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Rani K, Tripathi S, Sharma A, Sharma S, Sheba P, Samuel Raj V. Solithromycin in Combination with Other Antimicrobial Agents Against the Carbapenem Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP). Indian J Microbiol 2024; 64:540-547. [PMID: 39011018 PMCID: PMC11246330 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-024-01188-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae is considered as the most common pathogen of hospital-acquired pneumonia. K. pneumoniae has emerged as the superbug which had shown multidrug resistance (MDR) as well as extensively drug resistance. Carbapenem resistant K. pneumoniae (CRKP) has become a menace for the treatment with monotherapy of the patients mainly admitted in intensive care units. Hence, in the present study we collected total 187 sputum isolates of K. pneumoniae and performed the antimicrobial susceptibility testing by using the automated Vitek-2 system and broth micro-dilution method (67 CRKP). The combination study of solithromycin with meropenem, colistin, cefotaxime, piperacillin and tazobactam, nitrofurantoin, tetracycline, levofloxacin, curcumin and nalidixic acid was performed by using checkerboard assay. We observed the high rate of resistance towards ampicillin, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime and aztreonam. The colistin and tigecycline were the most sensitive drugs. The CRKP were 36%, maximum were from the patients of ICUs. The best synergistic effect of solithromycin was with meropenem and cefotaxime (100%), colistin and tetracycline (80%). So, these combinations can be a choice of treatment for the infections caused by MDR CRKP and other Gram-negative bacteria where the monotherapy could not work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kusum Rani
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM University, Delhi-NCR, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Sonipat, Haryana 131029 India
| | - Shyam Tripathi
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM University, Delhi-NCR, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Sonipat, Haryana 131029 India
| | - Amit Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM University, Delhi-NCR, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Sonipat, Haryana 131029 India
| | - Shingini Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM University, Delhi-NCR, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Sonipat, Haryana 131029 India
| | - Poornima Sheba
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM University, Delhi-NCR, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Sonipat, Haryana 131029 India
| | - V Samuel Raj
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM University, Delhi-NCR, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Sonipat, Haryana 131029 India
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Colón Pérez J, Villarino Fernández RA, Domínguez Lago A, Treviño Castellano MM, Pérez del Molino Bernal ML, Sánchez Poza S, Torres-Sangiao E. Addressing Sexually Transmitted Infections Due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the Present and Future. Microorganisms 2024; 12:884. [PMID: 38792714 PMCID: PMC11124187 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12050884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
It was in the 1800s when the first public publications about the infection and treatment of gonorrhoea were released. However, the first prevention programmes were only published a hundred years later. In the 1940s, the concept of vaccination was introduced into clinical prevention programmes to address early sulphonamide resistance. Since then, tons of publications on Neisseria gonorrhoeae are undisputed, around 30,000 publications today. Currently, the situation seems to be just as it was in the last century, nothing has changed or improved. So, what are we doing wrong? And more importantly, what might we do? The review presented here aims to review the current situation regarding the resistance mechanisms, prevention programmes, treatments, and vaccines, with the challenge of better understanding this special pathogen. The authors have reviewed the last five years of advancements, knowledge, and perspectives for addressing the Neisseria gonorrhoeae issue, focusing on new therapeutic alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Colón Pérez
- Servicio de Microbiología y Parasitología Clínica, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (J.C.P.); (A.D.L.); (M.M.T.C.); (M.L.P.d.M.B.)
- Grupo Microbiología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosa-Antía Villarino Fernández
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - Adrián Domínguez Lago
- Servicio de Microbiología y Parasitología Clínica, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (J.C.P.); (A.D.L.); (M.M.T.C.); (M.L.P.d.M.B.)
- Grupo Microbiología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María Mercedes Treviño Castellano
- Servicio de Microbiología y Parasitología Clínica, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (J.C.P.); (A.D.L.); (M.M.T.C.); (M.L.P.d.M.B.)
- Grupo Microbiología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María Luisa Pérez del Molino Bernal
- Servicio de Microbiología y Parasitología Clínica, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (J.C.P.); (A.D.L.); (M.M.T.C.); (M.L.P.d.M.B.)
- Grupo Microbiología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Sandra Sánchez Poza
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - Eva Torres-Sangiao
- Servicio de Microbiología y Parasitología Clínica, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (J.C.P.); (A.D.L.); (M.M.T.C.); (M.L.P.d.M.B.)
- Grupo Microbiología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Bassetti M, Giacobbe DR, Magnasco L, Fantin A, Vena A, Castaldo N. Antibiotic Strategies for Severe Community-Acquired Pneumonia. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2024; 45:187-199. [PMID: 38301712 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1778641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Despite advancements in health systems and intensive care unit (ICU) care, along with the introduction of novel antibiotics and microbiologic techniques, mortality rates in severe community-acquired pneumonia (sCAP) patients have not shown significant improvement. Delayed admission to the ICU is a major risk factor for higher mortality. Apart from choosing the appropriate site of care, prompt and appropriate antibiotic therapy significantly affects the prognosis of sCAP. Treatment regimens involving ceftaroline or ceftobiprole are currently considered the best options for managing patients with sCAP. Additionally, several other molecules, such as delafloxacin, lefamulin, and omadacycline, hold promise as therapeutic strategies for sCAP. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the key challenges in managing adults with severe CAP, focusing on essential aspects related to antibiotic treatment and investigating potential strategies to enhance clinical outcomes in sCAP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Bassetti
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Policlinico San Martino Hospital, IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Daniele R Giacobbe
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Policlinico San Martino Hospital, IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Laura Magnasco
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Policlinico San Martino Hospital, IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alberto Fantin
- Department of Pulmonology, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata di Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Antonio Vena
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Policlinico San Martino Hospital, IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Nadia Castaldo
- Department of Pulmonology, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata di Udine, Udine, Italy
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Kiyomiya K, Tomabechi R, Saito N, Watai K, Takada T, Shirasaka Y, Kishimoto H, Higuchi K, Inoue K. Macrolide and Ketolide Antibiotics Inhibit the Cytotoxic Effect of Trastuzumab Emtansine in HER2-Positive Breast Cancer Cells: Implication of a Potential Drug-ADC Interaction in Cancer Chemotherapy. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:6130-6139. [PMID: 37971309 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Macrolides are widely used for the long-term treatment of infections and chronic inflammatory diseases. The pharmacokinetic features of macrolides include extensive tissue distribution because of favorable membrane permeability and accumulation within lysosomes. Trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1), a HER2-targeting antibody-drug conjugate (ADC), is catabolized in the lysosomes, where Lys-SMCC-DM1, a potent cytotoxic agent, is processed by proteinase degradation and subsequently released from the lysosomes to the cytoplasm through the lysosomal membrane transporter SLC46A3, resulting in an antitumor effect. We recently demonstrated that erythromycin and clarithromycin inhibit SLC46A3 and attenuate the cytotoxicity of T-DM1; however, the effect of other macrolides and ketolides has not been determined. In this study, we evaluated the effect of macrolide and ketolide antibiotics on T-DM1 cytotoxicity in a human breast cancer cell line, KPL-4. Macrolides used in the clinic, such as roxithromycin, azithromycin, and josamycin, as well as solithromycin, a ketolide under clinical development, significantly attenuated T-DM1 cytotoxicity in addition to erythromycin and clarithromycin. Of these, azithromycin was the most potent inhibitor of T-DM1 efficacy. These antibiotics significantly inhibited the transport function of SLC46A3 in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, these compounds extensively accumulated in the lysosomes at the levels estimated to be 0.41-13.6 mM when cells were incubated with them at a 2 μM concentration. The immunofluorescence staining of trastuzumab revealed that azithromycin and solithromycin inhibit the degradation of T-DM1 in the lysosomes. These results suggest that the attenuation of T-DM1 cytotoxicity by macrolide and ketolide antibiotics involves their lysosomal accumulation and results in their greater lysosomal concentrations to inhibit the SLC46A3 function and T-DM1 degradation. This suggests a potential drug-ADC interaction during cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Kiyomiya
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Ryuto Tomabechi
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Kitasato University School of Pharmacy, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Naoki Saito
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Kenta Watai
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Tappei Takada
- Department of Pharmacy, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo113-8655, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Shirasaka
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Hisanao Kishimoto
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Kei Higuchi
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Katsuhisa Inoue
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
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Cilloniz C, Pericas JM, Curioso WH. Interventions to improve outcomes in community-acquired pneumonia. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2023; 21:1071-1086. [PMID: 37691049 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2023.2257392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a common infection associated with high morbimortality and a highly deleterious impact on patients' quality of life and functionality. We comprehensively review the factors related to the host, the causative microorganism, the therapeutic approach and the organization of health systems (e.g. setting for care and systems for allocation) that might have an impact on CAP-associated outcomes. Our main aims are to discuss the most controversial points and to provide some recommendations that may guide further research and the management of patients with CAP, in order to improve their outcomes, beyond mortality. AREA COVERED In this review, we aim to provide a critical account of potential measures to improve outcomes of CAP and the supporting evidence from observational studies and clinical trials. EXPERT OPINION CAP is associated with high mortality and a highly deleterious impact on patients' quality of life. To improve CAP-associated outcomes, it is important to understand the factors related to the patient, etiology, therapeutics, and the organization of health systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catia Cilloniz
- IDIBAPS, Center for Biomedical Research in Respiratory Diseases Network (CIBERES), Barcelona, Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Continental, Huancayo, Peru
| | - Juan Manuel Pericas
- Liver Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Institute for Research (VHIR), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Walter H Curioso
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Continental, Huancayo, Peru
- Health Services Administration, Continental University of Florida, Margate, FL, USA
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WCK 4873 (INN: Nafithromycin): Structure-Activity relationship (SAR) identifying a novel lactone ketolide with activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae (SPN) and Streptococcus pyogenes (SPY). RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2022.100757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Welch SD, Cossin J, Paulsel TQ, Williams GJ. Targeted Enzyme Modifications Enable Regioselective Biosynthesis of Fluorinated Polyketides. CHEM CATALYSIS 2022; 2:2440-2443. [PMID: 38213411 PMCID: PMC10783197 DOI: 10.1016/j.checat.2022.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
In attempts to enhance natural products as therapeutic agents, fluorination has emerged as a new tool for synthetic biologists and chemists. In recent articles published in Nature Chem. and Nature Chem. Bio., Grininger, Chang, and co-workers leveraged their expertise in engineering polyketide biosynthesis to incorporate fluorine into polyketide scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney D. Welch
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Jared Cossin
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Thaddeus Q. Paulsel
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Gavin J. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
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8
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Chemoenzymatic synthesis of fluorinated polyketides. Nat Chem 2022; 14:1000-1006. [PMID: 35879443 PMCID: PMC9832397 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-00996-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Modification of polyketides with fluorine offers a promising approach to develop new pharmaceuticals. While synthetic chemical methods for site-selective incorporation of fluorine in complex molecules have improved in recent years, approaches for the biosynthetic incorporation of fluorine in natural compounds are still rare. Here, we report a strategy to introduce fluorine into complex polyketides during biosynthesis. We exchanged the native acyltransferase domain of a polyketide synthase, which acts as the gatekeeper for the selection of extender units, with an evolutionarily related but substrate tolerant domain from metazoan type I fatty acid synthase. The resulting polyketide-synthase/fatty-acid-synthase hybrid can utilize fluoromalonyl coenzyme A and fluoromethylmalonyl coenzyme A for polyketide chain extension, introducing fluorine or fluoro-methyl units in polyketide scaffolds. We demonstrate the feasibility of our approach in the chemoenzymatic synthesis of fluorinated 12- and 14-membered macrolactones and fluorinated derivatives of the macrolide antibiotics YC-17 and methymycin.
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Lang JE, Hornik CP, Elliott C, Silverstein A, Hornik C, Al-Uzri A, Bosheva M, Bradley JS, Borja-Tabora CFC, John DD, Echevarria AM, Ericson JE, Friedel D, Gonczi F, Isidro MGD, James LP, Kalocsai K, Koutroulis I, Laki I, Ong-Lim ALT, Nad M, Simon G, Syed S, Szabo E, Benjamin DK, Cohen-Wolkowiez M. Solithromycin in Children and Adolescents With Community-acquired Bacterial Pneumonia. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2022; 41:556-562. [PMID: 35675525 PMCID: PMC9199591 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000003559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Solithromycin is a new macrolide-ketolide antibiotic with potential effectiveness in pediatric community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (CABP). Our objective was to evaluate its safety and effectiveness in children with CABP. METHODS This phase 2/3, randomized, open-label, active-control, multicenter study randomly assigned solithromycin (capsules, suspension or intravenous) or an appropriate comparator antibiotic in a 3:1 ratio (planned n = 400) to children 2 months to 17 years of age with CABP. Primary safety endpoints included treatment-emergent adverse events (AEs) and AE-related drug discontinuations. Secondary effectiveness endpoints included clinical improvement following treatment without additional antimicrobial therapy. RESULTS Unrelated to safety, the sponsor stopped the trial prior to completion. Before discontinuation, 97 participants were randomly assigned to solithromycin (n = 73) or comparator (n = 24). There were 24 participants (34%, 95% CI, 23%-47%) with a treatment-emergent AE in the solithromycin group and 7 (29%, 95% CI, 13%-51%) in the comparator group. Infusion site pain and elevated liver enzymes were the most common related AEs with solithromycin. Study drug was discontinued due to AEs in 3 subjects (4.3%) in the solithromycin group and 1 (4.2%) in the comparator group. Forty participants (65%, 95% CI, 51%-76%) in the solithromycin group achieved clinical improvement on the last day of treatment versus 17 (81%, 95% CI, 58%-95%) in the comparator group. The proportion achieving clinical cure was 60% (95% CI, 47%-72%) and 68% (95% CI, 43%-87%) for the solithromycin and comparator groups, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Intravenous and oral solithromycin were generally well-tolerated and associated with clinical improvement in the majority of participants treated for CABP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason E. Lang
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Christoph P. Hornik
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Carrie Elliott
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Adam Silverstein
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Chi Hornik
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Amira Al-Uzri
- Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | - John S. Bradley
- Rady Children’s Hospital and the University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - David Di John
- Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine at UNLV, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Ana Mendez Echevarria
- Pediatric Infectious and Tropical Diseases Department, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - David Friedel
- Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Ferenc Gonczi
- University of Debrecen Clinical Center Infectology Clinic, Debrecen, Hungary
| | | | - Laura P. James
- Arkansas Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Krisztina Kalocsai
- Dél-pesti Centrumkórház Országos Hematológiai és Infektológiai Intézet, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | | | - Marta Nad
- Kanizsai Dorottya Hospital, Nagykanizsa, Hungary
| | - Gabor Simon
- Fejér County Szent György University Teaching Hospital, Székesfehérvár, Hungary
| | - Salma Syed
- East Carolina University, Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Eva Szabo
- Csolnoky Ferenc Hospital, Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Daniel K. Benjamin
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Michael Cohen-Wolkowiez
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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Daher SS, Lee M, Jin X, Teijaro CN, Barnett PR, Freundlich JS, Andrade RB. Alternative approaches utilizing click chemistry to develop next-generation analogs of solithromycin. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 233:114213. [PMID: 35240514 PMCID: PMC9009214 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The marked rise in bacterial drug resistance has created an urgent need for novel antibacterials belonging to new drug classes and ideally possessing new mechanisms of action. The superior biological activity of solithromycin against streptococci and other bacteria causative of community-acquired pneumonia pathogens, compared to telithromycin and other macrolides encouraged us to extensively explore this class of antibiotics. We, thus, present the design and synthesis of a novel series of solithromycin analogs. Three main strategies were pursued in structure-activity relationship studies covering the N-11 side chain and the desosamine motif, which are both chief elements for establishing strong interactions with the bacterial ribosome as the molecular target. Minimal inhibitory concentration assays were determined to assess the in vitro potency of the various analogs in relation to solithromycin. Two analogs exhibited improved activity compared to solithromycin against resistant strains, which can be assessed in further pre-clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samer S Daher
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA.
| | - Miseon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Xiao Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | | | - Pamela R Barnett
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, Neuroscience, Rutgers University - New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Joel S Freundlich
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, Neuroscience, Rutgers University - New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA; Department of Medicine, Rutgers University - New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Rodrigo B Andrade
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
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11
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Kaur R, Rani P, Atanasov AG, Alzahrani Q, Gupta R, Kapoor B, Gulati M, Chawla P. Discovery and Development of Antibacterial Agents: Fortuitous and Designed. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 22:984-1029. [PMID: 34939541 DOI: 10.2174/1570193x19666211221150119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Today, antibacterial drug resistance has turned into a significant public health issue. Repeated intake, suboptimal and/or unnecessary use of antibiotics, and, additionally, the transfer of resistance genes are the critical elements that make microorganisms resistant to conventional antibiotics. A substantial number of antibacterials that were successfully utilized earlier for prophylaxis and therapeutic purposes have been rendered inadequate due to this phenomenon. Therefore, the exploration of new molecules has become a continuous endeavour. Many such molecules are at various stages of investigation. A surprisingly high number of new molecules are currently in the stage of phase 3 clinical trials. A few new agents have been commercialized in the last decade. These include solithromycin, plazomicin, lefamulin, omadacycline, eravacycline, delafloxacin, zabofloxacin, finafloxacin, nemonoxacin, gepotidacin, zoliflodacin, cefiderocol, BAL30072, avycaz, zerbaxa, vabomere, relebactam, tedizolid, cadazolid, sutezolid, triclosan and afabiacin. This article aims to review the investigational and recently approved antibacterials with a focus on their structure, mechanisms of action/resistance, and spectrum of activity. Delving deep, their success or otherwise in various phases of clinical trials is also discussed while attributing the same to various causal factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravleen Kaur
- Department of Health Sciences, Cape Breton University, Sydney, Nova Scotia. Canada
| | - Pooja Rani
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara. India
| | - Atanas G Atanasov
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Digital Health and Patient Safety, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna. Austria
| | - Qushmua Alzahrani
- Department of Pharmacy/Nursing/Medicine Health and Environment, University of the Region of Joinville (UNIVILLE) volunteer researcher, Joinville. Brazil
| | - Reena Gupta
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara . India
| | - Bhupinder Kapoor
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara . India
| | - Monica Gulati
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara . India
| | - Pooja Chawla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, ISF College of Pharmacy, Ghal Kalan Moga, Punjab 142001. India
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12
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Design, synthesis and antibacterial evaluation of novel 3-O-substituted 15-membered azalides possessing 1,2,3-triazole side chains. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 49:128330. [PMID: 34403726 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The acquired and intrinsic resistance of bacteria to macrolide antibiotics limits the clinical application of these agents, and thus it is particularly important to discover novel macrolide antibiotics that can be administered to counteract the prevalence of bacterial resistance. In this study, we introduced some active 1,2,3-triazole side chains into the azithromycin at position 3-O, thereby obtaining a number of 3-O-substituted 15-membered azalides. Determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of these target compounds revealed that the compound 9g possessed the strongest antibacterial activity (MIC = 8-16 μg/mL) against drug-resistant strains and was generally 16- to 32-fold more active than the azithromycin (MIC ≥ 256 μg/mL). Combined analysis of the results of antibacterial activity together with theoretically calculated lipid/water partition coefficients (ClogP) indicated the importance of the chemical nature of the alkyl groups attached to the 1,2,3-triazole side chain in conferring promising antibacterial activity. The findings of molecular docking analyses indicated that compound 9g may bind to the A752 base of 23S rRNA in bacterial ribosome via hydrophobic or electrostatic interactions, resulting in the excellent antibacterial activity of this compound. Furthermore, the data of minimum bactericidal concentration revealed that compounds 9e, 9f, 9g and 9h are excellent bacteriostatic agents. In addition, the study of bactericidal kinetics confirmed that compound 9g is a time- and concentration-dependent agent.
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13
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Taylor RM, Karlowsky JA, Baxter MR, Adam HJ, Walkty A, Lagacé-Wiens P, Zhanel GG. In vitro susceptibility of common bacterial pathogens causing respiratory tract infections in Canada to lefamulin, a new pleuromutilin. JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE CANADA = JOURNAL OFFICIEL DE L'ASSOCIATION POUR LA MICROBIOLOGIE MEDICALE ET L'INFECTIOLOGIE CANADA 2021; 6:149-162. [PMID: 36341032 PMCID: PMC9608697 DOI: 10.3138/jammi-2020-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a significant global health concern. Pathogens causing CAP demonstrate increasing resistance to commonly prescribed empiric treatments. Resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae, the most prevalent bacterial cause of CAP, has been increasing worldwide, highlighting the need for improved antibacterial agents. Lefamulin, a novel pleuromutilin, is a recently approved therapeutic agent highly active against many lower respiratory tract pathogens. However, to date minimal data are available to describe the in vitro activity of lefamulin against bacterial isolates associated with CAP. METHODS Common bacterial causes of CAP obtained from both lower respiratory and blood specimen isolates cultured by hospital laboratories across Canada were submitted to the annual CANWARD study's coordinating laboratory in Winnipeg, Canada, from January 2015 to October 2018. A total of 876 bacterial isolates were tested against lefamulin and comparator agents using the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) reference broth microdilution method, and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were interpreted using accepted breakpoints. RESULTS All S. pneumoniae isolates tested from both respiratory (n = 315) and blood specimens (n = 167) were susceptible to lefamulin (MIC ≤0.5 μg/mL), including isolates resistant to penicillins, clarithromycin, doxycycline, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Lefamulin also inhibited 99.0% of Haemophilus influenzae isolates (regardless of β-lactamase production) (99 specimens; MIC ≤2 μg/mL) and 95.7% of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) (MIC ≤0.25 μg/mL; 70 specimens) at their susceptible breakpoints. Conclusions: Lefamulin demonstrated potent in vitro activity against all respiratory isolates tested and may represent a significant advancement in empiric treatment options for CAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Taylor
- Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - James A Karlowsky
- Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Shared Health Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Melanie R Baxter
- Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Heather J Adam
- Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Shared Health Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Andrew Walkty
- Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Shared Health Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Philippe Lagacé-Wiens
- Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Shared Health Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - George G Zhanel
- Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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14
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Ero R, Yan XF, Gao YG. Ribosome Protection Proteins-"New" Players in the Global Arms Race with Antibiotic-Resistant Pathogens. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5356. [PMID: 34069640 PMCID: PMC8161019 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria have evolved an array of mechanisms enabling them to resist the inhibitory effect of antibiotics, a significant proportion of which target the ribosome. Indeed, resistance mechanisms have been identified for nearly every antibiotic that is currently used in clinical practice. With the ever-increasing list of multi-drug-resistant pathogens and very few novel antibiotics in the pharmaceutical pipeline, treatable infections are likely to become life-threatening once again. Most of the prevalent resistance mechanisms are well understood and their clinical significance is recognized. In contrast, ribosome protection protein-mediated resistance has flown under the radar for a long time and has been considered a minor factor in the clinical setting. Not until the recent discovery of the ATP-binding cassette family F protein-mediated resistance in an extensive list of human pathogens has the significance of ribosome protection proteins been truly appreciated. Understanding the underlying resistance mechanism has the potential to guide the development of novel therapeutic approaches to evade or overcome the resistance. In this review, we discuss the latest developments regarding ribosome protection proteins focusing on the current antimicrobial arsenal and pharmaceutical pipeline as well as potential implications for the future of fighting bacterial infections in the time of "superbugs."
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Affiliation(s)
- Rya Ero
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 51010 Tartu, Estonia
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore;
| | - Xin-Fu Yan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore;
| | - Yong-Gui Gao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore;
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
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15
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Qin Y, Song D, Teng Y, Liu X, Zhang P, Zhang N, Zhang N, Chen W, Ma S. Design, synthesis and structure-activity relationships of novel N11-, C12- and C13-substituted 15-membered homo-aza-clarithromycin derivatives against various resistant bacteria. Bioorg Chem 2021; 113:104992. [PMID: 34051415 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial infections are still the main significant problem of public health in the world, and their elimination will greatly rely on the discovery of antibacterial drugs. In the processes of our searching for novel macrolide derivatives with excellent activity against sensitive and resistant bacteria, three series of novel N11-, C12- and C13-substituted 15-membered homo-aza-clarithromycin derivatives were designed and synthesized as Series A, B and C by creatively opening the lactone ring of clarithromycin (CAM), introducing various 4-substituted phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole side chains at the N11, C12 or C13 position of CAM and macrolactonization. The results from their in vitro antibacterial activity demonstrated that compounds 20c, 20d and 20f displayed not only the most potent activity against S. aureus ATCC25923 with the MIC values of 0.5, 0.5 and 0.5 µg/mL, but also greatly improved activity against B. subtilis ATCC9372 with the MIC values of less than or equal to 0.25, 0.25 and 0.25 µg/mL, respectively. In particular, compound 11g exhibited the strongest antibacterial effectiveness against all the tested resistant bacterial strains and had well balanced activity with the MIC values of 4-8 µg/mL. Further study on minimum bactericidal concentration and kinetics confirmed that compound 11g possessed a bacteriostatic effect on bacterial proliferation. Moreover, the results of molecular docking revealed an potential additional binding force between compound 11g and U790 in addition to the normal binding force of macrolide skeleton, which may explain why this compound performed the most potent activity against resistant bacteria. The results of cytotoxic assay indicated that compounds 20c, 20d and 20f were non-toxic to human breast cancer MCF-7 cells at its effective antibacterial concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinhui Qin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Di Song
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Yuetai Teng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Xingbang Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Panpan Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Na Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Weijin Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Shutao Ma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan 250012, PR China.
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16
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Cools F, Delputte P, Cos P. The search for novel treatment strategies for Streptococcus pneumoniae infections. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 45:6064299. [PMID: 33399826 PMCID: PMC8371276 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuaa072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This review provides an overview of the most important novel treatment strategies against Streptococcus pneumoniae infections published over the past 10 years. The pneumococcus causes the majority of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia cases, and it is one of the prime pathogens in bacterial meningitis. Over the last 10 years, extensive research has been conducted to prevent severe pneumococcal infections, with a major focus on (i) boosting the host immune system and (ii) discovering novel antibacterials. Boosting the immune system can be done in two ways, either by actively modulating host immunity, mostly through administration of selective antibodies, or by interfering with pneumococcal virulence factors, thereby supporting the host immune system to effectively overcome an infection. While several of such experimental therapies are promising, few have evolved to clinical trials. The discovery of novel antibacterials is hampered by the high research and development costs versus the relatively low revenues for the pharmaceutical industry. Nevertheless, novel enzymatic assays and target-based drug design, allow the identification of targets and the development of novel molecules to effectively treat this life-threatening pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Cools
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - P Delputte
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - P Cos
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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17
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Egami H, Rouno T, Niwa T, Masuda K, Yamashita K, Hamashima Y. Asymmetric Dearomative Fluorination of 2‐Naphthols with a Dicarboxylate Phase‐Transfer Catalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:14101-14105. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202005367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiromichi Egami
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Shizuoka 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
| | - Taiki Rouno
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Shizuoka 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
| | - Tomoki Niwa
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Shizuoka 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
| | - Kousuke Masuda
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Shizuoka 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
| | - Kenji Yamashita
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Shizuoka 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Hamashima
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Shizuoka 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
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18
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Egami H, Rouno T, Niwa T, Masuda K, Yamashita K, Hamashima Y. Asymmetric Dearomative Fluorination of 2‐Naphthols with a Dicarboxylate Phase‐Transfer Catalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202005367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiromichi Egami
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Shizuoka 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
| | - Taiki Rouno
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Shizuoka 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
| | - Tomoki Niwa
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Shizuoka 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
| | - Kousuke Masuda
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Shizuoka 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
| | - Kenji Yamashita
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Shizuoka 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Hamashima
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Shizuoka 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
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19
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Real M, Barnhill MS, Higley C, Rosenberg J, Lewis JH. Drug-Induced Liver Injury: Highlights of the Recent Literature. Drug Saf 2020; 42:365-387. [PMID: 30343418 DOI: 10.1007/s40264-018-0743-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI), herbal-induced liver injury, and herbal and dietary supplement (HDS)-induced liver injury are an important aspect of drug safety. Knowledge regarding responsible drugs, mechanisms, risk factors, and the diagnostic tools to detect liver injury have continued to grow in the past year. This review highlights what we considered the most significant publications from among more than 1800 articles relating to liver injury from medications, herbal products, and dietary supplements in 2017 and 2018. The US Drug-Induced Liver Injury Network (DILIN) prospective study highlighted several areas of ongoing study, including the potential utility of human leukocyte antigens and microRNAs as DILI risk factors and new data on racial differences, the role of alcohol consumption, factors associated with prognosis, and updates on the clinical signatures of autoimmune DILI, thiopurines, and HDS agents. Novel data were also generated from the Spanish and Latin American DILI registries as well as from Chinese and Korean case series. A few new agents causing DILI were added to the growing list in the past 2 years, including sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors, as were new aspects of chemotherapy-associated liver injury. A number of cases reported previously described hepatotoxins confirmed via the Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method (RUCAM; e.g., norethisterone, methylprednisolone, glatiramer acetate) and/or the DILIN method (e.g., celecoxib, dimethyl fumarate). Additionally, much work centered on elucidating the pathophysiology of DILI, including the importance of bile salt export pumps and immune-mediated mechanisms. Finally, it must be noted that, while hundreds of new studies described DILI in 2017-2018, the quality of such reports must always be addressed. Björnsson reminds us to remain very critical of the data when addressing the future utility of a study, which is why it is so important to adhere to a standardized method such as RUCAM when determining DILI causality. While drug-induced hepatotoxicity remains a diagnosis of exclusion, the diverse array of publications that appeared in 2017 and 2018 provided important advances in our understanding of DILI, paving the way for our improved ability to make a more definitive diagnosis and risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Real
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Michele S Barnhill
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Cory Higley
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jessica Rosenberg
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - James H Lewis
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA.
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20
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A novel series of 11-O-carbamoyl-3-O-descladinosyl clarithromycin derivatives bearing 1,2,3-triazole group: Design, synthesis and antibacterial evaluation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:126850. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.126850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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Beechinor RJ, Cohen-Wolkowiez M, Jasion T, Hornik CP, Lang JE, Hernandez R, Gonzalez D. A Dried Blood Spot Analysis for Solithromycin in Adolescents, Children, and Infants: A Short Communication. Ther Drug Monit 2019; 41:761-765. [PMID: 31318840 PMCID: PMC6856424 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000000670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Solithromycin is a fourth-generation macrolide antibiotic with potential efficacy in pediatric community-acquired bacterial pneumonia. Pharmacokinetic (PK) studies of solithromycin in pediatric subjects are limited, therefore application of minimally invasive drug sampling techniques, such as dried blood spots (DBS), may enhance the enrollment of children in PK studies. The objectives of this study were to compare solithromycin concentrations in DBS with those in liquid plasma samples (LPS) and to quantify the effects of modeling DBS concentrations on the results of a population PK model. METHODS Comparability analysis was performed on matched DBS and LPS solithromycin concentrations collected from two different phase 1 clinical trials of solithromycin treatment in children (clinicaltrials.gov #NCT01966055 and #NCT02268279). Comparability of solithromycin concentrations was evaluated based on DBS:LPS ratio, median percentage prediction error, and median absolute percentage prediction error. The effect of correcting DBS concentrations for both hematocrit and protein binding was investigated. In addition, a previously published population PK model (NONMEM) was leveraged to compare parameter estimates resulting from either DBS or LPS concentrations. RESULTS A total of 672 paired DBS-LPS concentrations were available from 95 subjects (age: 0-17 years of age). The median (range) LPS and DBS solithromycin concentrations were 0.3 (0.01-12) mcg/mL and 0.32 (0.01-14) mcg/mL, respectively. Median percentage prediction error and median absolute percentage prediction error of raw DBS to LPS solithromycin concentrations were 5.26% and 22.95%, respectively. In addition, the majority of population PK parameter estimates resulting from modeling DBS concentrations were within 15% of those obtained from modeling LPS concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Solithromycin concentrations in DBS were similar to those measured in LPS and did not require correction for hematocrit or protein binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J. Beechinor
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Michael Cohen-Wolkowiez
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Theresa Jasion
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Christoph P. Hornik
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jason E. Lang
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Daniel Gonzalez
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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22
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Liapikou A, Cilloniz C, Palomeque A, Torres T. Emerging antibiotics for community-acquired pneumonia. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2019; 24:221-231. [PMID: 31657962 DOI: 10.1080/14728214.2019.1685494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Community-acquired pneumonia is the most common infection leading to hospitalization and death in all age groups, especially in elderly populations. Increasing antibiotic resistance among the common bacterial pathogens associated with community-acquired pneumonia, especially Streptococcus pneumoniae and staphylococci, has made its empirical treatment increasingly problematic, highlighting the need for effective antibiotic therapy.Areas covered: We searched PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov for English-language reports of phase III clinical trials conducted between 2000 and 2019 concerning the antibiotic treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. We provide a summary of the latest approved drugs for this indication and highlight emerging drugs with a potential indication.Expert opinion: Ceftaroline (a new cephalosporine) and omadacycline (a cycline alternative), either parenterally or orally, are the only two new antibiotics to have been approved by the FDA for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in the last five years. Among the antimicrobials in development, Lefamulin (the first pleuromutilin), is currently in phase III development. Among the known antibiotic classes, solithromycin (a macrolide), nemonoxacin (a quinolone), and delafloxacin and zabofloxacin (both fluoroquinolones), have been studied in phase II and III in clinical trials. The availability of these new antibiotics may offer opportunities to improve the empirical treatment for community-acquired pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Catia Cilloniz
- Respiratory Institute, CIBERES- IDIBAPS C, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrea Palomeque
- Respiratory Institute, CIBERES- IDIBAPS C, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Toni Torres
- Respiratory Institute, CIBERES- IDIBAPS C, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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23
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Design, synthesis and antibacterial evaluation of novel 15-membered 11a-azahomoclarithromycin derivatives with the 1, 2, 3-triazole side chain. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 180:321-339. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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24
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Yao W, Xu G, Bai B, Wang H, Deng M, Zheng J, Li D, Deng X, Liu X, Lin Z, Chen Z, Li G, Deng Q, Yu Z. In vitro-induced erythromycin resistance facilitates cross-resistance to the novel fluoroketolide, solithromycin, in Staphylococcus aureus. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2019; 365:4992303. [PMID: 29733362 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fny116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether in vitro induced erythromycin resistance facilitates the cross-resistance to the novel fluoroketolide, solithromycin, in Staphylococcus aureus. Four strains of methicillin-susceptible S. aureus strains S2, S3, S5 and S7 were successfully induced to establish erythromycin-resistant strains by continuous in vitro culture with erythromycin. Mutations at drug binding sites were shown to increase the minimal inhibitory concentrations for ketolides, including telithromycin and the novel compound solithromycin, but did not increase for lincosamides, chloramphenicols or oxazolidinones. In S2-, S5- and S7-derived strains, L22 protein mutations occurred first, resulting in a low level of cross-resistance to ketolides (≤4 μg/mL). The L4 protein mutations were dependent on the L22 protein, resulting in high-level cross-resistance to ketolides (≥8 μg/mL). In S3-derived strains, high levels of cross-resistance occurred concurrently in the 23S rRNA domains II/V and the L22 protein. Hence, long-term exposure of erythromycin results in resistance to ketolides in S. aureus through drug binding site mutations. These results demonstrate that since erythromycin has been used clinically for a long time, it is necessary to carefully evaluate the rewards and risks when prescribing solithromycin for the treatment of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Yao
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Shenzhen Key Lab for Endogenous Infection, Shenzhen Nanshan Hospital of Shenzhen University, No 89, Taoyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518052, China.,Quality Control Center of Hospital Infection Management of Shenzhen, No 89, Taoyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518052, China
| | - Guangjian Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Shenzhen Key Lab for Endogenous Infection, Shenzhen Nanshan Hospital of Shenzhen University, No 89, Taoyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518052, China.,Quality Control Center of Hospital Infection Management of Shenzhen, No 89, Taoyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518052, China
| | - Bing Bai
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Shenzhen Key Lab for Endogenous Infection, Shenzhen Nanshan Hospital of Shenzhen University, No 89, Taoyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518052, China.,Quality Control Center of Hospital Infection Management of Shenzhen, No 89, Taoyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518052, China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Shenzhen Key Lab for Endogenous Infection, Shenzhen Nanshan Hospital of Shenzhen University, No 89, Taoyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518052, China.,Quality Control Center of Hospital Infection Management of Shenzhen, No 89, Taoyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518052, China
| | - Minggui Deng
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Shenzhen Key Lab for Endogenous Infection, Shenzhen Nanshan Hospital of Shenzhen University, No 89, Taoyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518052, China.,Quality Control Center of Hospital Infection Management of Shenzhen, No 89, Taoyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518052, China
| | - Jinxin Zheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Shenzhen Key Lab for Endogenous Infection, Shenzhen Nanshan Hospital of Shenzhen University, No 89, Taoyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518052, China.,Quality Control Center of Hospital Infection Management of Shenzhen, No 89, Taoyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518052, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, School of Basic Medical Science and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, No 130, Dongan road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Duoyun Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Shenzhen Key Lab for Endogenous Infection, Shenzhen Nanshan Hospital of Shenzhen University, No 89, Taoyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518052, China.,Quality Control Center of Hospital Infection Management of Shenzhen, No 89, Taoyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518052, China
| | - Xiangbin Deng
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Shenzhen Key Lab for Endogenous Infection, Shenzhen Nanshan Hospital of Shenzhen University, No 89, Taoyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518052, China.,Quality Control Center of Hospital Infection Management of Shenzhen, No 89, Taoyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518052, China
| | - Xiaojun Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Shenzhen Key Lab for Endogenous Infection, Shenzhen Nanshan Hospital of Shenzhen University, No 89, Taoyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518052, China.,Quality Control Center of Hospital Infection Management of Shenzhen, No 89, Taoyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518052, China
| | - Zhiwei Lin
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Shenzhen Key Lab for Endogenous Infection, Shenzhen Nanshan Hospital of Shenzhen University, No 89, Taoyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518052, China.,Quality Control Center of Hospital Infection Management of Shenzhen, No 89, Taoyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518052, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, School of Basic Medical Science and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, No 130, Dongan road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Shenzhen Key Lab for Endogenous Infection, Shenzhen Nanshan Hospital of Shenzhen University, No 89, Taoyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518052, China.,Quality Control Center of Hospital Infection Management of Shenzhen, No 89, Taoyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518052, China
| | - Guiqiu Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Shenzhen Key Lab for Endogenous Infection, Shenzhen Nanshan Hospital of Shenzhen University, No 89, Taoyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518052, China.,Quality Control Center of Hospital Infection Management of Shenzhen, No 89, Taoyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518052, China
| | - Qiwen Deng
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Shenzhen Key Lab for Endogenous Infection, Shenzhen Nanshan Hospital of Shenzhen University, No 89, Taoyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518052, China.,Quality Control Center of Hospital Infection Management of Shenzhen, No 89, Taoyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518052, China
| | - Zhijian Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Shenzhen Key Lab for Endogenous Infection, Shenzhen Nanshan Hospital of Shenzhen University, No 89, Taoyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518052, China.,Quality Control Center of Hospital Infection Management of Shenzhen, No 89, Taoyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518052, China
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25
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Wen J, Chen F, Zhao M, Wang X. Solithromycin monotherapy for treatment of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Int J Clin Pract 2019; 73:e13333. [PMID: 30810253 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.13333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Solithromycin is a new monotherapy option for community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (CABP) patients. However, the efficacy and safety of solithromycin monotherapy for the treatment of CABP remains controversial. The aim of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the role that solithromycin played in the treatment of CABP. METHODS We systematically retrieved randomised controlled trials (RCTs) compared solithromycin with other antibiotics in the treatment of CABP, which were published on PubMed, ScienceDirect, Cochrane libary and the Clinical Trials.gov before July 2018. Ultimately, a meta-analysis of all RCTs eligible for inclusion criteria was performed. RESULTS Three RCTs, comprising 1855 patients, were included in the meta-analysis. There were no statistically significant differences between patients given solithromycin and those given other antibiotics with regard to early clinical response (ECR) [1855 patients, odds ratio (OR) = 1.00, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.80 to 1.24, P = 0.99] and clinical success rates at short-term follow-up (SFU) (1855 patients, OR = 0.78, 95% CI 0.60 to 1.01, P = 0.06) in the intention-to-treat (ITT) population, as were the ECR (787 patients, OR = 0.90, 95% CI 0.64 to 1.27, P = 0.55) and clinical success rates at SFU (358 patients, OR = 0.73, 95% CI 0.41 to 1.31, P = 0.30) in microbiological intention-to-treat population (mITT). Similarly, with regard to the occurrence of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs), drug-related adverse events (AEs), serious AEs, serious drug-related AEs and mortality, no statistically significant difference between patients given solithromycin and those given other antibiotics was observed. CONCLUSION In the treatment of CABP, solithromycin monotherapy is an effective and safe antibiotic regimen. Other advantages (ie anti-inflammatory effect, potent activity against expected pathogens of CABP and convenient clinical use) of solithromycin may make it a more fascinating option compared with the currently used regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junlin Wen
- Department of Pain Management, The First Affliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Yuebei People's Hospital, Shaoguan, China
| | - Mengxin Zhao
- Department of Pain Management, The First Affliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Department of Pain Management, The First Affliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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26
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Yao W, Xu G, Li D, Bai B, Wang H, Cheng H, Zheng J, Sun X, Lin Z, Deng Q, Yu Z. Staphylococcus aureus with an erm-mediated constitutive macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B resistance phenotype has reduced susceptibility to the new ketolide, solithromycin. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:175. [PMID: 30782125 PMCID: PMC6381629 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-3779-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Solithromycin, the fourth generation of ketolides, has been demonstrated potent antibacterial effect against commonly-isolated gram-positive strains. However, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) strains with a higher solithromycin MIC have already been emerged, the mechanism of which is unknown. METHODS Antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed on 266 strains of S. aureus. The antibiotic resistance phenotype of erm-positive strain was determined by D-zone test. Spontaneous mutation frequency analysis was performed to compare the risk levels for solithromycin resistance among different strains. Efflux pumps and mutational analysis of ribosomal fragments as well as erm(B) gene domains were detected. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was conducted to compare the transcriptional expression of the erm gene between the constitutive macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B (cMLSB)- and inducible MLSB (iMLSB)-phenotypes. RESULTS In the erm-positive S. aureus strains, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)50/90 of solithromycin (2/> 16 mg/L) was significantly higher than that in the erm-negative strains (0.125/0.25 mg/L). Of note, the MIC50 value of the strains with iMLSB (0.25 mg/L) was significantly lower than that of the strains with cMLSB (4 mg/L). A comparison among strains demonstrated that the median mutational frequency in isolates with cMLSB (> 1.2 × 10- 4) was approximately > 57-fold and > 3333-fold higher than that in iMLSB strains (2.1 × 10- 6) and in erythromycin-sensitive strains (3.6 × 10- 8), respectively. The differential antibiotic in vitro activity against strains between cMLSB and iMLSB could not be explained by efflux pump carriers or genetic mutations in the test genes. The expression of the erm genes in strains with cMLSB did not differ from that in strains with iMLSB. CONCLUSIONS The reduced susceptibility to solithromycin by S. aureus was associated with the cMLSB resistance phenotype mediated by erm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Yao
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Shenzhen Key Lab for Endogenous Infection, Shenzhen Nanshan Hospital of Shenzhen University, No. 89, Taoyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518052, China
| | - Guangjian Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Shenzhen Key Lab for Endogenous Infection, Shenzhen Nanshan Hospital of Shenzhen University, No. 89, Taoyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518052, China
| | - Duoyun Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Shenzhen Key Lab for Endogenous Infection, Shenzhen Nanshan Hospital of Shenzhen University, No. 89, Taoyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518052, China
| | - Bing Bai
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Shenzhen Key Lab for Endogenous Infection, Shenzhen Nanshan Hospital of Shenzhen University, No. 89, Taoyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518052, China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Shenzhen Key Lab for Endogenous Infection, Shenzhen Nanshan Hospital of Shenzhen University, No. 89, Taoyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518052, China
| | - Hang Cheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Shenzhen Key Lab for Endogenous Infection, Shenzhen Nanshan Hospital of Shenzhen University, No. 89, Taoyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518052, China
| | - Jinxin Zheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Shenzhen Key Lab for Endogenous Infection, Shenzhen Nanshan Hospital of Shenzhen University, No. 89, Taoyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518052, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, School of Basic Medical Science and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, No.130, Dongan road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiang Sun
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Shenzhen Key Lab for Endogenous Infection, Shenzhen Nanshan Hospital of Shenzhen University, No. 89, Taoyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518052, China
| | - Zhiwei Lin
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Shenzhen Key Lab for Endogenous Infection, Shenzhen Nanshan Hospital of Shenzhen University, No. 89, Taoyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518052, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, School of Basic Medical Science and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, No.130, Dongan road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qiwen Deng
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Shenzhen Key Lab for Endogenous Infection, Shenzhen Nanshan Hospital of Shenzhen University, No. 89, Taoyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518052, China.
| | - Zhijian Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Shenzhen Key Lab for Endogenous Infection, Shenzhen Nanshan Hospital of Shenzhen University, No. 89, Taoyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518052, China.
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27
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Lin J, Zhou D, Steitz TA, Polikanov YS, Gagnon MG. Ribosome-Targeting Antibiotics: Modes of Action, Mechanisms of Resistance, and Implications for Drug Design. Annu Rev Biochem 2018; 87:451-478. [PMID: 29570352 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-062917-011942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Genetic information is translated into proteins by the ribosome. Structural studies of the ribosome and of its complexes with factors and inhibitors have provided invaluable information on the mechanism of protein synthesis. Ribosome inhibitors are among the most successful antimicrobial drugs and constitute more than half of all medicines used to treat infections. However, bacterial infections are becoming increasingly difficult to treat because the microbes have developed resistance to the most effective antibiotics, creating a major public health care threat. This has spurred a renewed interest in structure-function studies of protein synthesis inhibitors, and in few cases, compounds have been developed into potent therapeutic agents against drug-resistant pathogens. In this review, we describe the modes of action of many ribosome-targeting antibiotics, highlight the major resistance mechanisms developed by pathogenic bacteria, and discuss recent advances in structure-assisted design of new molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzhong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China;
| | - Dejian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China;
| | - Thomas A Steitz
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA; .,Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Yury S Polikanov
- Department of Biological Sciences, and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA;
| | - Matthieu G Gagnon
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA; .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.,Current affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA;
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28
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Sex-related pharmacokinetic differences and mechanisms of metapristone (RU486 metabolite). Sci Rep 2017; 7:17190. [PMID: 29215040 PMCID: PMC5719405 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17225-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Metapristone is the primary metabolite of the abortifacient mifepristone (RU486), and is being developed as a safe and effective cancer metastatic chemopreventive agent for both sexes. Here, we systematically investigated the sex-related pharmacokinetics of metapristone in both rats and dogs, and explored the related mechanisms of actions. Administration of metapristone to rats and dogs showed that plasma concentrations of metapristone (AUC, C max ) were significantly higher in female dogs and rats than in males. The sex-related differences in pharmacokinetics become more significant after ten consecutive days of oral administration. Female liver microsomes metabolized metapristone significantly slower than the male ones. The results from P450 reaction phenotyping using recombinant cDNA-expressed human CYPs in conjunction with specific CYP inhibitors suggested that CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 are the predominant CYPs involved in the metapristone metabolism, which were further confirmed by the enhanced protein levels of CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 induced by 1-week oral administration of metapristone to rats. The highest tissue concentration of metapristone was found in the liver. The study demonstrates, for the first time, the sex-related pharmacokinetics of metapristone, and reveals that activities of liver microsomal CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 as well as the renal clearance are primarily responsible for the sex-related pharmacokinetics.
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Kocsis B, Szabo D. New treatment options for lower respiratory tract infections. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2017; 18:1345-1355. [DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2017.1363179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bela Kocsis
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University , Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dora Szabo
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University , Budapest, Hungary
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30
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Amalakuhan B, Echevarria KL, Restrepo MI. Managing community acquired pneumonia in the elderly - the next generation of pharmacotherapy on the horizon. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2017; 18:1039-1048. [PMID: 28598693 PMCID: PMC6092187 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2017.1340937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Community acquired pneumonia (CAP) is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality, especially among the elderly. Antibiotic treatment for CAP in the elderly is particularly challenging for many reasons, including compliance issues, immunosuppression, polypharmacy and antimicrobial resistance. There are few available antibiotics that are able to address these concerns. Areas covered: After a systematic review of the current literature, we describe seven novel antibiotics that are currently in advanced stages of development (phase 3 and beyond) and show promise for the treatment of CAP in those over the age of 65. These antibiotics are: Solithromycin, Pristinamycin, Nemonaxacin, Lefamulin, Omadacycline, Ceftobiprole and Delafloxacin. Using a novel conceptual framework designed by the present authors, known as the 'San Antonio NIPS model', we evaluate their strengths and weaknesses based on their ability to address the unique challenges that face the elderly. Expert opinion: All seven antibiotics have potential value for effective utilization in the elderly, but to varying degrees based on their NIPS model score. The goal of this model is to reorganize a clinician's focus on antibiotic choices in the elderly and bring attention to a seldom discussed topic that may potentially become a health-care crisis in the next decade.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - MI Restrepo
- University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio (San Antonio, TX, USA) South Texas Veterans Health Care System (San Antonio, TX, USA)
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31
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Cheesman MJ, Ilanko A, Blonk B, Cock IE. Developing New Antimicrobial Therapies: Are Synergistic Combinations of Plant Extracts/Compounds with Conventional Antibiotics the Solution? Pharmacogn Rev 2017; 11:57-72. [PMID: 28989242 PMCID: PMC5628525 DOI: 10.4103/phrev.phrev_21_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of penicillin nearly 90 years ago revolutionized the treatment of bacterial disease. Since that time, numerous other antibiotics have been discovered from bacteria and fungi, or developed by chemical synthesis and have become effective chemotherapeutic options. However, the misuse of antibiotics has lessened the efficacy of many commonly used antibiotics. The emergence of resistant strains of bacteria has seriously limited our ability to treat bacterial illness, and new antibiotics are desperately needed. Since the discovery of penicillin, most antibiotic development has focused on the discovery of new antibiotics derived from microbial sources, or on the synthesis of new compounds using existing antibiotic scaffolds to the detriment of other lines of discovery. Both of these methods have been fruitful. However, for a number of reasons discussed in this review, these strategies are unlikely to provide the same wealth of new antibiotics in the future. Indeed, the number of newly developed antibiotics has decreased dramatically in recent years. Instead, a reexamination of traditional medicines has become more common and has already provided several new antibiotics. Traditional medicine plants are likely to provide further new antibiotics in the future. However, the use of plant extracts or pure natural compounds in combination with conventional antibiotics may hold greater promise for rapidly providing affordable treatment options. Indeed, some combinational antibiotic therapies are already clinically available. This study reviews the recent literature on combinational antibiotic therapies to highlight their potential and to guide future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Cheesman
- School of Parmacy and Pharmacology, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, Queensland 4222, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Quality Use of Medicines Network, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Aishwarya Ilanko
- School of Natural Sciences, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Baxter Blonk
- School of Natural Sciences, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Ian E. Cock
- School of Natural Sciences, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
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Abstract
AIM Solithromycin is a new macrolide antibiotic for the potential treatment of bacterial pneumonia. MATERIALS & METHODS Solithromycin N-acetylation by human NAT1 and NAT2 was investigated following recombinant expression in yeast and in cryopreserved human hepatocytes from rapid, intermediate and slow acetylators. RESULTS Solithromycin exhibited over twofold higher affinity for recombinant human NAT2 than NAT1. Apparent maximum velocities for the N-acetylation of solithromycin catalyzed by the NAT2 allozyme associated with rapid acetylators were significantly (p < 0.01) higher than by the NAT2 allozymes associated with slow acetylators. Robust gene dose responses (rapid>intermediate>slow acetylators) were exhibited in cryopreserved human hepatocytes in situ following incubation with 100 μM solithromycin. CONCLUSION Solithromycin is N-acetylated by human NAT1 and NAT2 and the role of the NAT2 acetylation polymorphism on solithromycin metabolism may be concentration dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Hein
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Mark A Doll
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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