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Zhao H, Qin L, Deng X, Wang Z, Jiang R, Reitz SR, Wu S, He Z. Nucleotide and dinucleotide preference of segmented viruses are shaped more by segment: In case study of tomato spotted wilt virus. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2024; 122:105608. [PMID: 38796047 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2024.105608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Several studies have showed that the nucleotide and dinucleotide composition of viruses possibly follows their host species or protein coding region. Nevertheless, the influence of viral segment on viral nucleotide and dinucleotide composition is still unknown. Here, we explored through tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), a segmented virus that seriously threatens the production of tomatoes all over the world. Through nucleotide composition analysis, we found the same over-representation of A across all viral segments at the first and second codon position, but it exhibited distinct in segments at the third codon position. Interestingly, the protein coding regions which encoded by the same or different segments exhibit obvious distinct nucleotide preference. Then, we found that the dinucleotides UpG and CpU were overrepresented and the dinucleotides UpA, CpG and GpU were underrepresented, not only in the complete genomic sequences, but also in different segments, protein coding regions and host species. Notably, 100% of the data investigated here were predicted to the correct viral segment and protein coding region, despite the fact that only 67% of the data analyzed here were predicted to the correct viral host species. In conclusion, in case study of TSWV, nucleotide composition and dinucleotide preference of segment viruses are more strongly dependent on segment and protein coding region than on host species. This research provides a novel perspective on the molecular evolutionary mechanisms of TSWV and provides reference for future research on genetic diversity of segmented viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiting Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Lang Qin
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiaolong Deng
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhilei Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Runzhou Jiang
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Stuart R Reitz
- Malheur Experiment Station, Oregon State University, Ontario, OR, USA
| | - Shengyong Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhen He
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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García-Azorín D, Santana-López L, Lozano-Alonso JE, Ordax-Díez A, Vega-Alonso T, Macias Saint-Gerons D, González-Osorio Y, Rojo-Rello S, Eiros JM, Sánchez-Martínez J, Sierra-Mencía Á, Recio-García A, Martín-Toribio A, Sanz-Muñoz I, Guerrero-Peral ÁL. Factors associated to the presence of headache in patients with influenza infection and its consequences: a 2010-2020 surveillance-based study. J Headache Pain 2024; 25:18. [PMID: 38331709 PMCID: PMC10854039 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-024-01728-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Headache is a common symptom of influenza infection; however, its causes and consequences remain uncertain. In this manuscript, we analyzed which demographic and clinical factors were associated with the presence of headache during the course of influenza infection and whether patients with headache had a different prognosis, evaluated by need of hospitalization, sick leave or school absenteeism. The influence study (NCT05704335) was an observational study that analyzed data routinely collected from the Health Sentinel Network between 2010 and 2020. During the study period, 7832 cases were considered, among which, 5275 (67.4%) reported headache. The presence of headache was independently associated with myalgia (2.753; 95%CI: 2.456-3.087, P < 0.001), asthenia (OR: 1.958; 95%CI: 1.732-2.214, P < 0.001), shivering (OR: 1.925; 95%CI: 1.718-2.156, P < 0.001), nasopharyngeal erythema (OR: 1.505; 95%CI: 1.293-1.753, P < 0.001), fever (OR: 1.469; 95%CI: 1.159-1.861; P = 0.001), sudden onset of symptoms (OR: 1.380; 95%CI: 1.120-1.702, p = 0.004), female sex (OR: 1.134; 95%CI: 1.023-1.257, P = 0.018), and gastrointestinal symptoms (OR: 1.169; 95%CI: 1.039-1.315; P = 0.01). Patients with headache had a sex and age adjusted lower odds of being referred to the hospital (OR: 0.463; 95%CI: 0.264-0.812, P = 0.007) and a higher odd of having a sick leave and/or school absenteeism (absenteeism (OR: 1.342; 95%CI: 1.190-1.514, P < 0.001). In conclusion, the presence of headache seems associated with symptoms caused by the innate immune response. These findings support a headache pathophysiology linked with the innate immune response. Due to the potential negative consequences and its treatable nature, clinicians should systematically evaluate it and, whenever necessary, treat it too.
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Affiliation(s)
- David García-Azorín
- Department of Neurology, Headache Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Rondilla Santa Teresa Streat S/N, Edificio Rondilla, 47010, Valladolid, Spain.
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Valladolid, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Rondilla Santa Teresa Streat S/N, Edificio Rondilla, 47010, Valladolid, Spain.
| | - Laura Santana-López
- Department of Neurology, Headache Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Rondilla Santa Teresa Streat S/N, Edificio Rondilla, 47010, Valladolid, Spain
| | - José Eugenio Lozano-Alonso
- Fundación Instituto de Estudios de Ciencias de La Salud de Castilla y León, ICSCYL, Valladolid, Soria, Spain
| | - Ana Ordax-Díez
- Fundación Instituto de Estudios de Ciencias de La Salud de Castilla y León, ICSCYL, Valladolid, Soria, Spain
| | - Tomas Vega-Alonso
- Dirección General de Salud Pública, Consejería de Sanidad, Junta de Castilla y León, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Diego Macias Saint-Gerons
- Department of Medicine, University of Valencia; INCLIVA Health Research Institute and CIBERSAM, Valencia, Spain
| | - Yésica González-Osorio
- Department of Neurology, Headache Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Rondilla Santa Teresa Streat S/N, Edificio Rondilla, 47010, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Silvia Rojo-Rello
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - José M Eiros
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- National Influenza Centre, Valladolid, Spain
| | | | - Álvaro Sierra-Mencía
- Department of Neurology, Headache Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Rondilla Santa Teresa Streat S/N, Edificio Rondilla, 47010, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Andrea Recio-García
- Department of Neurology, Headache Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Rondilla Santa Teresa Streat S/N, Edificio Rondilla, 47010, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Martín-Toribio
- Fundación Instituto de Estudios de Ciencias de La Salud de Castilla y León, ICSCYL, Valladolid, Soria, Spain
- National Influenza Centre, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Ivan Sanz-Muñoz
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- National Influenza Centre, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Ángel Luis Guerrero-Peral
- Department of Neurology, Headache Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Rondilla Santa Teresa Streat S/N, Edificio Rondilla, 47010, Valladolid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Valladolid, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Rondilla Santa Teresa Streat S/N, Edificio Rondilla, 47010, Valladolid, Spain
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Samsudin EZ, Yasin SM, Ruslan NH, Abdullah NN, Noor AFA, Hair AFA. Socioeconomic impacts of airborne and droplet-borne infectious diseases on industries: a systematic review. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:93. [PMID: 38229063 PMCID: PMC10792877 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-08993-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent pandemics have had far-reaching effects on the world's largest economies and amplified the need to estimate the full extent and range of socioeconomic impacts of infectious diseases outbreaks on multi-sectoral industries. This systematic review aims to evaluate the socioeconomic impacts of airborne and droplet-borne infectious diseases outbreaks on industries. METHODS A structured, systematic review was performed according to the PRISMA guidelines. Databases of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, IDEAS/REPEC, OSHLINE, HSELINE, and NIOSHTIC-2 were reviewed. Study quality appraisal was performed using the Table of Evidence Levels from Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Joanna Briggs Institute tools, Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool, and Center of Evidence Based Management case study critical appraisal checklist. Quantitative analysis was not attempted due to the heterogeneity of included studies. A qualitative synthesis of primary studies examining socioeconomic impact of airborne and droplet-borne infectious diseases outbreaks in any industry was performed and a framework based on empirical findings was conceptualized. RESULTS A total of 55 studies conducted from 1984 to 2021 were included, reporting on 46,813,038 participants working in multiple industries across the globe. The quality of articles were good. On the whole, direct socioeconomic impacts of Coronavirus Disease 2019, influenza, influenza A (H1N1), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, tuberculosis and norovirus outbreaks include increased morbidity, mortality, and health costs. This had then led to indirect impacts including social impacts such as employment crises and reduced workforce size as well as economic impacts such as demand shock, supply chain disruptions, increased supply and production cost, service and business disruptions, and financial and Gross Domestic Product loss, attributable to productivity losses from illnesses as well as national policy responses to contain the diseases. CONCLUSIONS Evidence suggests that airborne and droplet-borne infectious diseases have inflicted severe socioeconomic costs on regional and global industries. Further research is needed to better understand their long-term socioeconomic impacts to support improved industry preparedness and response capacity for outbreaks. Public and private stakeholders at local, national, and international levels must join forces to ensure informed systems and sector-specific cost-sharing strategies for optimal global health and economic security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ely Zarina Samsudin
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia
| | - Siti Munira Yasin
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia.
| | - Nur-Hasanah Ruslan
- Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Malaysia
| | - Nik Nairan Abdullah
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Faiz Azhari Noor
- Occupational Health Division, Department of Occupational Safety and Health, Putrajaya, Malaysia
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García-Azorín D, Santana-López L, Lozano-Alonso JE, Ordax-Díez A, González-Osorio Y, Rojo-Rello S, Eiros JM, Sánchez-Martínez J, Recio-García A, Sierra-Mencía Á, Sanz-Muñoz I, Guerrero-Peral ÁL. InfluenCEF study: Clinical phenotype and duration of headache attributed to influenza infection. Cephalalgia 2023; 43:3331024231212900. [PMID: 37950674 DOI: 10.1177/03331024231212900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Headache is a frequent symptom of infections. We aimed to characterize the clinical phenotype and duration of headache attributed to influenza infection. METHODS Prospective cohort study done in 53 primary care centers between January and April 2023. Patients were included if they had a confirmed influenza diagnosis, were older than 15 years and had a new-onset headache. Patients' demographics, prior medical history, headache phenotype and duration, associated symptoms and patients' outcomes were assessed. The International Classification of Headache Disorders criteria for headache attributed to a systemic viral infection, migraine and tension-type headache were assessed. RESULTS Of the 478 patients 75 fulfilled eligibility criteria. The mean age was 43, 56% were men, and 27% had a prior headache history. The headache phenotype was a bilateral headache (52%), with frontal topography (48%), pressing quality (61%), moderate intensity, rhinorrhea (79%), nasal congestion (76%), and photophobia (59%). All patients fulfilled headache attributed to acute systemic viral infection criteria, 43% fulfilled migraine criteria and 31% tension-type headache criteria. The median duration of the headache was four (Inter-quartile range: two-six) days. CONCLUSION The clinical phenotype of headache attributed to influenza infection was similar to other infections, with more pronounced cranial autonomic symptoms. The headache was an early symptom and was self-limited within a few days.Trial Registration: The study protocol is registered in ClinicalTrial.gov (NCT05704335).
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Affiliation(s)
- David García-Azorín
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Headache Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Laura Santana-López
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - José Eugenio Lozano-Alonso
- Dirección General de Salud Pública e Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, Gerencia Regional de Salud, Junta de Castilla y León, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Ana Ordax-Díez
- Dirección General de Salud Pública e Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, Gerencia Regional de Salud, Junta de Castilla y León, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Yésica González-Osorio
- Headache Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Silvia Rojo-Rello
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - José M Eiros
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- National Influenza Centre, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Javier Sánchez-Martínez
- National Influenza Centre, Valladolid, Spain
- Fundación Instituto de Estudios de Ciencias de la Salud de Castilla y León, ICSCYL, Soria, Spain
| | - Andrea Recio-García
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Álvaro Sierra-Mencía
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Ivan Sanz-Muñoz
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- National Influenza Centre, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Ángel Luis Guerrero-Peral
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Headache Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
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Yan P, Li F, Nicholas S, Maitland E, Tan J, Chen C, Wang J. Impact of pension income on healthcare utilization of older adults in rural China. Int J Equity Health 2023; 22:166. [PMID: 37633941 PMCID: PMC10463592 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-023-01985-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In China, rural residents experience poorer health conditions and a higher disease burden compared to urban residents but have lower healthcare services utilization. Rather than an insurance focus on enhanced healthcare services utilization, we aim to examine that whether an income shock, in the form of China's New Rural Pension Scheme (NRPS), will affect outpatient, inpatient and discretionary over-the-counter drug utilization by over 60-year-old rural NRPS residents. METHODS Providing a monthly pension of around RMB88 (USD12.97), NRPS covered all rural residents over 60 years old. Fuzzy regression discontinuity design (FRDD) was employed to explore the NRPS causal effect on healthcare services utilization, measured by outpatient and inpatient visits and discretionary over-the-counter drug purchases. The nationwide China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) 2018 provided the data. RESULTS Without significant changes in health status and medication needs, 60-plus-year-old NRPS recipients significantly increased the probability of discretionary OTC drug purchases by 33 percentage points. NRPS had no significant effect on the utilization of outpatient and inpatient utilization. The increase in the probability of discretionary OTC drug purchases from the NRPS income shock was concentrated in healthier and low-income rural residents. Robustness tests confirmed that FRDD was a robust estimation method and our results are robust. CONCLUSION NRPS was an exogenous income shock that significantly increased the probability of discretionary over-the-counter drug purchases among over 60-year-old rural residents, but not the utilization of inpatient or outpatient healthcare services. Income remains an important constraint for rural residents to improve their health. We recommend policymakers consider including commonly used over-the-counter drugs in basic health insurance reimbursements for rural residents; provide health advice for rural residents to make discretionary over-the-counter drug purchases; and to mount an information campaign on over-the-counter drug purchasing in order to increase the health awareness of rural residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peizhe Yan
- Dong Fureng Institute of Economic and Social Development, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Fenghang Li
- Dong Fureng Institute of Economic and Social Development, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Stephen Nicholas
- Australian National Institute of Management and Commerce, Australian Technology Park, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Newcastle Business School, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Jialong Tan
- Dong Fureng Institute of Economic and Social Development, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Hubei Province, 115 Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430079, China.
| | - Jian Wang
- Dong Fureng Institute of Economic and Social Development, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.
- Center for Health Economics and Management at the School of Economics and Management, Wuhan University, Hubei Province, Room A201, Wuhan, 430079, China.
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Fisher M, Rawal K. A Detailed Analysis of the Past 20 Years of US FDA-Approved Prescription to Over-the-Counter Switches. Ther Innov Regul Sci 2023:10.1007/s43441-023-00547-9. [PMID: 37357243 PMCID: PMC10400472 DOI: 10.1007/s43441-023-00547-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This evaluation assesses the quantity, uniqueness, and innovative nature of the past 20 years of Rx-to-OTC (RTO) switches, where a current prescription (Rx) product is reclassified for over-the-counter (OTC) status. Broadening access to more OTC drugs with well-established safety and efficacy could help to reduce healthcare expenditure and address public health challenges. METHODS The FDA-maintained RTO switch list website was accessed to generate the primary dataset. Each product listed was assessed for the current OTC availability in the United States of its active ingredient, pharmacological class, and indication to determine its innovative quality. Descriptive statistics were employed in this study. RESULTS From January 2002 through August 2022 there were 45 RTO switches. Among these, 51.1% involved a new to OTC active ingredient, 22.2% involved a new pharmacological class, 6.6% involved a new indication, and 82.2% were considered follow-on products that introduced a new to OTC active ingredient or new dosage form of an already marketed active ingredient to treat an existing OTC indication. A small minority (6.6%) were considered an exceptional innovation that would offer US consumers a genuinely novel OTC product, providing a new to OTC active pharmaceutical ingredient, pharmacological class, and indication. Overall, there was 1 exceptional innovation every 6.7 years. CONCLUSIONS Over 40 RTO switches have come to the OTC market in the past 20 years; however, exceptional innovations that expand access to new to OTC active ingredients for new indications are rare. Policies and strategies that result in more innovative switches that can benefit consumers and public health should be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt Fisher
- Haleon, 184 Liberty Corner Rd, Warren, NJ, 07059-6796, USA
| | - Kapil Rawal
- Haleon, 184 Liberty Corner Rd, Warren, NJ, 07059-6796, USA.
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Li C, Han P, Mao H, Lv C, Huang K, Jin M. Glycyrrhizic Acid-Based Carbonized Dots Boost Antiviral Activity against Influenza A Virus via Multisite Inhibition Mechanisms. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:10441-10451. [PMID: 36789721 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c21319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IVA) has been continuously causing pandemics in several animal hosts and has become a worldwide public health threat. Currently, antiviral drugs have become associated with a lot of side effects and limited activity against emerging drug-resistant influenza viruses. Therefore, the development of novel antiviral drugs is of great importance. In this study, we synthesized a kind of carbon dots (CDs) with high dispersibility from glycyrrhizic acid (GA) using a simple dry heating method. Compared with glycyrrhizic acid alone, GA-CDs exhibit superior solubility and significantly improve the antiviral property against IVA. Investigation of the mechanism revealed that GA-CDs act against IVA mainly by inhibiting viral internalization, replication of the viral genome, neuraminidase activity, and host inflammatory responses. More importantly, in a mouse model, GA-CDs can significantly alleviate the clinical symptoms and decrease mortality and lung viral titers. In vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrate that GA-CDs possess extraordinary therapeutic effects; therefore, we propose that GA-CDs may be a promising alternative therapy for IVA infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengfei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Han
- College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Haiying Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Changjie Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Kun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Meilin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
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Hadian SA, Rezayatmand R. Economic impact of acute respiratory disease pandemics: A scoping review. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN MEDICAL SCIENCES : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF ISFAHAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2022; 27:88. [PMID: 36685026 PMCID: PMC9854936 DOI: 10.4103/jrms.jrms_870_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background The economic impact of acute respiratory disease pandemics has yet to be specifically systematically reviewed. The aim of this scoping review is to identify and classify the economic impacts and its values and ranges. Materials and Methods We conducted a literature search across three key databases using an extensive list of keywords. Then, we included studies which explored direct and indirect costs as well as broader economic impact associated with different nine acute respiratory diseases, i.e., pandemic and seasonal influenza, avian influenza, equine influenza, swine influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome, coronavirus disease 2019, Middle East respiratory syndrome, H1N1, and H7N9. Results We included 62 studies in English language between 1987 and 2020, mostly from the countries of East Asia and Pacific pertinent. We classified the economic impact into 5 main categories and 18 subcategories. The main categories were macroeconomic impacts, impacts on health cost, industry, businesses and trade, and education. Conclusion Respiratory disease pandemics have widely impacted different sectors of economy such as the direct cost on macroeconomic, providing and receiving health services, disease management, industries, business and trade, education, and indirect costs due to productivity losses. However, lots of the reviewed studies were unable to quantify the actual economic cost of these impacts. This made it challenging to conduct any kind of quantitative comparison of the results. A key priority for future research is to develop standard methods to quantify the broader economic costs of respiratory disease pandemics. Understanding the total economic impact of respiratory disease pandemics is a key step to inform national and international priority setting for disease prevention and pandemic control interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Alsadat Hadian
- Student Research Committee, School of Management and Medical Information Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Reza Rezayatmand
- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran,Address for correspondence: Dr. Reza Rezayatmand, Hezar Jerib St., Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Health Management and Economics Research Center, Postal Code: 81746-73461, Isfahan, Iran. E-mail:
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D'Ambrosio F, Lanza TE, Messina R, Villani L, Pezzullo AM, Ricciardi W, Rosano A, Cadeddu C. Influenza vaccination coverage in pediatric population in Italy: an analysis of recent trends. Ital J Pediatr 2022; 48:77. [PMID: 35578296 PMCID: PMC9109451 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-022-01271-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza is a major cause of morbidity, mortality and exacerbation of extant chronic disease worldwide. Influenza vaccination is thus fundamental to reduce the burden of disease. In this study, we describe the trend of influenza vaccination coverage in the seasons 2010/11-2020/21 among children aged < 2, 2-4 and 5-8 in Italy. METHODS We analyzed the trend of influenza vaccination coverage in the pediatric population in Italy from the 2010/11 to the 2020/21 season at national and regional level and observed the incidence of influenza-like illness (ILI) in the pediatric population between 2010/11 and 2020/21. RESULTS In the period 2010/11-2019/20 the highest value of coverage (4.5%) was reached in the age group 2-4 and 5-8 (season 2010/11 and 2011/12, respectively), while the lowest belonged to the < 2 group (1.1% in the season 2015/16). In the season 2020/2021 all the age groups reported a substantial increase of coverage compared with the previous season. The highest value (19.0%) was reported in the age group 2-4, followed by the group 5-8 and < 2 (13.1 and 9.2%, respectively). Considering the rates of annual ILI cases, the highest value for the 0-4 age group was 18.5% in the 2011/12 season; for the 5-14 age group, the highest value was 27.7% in the 2010/11 season. CONCLUSIONS Over the past 11 years pediatric influenza vaccination coverage in Italy has been low, with relevant differences across regions and seasons, albeit a general increase in coverage has been observed in the 2020/21 season. Universal influenza vaccination for children should be considered as a priority for the high incidence in this age group. Further research is needed to improve knowledge and comparability of coverage rates, and to identify the best practices for organizational models of delivery which can support the improvement of trends, the acceptability and accessibility by parents and awareness in stakeholders and decision makers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floriana D'Ambrosio
- Section of Hygiene, Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Teresa Eleonora Lanza
- Section of Hygiene, Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosaria Messina
- Section of Hygiene, Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Leonardo Villani
- Section of Hygiene, Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
| | - Angelo Maria Pezzullo
- Section of Hygiene, Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Walter Ricciardi
- Section of Hygiene, Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Aldo Rosano
- National Institute for Public Policies Analysis (INAPP), Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Cadeddu
- Section of Hygiene, Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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10
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Owen L, Laird K, Shivkumar M. Antiviral plant-derived natural products to combat RNA viruses: Targets throughout the viral life cycle. Lett Appl Microbiol 2021; 75:476-499. [PMID: 34953146 PMCID: PMC9544774 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There is a need for new effective antivirals, particularly in response to the development of antiviral drug resistance and emerging RNA viruses such as SARS‐CoV‐2. Plants are a significant source of structurally diverse bioactive compounds for drug discovery suggesting that plant‐derived natural products could be developed as antiviral agents. This article reviews the antiviral activity of plant‐derived natural products against RNA viruses, with a focus on compounds targeting specific stages of the viral life cycle. A range of plant extracts and compounds have been identified with antiviral activity, often against multiple virus families suggesting they may be useful as broad‐spectrum antiviral agents. The antiviral mechanism of action of many of these phytochemicals is not fully understood and there are limited studies and clinical trials demonstrating their efficacy and toxicity in vivo. Further research is needed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of plant‐derived natural products as antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Owen
- Infectious Disease Research Group, The Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
| | - Katie Laird
- Infectious Disease Research Group, The Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
| | - Maitreyi Shivkumar
- Infectious Disease Research Group, The Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
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11
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Cordeiro AS, Patil-Sen Y, Shivkumar M, Patel R, Khedr A, Elsawy MA. Nanovaccine Delivery Approaches and Advanced Delivery Systems for the Prevention of Viral Infections: From Development to Clinical Application. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:2091. [PMID: 34959372 PMCID: PMC8707864 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infections causing pandemics and chronic diseases are the main culprits implicated in devastating global clinical and socioeconomic impacts, as clearly manifested during the current COVID-19 pandemic. Immunoprophylaxis via mass immunisation with vaccines has been shown to be an efficient strategy to control such viral infections, with the successful and recently accelerated development of different types of vaccines, thanks to the advanced biotechnological techniques involved in the upstream and downstream processing of these products. However, there is still much work to be done for the improvement of efficacy and safety when it comes to the choice of delivery systems, formulations, dosage form and route of administration, which are not only crucial for immunisation effectiveness, but also for vaccine stability, dose frequency, patient convenience and logistics for mass immunisation. In this review, we discuss the main vaccine delivery systems and associated challenges, as well as the recent success in developing nanomaterials-based and advanced delivery systems to tackle these challenges. Manufacturing and regulatory requirements for the development of these systems for successful clinical and marketing authorisation were also considered. Here, we comprehensively review nanovaccines from development to clinical application, which will be relevant to vaccine developers, regulators, and clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sara Cordeiro
- Leicester Institute for Pharmaceutical Innovation, Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK; (A.S.C.); (M.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Yogita Patil-Sen
- Wrightington, Wigan and Leigh Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, National Health Service, Wigan WN6 0SZ, UK;
| | - Maitreyi Shivkumar
- Leicester Institute for Pharmaceutical Innovation, Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK; (A.S.C.); (M.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Ronak Patel
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK;
| | - Abdulwahhab Khedr
- Leicester Institute for Pharmaceutical Innovation, Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK; (A.S.C.); (M.S.); (A.K.)
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Elsawy
- Leicester Institute for Pharmaceutical Innovation, Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK; (A.S.C.); (M.S.); (A.K.)
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Abstract
Influenza virus infections are common in people of all ages. Epidemics occur in the winter months in temperate locations and at varying times of the year in subtropical and tropical locations. Most influenza virus infections cause mild and self-limiting disease, and around one-half of all infections occur with a fever. Only a small minority of infections lead to serious disease requiring hospitalization. During epidemics, the rates of influenza virus infections are typically highest in school-age children. The clinical severity of infections tends to increase at the extremes of age and with the presence of underlying medical conditions, and impact of epidemics is greatest in these groups. Vaccination is the most effective measure to prevent infections, and in recent years influenza vaccines have become the most frequently used vaccines in the world. Nonpharmaceutical public health measures can also be effective in reducing transmission, allowing suppression or mitigation of influenza epidemics and pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhyun Ryu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35365, South Korea
| | - Benjamin J Cowling
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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13
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Identification of affective valence of Twitter generated sentiments during the COVID-19 outbreak. SOCIAL NETWORK ANALYSIS AND MINING 2021; 11:108. [PMID: 34721721 PMCID: PMC8548272 DOI: 10.1007/s13278-021-00828-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to conduct text mining of affective valence of the sentiments generated on social media during the COVID-19 and measure their association with different outcomes of the disease. 50,000 tweets per day over 23 days during the pandemic were extracted using the VADER sentiment analysis tool. Overall, tweets could effectively be classified in terms of polarity, i.e., “positive,” “negative” and “neutral” sentiments. Furthermore, on a day-to-day basis, the study identified a positive and significant relationship between COVID-19-related (a) global infections and negative tweets, (b) global deaths and negative tweets, (c) recoveries and negative tweets, and (d) recoveries and positive tweets. No significant association could be found between (e) infections and positive tweets and (f) deaths and positive tweets. Furthermore, the statistical analysis also indicated that the daily distribution of tweets based on polarity generates three distinct and significantly different numbers of tweets per category, i.e., positive, negative and neutral. As per the results generated through sentiment analysis of tweets in this study, the emergence of “positive” tweets in such a gloomy pandemic scenario shows the inherent resilience of humans. The significant association between news of COVID-19 recoveries and positive tweets seems to hint at a more optimistic scenario whenever the pandemic finally comes to an end or is controlled. Such public reactions—for good—have the potential to go viral and influence several others, especially those who are classified as “neutral” or fence-sitters.
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Krzywański J, Kuchar E, Pokrywka A, Mikulski T, Pilchowska I, Młyńczak M, Krysztofiak H, Jurczyk J, Ziemba A, Nitsch-Osuch A. Safety and Impact on Training of the Influenza Vaccines in Elite Athletes Participating in the Rio 2016 Olympics. Clin J Sport Med 2021; 31:423-429. [PMID: 32032168 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000000808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to evaluate the safety and tolerance of influenza vaccines for the northern and southern hemispheres in Polish elite athletes participating in the Rio 2016 Olympics. DESIGN Prospective, observational, cohort study. SETTING Institutional level. PARTICIPANTS Ninety-seven athletes vaccinated only with the northern hemisphere vaccine; 98 athletes received the southern hemisphere vaccine alone, whereas 39 athletes were vaccinated with both vaccines. INTERVENTIONS The athletes were vaccinated with a trivalent, inactivated influenza vaccine recommended for the northern hemisphere 2015/2016 and then with the vaccine recommended for the southern hemisphere 2016. Athletes kept a diary of adverse events and effects (if any) on training for 6 days after vaccination. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The percentage of general and local adverse events, number of lost or modified training sessions. RESULTS Significantly more local adverse events (pain and redness) were found in the group immunized with the vaccine for the northern hemisphere. There were no differences in the frequency of general adverse events and influence on training between groups. Of total 273 athletes who had 1911 training days during 6 days after vaccination, 6 athletes (2.2%) lost 13 training days (0.7%) and 16 athletes (5.9%) had to modify 34 (1.7%) training days within first 2 days after vaccination. CONCLUSIONS Athletes tolerated influenza immunization well. If they are going to travel to the other hemisphere during the influenza season, the use of the second influenza vaccine should be advised. Athletes should anticipate modification of trainings for 2 days after vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ernest Kuchar
- Department of Pediatrics with Medical Assessment Unit, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Pokrywka
- National Centre for Sports Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Applied and Clinical Physiology, University of Zielona Gora, Zielona Gora, Poland
| | - Tomasz Mikulski
- Department of Applied Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Pilchowska
- Department of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcel Młyńczak
- Institute of Metrology and Biomedical Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland ; and
| | - Hubert Krysztofiak
- National Centre for Sports Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Applied Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Andrzej Ziemba
- Department of Applied Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aneta Nitsch-Osuch
- Department of Social Medicine and Public Health, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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15
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Cheong CW, Chen CL, Li CH, Seak CJ, Tseng HJ, Hsu KH, Ng CJ, Chien CY. Two-stage prediction model for in-hospital mortality of patients with influenza infection. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:451. [PMID: 34011298 PMCID: PMC8131882 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06169-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infleunza is a challenging issue in public health. The mortality and morbidity associated with epidemic and pandemic influenza puts a heavy burden on health care system. Most patients with influenza can be treated on an outpatient basis but some required critical care. It is crucial for frontline physicians to stratify influenza patients by level of risk. Therefore, this study aimed to create a prediction model for critical care and in-hospital mortality. METHODS This retrospective cohort study extracted data from the Chang Gung Research Database. This study included the patients who were diagnosed with influenza between 2010 and 2016. The primary outcome of this study was critical illness. The secondary analysis was to predict in-hospital mortality. A two-stage-modeling method was developed to predict hospital mortality. We constructed a multiple logistic regression model to predict the outcome of critical illness in the first stage, then S1 score were calculated. In the second stage, we used the S1 score and other data to construct a backward multiple logistic regression model. The area under the receiver operating curve was used to assess the predictive value of the model. RESULTS In the present study, 1680 patients met the inclusion criteria. The overall ICU admission and in-hospital mortality was 10.36% (174 patients) and 4.29% (72 patients), respectively. In stage I analysis, hypothermia (OR = 1.92), tachypnea (OR = 4.94), lower systolic blood pressure (OR = 2.35), diabetes mellitus (OR = 1.87), leukocytosis (OR = 2.22), leukopenia (OR = 2.70), and a high percentage of segmented neutrophils (OR = 2.10) were associated with ICU admission. Bandemia had the highest odds ratio in the Stage I model (OR = 5.43). In stage II analysis, C-reactive protein (OR = 1.01), blood urea nitrogen (OR = 1.02) and stage I model's S1 score were assocaited with in-hospital mortality. The area under the curve for the stage I and II model was 0.889 and 0.766, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The two-stage model is a efficient risk-stratification tool for predicting critical illness and mortailty. The model may be an optional tool other than qSOFA and SIRS criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Wa Cheong
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Lin Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Emergency Medicine, New Taipei Municipal Tucheng Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Huang Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chen-June Seak
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Emergency Medicine, New Taipei Municipal Tucheng Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Jung Tseng
- Biostatistical Unit, Clinical Trial Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Hung Hsu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Laboratory for Epidemiology, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Taiwan
| | - Chip-Jin Ng
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yu Chien
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan. .,Department of Emergency Medicine, Ton-Yen General Hospital, Zhubei, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Business and Management, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Taiwan.
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16
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A new and simplified anion exchange chromatographic process for the purification of cell-grown influenza A H1N1 virus. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.118412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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17
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Aguilera-Correa JJ, Esteban J, Vallet-Regí M. Inorganic and Polymeric Nanoparticles for Human Viral and Bacterial Infections Prevention and Treatment. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:E137. [PMID: 33435597 PMCID: PMC7826792 DOI: 10.3390/nano11010137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases hold third place in the top 10 causes of death worldwide and were responsible for more than 6.7 million deaths in 2016. Nanomedicine is a multidisciplinary field which is based on the application of nanotechnology for medical purposes and can be defined as the use of nanomaterials for diagnosis, monitoring, control, prevention, and treatment of diseases, including infectious diseases. One of the most used nanomaterials in nanomedicine are nanoparticles, particles with a nano-scale size that show highly tunable physical and optical properties, and the capacity to a wide library of compounds. This manuscript is intended to be a comprehensive review of the available recent literature on nanoparticles used for the prevention and treatment of human infectious diseases caused by different viruses, and bacteria from a clinical point of view by basing on original articles which talk about what has been made to date and excluding commercial products, but also by highlighting what has not been still made and some clinical concepts that must be considered for futures nanoparticles-based technologies applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Jairo Aguilera-Correa
- Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaime Esteban
- Clinical Microbiology Department, Jiménez Díaz Foundation Health Research Institute, Autonomous University of Madrid, Av. Reyes Católicos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - María Vallet-Regí
- Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Dynamic Propagation and Impact of Pandemic Influenza A (2009 H1N1) in Children: A Detailed Review. Curr Microbiol 2020; 77:3809-3820. [PMID: 32959089 PMCID: PMC7505219 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-020-02213-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Influenza is a highly contagious respiratory infection caused by the circulating Swine flu virus. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the unique blending strain of influenza A H1N1 2009 (Swine Flu) is a pandemic affecting several geographical regions, including India. Previous literature indicates that children are "drivers" of influenza pandemics. At present, satisfactory data were not available to accurately estimate the role of children in the spread of influenza (in particular 2009 pandemic influenza). However, the role of children in the spread of pandemics influenza is unclear. Several studies in children have indicated that the immunization program decreased the occurrence of influenza, emphasizing the significance of communities impacted by global immunization programs. This article provides a brief overview on how children are a key contributor to pandemic Influenza A (2009 H1N1) and we would like to draw your attention to the need for a new vaccine for children to improve disease prevention and a positive impact on the community.
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Tripathi B, Kumar V, Kalra A, Gupta T, Sawant AC, Sharma P, Arora S, Panhwar MS, Gopalan R, Deshmukh A, Pershad A, Gulati M, Bhatt DL. Influence of Influenza Infection on In-Hospital Acute Myocardial Infarction Outcomes. Am J Cardiol 2020; 130:7-14. [PMID: 32636019 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2020.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Influenza is associated with significant morbidity in the United States but its influence on in-hospital outcomes in patients with AMI has not been well studied. The Nationwide Readmission Database (NRD) from 2010 to 2014 was queried using the International Classification of Diseases-Ninth edition, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) codes to identify all patients ≥18 years who were admitted for AMI with and without concurrent influenza. Propensity score matching was used to adjust patients' baseline characteristics and co-morbidities. In-hospital mortality, 30-day readmission rates, in-hospital complications, and resource utilization were analyzed. We identified a total of 2,428,361 patients admitted with AMI, of whom 3,006 (0.12%) had coexisting influenza. We noted significantly higher in-hospital mortality (7.7% vs 5.6%, p <0.01) and 30-day readmission rates (15.8% vs 14.1%, p <0.01) in patients with influenza compared with those without it. After propensity matching, the differences in in-hospital mortality and 30-day readmission were no longer statistically significant between the groups. Patients with influenza had a higher incidence of acute kidney injury (30.9% vs 24.6%, p <0.01), acute respiratory failure (50.2% vs 32.2%, p <0.01), need for mechanical ventilation (13.9% vs 9.2%, p <0.01), and sepsis (10% vs 3.8%, p <0.01) in the matched cohort. Patients with influenza had longer hospital stays (8.4 days vs 6.4 days, p <0.01) and mean costs of care (26,200USD vs 23,400USD, p <0.01). In conclusion, AMI patients with concomitant influenza infection had higher in-hospital mortality, 30-day readmission, in-hospital complications, and higher resource utilization compared with those without influenza.
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20
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Liu T, Dai C, Sang H, Chen F, Huang Y, Liao H, Liu S, Zhu Q, Yang J. Discovery of dihydropyrrolidones as novel inhibitors against influenza A virus. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 199:112334. [PMID: 32408213 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
More effective prophylactic and therapeutic strategies to combat influenza viruses are urgently required worldwide because the conventional anti-influenza drugs are facing drug resistance. Here, dihydropyrrolidones (DHPs), the products of an efficient multi-components reaction, were found to possess good activities against influenza A virus (IAV). Primary structure-activity relationship indicated that the activities of DHPs were greatly influenced by substituents and four of them had IC50 values lower than 10 μM (DHPs 5-2, 8, 14 and 19: IC50 = 3.11-9.23 μM). The activities against multiple IAV strains and mechanism of DHPs were further investigated by using 5-2 (IC50 = 3.11 μM). It was found that 5-2 possessed antiviral effects against all the investigated subtypes of IAVs with the IC50 values from 3.11 to 7.13 μM. Moreover, 5-2 showed very low cytotoxicity with CC50 > 400 μM. Results of mechanism study indicated that 5-2 could efficiently inhibit replication of IAV, up-regulate the expression of key antiviral cytokines IFN-β and antiviral protein MxA, and suppress the production of the NDAPH oxidase NOX1 in MDCK cells. These results indicated that 5-2 could be used as a potential inhibitor against wide subtypes of IAVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Chenshu Dai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Huiting Sang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Fangzhao Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yingna Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Hui Liao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Shuwen Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Qiuhua Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Jie Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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21
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Factors associated with seasonal influenza self-diagnosis: a prospective observational study in Japan. NPJ Prim Care Respir Med 2020; 30:9. [PMID: 32251292 PMCID: PMC7090047 DOI: 10.1038/s41533-020-0165-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
This prospective observational study, conducted at a community clinic in Japan during the influenza season, from December 2017 to April 2018 aimed to investigate the accuracy of factors used for influenza self-diagnosis. Data were collected from pre-examination checklists issued to patients with suspected influenza and electronic medical records. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed using a rapid influenza diagnostic test as the reference standard, and 2 × 2 contingency tables were analysed at each cut-off point. We analysed data from 290 patients (72.8% males, median age: 38 years, interquartile range: 26–50 years). The area under the ROC curve (AUC) for patients who were aware of other patients presumed to have influenza within close proximity was 0.74 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.66–0.82). The AUCs for patients with a history of influenza, unvaccinated status, cough, or nasal discharge were 0.68 (95% CI: 0.60–0.75), 0.66 (95% CI: 0.59–0.73), 0.67 (95% CI: 0.59–0.75), and 0.70 (95% CI: 0.62–0.78), respectively. The sensitivity, specificity and positive likelihood ratio at a 90% cut-off point was 19.5% (95% CI: 13.5–26.6%), 94.1% (95% CI: 88.7–97.4%) and 3.31 (95% CI: 1.57–6.98). The sensitivity, specificity and negative likelihood ratio at a 10% cut-off point was 95.5% (95% CI: 90.9–98.2%), 9.6% (95% CI: 5.2–15.8%) and 0.48 (95% CI: 0.20–1.16). After multivariate logistic regression analysis, the AUC increased significantly from 0.77 (95% CI: 0.70–0.83) to 0.81 (95% CI: 0.76–0.86) when self-diagnosis-related information was added to basic clinical information. We identified factors that improve the accuracy and validity of influenza self-diagnosis. Appropriate self-diagnosis could contribute to the containment efforts during influenza epidemics and reduce its social and economic burden.
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Lenoir-Wijnkoop I, Merenstein D, Korchagina D, Broholm C, Sanders ME, Tancredi D. Probiotics Reduce Health Care Cost and Societal Impact of Flu-Like Respiratory Tract Infections in the USA: An Economic Modeling Study. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:980. [PMID: 31555138 PMCID: PMC6722238 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory tract infections (RTIs) of viral origin place a substantial burden on health care resources and society. Randomized controlled trials have shown positive effects of probiotics on clinical outcomes in these commonly occurring RTIs. Two meta-analyses published by the York Health Economics Consortium (YHEC) and Cochrane reported the efficacy of probiotics in reducing incidence and duration of RTIs, number of antibiotic courses, and days absent from work. The aim of this study was to assess the potential health-economic impact of probiotics on RTI-associated events and expenses in the US primary care setting. A state-transition microsimulation model reproduced a study population representative of the US national demographics for age and gender (1/1,000 sample). RTI incidence was based on the influenza-like illness outpatient consultation rate reported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) FluView. Data on vaccination, on factors that negatively impact RTI outcomes, on resource utilization, and on productivity loss were obtained from US national databases. Analyses were performed for both meta-analyses independently. Outcomes included cost savings for the health care payer, related to a reduced number of RTI episodes, less outpatient consultations, and decreased medical prescriptions as well as cost savings from a broader societal perspective related to productivity loss. The analysis showed that generalized probiotic intake in the US population for 2017–2018 would have allowed cost savings for the health care payer of 4.6 million USD based on the YHEC scenario and 373 million USD for the Cochrane scenario, by averting 19 million and 54.5 million RTI sick days, respectively, compared to no probiotics. Antibiotic prescriptions decreased with 1.39–2.16 million courses, whereas absence from work decreased by 3.58–4.2 million days when applying the YHEC and Cochrane data, respectively. When productivity loss is included, total savings for society represented 784 million or 1.4 billion USD for the YHEC and Cochrane scenarios, respectively. Subgroup analyses demonstrated an incremental benefit of probiotics in at-risk groups, which might be of relevance for targeted interventions. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of the model outcomes. Our analysis demonstrated a positive impact of probiotics on the health care and economic burden of flu-like RTIs. Improved disease outcomes translated into considerable cost savings for both the payer and society.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dan Merenstein
- Family Medicine Department, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
| | | | - Christa Broholm
- Chr. Hansen A/S, Human Health Innovation, Hoersholm, Denmark
| | | | - Dan Tancredi
- Department of Pediatrics and the Center for Healthcare Policy and Research, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
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Sambala EZ, Ngcobo N, Machingaidze S, Wiyeh AB, Mahasha PW, Jaca A, Cooper S, Wiysonge CS. A global review of seasonal influenza vaccine introduction: analysis of the WHO/UNICEF Joint Reporting Form. Expert Rev Vaccines 2019; 18:859-865. [DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2019.1640119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evanson Z. Sambala
- Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ntombenhle Ngcobo
- Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Shingai Machingaidze
- European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (EDCTP), Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Alison B. Wiyeh
- Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Phetole W. Mahasha
- Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anelisa Jaca
- Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sara Cooper
- Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Charles S. Wiysonge
- Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Centre for Evidence-based Health Care, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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25
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Trigueiro-Louro JM, Correia V, Santos LA, Guedes RC, Brito RMM, Rebelo-de-Andrade H. To hit or not to hit: Large-scale sequence analysis and structure characterization of influenza A NS1 unlocks new antiviral target potential. Virology 2019; 535:297-307. [PMID: 31104825 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Influenza NS1 protein is among the most promising novel druggable anti-influenza target, based on its structure; multiple interactions; and global function in influenza replication and pathogenesis. Notwithstanding, drug development guidance based on NS1 structural biology is lacking. Here, we design a promising strategy directed to highly conserved druggable regions as a result of an exhaustive large-scale sequence analysis and structure characterization of NS1 protein across human-infecting influenza A subtypes, over the past 100 years. We have identified 3 druggable pockets and 8 new potential hot spot residues in the NS1 protein, not described before, additionally to other 16 sites previously identified, which represent attractive targets for pharmacological modulation. This study provides a rationale towards structure-function studies of NS1 druggable sites, which have the potential to accelerate the NS1 target validation. This research also contributes to a deeper comprehension and insight into the evolutionary dynamics of influenza A NS1 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- João M Trigueiro-Louro
- Host-Pathogen Interaction Unit, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal; Antiviral Resistance Lab, Research & Development Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, IP, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Vanessa Correia
- Antiviral Resistance Lab, Research & Development Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, IP, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luís A Santos
- Antiviral Resistance Lab, Research & Development Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, IP, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rita C Guedes
- Medicinal Chemistry Unit, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rui M M Brito
- Chemistry Department and Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Helena Rebelo-de-Andrade
- Host-Pathogen Interaction Unit, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal; Antiviral Resistance Lab, Research & Development Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, IP, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016, Lisbon, Portugal.
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Moon J, Byun J, Kim H, Jeong J, Lim E, Jung J, Cho S, Cho WK, Kang T. Surface‐Independent and Oriented Immobilization of Antibody via One‐Step Polydopamine/Protein G Coating: Application to Influenza Virus Immunoassay. Macromol Biosci 2019; 19:e1800486. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201800486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Moon
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringKAIST Daejeon 34141 Korea
- Bionanotechnology Research CenterKRIBB Daejeon 34141 Korea
| | - Jihyun Byun
- Bionanotechnology Research CenterKRIBB Daejeon 34141 Korea
| | - Hongki Kim
- Bionanotechnology Research CenterKRIBB Daejeon 34141 Korea
| | - Jinyoung Jeong
- Environmental Disease Research CenterKRIBB Daejeon 34141 Korea
- Department of NanobiotechnologyKRIBB School of Biotechnology UST Daejeon 34113 Korea
| | - Eun‐Kyung Lim
- Bionanotechnology Research CenterKRIBB Daejeon 34141 Korea
- Department of NanobiotechnologyKRIBB School of Biotechnology UST Daejeon 34113 Korea
| | - Juyeon Jung
- Bionanotechnology Research CenterKRIBB Daejeon 34141 Korea
- Department of NanobiotechnologyKRIBB School of Biotechnology UST Daejeon 34113 Korea
| | - Soojeong Cho
- Department of ChemistryChungnam National University Daejeon 34134 Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Kyung Cho
- Department of ChemistryChungnam National University Daejeon 34134 Republic of Korea
| | - Taejoon Kang
- Bionanotechnology Research CenterKRIBB Daejeon 34141 Korea
- Department of NanobiotechnologyKRIBB School of Biotechnology UST Daejeon 34113 Korea
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Santos T, Brito A, Boto R, Sousa P, Almeida P, Cruz C, Tomaz C. Influenza DNA vaccine purification using pHEMA cryogel support. Sep Purif Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Sambala EZ, Mdolo A, Banda R, Phiri A, Wiyeh AB, Wiysonge CS. Burden of seasonal influenza in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review protocol. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e022949. [PMID: 30309991 PMCID: PMC6252638 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Measures of epidemiological burdens are an important contribution to estimating disease severity and determining the at-risk populations for seasonal influenza. In the absence of these data, it is extremely difficult for policy-makers to decide on how to distribute limited resources. This systematic review will synthesise the literature on reported burden of seasonal influenza (eg, morbidity and mortality) in sub-Saharan Africa. METHOD AND ANALYSIS We will include published epidemiological studies that capture the burden estimation of seasonal influenza between 1 January 2000 and 31 August 2018. Studies that have reported disease burden estimates associated to influenza-like illness, acute respiratory illness, acute lower respiratory illness, severe acute respiratory illness and severe or very severe pneumonia using laboratory-confirmed influenza cases will be included. We will perform a multiple electronic database search in PubMed, Embase, African Journals Online, Cochrane, Web of science, CINAHL and Google scholar for eligible studies. The reference lists of relevant studies will also be hand-searched for potentially eligible studies. The titles and abstracts of identified records will be screened independently by two authors. The full-text articles of potentially eligible studies will be assessed independently by two authors. Discrepancies will be resolved by discussion, and by a third author if the first two authors fail to come to a consensus. The measures of the burden of influenza will be aggregated using a meta-analysis for homogeneous studies and narrative synthesis if the studies are heterogeneous. The strength of the evidence will be assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This systematic review will use publicly available data; and as such, no formal ethical review is required. Our findings will be published in a peer-reviewed journal and also disseminated through conferences and stakeholder meetings. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42017074091.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evanson Zondani Sambala
- Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
- Malawi Public Health Forum, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Aaron Mdolo
- Malawi Public Health Forum, Lilongwe, Malawi
- University Research Co., LLC - Centre for Human services (URC-CHS), Malawi Lab project, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Richard Banda
- Malawi Public Health Forum, Lilongwe, Malawi
- Alan J Flisher Centre for Public Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Alison B Wiyeh
- Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Charles Shey Wiysonge
- Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
- Centre for Evidence-Based Health Care, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Willis GA, Preen DB, Richmond PC, Jacoby P, Effler PV, Smith DW, Robins C, Borland ML, Levy A, Keil AD, Blyth CC. The impact of influenza infection on young children, their family and the health care system. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2018; 13:18-27. [PMID: 30137663 PMCID: PMC6304317 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza is a major cause of respiratory illness in young children. Assessing the impact of infection on children and the community is required to guide immunisation policies. Objectives To describe the impact of laboratory‐proven influenza in young children and to compare its impact with that of other respiratory viruses on the child, their family and the health care system. Methods Preschool children presenting for care or admission to a tertiary paediatric hospital during the 2008‐2014 influenza seasons were tested for respiratory virus by polymerase chain reaction and culture. Parental surveys were used to determine the impact of infection on illness duration, medication use, absenteeism and health service utilisation. Multivariate regression analyses were used to assess the impact of influenza and to evaluate the association between influenza status and outcomes. Results Among 1191 children assessed, 238 had influenza. Among children with influenza, 87.8% were administered antipyretics and 40.9% antibiotics. 28.6% had secondary complications. 65.4% of children missed school/day care, and 53.4% of parents missed work. When influenza and other viruses were compared, significant differences were noted including duration of illness (influenza: 9.54 days, other viruses: 8.50 days; P = 0.005) and duration of absenteeism for both the child (23.1 vs 17.3 hours; P = 0.015) and their parents (28.5 vs 22.7 hours; P = 0.012). Conclusions Influenza infection in young children has a significant impact on medication use, absenteeism and the use of health care service. Significant differences are identified when compared with other ILI. These data demonstrate that influenza prevention strategies including immunisation are likely to have wide and significant impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela A Willis
- Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, West Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Health, Population Health Services, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - David B Preen
- School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Peter C Richmond
- Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, West Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of General Pediatrics, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Peter Jacoby
- Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, West Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Paul V Effler
- Department of Health, Communicable Disease Control Directorate, Shenton Park, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David W Smith
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Microbiology, QEII Medical Centre, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Christine Robins
- Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, West Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Meredith L Borland
- Emergency Department, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Primary Aboriginal and Rural Healthcare, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Avram Levy
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Microbiology, QEII Medical Centre, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Anthony D Keil
- Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Christopher C Blyth
- Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, West Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Liu T, Liu M, Chen F, Chen F, Tian Y, Huang Q, Liu S, Yang J. A Small-Molecule Compound Has Anti-influenza A Virus Activity by Acting as a ‘‘PB2 Inhibitor”. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:4110-4120. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Teng Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Miaomiao Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Feimin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Fangzhao Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yuanxin Tian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Qi Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Shuwen Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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Maita H, Kobayashi T, Osawa H, Kato H. Self-diagnosis of seasonal influenza in a rural primary care setting in Japan: A cross sectional observational study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197163. [PMID: 29746573 PMCID: PMC5944958 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To elucidate the accuracy and optimal cut-off point of self-diagnosis and clinical symptoms of seasonal influenza compared with rapid influenza diagnostic tests as the reference standard, we conducted a cross sectional observational study at a rural clinic in Japan. METHODS Data during three influenza seasons (December 2013 to April 2016) were retrospectively collected from the medical records and pre-examination sheets of 111 patients aged >11 years (mean age 48.1 years, men 53.2%) who were suspected of influenza infection and underwent rapid influenza diagnostic testing. Patients' characteristics (age, sex, and past medical history of influenza infection), clinical signs (axillary temperature, pulse rate, cough, joint and muscle pain, and history of fever [acute or sudden, gradual, and absence of fever]), duration from the onset of symptoms, severity of feeling sick compared with a common cold (severe, similar, and mild), self-reported likelihood of influenza (%), and results of rapid influenza diagnostic tests. RESULTS At the optimal cut-off point (30%) for estimation of self-diagnosis of seasonal influenza, the positive likelihood ratio (LR+) was 1.46 (95% confidence interval 1.07 to 2.00) and negative likelihood ratio (LR-) was 0.57 (0.35 to 0.93). At a 10% cut-off point, LR-was 0.33 (0.12 to 0.96). At an 80% cut-off point, LR+ was 2.75 (0.75 to 10.07). As for clinical signs, the combination of acute or sudden onset fever and cough had LR+ of 3.27 (1.68 to 6.35). Absence of cough showed LR-of 0.15 (0.04 to 0.61). CONCLUSIONS Self-diagnosis of influenza using the optimal cut-off point (30%) was not found useful for ruling in or ruling out an influenza diagnosis. However, it could be useful when patients self-report extremely high (80%) or low (10%) probability of having influenza. Clinically useful signs were the combination of history of fever and cough, and absence of cough.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Maita
- Development of Community Healthcare, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki-shi, Aomori, Japan
- General Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki-shi, Aomori, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Tadashi Kobayashi
- Department of General Medicine, Hirosaki University School of Medicine & Hospital, Hirosaki-shi, Aomori, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Osawa
- Department of General Medicine, Hirosaki University School of Medicine & Hospital, Hirosaki-shi, Aomori, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kato
- Development of Community Healthcare, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki-shi, Aomori, Japan
- General Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki-shi, Aomori, Japan
- Department of General Medicine, Hirosaki University School of Medicine & Hospital, Hirosaki-shi, Aomori, Japan
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Abstract
AIM We aimed to elucidate the accuracy and optimal cut-off point of the self-diagnosis of influenza and the associated clinical symptoms of children by their guardians, compared with those of the rapid influenza diagnostic test (RIDT). BACKGROUND Seasonal influenza is a common outpatient problem during the winter season. A paediatric influenza epidemic has socio-economic impacts like temporary school closure, school event cancellations, and unscheduled work absences among parents. Hence, early identification and assessment of influenza to prevent its spread is important from a societal perspective. METHOD We performed a cross-sectional observational study in a rural clinic in Japan every winter season from December 2013 to March 2016. We retrospectively extracted information from the medical records and pre-examination checklists of 24 patients aged <12 years (mean age, 5.4 years; men, 54.2%). The data extracted from the medical records and pre-examination checklist included the baseline characteristics (age, sex and past medical history of influenza), clinical signs and symptoms, diagnosis by guardians (%) and RIDT results. FINDINGS The optimal cut-off point of the self-diagnosis of influenza by guardians was 80%, with a sensitivity and specificity of 63.6% (95% confidence interval: 30.8-89.1) and 92.3% (64.0-99.8). At a 50% cut-off point, the sensitivity and specificity were 90.9% (58.7-99.8) and 53.8% (25.1-80.8). The accuracy of feeling severely sick, as estimated by the guardians showed a sensitivity and specificity of 90.9% (58.7-99.8) and 69.2% (38.6-90.9). Our study indicates that the diagnosis of seasonal influenza by guardians to their children would be useful in the establishment of both confirmatory diagnoses when it has high probability above the optimal cut-off point (80%), and exclusion diagnosis when it has low probability (50%). Not feeling severely sick, estimated by the guardians might be a useful indicator for the exclusion of paediatric influenza.
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Royé D, Figueiras A, Taracido M. Short-term effects of heat and cold on respiratory drug use. A time-series epidemiological study in A Coruña, Spain. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2018; 27:638-644. [DOI: 10.1002/pds.4427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Royé
- Department of Geography; University of Santiago de Compostela; Santiago de Compostela Spain
- Department of Geography; University of Porto; Porto Portugal
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP); Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Adolfo Figueiras
- Department of Public Health; University of Santiago de Compostela; Santiago de Compostela Spain
- Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS); Santiago de Compostela Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP); Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Margarita Taracido
- Department of Public Health; University of Santiago de Compostela; Santiago de Compostela Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP); Santiago de Compostela Spain
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Dass von Perbandt E, Hornung R, Thanner M. Influenza vaccination coverage of health care workers: a cross-sectional study based on data from a Swiss gynaecological hospital. GMS INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2018; 6:Doc02. [PMID: 30671333 PMCID: PMC6301741 DOI: 10.3205/id000037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Background: Pregnancy is a risk factor for severe influenza and related complications. The vaccination has been recommended in healthcare workers as a strategy for preventing influenza in risk patients. The aim of this study was to analyze the influenza vaccination rate of the department of obstetrics and gynaecology of the Cantonal hospital St. Gallen in Switzerland. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out to investigate the influenza vaccination rates of all staff members of the Department of obstetrics and gynaecology (n=259). The vaccination coverage was compared according to sociodemographic variables using Chi-squared test. Associations were determined using a logistic regression model. Possible reasons for and against vaccination coverage were then investigated. Results: 200 questionnaires were included (valid response rate 77%). 15% reported being vaccinated against influenza (n=29). Reasons to be vaccinated are the belief of protection of patients (82%), oneself (75%) or family (61%). Reasons not to get vaccinated, including beliefs regarding the vaccine is not important (49%) and its ineffectiveness (44%). In the logistic regression analysis, the vaccination coverage among doctors (61% vaccinated) and nurses/midwives (4% vaccinated) is different from the vaccination coverage among the non-medical staff reference category (16% vaccinated; p=0.004, p=0.027), after controlling for the effect of other variables sex (p=0.807), age (p=0.438) and full time employment (p=0.298). Discussion: This study showed that doctors have a higher vaccination rate compared to other job roles, whereas the nurses and midwives had very low vaccination rates, which indicate a significant public health communication gap that needs to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - René Hornung
- Frauenklinik, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, Switzerland
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Saito LB, Diaz-Satizabal L, Evseev D, Fleming-Canepa X, Mao S, Webster RG, Magor KE. IFN and cytokine responses in ducks to genetically similar H5N1 influenza A viruses of varying pathogenicity. J Gen Virol 2018; 99:464-474. [PMID: 29458524 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ducks, the reservoir host, are generally permissive to influenza A virus infection without disease symptoms. This natural ecology was upset by the emergence of H5N1 strains, which can kill ducks. To better understand host-virus interactions in the reservoir host, and influenza strain-specific molecular contributions to virulence, we infected White Pekin ducks with three similar H5N1 viruses, with known differences in pathogenicity and replication rate. We quantified viral replication and innate immune gene activation by qPCR, in lung and spleen tissues, isolated on each of the first 3 days of infection. The three viruses replicated well, as measured by accumulation of matrix gene transcript, and viral load declined over time in the spleen. The ducks produced rapid, but temporally limited, IFN and cytokine responses, peaking on the first day post-infection. IFN and proinflammatory cytokine gene induction were greater in response to infection with the more lethal viruses, compared to an attenuated strain. We conclude that a well-regulated IFN response, with the ability to overcome early viral immune inhibition, without hyperinflammation, contributes to the ability of ducks to survive H5N1 influenza replication in their airways, and yet clear systemic infection and limit disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leina B Saito
- Department of Biological Sciences and Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Laura Diaz-Satizabal
- Department of Biological Sciences and Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Danyel Evseev
- Department of Biological Sciences and Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Ximena Fleming-Canepa
- Department of Biological Sciences and Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Sai Mao
- Department of Biological Sciences and Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Institute of Preventative Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Robert G Webster
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Katharine E Magor
- Department of Biological Sciences and Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Diagnostic accuracy of the real-time PCR cobas ® Liat ® Influenza A/B assay and the Alere i Influenza A&B NEAR isothermal nucleic acid amplification assay for the detection of influenza using adult nasopharyngeal specimens. J Clin Virol 2017; 94:86-90. [PMID: 28772170 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurate detection of influenza requires diagnostic testing; however, methods such as RADTs and central laboratory-based tests are limited by low sensitivity and time constraints, respectively. OBJECTIVE To compare the performances of the cobas® Liat® Influenza A/B and Alere™ i Influenza A&B point-of-care (POC) assays for detecting influenza A and B viruses using fresh nasopharyngeal specimens with the GenMark Dx® Respiratory Viral Panel as the reference method, a FDA cleared IVD PCR test. STUDY DESIGN A total of 87 samples collected in viral transport medium from adults ≥18 years of age were re-tested on both POC assays (based on the reference PCR method, 29 were influenza A and 18 were influenza B virus positive). RESULTS The overall sensitivity and specificity of the cobas Influenza A/B for the detection of influenza A and B relative to reference PCR was 97.9% (95% confidence interval [CI] 88.9%, 99.6%) and 97.5% (95% CI: 87.1%, 99.6%), respectively, while the sensitivity of the Alere i Influenza A&B assay relative to the reference PCR method was 63.8% (95% CI: 49.5%, 76.0%) and the specificity was 97.5% (95% CI: 87.1%, 99.6%). The individual sensitivities and specificities of the cobas Influenza A/B assay for influenza A alone and influenza B alone were comparable to those of the reference PCR method (influenza A: sensitivity of 100% [95% CI: 88.3%, 100.0%] and specificity of 98.3% [95% CI: 90.9%, 99.7%]; influenza B: sensitivity of 94.4% [95% CI: 74.2%, 99.0%] and specificity of 100% [95% CI: 94.7%, 100.0%]). For the Alere i Influenza A&B assay, the individual specificities for influenza A and B were comparable to those of the reference PCR method (98.3% [95% CI: 90.9%, 99.7%] and 97.1% [95% CI: 90.0%, 99.2%], respectively), while the individual sensitivities were low relative to reference PCR (55.2% [95% CI: 37.5%, 71.6%] and 72.2% [95% CI: 49.1%, 87.5%], respectively). CONCLUSION The cobas Influenza A/B assay demonstrated performance equivalent to laboratory-based PCR, and could replace rapid antigen tests.
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Wu NC, Wilson IA. A Perspective on the Structural and Functional Constraints for Immune Evasion: Insights from Influenza Virus. J Mol Biol 2017. [PMID: 28648617 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Influenza virus evolves rapidly to constantly escape from natural immunity. Most humoral immune responses to influenza virus target the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein, which is the major antigen on the surface of the virus. The HA is composed of a globular head domain for receptor binding and a stem domain for membrane fusion. The major antigenic sites of HA are located in the globular head subdomain, which is highly tolerant of amino acid substitutions and continual addition of glycosylation sites. Nonetheless, the evolution of the receptor-binding site and the stem region on HA is severely constrained by their functional roles in engaging the host receptor and in mediating membrane fusion, respectively. Here, we review how broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) exploit these evolutionary constraints to protect against diverse influenza strains. We also discuss the emerging role of other epitopes that are conserved only in subsets of viruses. This rapidly increasing knowledge of the evolutionary biology, immunology, structural biology, and virology of influenza virus is invaluable for development and design of more universal influenza vaccines and novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C Wu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Abstract
Segmented RNA viruses are widespread in nature and include important human, animal and plant pathogens, such as influenza viruses and rotaviruses. Although the origin of RNA virus genome segmentation remains elusive, a major consequence of this genome structure is the capacity for reassortment to occur during co-infection, whereby segments are exchanged among different viral strains. Therefore, reassortment can create viral progeny that contain genes that are derived from more than one parent, potentially conferring important fitness advantages or disadvantages to the progeny virus. However, for segmented RNA viruses that package their multiple genome segments into a single virion particle, reassortment also requires genetic compatibility between parental strains, which occurs in the form of conserved packaging signals, and the maintenance of RNA and protein interactions. In this Review, we discuss recent studies that examined the mechanisms and outcomes of reassortment for three well-studied viral families - Cystoviridae, Orthomyxoviridae and Reoviridae - and discuss how these findings provide new perspectives on the replication and evolution of segmented RNA viruses.
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Severin C, Rocha de Moura T, Liu Y, Li K, Zheng X, Luo M. The cap-binding site of influenza virus protein PB2 as a drug target. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D-STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2016; 72:245-53. [PMID: 26894672 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798316000085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The RNA polymerase of influenza virus consists of three subunits: PA, PB1 and PB2. It uses a unique `cap-snatching' mechanism for the transcription of viral mRNAs. The cap-binding domain of the PB2 subunit (PB2cap) in the viral polymerase binds the cap of a host pre-mRNA molecule, while the endonuclease of the PA subunit cleaves the RNA 10-13 nucleotides downstream from the cap. The capped RNA fragment is then used as the primer for viral mRNA transcription. The structure of PB2cap from influenza virus H1N1 A/California/07/2009 and of its complex with the cap analog m(7)GTP were solved at high resolution. Structural changes are observed in the cap-binding site of this new pandemic influenza virus strain, especially the hydrophobic interactions between the ligand and the target protein. m(7)GTP binds deeper in the pocket than some other virus strains, much deeper than the host cap-binding proteins. Analysis of the new H1N1 structures and comparisons with other structures provide new insights into the design of small-molecule inhibitors that will be effective against multiple strains of both type A and type B influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Severin
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, PO Box 3965, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA
| | - Tales Rocha de Moura
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, PO Box 3965, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA
| | - Yong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Keqin Li
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, PO Box 3965, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Luo
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, PO Box 3965, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA
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Mendiola J, Do-Reynoso V, Gonzalez M. Generation status as a determinant of influenza vaccination among Mexican-identified adults in California, 2011-12. Prev Med Rep 2015; 3:25-9. [PMID: 26844182 PMCID: PMC4733066 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
First generation Latinos often have better health behaviors and outcomes than second and third generation Latinos. This study examined the correlates of seasonal influenza vaccinations among Mexican-identified (Mexican) adults, who make up the largest Latino subgroup in California. A sample of Mexican adults (N = 7493) from the 2011–12 California Interview Health Survey was used to compare the odds of first, second, and third generation Mexicans receiving influenza vaccinations in the past year. We performed a logistic regression taking into account socio-demographic characteristics, health status, and access to care. We repeated the analysis after stratifying for nativity, and then age. Being a second (odds ratio (OR) = 0.74, confidence interval (CI): 0.59, 0.92) and third generation or higher (OR = 0.66, CI: 0.51, 0.86) Mexican was associated with lower odds of getting an influenza vaccination compared to first generation Mexicans. Having a chronic disease, and access to care was associated with higher odds of vaccination, while lower age was associated with lower odds of vaccination among both US-, and foreign-born Mexicans. Given that the majority of Mexicans in California are US-born, the fact that being second- and third-generation Mexicans was associated with lower influenza vaccination rates is of significant concern. Among Mexicans in California being second and third generation was associated with lower odds of vaccination. Being under 65 was associated with lower odds of vaccination. Correlates of vaccination varied by nativity and age. Second and third generation Mexicans should be targets of flu vaccination campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Mendiola
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of California, Merced, 5200 N. Lake Road, Merced, CA, United States
| | - Van Do-Reynoso
- Department of Public Health, University of California, Merced, 5200 N. Lake Road, Merced, CA, United States
| | - Mariaelena Gonzalez
- Department of Public Health, University of California, Merced, 5200 N. Lake Road, Merced, CA, United States; Health Science Research Institute, University of California, Merced, 5200 N. Lake Road, Merced, CA, United States
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Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) is a serious global health problem worldwide due to frequent and severe outbreaks. IAV causes significant morbidity and mortality in the elderly population, due to the ineffectiveness of the vaccine and the alteration of T cell immunity with ageing. The cellular and molecular link between ageing and virus infection is unclear and it is possible that damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) may play a role in the raised severity and susceptibility of virus infections in the elderly. DAMPs which are released from damaged cells following activation, injury or cell death can activate the immune response through the stimulation of the inflammasome through several types of receptors found on the plasma membrane, inside endosomes after endocytosis as well as in the cytosol. In this review, the detriment in the immune system during ageing and the links between influenza virus infection and ageing will be discussed. In addition, the role of DAMPs such as HMGB1 and S100/Annexin in ageing, and the enhanced morbidity and mortality to severe influenza infection in ageing will be highlighted.
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Fronczek CF, Yoon JY. Biosensors for Monitoring Airborne Pathogens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 20:390-410. [DOI: 10.1177/2211068215580935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Casanova T, Van de Paar E, Desmecht D, Garigliany MM. Hyporeactivity of Alveolar Macrophages and Higher Respiratory Cell Permissivity Characterize DBA/2J Mice Infected by Influenza A Virus. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2015; 35:808-20. [PMID: 26134384 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2014.0237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus remains a major public health problem. Mouse models have been widely used to study influenza infection in mammals. DBA/2J and C57BL/6J represent extremes in terms of susceptibility to influenza A infection among inbred laboratory mouse strains. Several studies focused specifically on the factors responsible for the susceptibility of DBA/2J or the resistance of C57BL/6J and resulted in impressive lists of candidate genes or factors over- or underexpressed in one of the strains. We adopted a different phenotypical approach to identify the critical steps of the infection process accounting for the differences between DBA/2J and C57BL/6J strains. We concluded that both a dysfunction of alveolar macrophages and an increased permissivity of respiratory cells rendered DBA/2J more susceptible to influenza infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Casanova
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Liège , Liège, Belgium
| | - Els Van de Paar
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Liège , Liège, Belgium
| | - Daniel Desmecht
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Liège , Liège, Belgium
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The use of over-the-counter medications to treat influenza symptoms may help mitigate the socioeconomic burden of the disease. DRUGS & THERAPY PERSPECTIVES 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40267-015-0202-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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