis used clinical predictors and cellular phenotype variables in linear regression models. RESULTS Participants (n=15) had median age of 90 years and mild, moderate, or severe frailty scores (n=3, 7, or 5 respectively). After 2 vaccine doses, anti-spike antibody titers were higher in 5-fold higher in individuals with mild frailty compared to severe frailty and 9-fold higher in individuals with prior COVID-19 infection compared to uninfected (p=0.02 and p<0.001). Following the booster, titers improved regardless of COVID-19 infection or frailty. Antibody avidity significantly declined following 2 vaccine doses regardless of frailty status, but reached maximal avidity after the booster. Spike-specific CD4+ T cell responses were modulated by frailty and terminally differentiated effector memory TEMRA cells, and spike-specific TFH cell responses were inversely correlated with age. Additionally, an immune-senescent memory T cell phenotype was correlated with frailty and functional decline. CONCLUSIONS We described the separate influences of frailty and age on adaptive immune responses to the Moderna COVID-19 mRNA vaccine. Though overall antibody responses were robust, higher frailty diminished initial antibody quantity, and all older adults had impaired antibody avidity. Following the booster, antibody responses improved, overcoming the effects of age and frailty. CD4+ T cell responses were independently impacted by age, frailty, and burden of immune-senescence. Frailty was correlated with increased burden of immune-senescence, suggesting an immune-mediated mechanism for physiological decline.
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Quantitative Analysis of Anti-N and Anti-S Antibody Titers of SARS-CoV-2 Infection after the Third Dose of COVID-19 Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10071143. [PMID: 35891307 PMCID: PMC9321317 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10071143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We quantitatively analyzed SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels in patients after two doses of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine and the third BNT162b2 booster. We obtained 255 serum samples from 149 healthcare workers 1 and 4 months after the third dose. Of the 149 participants, 58 (38.9%) experienced COVID-19 infection during the 4-month study period, with infection occurring 7−62 days before the second blood draw. Total antibody titers against the anti-spike (anti-S) and anti-nucleocapsid (anti-N) proteins of SARS-CoV-2 were measured using Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S and Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 assays (Roche), respectively. The median anti-S antibody titer in the non-infected groups at 4 months after the third dose was significantly decreased compared to that at 1 month after the third dose (from 17,777 to 3673 U/mL, p < 0.001). The infected group showed higher median anti-S antibody titers at 4 months (19,539 U/mL) than the non-infected group (3673 U/mL). The median anti-N antibody titer in the infected group at 4 months after the third dose was a 5.07 cut-off index (79.3% positivity). Anti-N antibody titers in the infected group were correlated with the number of days after SARS-CoV-2 infection. These data provide useful information for determining quarantine strategies and fourth vaccination requirements.
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10
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Garcia L, Woudenberg T, Rosado J, Dyer AH, Donnadieu F, Planas D, Bruel T, Schwartz O, Prazuck T, Velay A, Fafi-Kremer S, Batten I, Reddy C, Connolly E, McElheron M, Kennelly SP, Bourke NM, White MT, Pelleau S. Kinetics of the SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Avidity Response Following Infection and Vaccination. Viruses 2022; 14:1491. [PMID: 35891471 PMCID: PMC9321390 DOI: 10.3390/v14071491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Serological assays capable of measuring antibody responses induced by previous infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been critical tools in the response to the COVID-19 pandemic. In this study, we use bead-based multiplex assays to measure IgG and IgA antibodies and IgG avidity to five SARS-CoV-2 antigens (Spike (S), receptor-binding domain (RBD), Nucleocapsid (N), S subunit 2, and Membrane-Envelope fusion (ME)). These assays were performed in several cohorts of healthcare workers and nursing home residents, who were followed for up to eleven months after SARS-CoV-2 infection or up to six months after vaccination. Our results show distinct kinetic patterns of antibody quantity (IgG and IgA) and avidity. While IgG and IgA antibody levels waned over time, with IgA antibody levels waning more rapidly, avidity increased with time after infection or vaccination. These contrasting kinetic patterns allow for the estimation of time since previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. Including avidity measurements in addition to antibody levels in a classification algorithm for estimating time since infection led to a substantial improvement in accuracy, from 62% to 78%. The inclusion of antibody avidity in panels of serological assays can yield valuable information for improving serosurveillance during SARS-CoV-2 epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Garcia
- Infectious Diseases Epidemiology and Analytics Unit, Department of Global Health, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France; (L.G.); (T.W.); (J.R.); (F.D.)
| | - Tom Woudenberg
- Infectious Diseases Epidemiology and Analytics Unit, Department of Global Health, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France; (L.G.); (T.W.); (J.R.); (F.D.)
| | - Jason Rosado
- Infectious Diseases Epidemiology and Analytics Unit, Department of Global Health, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France; (L.G.); (T.W.); (J.R.); (F.D.)
| | - Adam H. Dyer
- Tallaght University Hospital, Tallaght, D24 NR0A Dublin, Ireland; (A.H.D.); (S.P.K.)
- Department of Medical Gerontology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland; (I.B.); (C.R.); (E.C.); (M.M.); (N.M.B.)
| | - Françoise Donnadieu
- Infectious Diseases Epidemiology and Analytics Unit, Department of Global Health, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France; (L.G.); (T.W.); (J.R.); (F.D.)
| | - Delphine Planas
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France; (D.P.); (T.B.); (O.S.)
| | - Timothée Bruel
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France; (D.P.); (T.B.); (O.S.)
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France; (D.P.); (T.B.); (O.S.)
| | - Thierry Prazuck
- CHR d’Orléans, Service de Maladies Infectieuses, 45100 Orléans, France;
| | - Aurélie Velay
- CHU de Strasbourg, Laboratoire de Virologie, CEDEX, 67091 Strasbourg, France; (A.V.); (S.F.-K.)
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique Immuno-Rhumathologie Moléculaire (IRM UMR-S) 1109, Strasbourg University, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), CEDEX, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Samira Fafi-Kremer
- CHU de Strasbourg, Laboratoire de Virologie, CEDEX, 67091 Strasbourg, France; (A.V.); (S.F.-K.)
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique Immuno-Rhumathologie Moléculaire (IRM UMR-S) 1109, Strasbourg University, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), CEDEX, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Isabella Batten
- Department of Medical Gerontology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland; (I.B.); (C.R.); (E.C.); (M.M.); (N.M.B.)
| | - Conor Reddy
- Department of Medical Gerontology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland; (I.B.); (C.R.); (E.C.); (M.M.); (N.M.B.)
| | - Emma Connolly
- Department of Medical Gerontology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland; (I.B.); (C.R.); (E.C.); (M.M.); (N.M.B.)
| | - Matt McElheron
- Department of Medical Gerontology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland; (I.B.); (C.R.); (E.C.); (M.M.); (N.M.B.)
| | - Sean P. Kennelly
- Tallaght University Hospital, Tallaght, D24 NR0A Dublin, Ireland; (A.H.D.); (S.P.K.)
- Department of Medical Gerontology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland; (I.B.); (C.R.); (E.C.); (M.M.); (N.M.B.)
| | - Nollaig M. Bourke
- Department of Medical Gerontology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland; (I.B.); (C.R.); (E.C.); (M.M.); (N.M.B.)
| | - Michael T. White
- Infectious Diseases Epidemiology and Analytics Unit, Department of Global Health, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France; (L.G.); (T.W.); (J.R.); (F.D.)
| | - Stéphane Pelleau
- Infectious Diseases Epidemiology and Analytics Unit, Department of Global Health, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France; (L.G.); (T.W.); (J.R.); (F.D.)
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An Integrative Analysis of the Immune Features of Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine (CoronaVac). Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10060878. [PMID: 35746486 PMCID: PMC9231306 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10060878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, an inactivated vaccine has been widely used with encouraging results as a prophylactic agent against COVID-19 infection, which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its variants. However, in vitro SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-specific immune features remain elusive, hindering the promotion of a third dose of the vaccine. Here, we present a detailed in vitro immune cellular response and large-scale multi-omics analysis for peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from participants vaccinated with CoronaVac (Sinovac Life Sciences, Beijing, China) and recovered participants from COVID-19. The mean titers of SARS-CoV-2 serum-neutralizing antibodies were significantly increased after the boosting immunization (Day 45) compared to the unimmunized state. We observed that type-1 helper T cells (Th1) tended to dominate after the first dose of vaccine, while humoral immune responses became dominant after the second dose due to the activation of type-2 helper T cell (Th2), memory B cells, and plasmablasts. T follicular helper cells (Tfh) involved in antibody production were activated after the first dose and were maintained for the observed time points. Single-cell RNA sequencing of PBMCs revealed specific changes in cell compositions and gene expression in immunized participants. Multi-omics analysis also demonstrated that CoronaVac-specific serum proteins, plasma metabolites, and plasma lipid changes were skewed to those changes in convalescent patients. Collectively, we provide a comprehensive understanding of CoronaVac-specific in vitro immune features.
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