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Maharshi S, Sharma BC. Prophylaxis of hepatic encephalopathy: current and future drug targets. Hepatol Int 2024; 18:1096-1109. [PMID: 38492132 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-024-10647-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy is described by a broad spectrum of neurological and psychiatric aberrations resulting due to advanced liver dysfunction. It is a neurological disorder due to hepatic insufficiency and/or portosystemic shunts. Its clinical presentation includes neuropsychiatric dysfunction ranging from subclinical changes to comatose state. It is a sign of poor prognosis in cirrhotics with a high 1-year mortality. Each episode of hepatic encephalopathy leads to high hospitalization rate, poor prognosis and raised burden of healthcare. Primary prophylaxis is prevention of initial occurrence and secondary prophylaxis is prevention of reappearance of hepatic encephalopathy in subjects who had prior history. Early detection and management of triggers is very important in the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy. The initial choice of treatment is still lactulose, as it is effective in minimal, overt, and recurrent hepatic encephalopathy. Rifaximin is equally effective as lactulose in managing hepatic encephalopathy and is better tolerated. Branch chain amino acids are beneficial in subjects who are protein intolerant. L-ornithine L-aspartate and probiotics are also useful in the management of hepatic encephalopathy. Rifaximin along with lactulose is effective in managing overt and recurrent hepatic encephalopathy. Large portosystemic shunts embolization and liver transplant is efficacious in certain group of patients. Nutritional therapy and fecal microbiota transplantation are newer therapies for hepatic encephalopathy but the evidences are limited, more research is required to prove their efficacy. Involvement of hospital pharmacists, telemedicine, and providing education are also beneficial in managing hepatic encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Maharshi
- Department of Gastroenterology, SMS Medical College and Hospitals, Jaipur, India
| | - Barjesh Chander Sharma
- Department of Gastroenterology, G.B. Pant Hospital, Room No. 201, Academic Block, New Delhi, 110002, India.
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2
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Lange EC, Rampelotto PH, Longo L, de Freitas LBR, Uribe-Cruz C, Alvares-da-Silva MR. Ornithine aspartate effects on bacterial composition and metabolic pathways in a rat model of steatotic liver disease. World J Hepatol 2024; 16:832-842. [PMID: 38818297 PMCID: PMC11135274 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v16.i5.832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic-dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is a hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome. Studies suggest ornithine aspartate (LOLA) as drug therapy. AIM To analyze the influence of LOLA intake on gut microbiota using a nutritional model of MASLD. METHODS Adult male Sprague Dawley rats were randomized into three groups: Control (10 rats fed with a standard diet), MASLD (10 rats fed with a high-fat and choline-deficient diet), and LOLA (10 rats receiving 200 mg/kg/d LOLA, after the 16th week receiving high-fat and choline-deficient diet). After 28 wk of the experiment, animals were euthanized, and feces present in the intestine were collected. Following fecal DNA extraction, the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was amplified followed by sequencing in an Ion S5™ system. RESULTS Alpha and beta diversity metrics were comparable between MASLD and LOLA. 3 OTUs were differentially abundant between MASLD and LOLA, which belong to the species Helicobacter rodentium, Parabacteroides goldsteinii, and Parabacteroides distasonis. The functional prediction provided two different metabolic profiles between MASLD and LOLA. The 9 pathways differentially abundant in MASLD are related to a change in energy source, adenosine/purine nucleotides degradation as well as guanosine and adenosine deoxyribonucleotides biosynthesis. The 14 pathways differentially abundant in LOLA are associated with four major metabolic functions primarily influenced by L-aspartate, including tricarboxylic acid cycle pathways, purine/guanosine nucleotides biosynthesis, pyrimidine ribonucleotides biosynthesis and salvage as well as lipid IVA biosynthesis. CONCLUSION Although LOLA had no influence on alpha and beta diversity in this nutritional model of MASLD, it was associated with changes in specific gut microbes and their related metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Carolina Lange
- Experimental Laboratory of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90035-007, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-007, Brazil
| | - Pabulo Henrique Rampelotto
- Experimental Laboratory of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90035-007, Brazil
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core Facility, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-007, Brazil
| | - Larisse Longo
- Experimental Laboratory of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90035-007, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-007, Brazil
| | - Laura Bainy Rodrigues de Freitas
- Experimental Laboratory of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90035-007, Brazil
| | - Carolina Uribe-Cruz
- Experimental Laboratory of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90035-007, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-007, Brazil
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de las Misiones, Posadas, Misiones 3300, Argentina
| | - Mario Reis Alvares-da-Silva
- Experimental Laboratory of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90035-007, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-007, Brazil
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90035-007, RS, Brazil
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) researcher, Brasília 71605-001, Brazil.
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3
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Jhajharia A, Singh S, Jana S, Ashdhir P, Nijhawan S. Intravenous versus oral 'L-ornithine-L-aspartate' in overt hepatic encephalopathy: a randomized comparative study. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11862. [PMID: 38789596 PMCID: PMC11126676 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62293-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE), a morbid ordeal affecting chronic liver disease patients always insists for the search of a rational, superior & infallible agent beyond the time-proven standards i.e., Lactulose & Rifaximin. In this RCT, we compared the efficacy of intravenous (IV) L-ornithine-L-aspartate(LOLA) versus Oral LOLA in patients with chronic liver disease(CLD) enduring overt Hepatic Encephalopathy(OHE). 40 CLD patients with OHE were randomly assigned IV or oral LOLA in a 1:1 ratio. Patients were graded for HE and monitored for serum ammonia levels from day 1 to day 5. The aim was to compare IV versus oral LOLA efficacy in HE grades improvement and its correlation with ammonia levels. The study was registered with clinical trials registry-India, CTRI/2020/12/029943. Baseline characteristics of patients in both groups were similar. The mean difference in ammonia levels from day 1 to day 5 was 55.4 ± 32.58 µmol/L in the IV LOLA group and 60.75 ± 13.82 µmol/L in the oral LOLA group (p = 0.511). Significant reductions in ammonia levels were observed from day 1 to day 5 within each group (p < 0.001). HE grade & ammonia correlated positively in both groups. LOLA, regardless of administration route, has demonstrated efficacy in OHE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Jhajharia
- Department of Gastroenterology, SMS Medical College & Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 302004, India.
- , House No. 109, Shiv Vihar, VKI, Infront of road number 5, Sikar Road, Jaipur, 302039, India.
| | - Shashank Singh
- Department of Gastroenterology, SMS Medical College & Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 302004, India
| | - Sangeeta Jana
- Department of Gastroenterology, SMS Medical College & Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 302004, India
| | - Prachis Ashdhir
- Department of Gastroenterology, SMS Medical College & Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 302004, India
| | - Sandeep Nijhawan
- Department of Gastroenterology, SMS Medical College & Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 302004, India
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4
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Singh J, Ibrahim B, Han SH. Nontraditional Treatment of Hepatic Encephalopathy. Clin Liver Dis 2024; 28:297-315. [PMID: 38548441 DOI: 10.1016/j.cld.2024.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is complex, with hyperammonemia playing a central role in its development. Traditional therapies for HE have targeted ammonia and include medications such as lactulose and rifaximin. Although these agents are considered standard of care, nontraditional treatments seek to affect other factors in the pathogenesis of HE. Finally, procedural therapies include albumin dialysis, shunt closure, and the ultimate cure for HE, which is liver transplant. The treatments discussed provide alternative options for patients who have failed standard of care. However, more high-quality studies are needed to routinely recommend many of these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasleen Singh
- Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Brittney Ibrahim
- Department of Surgery, University of California at Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Steven-Huy Han
- Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Surgery, University of California at Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA, USA
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5
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Khalessi A, Pyrsopoulos NT. Pharmacologic Management of Hepatic Encephalopathy. Clin Liver Dis 2024; 28:287-296. [PMID: 38548440 DOI: 10.1016/j.cld.2024.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy is a common cause of morbidity and mortality among patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis. In this article, we review the history, mechanism, and evidence for first-line pharmacologic therapies for hepatic encephalopathy including nonabsorbable disaccharides, antibiotics, and electrolyte management. We also review newer, second-line therapies including polyethylene glycol, albumin, branched-chain amino acids, probiotics and fecal microbiota transplant, zinc, and l-ornithine-l-aspartate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Khalessi
- Rutgers New Jersey School of Medicine, 185 South Orange Avenue, MSB H-538, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Nikolaos T Pyrsopoulos
- Rutgers New Jersey School of Medicine, 185 South Orange Avenue, MSB H-538, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
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6
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Canbay A, Götze O, Kucukoglu O, Weinert S, Croner RS, Baars T, Özçürümez MK, Gieseler RK. l-Ornithine-l-Aspartate (LOLA) Normalizes Metabolic Parameters in Models of Steatosis, Insulin Resistance and Metabolic Syndrome. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:506. [PMID: 38675168 PMCID: PMC11054838 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16040506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
l-Ornithine- l-aspartate (LOLA) reduces toxic ammonium (NH3) plasma levels in hepatic encephalopathy. NH3 detoxification/excretion is achieved by its incorporation into urea and glutamine via activation of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 (CSP1) by l-ornithine and stimulation of arginase by l-aspartate. We aimed at identifying additional molecular targets of LOLA as a potential treatment option for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In primary hepatocytes from NAFLD patients, urea cycle enzymes CSP1 and ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) increase, while the catabolism of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) decreases with disease severity. In contrast, LOLA increased the expression rates of the BCAA enzyme transcripts bcat2, bckdha, and bckdk. In untreated HepG2 hepatoblastoma cells and HepG2-based models of steatosis, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome (the latter for the first time established herein), LOLA reduced the release of NH3; beneficially modulated the expression of genes related to fatty acid import/transport (cd36, cpt1), synthesis (fasn, scd1, ACC1), and regulation (srbf1); reduced cellular ATP and acetyl-CoA; and favorably modulated the expression of master regulators/genes of energy balance/mitochondrial biogenesis (AMPK-α, pgc1α). Moreover, LOLA reconstituted the depolarized mitochondrial membrane potential, while retaining mitochondrial integrity and avoiding induction of superoxide production. Most effects were concentration-dependent at ≤40 mM LOLA. We demonstrate for l-ornithine-l-aspartate a broad range of reconstituting effects on metabolic carriers and targets of catabolism/energy metabolism impaired in NAFLD. These findings strongly advocate further investigations to establish LOLA as a safe, efficacious, and cost-effective basic medication for preventing and/or alleviating NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Canbay
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Knappschaftskrankenhaus, Ruhr University Bochum, 44892 Bochum, Germany (T.B.); (M.K.Ö.)
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany;
| | - Oliver Götze
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Knappschaftskrankenhaus, Ruhr University Bochum, 44892 Bochum, Germany (T.B.); (M.K.Ö.)
| | - Ozlem Kucukoglu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany;
| | - Sönke Weinert
- Department of Cardiology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany;
| | - Roland S. Croner
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Transplantation Surgery, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany;
| | - Theodor Baars
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Knappschaftskrankenhaus, Ruhr University Bochum, 44892 Bochum, Germany (T.B.); (M.K.Ö.)
| | - Mustafa K. Özçürümez
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Knappschaftskrankenhaus, Ruhr University Bochum, 44892 Bochum, Germany (T.B.); (M.K.Ö.)
| | - Robert K. Gieseler
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Knappschaftskrankenhaus, Ruhr University Bochum, 44892 Bochum, Germany (T.B.); (M.K.Ö.)
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7
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Sonderup MW, Kamath PS, Awuku YA, Desalegn H, Gogela N, Katsidzira L, Tzeuton C, Bobat B, Kassianides C, Spearman CW. Managing cirrhosis with limited resources: perspectives from sub-Saharan Africa. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024; 9:170-184. [PMID: 38215781 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-1253(23)00279-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Cirrhosis represents the end stage of chronic liver disease. Sub-Saharan Africa, a resource-constrained region, has a high burden of chronic liver disease, with causes including chronic viral hepatitis, excessive alcohol use, and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), the risk of which is burgeoning. The development of liver cirrhosis predicts for morbidity and mortality, driven by both liver dysfunction and the consequences of portal hypertension. Compensated cirrhosis portends a better prognosis than decompensated cirrhosis, highlighting the need for the early diagnosis of cirrhosis and its causes. With resource challenges, the diagnosis and management of cirrhosis is demanding, but less costly and less invasive interventions with substantial benefits, ranging from simple blood tests to transient elastography, are feasible in such settings. Simple interventions are also available to manage the complex manifestations of decompensation, such as β blockers in variceal bleeding prophylaxis, salt restriction and appropriate diuretic use in ascites, and lactulose and generic rifaximin in hepatic encephalopathy. Ultimately, managing the underlying causative factors of liver disease is key in improving prognosis. Management demands expanded policy interventions to increase screening and treatment for hepatitis B and C and reduce alcohol use and the metabolic factors driving MASLD. Furthermore, the skills needed for more specialised interventions, such as transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt procedures and even liver transplantation, warrant planning, increased capacity, and support for regional centres of excellence. Such centres are already being developed in sub-Saharan Africa, demonstrating what can be achieved with dedicated initiatives and individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Sonderup
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | | | - Yaw A Awuku
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Hailemichael Desalegn
- Department of Internal Medicine, St Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Neliswa Gogela
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Leolin Katsidzira
- Internal Medicine Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Christian Tzeuton
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Douala, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Bilal Bobat
- Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand and Wits Donald Gordon Medical Centre, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Chris Kassianides
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - C Wendy Spearman
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
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8
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Perricone G, Artzner T, De Martin E, Jalan R, Wendon J, Carbone M. Intensive care management of acute-on-chronic liver failure. Intensive Care Med 2023; 49:903-921. [PMID: 37552333 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-023-07149-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is a clinical syndrome defined by an acute deterioration of the liver function associated with extrahepatic organ failures requiring intensive care support and associated with a high short-term mortality. ACLF has emerged as a major cause of mortality in patients with cirrhosis and chronic liver disease. ACLF has a unique pathophysiology in which systemic inflammation plays a key role; this provides the basis of novel therapies, several of which are now in clinical trials. Intensive care unit (ICU) therapy parallels that applied in the general ICU population in some organ failures but has peculiar differential characteristics in others. Critical care management strategies and the option of liver transplantation (LT) should be balanced with futility considerations in those with a poor prognosis. Nowadays, LT is the only life-saving treatment that can radically improve the long-term prognosis of patients with ACLF. This narrative review will provide insights on the current understanding of ACLF with emphasis on intensive care management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Perricone
- Hepatology and Gastroenterology Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Piazza Ospedale Maggiore 3, 20162, Milan, Italy.
| | - Thierry Artzner
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Eleonora De Martin
- AP-HP Hôpital Paul Brousse, Centre Hépato-Biliaire, Inserm UMR-S 1193, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Rajiv Jalan
- Liver Failure Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, UK
- European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julia Wendon
- Liver Intensive Therapy Unit, Division of Inflammation Biology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Marco Carbone
- Division of Gastroenterology, Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- European Reference Network On Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy
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9
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Abraldes JG, Caraceni P, Ghabril M, Garcia-Tsao G. Update in the Treatment of the Complications of Cirrhosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 21:2100-2109. [PMID: 36972759 PMCID: PMC11097249 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2023.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Cirrhosis consists of 2 main stages: compensated and decompensated, the latter defined by the development/presence of ascites, variceal hemorrhage, and hepatic encephalopathy. The survival rate is entirely different, depending on the stage. Treatment with nonselective β-blockers prevents decompensation in patients with clinically significant portal hypertension, changing the previous paradigm based on the presence of varices. In patients with acute variceal hemorrhage at high risk of failure with standard treatment (defined as those with a Child-Pugh score of 10-13 or those with a Child-Pugh score of 8-9 with active bleeding at endoscopy), a pre-emptive transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) improves the mortality rate and has become the standard of care in many centers. In patients with bleeding from gastrofundal varices, retrograde transvenous obliteration (in those with a gastrorenal shunt) and/or variceal cyanoacrylate injection have emerged as alternatives to TIPS. In patients with ascites, emerging evidence suggests that TIPS might be used earlier, before strict criteria for refractory ascites are met. Long-term albumin use is under assessment for improving the prognosis of patients with uncomplicated ascites and confirmatory studies are ongoing. Hepatorenal syndrome is the least common cause of acute kidney injury in cirrhosis, and first-line treatment is the combination of terlipressin and albumin. Hepatic encephalopathy has a profound impact on the quality of life of patients with cirrhosis. Lactulose and rifaximin are first- and second-line treatments for hepatic encephalopathy, respectively. Newer therapies such as L-ornithine L-aspartate and albumin require further assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan G Abraldes
- Liver Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Paolo Caraceni
- Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria di Bologna, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marwan Ghabril
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Guadalupe Garcia-Tsao
- Yale University School of Medicine, Veterans Administration - Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut.
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10
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Ntona S, Papaefthymiou A, Kountouras J, Gialamprinou D, Kotronis G, Boziki M, Polyzos SA, Tzitiridou M, Chatzopoulos D, Thavayogarajah T, Gkolia I, Ntonas G, Vardaka E, Doulberis M. Impact of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-related metabolic state on depression. Neurochem Int 2023; 163:105484. [PMID: 36634820 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2023.105484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), also recently referred as metabolic (dysfunction)-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), is characterized by hepatocyte steatosis in the setting of metabolic risk conditions and in the absence of an underlying precursor, for instance alcohol consumption, hepatotropic viruses and hepatotoxic drugs. A possible association between NAFLD and depression has been proposed, owing to intersecting pathophysiological pathways. This narrative review aimed to summarize the current evidence that illustrate the potential pathophysiological and clinical linkage between NAFLD-related metabolic state and depression. Prefrontal cortex lesions are suggested to be a consequence of liver steatosis-associated systematic hyperinflammatory state, a phenomenon also occurring in depression. In addition, depressive symptoms are present in neurotransmitter imbalances. These abnormalities seem to be correlated with NAFLD/MAFLD, in terms of insulin resistance (IR), ammonia and gut dysbiosis' impact on serotonin, dopamine, noradrenaline levels and gamma aminobutyric acid receptors. Furthermore, reduced levels of nesfatin-1 and copine-6-associated BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) levels have been considered as a probable link between NAFLD and depression. Regarding NAFLD-related gut dysbiosis, it stimulates mediators including lipopolysaccharides, short-chain fatty acids and bile acids, which play significant role in depression. Finally, western diet and IR, which are mainstay components of NAFLD/MAFLD, are, also, substantiated to affect neurotransmitters in hippocampus and produce neurotoxic lipids that contribute to neurologic dysfunction, and thus trigger emotional disturbances, mainly depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smaragda Ntona
- Alexandrovska University Hospital, Medical University Sofia, 1431, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Apostolis Papaefthymiou
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Larisa, 41110, Mezourlo, Larissa, Thessaly, Greece; First Laboratory of Pharmacology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece; Second Medical Clinic, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokration Hospital, 54642, Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
| | - Jannis Kountouras
- Second Medical Clinic, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokration Hospital, 54642, Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece.
| | - Dimitra Gialamprinou
- Second Medical Clinic, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokration Hospital, 54642, Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece; Second Neonatal Department and NICU, Papageorgiou General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 56403, Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
| | - Georgios Kotronis
- Second Medical Clinic, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokration Hospital, 54642, Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece; Department of Internal Medicine, General Hospital Aghios Pavlos of Thessaloniki, 55134, Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
| | - Marina Boziki
- Second Neurological Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University General Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54636, Macedonia, Greece
| | - Stergios A Polyzos
- First Laboratory of Pharmacology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
| | - Maria Tzitiridou
- Second Medical Clinic, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokration Hospital, 54642, Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece; School of Healthcare Sciences, Midwifery Department, University of West Macedonia, Koila, Kozani, 50100, Macedonia, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Chatzopoulos
- Second Medical Clinic, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokration Hospital, 54642, Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
| | - Tharshika Thavayogarajah
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ioanna Gkolia
- Psychiatric Hospital of Thessaloniki, 54634, Stavroupoli, Macedonia, Greece
| | - Georgios Ntonas
- Department of Anesthesiology, Agios Dimitrios General Hospital, 54635, Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
| | - Elisabeth Vardaka
- Second Medical Clinic, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokration Hospital, 54642, Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece; Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, 57400, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Michael Doulberis
- Second Medical Clinic, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokration Hospital, 54642, Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Zurich, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University Department, Kantonsspital Aarau, 5001, Aarau, Switzerland
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11
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Hepatic Encephalopathy: Current and Emerging Treatment Modalities. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 20:S9-S19. [PMID: 35940731 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2022.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a potentially reversible neurocognitive complication of cirrhosis. It has been reported in at least 30% of patients with cirrhosis and imposes a significant economic burden on caregivers and the healthcare system. Ammonia has been recognized as the culprit in HE development, and all the currently approved treatments mostly act on this toxin to help with HE resolution. After a brief overview of HE characteristics and pathophysiology, this review explores the current accepted treatments for this debilitating complication of cirrhosis. This is followed by an overview of the novel available therapies and a brief focus on future treatment modalities for HE.
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12
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Seshadri A, Appelbaum R, Carmichael SP, Cuschieri J, Hoth J, Kaups KL, Kodadek L, Kutcher ME, Pathak A, Rappold J, Rudnick SR, Michetti CP. Management of Decompensated Cirrhosis in the Surgical ICU: an American Association for the Surgery of Trauma Critical Care Committee Clinical Consensus Document. Trauma Surg Acute Care Open 2022; 7:e000936. [PMID: 35991906 PMCID: PMC9345092 DOI: 10.1136/tsaco-2022-000936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Management of decompensated cirrhosis (DC) can be challenging for the surgical intensivist. Management of DC is often complicated by ascites, coagulopathy, hepatic encephalopathy, gastrointestinal bleeding, hepatorenal syndrome, and difficulty assessing volume status. This Clinical Consensus Document created by the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma Critical Care Committee reviews practical clinical questions about the critical care management of patients with DC to facilitate best practices by the bedside provider.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupamaa Seshadri
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rachel Appelbaum
- Department of Surgery, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Samuel P Carmichael
- Department of Surgery, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Joseph Cuschieri
- Department of Surgery, San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jason Hoth
- Department of Surgery, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Krista L Kaups
- Department of Surgery, UCSF Fresno, Fresno, California, USA
| | - Lisa Kodadek
- Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA,Department of Surgery, Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Matthew E Kutcher
- Surgery, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Abhijit Pathak
- Department of Surgery, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joseph Rappold
- Department of Surgery, Maine Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Sean R Rudnick
- Department of Gastroenterology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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13
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Ben Khaled N, Allgeier J, Lutz T, Weber S, Lange CM. Medikamentöse Therapie bei Patienten mit Leberzirrhose. DIE GASTROENTEROLOGIE 2022. [PMCID: PMC9247913 DOI: 10.1007/s11377-022-00635-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Die Leberzirrhose ist das Endstadium chronischer Lebererkrankungen und insbesondere im fortgeschrittenen Stadium mit einer hohen Morbidität und Mortalität verbunden. Patienten mit Leberfunktionseinschränkung sind permanent von einer Vielzahl schwerwiegender Komplikationen bedroht. Ein optimales pharmakologisches Management bei Patienten mit Leberinsuffizienz kann die Progression der Grunderkrankung verlangsamen, Hospitalisationen verhindern sowie Lebensqualität und Überleben verbessern. Dieser Artikel gibt einen Überblick über den aktuellen Stand und neue Entwicklungen der Pharmakotherapie bei Patienten mit Leberzirrhose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najib Ben Khaled
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, LMU Klinikum, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 München, Bayern Deutschland
| | - Julian Allgeier
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, LMU Klinikum, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 München, Bayern Deutschland
| | - Teresa Lutz
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, LMU Klinikum, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 München, Bayern Deutschland
| | - Sabine Weber
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, LMU Klinikum, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 München, Bayern Deutschland
| | - Christian M. Lange
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, LMU Klinikum, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 München, Bayern Deutschland
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14
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Häussinger D, Dhiman RK, Felipo V, Görg B, Jalan R, Kircheis G, Merli M, Montagnese S, Romero-Gomez M, Schnitzler A, Taylor-Robinson SD, Vilstrup H. Hepatic encephalopathy. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2022; 8:43. [PMID: 35739133 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-022-00366-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a prognostically relevant neuropsychiatric syndrome that occurs in the course of acute or chronic liver disease. Besides ascites and variceal bleeding, it is the most serious complication of decompensated liver cirrhosis. Ammonia and inflammation are major triggers for the appearance of HE, which in patients with liver cirrhosis involves pathophysiologically low-grade cerebral oedema with oxidative/nitrosative stress, inflammation and disturbances of oscillatory networks in the brain. Severity classification and diagnostic approaches regarding mild forms of HE are still a matter of debate. Current medical treatment predominantly involves lactulose and rifaximin following rigorous treatment of so-called known HE precipitating factors. New treatments based on an improved pathophysiological understanding are emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Häussinger
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Radha K Dhiman
- Department of Hepatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, (Uttar Pradesh), India
| | - Vicente Felipo
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigación Principe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Boris Görg
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rajiv Jalan
- Liver Failure Group ILDH, Division of Medicine, UCL Medical School, Royal Free Campus, London, UK.,European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gerald Kircheis
- Department of Gastroenterology, Diabetology and Hepatology, University Hospital Brandenburg an der Havel, Brandenburg Medical School, Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany
| | - Manuela Merli
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Universita' degli Studi di Roma - Sapienza, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Manuel Romero-Gomez
- UCM Digestive Diseases, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (HUVR/CSIC/US), University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Alfons Schnitzler
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Simon D Taylor-Robinson
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, St. Mary's Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Hendrik Vilstrup
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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15
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Jain A, Sharma BC, Mahajan B, Srivastava S, Kumar A, Sachdeva S, Sonika U, Dalal A. L-ornithine L-aspartate in acute treatment of severe hepatic encephalopathy: A double-blind randomized controlled trial. Hepatology 2022; 75:1194-1203. [PMID: 34822189 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Data on the use of intravenous L-ornithine L-aspartate (LOLA) in the treatment of overt HE (OHE) is limited. We evaluated the role of intravenous LOLA in patients of cirrhosis with OHE grade III-IV. APPROACH AND RESULTS In a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial, 140 patients were randomized to a combination of LOLA, lactulose, and rifaximin (n = 70) or placebo, lactulose, and rifaximin (n = 70). LOLA was given as continuous intravenous infusion at a dose of 30 g over 24 h for 5 days. Ammonia levels, TNF-α, ILs, and endotoxins were measured on days 0 and 5. The primary outcome was the improvement in the grade of HE at day 5. Higher rates of improvement in grade of HE (92.5% vs. 66%, p < 0.001), lower time to recovery (2.70 ± 0.46 vs. 3.00 ± 0.87 days, p = 0.03), and lower 28-day mortality (16.4% vs. 41.8%, p = 0.001) were seen in the LOLA group as compared with placebo. Levels of inflammatory markers were reduced in both groups. Significantly higher reductions in levels of blood ammonia, IL-6, and TNF-α were seen in the LOLA group. CONCLUSIONS Combination of LOLA with lactulose and rifaximin was more effective than only lactulose and rifaximin in improving grades of HE, recovery time from encephalopathy, with lower 28-day mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpan Jain
- Department of GastroenterologyGB Pant HospitalNew DelhiIndia
| | | | - Bhawna Mahajan
- Department of BiochemistryGB Pant HospitalNew DelhiIndia
| | | | - Ajay Kumar
- Department of GastroenterologyGB Pant HospitalNew DelhiIndia
| | | | - Ujjwal Sonika
- Department of GastroenterologyGB Pant HospitalNew DelhiIndia
| | - Ashok Dalal
- Department of GastroenterologyGB Pant HospitalNew DelhiIndia
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16
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Hoilat GJ, Suhail FK, Adhami T, John S. Evidence-based approach to management of hepatic encephalopathy in adults. World J Hepatol 2022; 14:670-681. [PMID: 35646276 PMCID: PMC9099111 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v14.i4.670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a reversible syndrome of impaired brain function and represents one of the many complications of portal hypertension and decompensated liver disease. Although ammonia is clearly implicated in the pathogenesis of HE, the pathogenesis of HE is multifactorial with numerous mechanisms that results in functional impairment of neuronal cells. The initial management of HE focuses on supportive care and stabilization which includes providing appropriate nutritional support. Thereafter, focus should be on identifying and treating the precipitating factors. There are many therapeutic agents available for the management of HE, most of which are directed towards lowering the gut nitrogen load and thus the serum ammonia level. This review aims to provide an update on the conventional and emerging treatment options for HE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Jadd Hoilat
- Department of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, United States
| | - Fathima Keshia Suhail
- Department of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, United States
| | - Talal Adhami
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States
| | - Savio John
- Department of Gastroenterology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, United States
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17
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Kroupina K, Bémeur C, Rose CF. Amino acids, ammonia, and hepatic encephalopathy. Anal Biochem 2022; 649:114696. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2022.114696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Passi NN, McPhail MJW. The patient with cirrhosis in the intensive care unit and the management of acute-on-chronic liver failure. J Intensive Care Soc 2022; 23:78-86. [PMID: 37593538 PMCID: PMC10427846 DOI: 10.1177/1751143720978849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute on chronic liver failure (ACLF) is a clinical syndrome characterised by acute hepatic decompensation, multi-organ failure and high mortality, in patients with cirrhosis. Organ dysfunction in ACLF is often reversible and when necessary these patients should be considered appropriate candidates for admission to an intensive care unit (ICU). The yearly increase in numbers of patients with ACLF admitted to ICU has been matched with an improvement in survival. ACLF has only been recently defined. In the absence of evidence-based guidelines we outline a systems-based approach to care which encompasses accepted ICU practice and evidence from trials in this cohort. We advocate for timely referral to specialist liver centres and consider the complexities of proceeding with liver transplantation. Equally, in a proportion of patients who continue to deteriorate, appropriate ceilings of care should be established. Future clinical trials may change treatment paradigms but care of patients with ACLF is undoubtedly becoming an integral part of an intensivist's practice. We hope that this review is a welcome starting point when managing this complex clinical syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha N Passi
- Institute of Liver Studies, Kings College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Mark JW McPhail
- Institute of Liver Studies, Kings College Hospital, London, UK
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19
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Rajpurohit S, Musunuri B, Basthi Mohan P, Shetty S. Novel Drugs for the Management of Hepatic Encephalopathy: Still a Long Journey to Travel. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2022; 12:1200-1214. [PMID: 35814520 PMCID: PMC9257922 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2022.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is one of the reversible complications of chronic liver disease, associated with a higher mortality rate. In current clinical practice, treatment with rifaximin and lactulose/lactitol is the first line of treatment in HE. With the advance in pathophysiology, a new class of ammonia lowering drugs has been revealed to overcome the hurdle and disease burden. The mechanism of the novel agents differs significantly and includes the alteration in intestinal microbiota, intestinal endothelial integrity, oxidative stress, inflammatory markers, and modulation of neurotoxins. Most of the trials have reported promising results in the treatment and prevention of HE with fecal microbiota transplantation, albumin, probiotics, flumazenil, polyethylene glycol, AST-120, glycerol phenylbutyrate, nitazoxanide, branched-chain amino acid, naloxone, and acetyl-l-carnitine. However, their clinical use is limited due to the presence of major drawbacks in their study design, sample size, safety profile, bias, and heterogenicity. This study will discuss the novel therapeutic targets for HE in liver cirrhosis patients with supporting clinical trial data.
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Key Words
- ALC, acetyl-L-carnitine
- BCAA, branched-chain amino acid
- BD, twice a day
- BDI, Beck Depression Inventory
- BUN, blood urea nitrogen
- CHESS, Clinical Hepatic Encephalopathy Staging Scale
- CLDQ, Chronic Liver Disease Questionnaire
- ECT, estimated completion time
- EEG, electroencephalogram
- FMT, fecal microbiota transplantation
- GPB, glycerol phenylbutyrate
- HESA, Hepatic Encephalopathy Scoring Algorithm
- HRQOL, health-related quality of life
- IV, intravenous
- MED, Modified Encephalopathy Scale
- MELD, Model for End-stage Liver Disease
- MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination
- NTZ, nitazoxanide
- Nal, naloxone
- OD, once a day
- ORT, object recognition test
- PEG, polyethylene glycol
- QID, four times a day
- QOL, quality of life
- RBNS, Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status
- RCT, randomized control trial
- RT-qPCR, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction
- TID, three times a day
- VSL#3, high concentration probiotic preparations
- hepatic encephalopathy
- liver cirrhosis
- novel drugs
- treatment outcome
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shiran Shetty
- Address for correspondence: Shiran Shetty, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India.
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20
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Hasan LZ, Wu GY. Novel Agents in the Management of Hepatic Encephalopathy: A Review. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2021; 9:749-759. [PMID: 34722190 PMCID: PMC8516841 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2021.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy is an often devastating complication of chronic liver disease, associated with high mortality and increased burden on patients and healthcare systems. Current agents (such as nonabsorbable disaccharides and oral antibiotics) are often only partially effective and associated with unpleasant side effects. With our improved understanding of the pathophysiology of hepatic encephalopathy, multiple treatment modalities have emerged with promising results when used alone or as an adjunct to standard medications. The mechanisms of these agents vary greatly, and include the manipulation of gut microbial composition, reduction of oxidative stress, inhibition of inflammatory mediators, protection of endothelial integrity, modulation of neurotransmitter release and function, and other novel methods to reduce blood ammonia and neurotoxins. Despite their promising results, the studies assessing these treatment modalities are often limited by study design, sample size, outcome assessment heterogeneity, and paucity of data regarding their safety profiles. In this article, we discuss these novel agents in depth and provide the best evidence supporting their use, along with a critical look at their limitations and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leen Z. Hasan
- Correspondence to: Leen Z. Hasan, Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-1235, USA. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3852-8591. Tel: +1-617-283-6633, Fax: +1-860-679-4613, E-mail: ,
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21
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Seifert LL, Schindler P, Schoster M, Weller JF, Wilms C, Schmidt HH, Maschmeier M, Masthoff M, Köhler M, Heinzow H, Wildgruber M. Recurrence of Hepatic Encephalopathy after TIPS: Effective Prophylaxis with Combination of Lactulose and Rifaximin. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10204763. [PMID: 34682886 PMCID: PMC8537523 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10204763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) implantation is an established procedure to treat portal hypertension with hepatic encephalopathy (HE) as a common complication. There is lack of evidence concerning HE prophylaxis after TIPS. METHODS N = 233 patients receiving TIPS between 2011 and 2018 at a German tertiary care center were included. Of them, 21% (n = 49) had a history of HE. The follow-up period was 12 months. The risk factors of post-TIPS HE were analyzed via multivariate analysis. The efficacy of prophylactic medication regimens was studied. The results show that 35.6% (n = 83) received no medication (NM), 36.5% (n = 85) received lactulose monoprophylaxis (LM), 2.6% (n = 6) rifaximin monoprophylaxis (RM) and 25.3% (n = 59) lactulose and rifaximin (LR) of which 64.4% received l-ornithin-l-aspartate (LOLA) additionally (LR + LOLA) and 36.6% did not (LRonly). RESULTS Multivariate analysis revealed higher age (p = 0.003) and HE episodes prior to TIPS (p = 0.004) as risk factors for HE after TIPS. LM has no prophylactic effect. LR prevents HE recurrence at 1, 3 and 12 months after TIPS (p = 0.003, p = 0.003, p = 0.006) but does not prevent HE in patients with no history of HE (p = 0.234, p = 0.483, p = 0.121). LR prevents HE recurrence compared with LM/NM (25.0% vs. 64.7%, p = 0.007) within 12 months after TIPS, whereas de novo occurrence is unaffected (p = 0.098). The additional administration of LOLA to LR has no benefit (LRonly: 25.0%, LR + LOLA: 29.7%, p = 0.780). CONCLUSIONS Higher age and previous HE are risk factors post-TIPS HE. In patients with HE prior to TIPS, effective prophylaxis of HE is feasible via combination of lactulose and rifaximin with no additional benefit from LOLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Louis Seifert
- Medical Clinic B, Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Infectiology, University Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany; (L.L.S.); (M.S.); (C.W.); (H.H.S.); (M.M.); (H.H.)
| | - Philipp Schindler
- Clinic for Radiology, University Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany; (P.S.); (M.M.); (M.K.)
| | - Martin Schoster
- Medical Clinic B, Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Infectiology, University Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany; (L.L.S.); (M.S.); (C.W.); (H.H.S.); (M.M.); (H.H.)
| | - Jan Frederic Weller
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany;
| | - Christian Wilms
- Medical Clinic B, Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Infectiology, University Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany; (L.L.S.); (M.S.); (C.W.); (H.H.S.); (M.M.); (H.H.)
| | - Hartmut H. Schmidt
- Medical Clinic B, Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Infectiology, University Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany; (L.L.S.); (M.S.); (C.W.); (H.H.S.); (M.M.); (H.H.)
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Miriam Maschmeier
- Medical Clinic B, Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Infectiology, University Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany; (L.L.S.); (M.S.); (C.W.); (H.H.S.); (M.M.); (H.H.)
- Department of Medicine I, Krankenhaus der Barmherzigen Brüder, 54292 Trier, Germany
| | - Max Masthoff
- Clinic for Radiology, University Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany; (P.S.); (M.M.); (M.K.)
| | - Michael Köhler
- Clinic for Radiology, University Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany; (P.S.); (M.M.); (M.K.)
| | - Hauke Heinzow
- Medical Clinic B, Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Infectiology, University Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany; (L.L.S.); (M.S.); (C.W.); (H.H.S.); (M.M.); (H.H.)
- Department of Medicine I, Krankenhaus der Barmherzigen Brüder, 54292 Trier, Germany
| | - Moritz Wildgruber
- Clinic for Radiology, University Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany; (P.S.); (M.M.); (M.K.)
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Correspondence:
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22
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New Therapies of Liver Diseases: Hepatic Encephalopathy. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10184050. [PMID: 34575157 PMCID: PMC8472037 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10184050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a common complication of advanced liver disease which has profound implications in terms of the patients’ ability to fulfil their family and social roles, to drive and to provide for themselves. Recurrent and persistent HE is still a serious management challenge, translating into a significant burden for patients and their families, health services and society at large. The past few years have been characterized by significantly more attention towards HE and its implications; its definition has been refined and a small number of new drugs/alternative management strategies have become available, while others are underway. In this narrative review we summarize them in a pragmatic and hopefully useful fashion.
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23
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Zimmermann M, Reichert AS. Rapid metabolic and bioenergetic adaptations of astrocytes under hyperammonemia - a novel perspective on hepatic encephalopathy. Biol Chem 2021; 402:1103-1113. [PMID: 34331848 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2021-0172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a well-studied, neurological syndrome caused by liver dysfunctions. Ammonia, the major toxin during HE pathogenesis, impairs many cellular processes within astrocytes. Yet, the molecular mechanisms causing HE are not fully understood. Here we will recapitulate possible underlying mechanisms with a clear focus on studies revealing a link between altered energy metabolism and HE in cellular models and in vivo. The role of the mitochondrial glutamate dehydrogenase and its role in metabolic rewiring of the TCA cycle will be discussed. We propose an updated model of ammonia-induced toxicity that may also be exploited for therapeutic strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Zimmermann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas S Reichert
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Efficacy of albumin-bilirubin score to predict hepatic encephalopathy in patients underwent transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 33:862-871. [PMID: 32541240 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0000000000001801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The occurrence of hepatic encephalopathy is one of the main factors limiting the development and application of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS). Our study aimed to verify the efficacy of the albumin-bilirubin score, an objective and simple scoring system, to predict post-TIPS hepatic encephalopathy. METHODS From February 2014 to July 2019, a total of 224 patients who underwent TIPS procedure were entered into the study. All patients were followed up after TIPS placement. Relevant clinical data within 24 h after admission were collected to compare the differences between patients with and without hepatic encephalopathy after TIPS placement. RESULTS A total of 82 (36.6%) patients developed post-TIPS hepatic encephalopathy. Age and albumin-bilirubin score was found to be independent risk factors for post-TIPS hepatic encephalopathy. The albumin-bilirubin score shows a good ability to predict the occurrence of hepatic encephalopathy within 1 year after TIPS. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve is 0.74 (95% confidence interval: 0.673-0.806). In addition, in order to improve its feasibility, we regrouped the albumin-bilirubin score into three levels (albumin-bilirubin≤ -1.95, low risk; 1.95 <albumin-bilirubin ≤1.45, intermediate risk; albumin-bilirubin > -1.45, high risk). CONCLUSION The albumin-bilirubin score has a good predictive value for the possibility of post-TIPS hepatic encephalopathy, which is better than the model for end-stage liver disease and Child-Pugh score.
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Butterworth RF. Ammonia Removal by Metabolic Scavengers for the Prevention and Treatment of Hepatic Encephalopathy in Cirrhosis. Drugs R D 2021; 21:123-132. [PMID: 33890246 PMCID: PMC8206241 DOI: 10.1007/s40268-021-00345-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective lowering of circulating ammonia is the mainstay strategy in the prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhosis and there is increasing interest in agents with the metabolic potential for the active removal of ammonia by the liver and skeletal muscle by agents including L-ornithine L-aspartate, branched-chain amino acids, as well as the re-purposing of benzoate and phenylacetate currently employed for the control of hyperammonaemia in congenital urea-cycle enzymopathies. Based upon results of multiple systematic reviews with meta-analyses, L-ornithine L-aspartate demonstrably lowers circulating ammonia in patients with cirrhosis with concomitantly improved mental status. Distinct mechanisms responsible include optimisation of hepatic metabolic pathways for ammonia removal as well as direct hepatoprotective effects involving the release of glutathione and of nitric oxide with beneficial effects on hepatic microcirculation. L-ornithine L-aspartate also prevents cirrhosis-related sarcopenia, leading to increased capacity for ammonia removal by skeletal muscle. Branched-chain amino acids continue to be prescribed as nutritional supplements with the potential to result in improvements in liver function. Sodium benzoate, glycerol phenylbutyrate and an analogous compound L-ornithine phenylacetate were also evaluated. Glycerol phenylbutyrate was the only agent with a beneficial effect on both hyperammonaemia and hepatic encephalopathy. None were superior to lactulose for the lowering of blood ammonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger F Butterworth
- Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, 45143 Cabot Trail, Englishtown, NS, B0C 1H0, Canada.
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Cheng Y, Zhang G, Zhang X, Li Y, Li J, Zhou J, Huang L, Xie S, Shen W. Identification of minimal hepatic encephalopathy based on dynamic functional connectivity. Brain Imaging Behav 2021; 15:2637-2645. [PMID: 33755921 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-021-00468-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
To investigate whether dynamic functional connectivity (DFC) metrics can better identify minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) patients from cirrhotic patients without any hepatic encephalopathy (noHE) and healthy controls (HCs). Resting-state functional MRI data were acquired from 62 patients with cirrhosis (MHE, n = 30; noHE, n = 32) and 41 HCs. We used the sliding time window approach and functional connectivity analysis to extract the time-varying properties of brain connectivity. Three DFC characteristics (i.e., strength, stability, and variability) were calculated. For comparison, we also calculated the static functional connectivity (SFC). A linear support vector machine was used to differentiate MHE patients from noHE and HCs using DFC and SFC metrics as classification features. The leave-one-out cross-validation method was used to estimate the classification performance. The strength of DFC (DFC-Dstrength) achieved the best accuracy (MHE vs. noHE, 72.5%; MHE vs. HCs, 84%; and noHE vs. HCs, 88%) compared to the other dynamic features. Compared to static features, the classification accuracies of the DFC-Dstrength feature were improved by 10.5%, 8%, and 14% for MHE vs. noHE, MHE vs. HC, and noHE vs. HCs, respectively. Based on the DFC-Dstrength, seven nodes were identified as the most discriminant features to classify MHE from noHE, including left inferior parietal lobule, left supramarginal gyrus, left calcarine, left superior frontal gyrus, left cerebellum, right postcentral gyrus, and right insula. In summary, DFC characteristics have a higher classification accuracy in identifying MHE from cirrhosis patients. Our findings suggest the usefulness of DFC in capturing neural processes and identifying disease-related biomarkers important for MHE identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Cheng
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Gaoyan Zhang
- College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cognitive Computing and Application, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Yuexuan Li
- College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cognitive Computing and Application, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Jingli Li
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Jiamin Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Lixiang Huang
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Shuangshuang Xie
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Wen Shen
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, 300192, China
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Rose CF, Amodio P, Bajaj JS, Dhiman RK, Montagnese S, Taylor-Robinson SD, Vilstrup H, Jalan R. Hepatic encephalopathy: Novel insights into classification, pathophysiology and therapy. J Hepatol 2020; 73:1526-1547. [PMID: 33097308 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a frequent and serious complication of both chronic liver disease and acute liver failure. HE manifests as a wide spectrum of neuropsychiatric abnormalities, from subclinical changes (mild cognitive impairment) to marked disorientation, confusion and coma. The clinical and economic burden of HE is considerable, and it contributes greatly to impaired quality of life, morbidity and mortality. This review will critically discuss the latest classification of HE, as well as the pathogenesis and pathophysiological pathways underlying the neurological decline in patients with end-stage liver disease. In addition, management strategies, diagnostic approaches, currently available therapeutic options and novel treatment strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher F Rose
- Hepato-Neuro Laboratory, CRCHUM, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.
| | - Piero Amodio
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Jasmohan S Bajaj
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Radha Krishan Dhiman
- Department of Hepatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Simon D Taylor-Robinson
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, St. Mary's Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hendrik Vilstrup
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Rajiv Jalan
- Liver Failure Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom; European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure, Barcelona, Spain.
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Han W, Zhang H, Han Y, Duan Z. Cognition-tracking-based strategies for diagnosis and treatment of minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Metab Brain Dis 2020; 35:869-881. [PMID: 32495311 PMCID: PMC7354280 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-020-00539-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE), which shows mild cognitive impairment, is a subtle complication of cirrhosis that has been shown to affect daily functioning and quality of life. However, until 2014, relevant guidelines do not give much attention to the diagnosis and treatment of MHE, resulting in patients being ignored and denied the benefits of treatment. In this review, we summarize recent cognition-based research about (1) alteration of nerve cells, including astrocytes, microglial cells and neurons, in mild cognitive impairment in MHE; (2) comparison of methods in detecting cognitive impairment in MHE; and (3) comparison of methods for therapy of cognitive impairment in MHE. We hope to provide information about diagnosis and treatment of cognitive impairment in patients with MHE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijia Han
- Difficult & Complicated Liver Diseases and Artificial Liver Center, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Liver Failure and Artificial Liver Treatment Research, Beijing, China
| | - Huanqian Zhang
- Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang Medical College, Shandong, China
| | - Ying Han
- Department of Immunologic Liver Disease, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongping Duan
- Difficult & Complicated Liver Diseases and Artificial Liver Center, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Liver Failure and Artificial Liver Treatment Research, Beijing, China.
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Kamran U, Towey J, Khanna A, Chauhan A, Rajoriya N, Holt A. Nutrition in alcohol-related liver disease: Physiopathology and management. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:2916-2930. [PMID: 32587439 PMCID: PMC7304106 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i22.2916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Malnutrition encompassing both macro- and micro-nutrient deficiency, remains one of the most frequent complications of alcohol-related liver disease (ArLD). Protein-energy malnutrition can cause significant complications including sarcopenia, frailty and immunodepression in cirrhotic patients. Malnutrition reduces patient’s survival and negatively affects the quality of life of individuals with ArLD. Moreover, nutritional deficit increases the likelihood of hepatic decompensation in cirrhosis. Prompt recognition of at-risk individuals, early diagnosis and treatment of malnutrition remains a key component of ArLD management. In this review, we describe the pathophysiology of malnutrition in ArLD, review the screening tools available for nutritional assessment and discuss nutritional management strategies relevant to the different stages of ArLD, ranging from acute alcoholic hepatitis through to decompensated end stage liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umair Kamran
- The Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2GW, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Towey
- Department of Dietetics, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2GW, United Kingdom
| | - Amardeep Khanna
- The Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2GW, United Kingdom
| | - Abhishek Chauhan
- The Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2GW, United Kingdom
- Centre for Liver Research, Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Rajoriya
- The Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2GW, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Holt
- The Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2GW, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Despite widespread use of lactulose and rifaximin for the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy, this complication of advanced liver disease remains a major burden on the health care system in the United States and continues to predispose to high morbidity and mortality. Several agents have surfaced over recent years with promise to treat hepatic encephalopathy and mitigate the cognitive impairment associated with this disease process. The purpose of this article is to highlight the leading emerging therapies in hepatic encephalopathy as well as their therapeutic targets.
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El-Saber Batiha G, Magdy Beshbishy A, Stephen Adeyemi O, Nadwa E, Rashwan E, Yokoyama N, Igarashi I. Safety and efficacy of hydroxyurea and eflornithine against most blood parasites Babesia and Theileria. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228996. [PMID: 32053698 PMCID: PMC7018007 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The plenteous resistance to and undesirable consequences of the existing antipiroplasmic therapies have emphasized the urgent need for new chemotherapeutics and drug targets for both prophylaxis and chemotherapy. Hydroxyurea (HYD) is an antineoplastic agent with antitrypanosomal activity. Eflornithine (α-difluoro-methyl ornithine, DFMO) is the best choice therapy for the treatment of late-stage Gambian human African trypanosomiasis. METHODS In this study, the inhibitory and combination efficacy of HYD and DFMO with existing babesicidal drugs (diminazene aceturate (DA), atovaquone (ATV), and clofazimine (CLF)) deoxyribonucleotide in vitro against the multiplication of Babesia and Theileria. As well as, their chemotherapeutic effects were assessed on B. microti strain that infects rodents. The Cell Counting Kits-8 (CCK-8) test was used to examine their cytotoxicity on human foreskin fibroblast (HFF), mouse embryonic fibroblast (NIH/3T3), and Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells. FINDINGS HYD and DFMO suppressed the multiplication of all tested species (B. bigemina, B. bovis, B. caballi, B. divergens, and T. equi) in a dose-related manner. HFF, NIH/3T3, or MDBK cell viability was not influenced by DFMO at 1000 μM, while HYD affected the MDBK cell viability at EC50 value of 887.5±14.4 μM. The in vitro combination treatments of DFMO and HYD with CLF, DA, and ATV exhibited synergistic and additive efficacy toward all tested species. The in vivo experiment revealed that HYD and DFMO oral administration at 100 and 50 mg/kg inhibited B. microti multiplication in mice by 60.1% and 78.2%, respectively. HYD-DA and DFMO-DA combined treatments showed higher chemotherapeutic efficacy than their monotherapies. CONCLUSION These results indicate the prospects of HYD and DFMO as drug candidates for piroplasmosis treatment, when combined mainly with DA, ATV, and CLF. Therefore, further studies are needed to combine HYD or DFMO with either ATV or CLF and examine their impact on B. microti infection in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Al-Beheira, Egypt
| | - Amany Magdy Beshbishy
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Oluyomi Stephen Adeyemi
- Department of Biochemistry, Medicinal Biochemistry, Nanomedicine and Toxicology Laboratory, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - Eman Nadwa
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Jouf, Egypt
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cario, Egypt
| | - Eman Rashwan
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assuit, Egypt
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naoaki Yokoyama
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Ikuo Igarashi
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Wu XY, Guo XY, Zhang B, Jiang Y, Ye BC. Recent Advances of L-ornithine Biosynthesis in Metabolically Engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 7:440. [PMID: 31998705 PMCID: PMC6962107 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
L-ornithine, a valuable non-protein amino acid, has a wide range of applications in the pharmaceutical and food industries. Currently, microbial fermentation is a promising, sustainable, and environment-friendly method to produce L-ornithine. However, the industrial production capacity of L-ornithine by microbial fermentation is low and rarely meets the market demands. Various strategies have been employed to improve the L-ornithine production titers in the model strain, Corynebacterium glutamicum, which serves as a major indicator for improving the cost-effectiveness of L-ornithine production by microbial fermentation. This review focuses on the development of high L-ornithine-producing strains by metabolic engineering and reviews the recent advances in breeding strategies, such as reducing by-product formation, improving the supplementation of precursor glutamate, releasing negative regulation and negative feedback inhibition, increasing the supply of intracellular cofactors, modulating the central metabolic pathway, enhancing the transport system, and adaptive evolution for improving L-ornithine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yu Wu
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, College of Bioscience and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Guo
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, College of Bioscience and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, College of Bioscience and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, College of Bioscience and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Bang-Ce Ye
- Laboratory of Biosystems and Microanalysis, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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Butterworth RF. Beneficial effects of L-ornithine L-aspartate for prevention of overt hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Metab Brain Dis 2020; 35:75-81. [PMID: 31338724 PMCID: PMC6974495 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-019-00463-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The present systematic review with meta-analysis was undertaken to review the evidence base in support of a beneficial effect of L-ornithine L-aspartate (LOLA) for the prevention/prophylaxis of overt hepatic encephalopathy (OHE) in patients with cirrhosis. Using appropriate keywords and electronic and manual searches together with established inclusion/exclusion criteria, six randomized controlled trials (RCTs) for a total of 384 patients were identified five of which were of high quality and low risk of bias according to Jadad-Cochrane criteria. Treatment with LOLA resulted in significant reductions in the risk of progression to OHE in MHE patients (3 studies) with RR: 0.23 [95% CI: 0.07, 0.73], p < 0.01. LOLA was also effective for secondary OHE prophylaxis with RR: 0.389 [95% CI: 0.174-0.870] p < 0.002 as well as for primary prophylaxis for OHE following acute variceal bleeding [RR: 0.42 [95% CI: 0.16-0.98] p < 0.03 and for OHE prophylaxis post-TIPSS [RR: 0.30 [95% CI: 0.03-2.66] compared to placebo/no intervention in all cases. OHE prevention/prophylaxis was accompanied by significant reductions of blood ammonia. Both oral and intravenous formulations of LOLA appeared to be effective for the prevention of progression to OHE in patients with MHE. These findings provide the first direct evidence of potential benefit of LOLA for the prevention of OHE in cirrhosis across a range of clinical presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger F Butterworth
- Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, 45143 Cabot Trail, Englishtown, Nova Scotia, B0C 1H0, Canada.
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Shiha G, Mousa N. Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy: Silent Tragedy. LIVER DISEASE AND SURGERY [WORKING TITLE] 2019. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.88231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
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Sarin SK, Choudhury A, Sharma MK, Maiwall R, Al Mahtab M, Rahman S, Saigal S, Saraf N, Soin AS, Devarbhavi H, Kim DJ, Dhiman RK, Duseja A, Taneja S, Eapen CE, Goel A, Ning Q, Chen T, Ma K, Duan Z, Yu C, Treeprasertsuk S, Hamid SS, Butt AS, Jafri W, Shukla A, Saraswat V, Tan SS, Sood A, Midha V, Goyal O, Ghazinyan H, Arora A, Hu J, Sahu M, Rao PN, Lee GH, Lim SG, Lesmana LA, Lesmana CR, Shah S, Prasad VGM, Payawal DA, Abbas Z, Dokmeci AK, Sollano JD, Carpio G, Shresta A, Lau GK, Fazal Karim M, Shiha G, Gani R, Kalista KF, Yuen MF, Alam S, Khanna R, Sood V, Lal BB, Pamecha V, Jindal A, Rajan V, Arora V, Yokosuka O, Niriella MA, Li H, Qi X, Tanaka A, Mochida S, Chaudhuri DR, Gane E, Win KM, Chen WT, Rela M, Kapoor D, Rastogi A, Kale P, Rastogi A, Sharma CB, Bajpai M, Singh V, Premkumar M, Maharashi S, Olithselvan A, Philips CA, Srivastava A, Yachha SK, Wani ZA, Thapa BR, Saraya A, Shalimar, Kumar A, Wadhawan M, Gupta S, Madan K, Sakhuja P, Vij V, Sharma BC, Garg H, Garg V, Kalal C, Anand L, Vyas T, Mathur RP, Kumar G, Jain P, Pasupuleti SSR, Chawla YK, Chowdhury A, Alam S, Song DS, Yang JM, Yoon EL. Acute-on-chronic liver failure: consensus recommendations of the Asian Pacific association for the study of the liver (APASL): an update. Hepatol Int 2019; 13:353-390. [PMID: 31172417 PMCID: PMC6728300 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-019-09946-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 453] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The first consensus report of the working party of the Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver (APASL) set up in 2004 on acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) was published in 2009. With international groups volunteering to join, the "APASL ACLF Research Consortium (AARC)" was formed in 2012, which continued to collect prospective ACLF patient data. Based on the prospective data analysis of nearly 1400 patients, the AARC consensus was published in 2014. In the past nearly four-and-a-half years, the AARC database has been enriched to about 5200 cases by major hepatology centers across Asia. The data published during the interim period were carefully analyzed and areas of contention and new developments in the field of ACLF were prioritized in a systematic manner. The AARC database was also approached for answering some of the issues where published data were limited, such as liver failure grading, its impact on the 'Golden Therapeutic Window', extrahepatic organ dysfunction and failure, development of sepsis, distinctive features of acute decompensation from ACLF and pediatric ACLF and the issues were analyzed. These initiatives concluded in a two-day meeting in October 2018 at New Delhi with finalization of the new AARC consensus. Only those statements, which were based on evidence using the Grade System and were unanimously recommended, were accepted. Finalized statements were again circulated to all the experts and subsequently presented at the AARC investigators meeting at the AASLD in November 2018. The suggestions from the experts were used to revise and finalize the consensus. After detailed deliberations and data analysis, the original definition of ACLF was found to withstand the test of time and be able to identify a homogenous group of patients presenting with liver failure. New management options including the algorithms for the management of coagulation disorders, renal replacement therapy, sepsis, variceal bleed, antivirals and criteria for liver transplantation for ACLF patients were proposed. The final consensus statements along with the relevant background information and areas requiring future studies are presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiv Kumar Sarin
- Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, 110070, India.
| | - Ashok Choudhury
- Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, 110070, India
| | - Manoj K Sharma
- Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, 110070, India
| | - Rakhi Maiwall
- Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, 110070, India
| | - Mamun Al Mahtab
- Department of Hepatology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Salimur Rahman
- Department of Hepatology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sanjiv Saigal
- Department of Hepatology, Medanta The Medicity, Gurgaon, India
| | - Neeraj Saraf
- Department of Hepatology, Medanta The Medicity, Gurgaon, India
| | - A S Soin
- Department of Hepatology, Medanta The Medicity, Gurgaon, India
| | | | - Dong Joon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - R K Dhiman
- Department of Hepatology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ajay Duseja
- Department of Hepatology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sunil Taneja
- Department of Hepatology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - C E Eapen
- Department of Hepatology, CMC, Vellore, India
| | - Ashish Goel
- Department of Hepatology, CMC, Vellore, India
| | - Q Ning
- Institute and Department of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Translational Hepatology Institute Capital Medical University, Beijing You'an Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Ma
- Institute and Department of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Z Duan
- Translational Hepatology Institute Capital Medical University, Beijing You'an Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Yu
- Translational Hepatology Institute Capital Medical University, Beijing You'an Hospital, Beijing, China
| | | | - S S Hamid
- Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Amna S Butt
- Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Wasim Jafri
- Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Akash Shukla
- Department of Gastroenterology, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal General Hospital and Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College, Sion, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Soek Siam Tan
- Department of Medicine, Hospital Selayang, Bata Caves, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ajit Sood
- Department of Gastroenterology, DMC, Ludhiana, India
| | - Vandana Midha
- Department of Gastroenterology, DMC, Ludhiana, India
| | - Omesh Goyal
- Department of Gastroenterology, DMC, Ludhiana, India
| | - Hasmik Ghazinyan
- Department of Hepatology, Nork Clinical Hospital of Infectious Disease, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Anil Arora
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital and GRIPMER, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Jinhua Hu
- Department of Medicine, 302 Millitary Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Manoj Sahu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Sciences, IMS & SUM Hospital, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - P N Rao
- Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Guan H Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Seng G Lim
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Samir Shah
- Department of Hepatology, Global Hospitals, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Diana A Payawal
- Fatima University Medical Center Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Zaigham Abbas
- Department of Medicine, Ziauddin University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - A Kadir Dokmeci
- Department of Medicine, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Jose D Sollano
- Department of Medicine, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
| | - Gian Carpio
- Department of Medicine, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
| | - Ananta Shresta
- Department of Hepatology, Foundation Nepal Sitapaila Height, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - G K Lau
- Department of Medicine, Humanity and Health Medical Group, New Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Md Fazal Karim
- Department of Hepatology, Sir Salimullah Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Gamal Shiha
- Egyptian Liver Research Institute And Hospital, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rino Gani
- Division of Hepatobiliary, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Kemal Fariz Kalista
- Division of Hepatobiliary, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Man-Fung Yuen
- Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital Hong Kong, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Seema Alam
- Department of Pediatric Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Rajeev Khanna
- Department of Pediatric Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Vikrant Sood
- Department of Pediatric Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Bikrant Bihari Lal
- Department of Pediatric Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Viniyendra Pamecha
- Department of Hepatobilliary Pancreatic Surgery and Liver Transplant, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Ankur Jindal
- Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, 110070, India
| | - V Rajan
- Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, 110070, India
| | - Vinod Arora
- Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, 110070, India
| | | | | | - Hai Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaolong Qi
- CHESS Frontier Center, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Atsushi Tanaka
- Department of Medicine, Tokyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Mochida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Ed Gane
- New Zealand Liver Transplant Unit, Auckland Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Wei Ting Chen
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Medical Foundation, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Mohd Rela
- Department of Liver Transplant Surgery, Dr. Rela Institute and Medical Centre, Chennai, India
| | | | - Amit Rastogi
- Department of Hepatology, Medanta The Medicity, Gurgaon, India
| | - Pratibha Kale
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Archana Rastogi
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Chhagan Bihari Sharma
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Meenu Bajpai
- Department of Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | | | | | | | - A Olithselvan
- Division of Liver Transplantation and Hepatology, Manipal Hospitals, Bangalore, India
| | - Cyriac Abby Philips
- The Liver Unit, Cochin Gastroenterology Group, Ernakulam Medical Centre, Kochi, India
| | - Anshu Srivastava
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, SGPGIMS, Lucknow, India
| | | | | | - B R Thapa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Pediatric Gastroenterology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Anoop Saraya
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Shalimar
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital and GRIPMER, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Manav Wadhawan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Liver Transplant, B L K Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Subash Gupta
- Centre for Liver and Biliary Science, Max Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Kaushal Madan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Liver Transplant, Max Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Puja Sakhuja
- Department of Pathology, GB Pant Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Vivek Vij
- Department of Liver Transplant and Hepatobilliary Surgery, Fortis Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Barjesh C Sharma
- Department of Gastroenterology, GB Pant Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Hitendra Garg
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Liver Transplant, Apollo Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Vishal Garg
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Liver Transplant, Apollo Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Chetan Kalal
- Department of Hepatology, Sir H N Reliance Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Lovkesh Anand
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Narayana Hospital, Gurugram, India
| | - Tanmay Vyas
- Department of Hepatology, Parimal Multi-Speciality Hospital, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Rajan P Mathur
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Guresh Kumar
- Department of Statistics and Clinical Research, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Priyanka Jain
- Department of Statistics and Clinical Research, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Samba Siva Rao Pasupuleti
- Department of Statistics and Clinical Research, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Yogesh K Chawla
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Kalinga Institute of Med Sciences, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Abhijit Chowdhury
- Department of Hepatology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Shahinul Alam
- Department of Hepatology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Do Seon Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin Mo Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eileen L Yoon
- Department Of Internal Medicine, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, South Korea
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Campion D, Giovo I, Ponzo P, Saracco GM, Balzola F, Alessandria C. Dietary approach and gut microbiota modulation for chronic hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhosis. World J Hepatol 2019; 11:489-512. [PMID: 31293718 PMCID: PMC6603507 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v11.i6.489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a common and serious neuropsychiatric complication of cirrhosis, acute liver failure, and porto-systemic shunting. HE largely contributes to the morbidity of patients with liver disease, severely affecting the quality of life of both patients and their relatives and being associated with poor prognosis. Its presentation is largely variable, manifesting with a broad spectrum of cognitive abnormalities ranging from subtle cognitive impairment to coma. The pathogenesis of HE is complex and has historically been linked with hyperammonemia. However, in the last years, it has become evident that the interplay of multiple actors, such as intestinal dysbiosis, gut hyperpermeability, and neuroinflammation, is of crucial importance in its genesis. Therefore, HE can be considered a result of a dysregulated gut-liver-brain axis function, where cognitive impairment can be reversed or prevented by the beneficial effects induced by "gut-centric" therapies, such as non-absorbable disaccharides, non-absorbable antibiotics, probiotics, prebiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation. In this context dietary modifications, by modulating the intestinal milieu, can also provide significant benefit to cirrhotic patients with HE. This review will provide a comprehensive insight into the mechanisms responsible for gut-liver-brain axis dysregulation leading to HE in cirrhosis. Furthermore, it will explore the currently available therapies and the most promising future treatments for the management of patients with HE, with a special focus on the dietary approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Campion
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino Hospital, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Ilaria Giovo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino Hospital, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Paola Ponzo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino Hospital, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Giorgio M Saracco
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino Hospital, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Federico Balzola
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino Hospital, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Carlo Alessandria
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino Hospital, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy.
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38
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L-Ornithine L-Aspartate (LOLA) for the Treatment of Hepatic Encephalopathy in Cirrhosis: Novel Insights and Translation to the Clinic. Drugs 2019; 79:1-3. [PMID: 30706421 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-018-1021-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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