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Philipp NM, Johnson QR, Cabarkapa D, Fry AC. Acute effects of lower limb wearable resistance on horizontal deceleration and change of direction biomechanics. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0308536. [PMID: 39250471 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0308536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the acute effects of lower limb wearable resistance on maximal horizontal deceleration biomechanics, across two different assessments. Twenty recreationally trained team sport athletes performed acceleration to deceleration assessments (ADA), and 5-0-5 change of direction (COD) tests across three load conditions (unloaded, 2% of BW, 4% of body weight (BW)), with load attached to the anterior and posterior thighs and shanks. Linear mixed effect models with participant ID as the random effect, and load condition as the fixed effect were used to study load-specific biomechanical differences in deceleration mechanics across both tests. Primary study findings indicate that for the ADA, in the 4% BW condition, participants exhibited significantly greater degrees of Avg Approach Momentum, as well as significant reductions in deceleration phase center of mass (COM) drop, and Avg Brake Step ground contact deceleration (GCD) in both the 2% BW, and 4% BW condition, compared to the unloaded condition. In the 5-0-5 tests, participants experienced significant reductions in Avg Approach Velocity, Avg deceleration (DEC), and Stopping Time in the 4% BW condition compared to the unloaded condition. Similar to the ADA test, participants also experienced significant reductions in Avg Brake Step GCD in both the 2% BW and 4% BW conditions, and significant increases in Avg Approach Momentum in the 4% BW condition, compared to the unloaded condition. Therefore, findings suggest that based on the test, and metric of interest, the addition of lower limb wearable resistance led to acute differences in maximal horizontal deceleration biomechanics. However, future investigations are warranted to further explore if the use of lower limb wearable resistance could present as an effective training tool in enhancing athlete's horizontal deceleration and change of direction performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas M Philipp
- Jayhawk Athletic Performance Laboratory, Wu Tsai Human Performance Alliance-University of Kansas, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States of America
| | - Quincy R Johnson
- Jayhawk Athletic Performance Laboratory, Wu Tsai Human Performance Alliance-University of Kansas, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States of America
| | - Dimitrije Cabarkapa
- Jayhawk Athletic Performance Laboratory, Wu Tsai Human Performance Alliance-University of Kansas, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States of America
| | - Andrew C Fry
- Jayhawk Athletic Performance Laboratory, Wu Tsai Human Performance Alliance-University of Kansas, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States of America
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Brown M, Lacome M, Leduc C, Hader K, Guilhem G, Buchheit M. Acute locomotor, heart rate and neuromuscular responses to added wearable resistance during soccer-specific training. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2024; 8:269-277. [PMID: 37277313 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2023.2222100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Investigate acute locomotor, internal (heart rate (HR) and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE)) and neuromuscular responses to using wearable resistance loading for soccer-specific training. METHODS Twenty-six footballers from a French 5th division team completed a 9-week parallel-group training intervention (intervention group: n = 14, control: n = 12). The intervention group trained with wearable resistance (200-g on each posterior, distal-calf) for full-training sessions on Day + 2, D + 4 and unloaded on D + 5. Between-group differences in locomotor (GPS) and internal load were analyzed for full-training sessions and game simulation drills. Neuromuscular status was evaluated using pre- and post-training box-to-box runs. Data were analyzed using linear mixed-modelling, effect size ±90% confidence limits (ES ± 90%CL) and magnitude-based decisions. RESULTS Full-training sessions: Relative to the control, the wearable resistance group showed greater total distance (ES [lower, upper limits]: 0.25 [0.06, 0.44]), sprint distance (0.27 [0.08, 0.46]) and mechanical work (0.32 [0.13, 0.51]). Small game simulation (<190 m2/player): wearable resistance group showed small decreases in mechanical work (0.45 [0.14, 0.76]) and moderately lower average HR (0.68 [0.02, 1.34]). Large game simulation (>190 m2/player): no meaningful between-group differences were observed for all variables. Training induced small to moderate neuromuscular fatigue increases during post-training compared to pre-training box-to-box runs for both groups (Wearable resistance: 0.46 [0.31, 0.61], Control: 0.73 [0.53, 0.93]). CONCLUSION For full training, wearable resistance induced higher locomotor responses, without affecting internal responses. Locomotor and internal outputs varied in response to game simulation size. Football-specific training with wearable resistance did not impact neuromuscular status differently than unloaded training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Brown
- Performance Department, Paris Saint Germain 5 Avenue du President John Fitzgerald Kennedy, Saint Germain-En-Laye, Paris, France
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Laboratory Sport, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Lacome
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Laboratory Sport, Paris, France
- Parma Calcio 1913, Performance and Analytics Department, Parma, Italy
| | - Cedric Leduc
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- Sport Science and Medicine Department, Crystal Palace FC, London, UK
| | - Karim Hader
- Performance Research Intelligence Initiative, Kitman Labs, Performance Research Intelligence Initiative, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gael Guilhem
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Laboratory Sport, Paris, France
| | - Martin Buchheit
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Laboratory Sport, Paris, France
- Performance Research Intelligence Initiative, Kitman Labs, Performance Research Intelligence Initiative, Dublin, Ireland
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Lagodimos P, Thomakos P, Methenitis S, Paizis C. The effect of weighted vest use during in-season, small-sided games training on young soccer players' performance. J Sports Sci 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38984767 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2378267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of weighted vest on-field small-sided games (SSG) soccer training, during the in-season period, on body composition and soccer-specific performances, in young, trained soccer players. A counterbalance study design was adopted, in which the fourteen well-trained players (age: 19.1 ± 0.5 yrs, body mass: 70.3 ± 5.3 kg, body height: 180.3 ± 3.0 cm, body fat: 9.2 ± 4.1%) performed both the Interventional (Vest) and Control (Con) training routines (6 weeks/season; 5 training sessions/week; 1 match/week), in different occasions (winter/spring period). Con group followed a regular weekly training plan. When the Con group performed their intense training sessions, Vest group performed only the on-field SSGs training wearing a vest (12.5% of athletes' body mass). All the evaluations were performed one week before and after each training period. Statistical analyses include repeated ANOVA and T-test (p < 0.05). Significant increases in sprinting, jumping, change of direction (COD), aerobic and anaerobic performances were observed only after Vest intervention (-4.7 ± 2.2% to 11.2 ± 4.2%; p < 0.05). Significant changes were observed only after Vest training, compared to Cont (p < 0.05). These results suggest that using a weighted vest, during the in-season, onfield SSG training two times/week induces greater increases in young soccer players' sprinting, jumping, COD, aerobic and anaerobic performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulos Lagodimos
- Department of Sports Science, City Unity College, Athens, Greece
- Laboratory INSERM U887 Motricity-Plasticity, Faculty of Sport Science, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
| | - Pieros Thomakos
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education & Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Spyridon Methenitis
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education & Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Exercise and Sports Performance Laboratory, Theseus Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Center, Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Paizis
- Laboratory INSERM U887 Motricity-Plasticity, Faculty of Sport Science, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
- Performance Expertise Center, Faculty of Sport Science, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
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Promsri A, Deedphimai S, Promthep P, Champamuang C. Impacts of Wearable Resistance Placement on Running Efficiency Assessed by Wearable Sensors: A Pilot Study. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:4399. [PMID: 39001178 PMCID: PMC11244602 DOI: 10.3390/s24134399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Wearable resistance training is widely applied to enhance running performance, but how different placements of wearable resistance across various body parts influence running efficiency remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the impacts of wearable resistance placement on running efficiency by comparing five running conditions: no load, and an additional 10% load of individual body mass on the trunk, forearms, lower legs, and a combination of these areas. Running efficiency was assessed through biomechanical (spatiotemporal, kinematic, and kinetic) variables using acceleration-based wearable sensors placed on the shoes of 15 recreational male runners (20.3 ± 1.23 years) during treadmill running in a randomized order. The main findings indicate distinct effects of different load distributions on specific spatiotemporal variables (contact time, flight time, and flight ratio, p ≤ 0.001) and kinematic variables (footstrike type, p < 0.001). Specifically, adding loads to the lower legs produces effects similar to running with no load: shorter contact time, longer flight time, and a higher flight ratio compared to other load conditions. Moreover, lower leg loads result in a forefoot strike, unlike the midfoot strike seen in other conditions. These findings suggest that lower leg loads enhance running efficiency more than loads on other parts of the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunee Promsri
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Siriyakorn Deedphimai
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
| | - Petradda Promthep
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
| | - Chonthicha Champamuang
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
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Promsri A, Deedphimai S, Promthep P, Champamuang C. Effects of Different Wearable Resistance Placements on Running Stability. Sports (Basel) 2024; 12:45. [PMID: 38393265 PMCID: PMC10892856 DOI: 10.3390/sports12020045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Stability during running has been recognized as a crucial factor contributing to running performance. This study aimed to investigate the effects of wearable equipment containing external loads on different body parts on running stability. Fifteen recreational male runners (20.27 ± 1.23 years, age range 19-22 years) participated in five treadmill running conditions, including running without loads and running with loads equivalent to 10% of individual body weight placed on four different body positions: forearms, lower legs, trunk, and a combination of all three (forearms, lower legs, and trunk). A tri-axial accelerometer-based smartphone sensor was attached to the participants' lumbar spine (L5) to record body accelerations. The largest Lyapunov exponent (LyE) was applied to individual acceleration data as a measure of local dynamic stability, where higher LyE values suggest lower stability. The effects of load distribution appear in the mediolateral (ML) direction. Specifically, running with loads on the lower legs resulted in a lower LyE_ML value compared to running without loads (p = 0.001) and running with loads on the forearms (p < 0.001), trunk (p = 0.001), and combined segments (p = 0.005). These findings suggest that running with loads on the lower legs enhances side-to-side local dynamic stability, providing valuable insights for training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunee Promsri
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand; (S.D.); (P.P.); (C.C.)
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Ltifi MA, Zouhal H, Laher I, Saeidi A, Govindasamy K, Granacher U, Aouadi R, Abderrahman AB. Lower limbs micro-loading acutely attenuates repeated change-of-direction performance in male youth during small-sided soccer games. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2023; 15:172. [PMID: 38111047 PMCID: PMC10726642 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00778-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soccer players often wear light-weighted wearable resistance (WR) attached to different body parts during the warm-up period with the aim to improve measures of physical fitness. However, the effect of WR on physical performance is unknown. This study evaluated the effects of WR with different micro-loadings on repeated change-of-direction (RCoD) performance while executing small-sided soccer games (SSG). METHODS Twenty male soccer players aged 16.0 ± 1.5 years (body mass 74.0 ± 7.4 kg, body-height 175.0 ± 10.0 cm) volunteered to participate in this study. Following a within-subject study design, players performed four specific warm-up protocols in randomized order with a rest of 72 h between protocols: (1) WR micro-loadings with 0.1% of body mass (WR0.1); (2) WR micro-loadings with 0.2% of body mass (WR0.2); (3) WR micro-loadings with 0.3% of body mass (WR0.3); (4) no WR (control = CONT). After the warm-up protocols, players performed 2 sets of 20-min SSG. The RCoD was collected at the 8th min of SSG (SSG 1-8 min), the 15th min of SSG1 (SSG1-15 min), and at the 15th min of SSG2 (SSG2-15 min). Outcomes included mean and total RCoD indices (i.e., mean time and total time for each condition). RESULTS Based on the outcomes of a two-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), WR0.1 and WR0.2 were more effective than control in dampening the decrease of RCoD's total time during SSG1-8 min, and SSG2-15 min (small ES: 0.24-0.35; p < 0.05). However, no significant differences were observed between WR0.3 and control. In addition, WR0.1 and WR0.2 significantly affected the decreases in RCoD's mean best time during SSG1 and SSG2 which was observed in the unloaded condition (CONT) and consequently displayed a lower rate of RCoD performance decrease. CONCLUSION This study reports that wearing lower extremity WRs with micro-loads of 0.1% or 0.2% of body mass attenuates physical fatigue indicated in attenuated RCoD performance while executing SSG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Amine Ltifi
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar-Said, University of Manouba, Tunis, Tunisia
- Research Laboratory (LR23JS01) "Sport Performance, Health & Society" Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, University of Manouba, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hassane Zouhal
- Laboratoire Mouvement Sport, Santé - EA 1274, Univ Rennes, M2S, Rennes, F-35000, France.
- Institut International des Sciences du Sport (2IS), Irodouer, 35850, France.
| | - Ismail Laher
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Ayoub Saeidi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Kurdistan, Iran
| | - Karuppasamy Govindasamy
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, College of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Urs Granacher
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, Exercise and Human Movement Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Ridha Aouadi
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar-Said, University of Manouba, Tunis, Tunisia
- Research Laboratory (LR23JS01) "Sport Performance, Health & Society" Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, University of Manouba, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Abderraouf Ben Abderrahman
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar-Said, University of Manouba, Tunis, Tunisia.
- Tunisian Research Laboratory "Sports Performance Optimization", National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia.
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Cartón-Llorente A, Rubio-Peirotén A, Cardiel-Sánchez S, Roche-Seruendo LE, Jaén-Carrillo D. Training Specificity in Trail Running: A Single-Arm Trial on the Influence of Weighted Vest on Power and Kinematics in Trained Trail Runners. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:6411. [PMID: 37514705 PMCID: PMC10384182 DOI: 10.3390/s23146411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Participants in trail running races must carry their equipment throughout the race. This additional load modifies running biomechanics. Novel running powermeters allow further analyses of key running metrics. This study aims to determine the acute effects of running with extra weights on running power generation and running kinematics at submaximal speed. Fifteen male amateur trail runners completed three treadmill running sessions with a weighted vest of 0-, 5-, or 10% of their body mass (BM), at 8, 10, 12, and 14 km·h-1. Mean power output (MPO), leg spring stiffness (LSS), ground contact time (GCT), flight time (FT), step frequency (SF), step length (SL), vertical oscillation (VO), and duty factor (DF) were estimated with the Stryd wearable system. The one-way ANOVA revealed higher GCT and MPO and lower DF, VO, and FT for the +10% BM compared to the two other conditions (p < 0.001) for the running speeds evaluated (ES: 0.2-7.0). After post-hoc testing, LSS resulted to be higher for +5% BM than for the +10% and +0% BM conditions (ES: 0.2 and 0.4). Running with lighter loads (i.e., +5% BM) takes the principle of specificity in trail running one step further, enhancing running power generation and LSS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Diego Jaén-Carrillo
- Universidad San Jorge, 50830 Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Feser EH, Neville J, Wells D, Diewald S, Kameda M, Bezodis NE, Clark K, Nagahara R, Macadam P, Uthoff AM, Tinwala F, Cronin JB. Lower-limb wearable resistance overloads joint angular velocity during early acceleration sprint running. J Sports Sci 2023:1-7. [PMID: 37183445 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2209759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Lower-limb wearable resistance (WR) facilitates targeted resistance-based training during sports-specific movement tasks. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of two different WR placements (thigh and shank) on joint kinematics during the acceleration phase of sprint running. Eighteen participants completed maximal effort sprints while unloaded and with 2% body mass thigh- or shank-placed WR. The main findings were as follows: 1) the increase to 10 m sprint time was small with thigh WR (effect size [ES] = 0.24), and with shank WR, the increase was also small but significant (ES = 0.33); 2) significant differences in peak joint angles between the unloaded and WR conditions were small (ES = 0.23-0.38), limited to the hip and knee joints, and <2° on average; 3) aside from peak hip flexion angles, no clear trends were observed in individual difference scores; and, 4) thigh and shank WR produced similar reductions in average hip flexion and extension angular velocities. The significant overload to hip flexion and extension velocity with both thigh- and shank-placed WR may be beneficial to target the flexion and extension actions associated with fast sprint running.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin H Feser
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ) at AUT Millennium, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Exercise Science, Belmont University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jonathon Neville
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ) at AUT Millennium, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Denny Wells
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ) at AUT Millennium, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Shelley Diewald
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ) at AUT Millennium, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mai Kameda
- National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Kanoya, Japan
| | | | - Kenneth Clark
- Department of Kinesiology, West Chester University, WestChester, PA, USA
| | - Ryu Nagahara
- National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Kanoya, Japan
| | - Paul Macadam
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ) at AUT Millennium, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Aaron M Uthoff
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ) at AUT Millennium, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Farhan Tinwala
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ) at AUT Millennium, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
- High Performance Sport, New Zealand, New Zealand
| | - John B Cronin
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ) at AUT Millennium, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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Macadam P, Cronin JB, Uthoff AM, Nagahara R, Zois J, Diewald S, Tinwala F, Neville J. Thigh loaded wearable resistance increases sagittal plane rotational work of the thigh resulting in slower 50-m sprint times. Sports Biomech 2022; 21:1291-1302. [PMID: 32460633 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2020.1762720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study determined the acute changes in rotational work with thigh attached wearable resistance (WR) of 2% body mass during 50-m sprint-running. Fourteen athletes completed sprints with, and without, WR in a randomised order. Sprint times were measured via timing gates at 10-m and 50-m. Rotational kinematics were obtained over three phases (steps 1-2, 3-6 and 7-10) via inertial measurement unit attached to the left thigh. Quantification of thigh angular displacement and peak thigh angular velocity was subsequently derived to measure rotational work. The WR condition was found to increase sprint times at 10-m (1.4%, effect size [ES] 0.38, p 0.06) and 50-m (1.9%, ES 0.55, p 0.04). The WR condition resulted in trivial to small increases in angular displacement of the thigh during all phases (0.6-3.4%, ES 0.04-0.26, p 0.09-0.91). A significant decrease in angular velocity of the thigh was found in all step phases (-2.5% to -8.0%, ES 0.17-0.51, p < 0.001-0.04), except extension in step phase 1 with the WR. Rotational work was increased (9.8-18.8%, ES 0.35-0.53, p < 0.001) with WR in all phases of the sprint. Thigh attached WR provides a means to significantly increase rotational work specific to sprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Macadam
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - John B Cronin
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Aaron M Uthoff
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ryu Nagahara
- National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Kanoya, Japan
| | - James Zois
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shelley Diewald
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Farhan Tinwala
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jono Neville
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
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Simperingham KD, Cronin JB, Ross A, Brown SR, Macadam P, Pearson S. Acute changes in acceleration phase sprint biomechanics with lower body wearable resistance. Sports Biomech 2022; 21:1176-1188. [PMID: 32308138 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2020.1743349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this acute cross-sectional study was to quantify the kinematic and kinetic changes that occur during sprint acceleration when lower body WR is worn. Fifteen male rugby athletes (19 years; 181 cm; 91 kg) were assessed during maximal effort over-ground and treadmill sprinting over 20 m under three different loading conditions: 0%, 3% and 5% body mass (BM) added weight attached to the lower body. Treadmill data provided a convenient estimate of kinetic changes in the absence of in-ground force plates. The loaded conditions resulted in significantly increased ground contact time (5 to 6%) and decreased step frequency (-2 to -3%) during sprint accelerations (effect size = 0.32-0.72). Moderate WR loading (3% BM) resulted in increased (9%; effect size = 0.66) theoretical maximum horizontal force (relative to BM) and unchanged 20 m sprint times (p > 0.05). Heavier WR loading (5% BM) resulted in a significant decrease (-4%) in vertical ground reaction forces (relative to total system mass) and slower (1 to 2%) 20 m sprint times (effect size = 0.38-0.70). Lower body WR loading up to 5% BM can provide specific sprint training overload, while affecting sprint acceleration biomechanics by ≤ 6%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim David Simperingham
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
- High Performance Sport New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - John B Cronin
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Angus Ross
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
- High Performance Sport New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Scott R Brown
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
- Neuromuscular and Rehabilitation Robotics Laboratory (Neurro Lab), Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Paul Macadam
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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Development of Badminton-specific Footwork Training from Traditional Physical Exercise to Novel Intervention Approaches. PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.5334/paah.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Hoffmann SM, Di Domenico I, Collins PK. The assessment of a novel lower body resistance garment as a mechanism to increase the training stimulus during running: a randomised cross-over study. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2022; 14:63. [PMID: 35395815 PMCID: PMC8994245 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-022-00455-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examined the physiological and perceived impact of wearing a novel lower body resistance garment during exercise and recovery. METHODS Using a randomised cross-over design, 15 recreationally-active males performed 2 × 10-min steady-state runs followed by a 10-min passive recovery with concomitant monitoring of oxygen consumption (V̇O2), heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE; exercise portion only), wearing either the resistance garment (experimental) or running shorts (control). RESULTS During exercise, there was a trend for V̇O2 and RPE to be higher (4.5% and 7.7% respectively) in experimental than control (V̇O2: r = 0.24, p > 0.05; RPE: r = 0.32, p > 0.05) and for HR to be lower (- 0.4%, r = - 0.05, p > 0.05). During recovery, V̇O2 and HR tended to be lower (4.7% and 4.3% respectively) in experimental than control (V̇O2: r = - 0.32, p > 0.05; HR: r = - 0.27, p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Though effects were trivial to small, and not statistically significant, these findings provide proof of concept and suggest that this garment design may increase the training stimulus during running and aid post-exercise recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Hoffmann
- Centre for Sport Research (CSR), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.
| | - Isaiah Di Domenico
- Centre for Sport Research (CSR), School of Engineering, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul K Collins
- Centre for Sport Research (CSR), School of Engineering, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
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13
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Kinetic and Kinematic Effects of Asymmetrical Loading of the Lower Limb During High-Speed Running. J Sport Rehabil 2021; 31:313-318. [PMID: 34929666 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2021-0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Light lower-limb wearable resistance has little effect on running biomechanics. However, asymmetrical wearable resistance may potentially alter the kinetics and kinematics of high speed, enabling greater loading or unloading of an injured or rehabilitative lower limb. DESIGN A cross-sectional study design was used to quantify the influence of asymmetric calf loading on the kinematics and kinetics during 90% maximum sprinting velocity. METHODS Following a familiarization session, 12 (male = 7 and female = 5) physically active volunteers ran at 90% of maximal velocity. In random order, participants ran with zero (0) wearable resistance and with loads of 300 g (L300) and 600 g (L600) fixed to one shank. A nonmotorized treadmill quantified vertical and horizontal kinetics and step kinematics. The kinetics and kinematics of the loaded (L0, L300, and L600) and unloaded (UL; UL0, UL300, and UL600) limbs were compared. RESULTS Vertical step ground reaction force of the loaded limb tended to increase between unloaded and 300 and 600 conditions (effect size [ES] = 0.48 to 0.76, all P ≤ .12), while the horizontal step force of the UL tended to decrease (ES = 0.54 to 1.32, all P ≤ .09) with greater external loading. Step length increased in the UL in 0 versus 300 and 600 conditions (ES = 0.60 to 0.70, all P ≤ .06). Step frequency decreased in the ULs in unloaded versus 300 and 600 conditions (ES = 0.73 to 1.10, all P ≤ .03). Mean step velocity tended to be greater in the ULs than the 300 and 600 conditions (ES = 0.52 to 1.01, all P ≤ .10). Only 4 of 16 variables were significantly different between the 300 and 600 conditions. CONCLUSIONS Asymmetrical shank resistance could be used during high-speed running to reduce or increase the kinetic loading of an injured/rehabilitative limb during return to play protocols. Asymmetrical wearable resistance could also be used to alter step kinematics in runners with known asymmetries. Finally, meaningful alterations in high-speed running biomechanics can be achieved with only 300 g of shank loading.
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14
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Busch A, Trounson K, Browne P, Robertson S. Effects of lower limb light-weight wearable resistance on running biomechanics. J Biomech 2021; 130:110903. [PMID: 34922193 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Wearable resistance allows individualized loading for sport specific movements and can lead to specific strength adaptations benefiting the athlete. The objective was to determine biomechanical changes during running with lower limb light-weight wearable resistance. Fourteen participants (age: 28 ± 4 years; height: 180 ± 8 cm; body mass: 77 ± 6 kg) wore shorts and calf sleeves of a compression suit allowing attachment of light loads. Participants completed four times two mins 20-m over-ground shuttle running bouts at 3.3 m*s-1 alternated by three mins rest. The first running bout was unloaded and the other three bouts were under randomised loaded conditions (1%, 3% and 5% additional loading of the individual body mass). 3D motion cameras and force plates recorded kinematic and kinetic data at the midpoint of each 20-m shuttle. Friedman-test for repeated measures and linear mixed effect model analysis were used to determine differences between the loading conditions (α = 0.05). Increased peak vertical ground reaction force (2.7 N/kg to 2.74 N/kg), ground contact time (0.20 s to 0.21 s) and decreased step length (1.49 m to 1.45 m) were found with additional 5 % body mass loading compared to unloaded running (0.001 > p < 0.007). Marginally more knee flexion and hip extension and less plantarflexion was seen with higher loading. Differences in the assessed parameters were present between each loading condition but accompanied by subject variability. Further studies, also examining long term effects, should be conducted to further inform use of this training tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aglaja Busch
- University Outpatient Clinic, Sports Medicine & Sports Orthopedics, University of Potsdam, Germany; Division of Physiotherapy, Department of Health Professions, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Karl Trounson
- Institute for Health & Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia; Western Bulldogs Football Club, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Peter Browne
- Institute for Health & Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia; Western Bulldogs Football Club, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Sam Robertson
- Institute for Health & Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.
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15
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Uthoff A, Sommerfield LM, Pichardo AW. Effects of Resistance Training Methods on Golf Clubhead Speed and Hitting Distance: A Systematic Review. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:2651-2660. [PMID: 34224506 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Uthoff, A, Sommerfield, LM, and Pichardo, AW. Effects of resistance training methods on golf clubhead speed and hitting distance: A systematic review. J Strength Cond Res 35(9): 2651-2660, 2021-Resistance training is widely regarded within the golfing community to improve golf performance by increasing clubhead speed (CHS) and drive distance and can be classified into 3 categories: nonspecific, specific, and combined. However, it is currently unclear which resistance training methods are most effective in improving predictors of golf performance. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to compare the effectiveness of nonspecific, specific, and combined strength training methods on CHS and drive distance. A systematic search strategy was performed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines to identify eligible articles through PubMed, SPORTDiscus, MEDLINE (EBSCO), and Google Scholar. The searches identified 4,557 potentially relevant results, with 20 studies that met the inclusion criteria and were included in the final review. Thirteen studies investigated nonspecific resistance training, one study investigated specific resistance training, and 7 studies investigated combined resistance training. Collectively, resistance training positively impacts golf CHS and hitting distance, but adaptations vary depending on the type and intensity of training, as well as subject's characteristics. Using a combination of nonspecific and golf-specific training (average increase of 4.1% CHS and 5.2% hitting distance) seems to enhance golf performance more than nonspecific strength training (average increase of 1.6% CHS and 4.8% hitting distance). Eight-week programs including golf-specific movements at high velocities for 3 to 4 sets of 5 to 15 repetitions are the most effective in increasing CHS and hitting distance. Future research investigating how golf-specific training influences CHS and hitting distance in various subgroups may provide further insight regarding prescription of this training type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Uthoff
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand ; and
| | - Lesley M Sommerfield
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand ; and
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16
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Feser EH, Neville J, Bezodis N, Macadam P, Uthoff AM, Nagahara R, Tinwala F, Cronin JB. Waveform analysis of shank loaded wearable resistance during sprint running acceleration. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:2015-2022. [PMID: 33866940 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1912966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Lower-limb wearable resistance (WR) provides a specific and targeted overload to the musculature involved in sprint running, however, it is unknown if greater impact forces occur with the additional limb mass. This study compared the contact times and ground reaction force waveforms between sprint running with no load and 2% body mass (BM) shank-positioned WR over 30 m. Fifteen male university-level sprint specialists completed two maximum effort sprints with each condition in a randomized order. Sprint running with shank WR resulted in trivial changes to contact times at 5 m, 10 m, and 20 m (effect size [ES] = <0.20, p > 0.05) and a small, significant increase to contact time at 30 m by 1.94% (ES = 0.25, p = 0.03). Significant differences in ground reaction force between unloaded and shank loaded sprint running were limited to the anterior-posterior direction and occurred between 20% and 30% of ground contact at 10 m, 20 m, and 30 m. Shank WR did not result in greater magnitudes of horizontal or vertical forces during the initial impact portion of ground contact. Practitioners can prescribe shank WR training with loads ≤2% BM without concern for increased risk of injurious impact forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin H Feser
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ) at AUT Millennium, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jono Neville
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ) at AUT Millennium, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Neil Bezodis
- Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine Research Centre, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Paul Macadam
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ) at AUT Millennium, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Aaron M Uthoff
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ) at AUT Millennium, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ryu Nagahara
- National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Kanoya, Japan
| | - Farhan Tinwala
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ) at AUT Millennium, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.,High Performance Sport New Zealand, New Zealand
| | - John B Cronin
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ) at AUT Millennium, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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17
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Feser EH, Bezodis NE, Neville J, Macadam P, Uthoff AM, Nagahara R, Tinwala F, Clark K, Cronin JB. Changes to horizontal force-velocity and impulse measures during sprint running acceleration with thigh and shank wearable resistance. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:1519-1527. [PMID: 33583334 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1882771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study determined the effects of two wearable resistance (WR) placements (i.e. thigh and shank) on horizontal force-velocity and impulse measures during sprint running acceleration. Eleven male athletes performed 50 m sprints either unloaded or with WR of 2% body mass attached to the thigh or shank. In-ground force platforms were used to measure ground reaction forces and determine dependent variables of interest. The main findings were: 1) increases in sprint times and reductions in maximum velocity were trivial to small when using thigh WR (0.00-1.93%) and small to moderate with shank WR (1.56-3.33%); 2) athletes maintained or significantly increased horizontal force-velocity mechanical variables with WR (effect size = 0.32-1.23), except for theoretical maximal velocity with thigh WR, and peak power, theoretical maximal velocity and maximal ratio of force with shank WR; 3) greater increases to braking and vertical impulses were observed with shank WR (2.72-26.3% compared to unloaded) than with thigh WR (2.17-12.1% compared to unloaded) when considering the entire acceleration phase; and, 4) no clear trends were observed in many of the individual responses. These findings highlight the velocity-specific nature of this resistance training method and provide insight into what mechanical components are overloaded by lower-limb WR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin H Feser
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT Millennium, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Neil E Bezodis
- Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine Research Centre, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Jono Neville
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT Millennium, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Paul Macadam
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT Millennium, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Aaron M Uthoff
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT Millennium, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ryu Nagahara
- National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Kanoya, Japan
| | - Farhan Tinwala
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT Millennium, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.,High Performance Sport New Zealand, New Zealand
| | - Kenneth Clark
- Department of Kinesiology, West Chester University, West Chester, PA, USA
| | - John B Cronin
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT Millennium, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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18
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Istvan Rydså J, van den Tillaar R. The acute effect of wearable resistance load and placement upon change of direction performance in soccer players. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242493. [PMID: 33206708 PMCID: PMC7673491 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to examine the acute effect of different lower limb wearable resistance on placement (shank vs thigh) and various loads (1-5% of body mass) upon change of direction (COD) ability. Twelve male soccer players (age: 23.3 ± 2.5 years; height: 179.2 ± 7.4 cm; body mass: 78.3 ± 7.1 kg) performed a change of direction test with different additional loads fixed on either the shank or thigh. Measurement consisted of total time, 90° and 45° split times. large effects of the different wearable resistance placement (p<0.05) and load (p<0.001) were found for total and split change of direction time performance. Change of direction times were higher with shank loading compared with thigh loading. It was concluded that lower limb wearable resistance loading with different loads had an acute effect upon change of direction performance in male soccer players. Furthermore, that distal placement (shank vs thigh) with similar body mass load had a larger effect upon COD performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Istvan Rydså
- Department of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Nord University, Levanger, Norway
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19
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Clark KP, Meng CR, Stearne DJ. 'Whip from the hip': thigh angular motion, ground contact mechanics, and running speed. Biol Open 2020; 9:bio053546. [PMID: 32917763 PMCID: PMC7595692 DOI: 10.1242/bio.053546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
During high-speed running, lower limb vertical velocity at touchdown has been cited as a critical factor needed to generate large vertical forces. Additionally, greater leg angular velocity has also been correlated with increased running speeds. However, the association between these factors has not been comprehensively investigated across faster running speeds. Therefore, this investigation aimed to evaluate the relationship between running speed, thigh angular motion and vertical force determinants. It was hypothesized that thigh angular velocity would demonstrate a positive linear relationship with both running speed and lower limb vertical velocity at touchdown. A total of 40 subjects (20 males, 20 females) from various athletic backgrounds volunteered and completed 40 m running trials across a range of sub-maximal and maximal running speeds during one test session. Linear and angular kinematic data were collected from 31-39 m. The results supported the hypotheses, as across all subjects and trials (range of speeds: 3.1-10.0 m s-1), measures of thigh angular velocity demonstrated a strong positive linear correlation to speed (all R2>0.70, P<0.0001) and lower limb vertical velocity at touchdown (all R2=0.75, P<0.001). These findings suggest thigh angular velocity is strongly related to running speed and lower limb impact kinematics associated with vertical force application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth P Clark
- Department of Kinesiology, West Chester University of Pennsylvania, West Chester, PA 19383, USA
| | - Christopher R Meng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - David J Stearne
- Department of Kinesiology, West Chester University of Pennsylvania, West Chester, PA 19383, USA
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20
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Scheer V, Vieluf S, Bitter N, Christ L, Heitkamp HC. The Optimal Weight Carriage System for Runners: Comparison Between Handheld Water Bottles, Waist Belts, and Backpacks. Front Physiol 2020; 11:571221. [PMID: 33117192 PMCID: PMC7561373 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.571221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In endurance running, where fluid and nutritional support is not always readily available, the carriage of water and nutrition is essential. To compare the economy and physiological demands of different carriage systems, 12 recreational runners (mean age 22.8 ± 2.2 years, body mass index 24.5 ± 1.8 kg m−2, VO2max 50.4 ± 5.3 ml kg−1 min−1), completed four running tests, each of 60-min duration at individual running speeds (mean running speed 9.5 ± 1.1 km h−1) on a motorized treadmill, after an initial exercise test. Either no load was carried (control) or loads of 1.0 kg, in a handheld water bottle, waist belt, or backpack. Economy was assessed by means of energy cost (CR), oxygen cost (O2 cost), heart rate (HR), and rate of perceived exertion (RPE). CR [F(2,20) = 37.74, p < 0.01, ηp2 = 0.79], O2 cost [F(2,20) = 37.98, p < 0.01, ηp2 = 0.79], HR [F(2,18) = 165.62, p < 0.01, ηp2 = 0.95], and RPE [F(2,18) = 165.62, p < 0.01, ηp2 = 0.95] increased over time, but no significant differences were found between the systems. Carrying a handheld water bottle, waist belt, or backpack, weighing 1.0 kg, during a 60-min run exhibited similar physiological changes. Runners’ choice may be guided by personal preference in the absence of differences in economy (CR, O2 cost, HR, and RPE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Scheer
- Health Science Department, Universidad a Distancia de Madrid (UDIMA), Madrid, Spain.,Ultra Sports Science Foundation, Pierre Benite, France.,Department of Exercise and Health, Institute of Sports Medicine, University of Paderborn, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Solveig Vieluf
- Department of Exercise and Health, Institute of Sports Medicine, University of Paderborn, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Niko Bitter
- Department of Exercise and Health, Institute of Sports Medicine, University of Paderborn, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Leon Christ
- Department of Exercise and Health, Institute of Sports Medicine, University of Paderborn, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Hans-Christian Heitkamp
- Department of Exercise and Health, Institute of Sports Medicine, University of Paderborn, Paderborn, Germany
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21
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Freitas-Junior CG, Fortes LS, Santos TM, Batista GR, Gantois P, Paes PP. Effects of different training strategies with a weight vest on countermovement vertical jump and change-of-direction ability in male volleyball athletes. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 61:343-349. [PMID: 32878424 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.11171-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Weight vest training (WVT) is a strategy used to improve the physical performance of athletes. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of different training strategies with weight vests on vertical jump and change-of-direction ability (CODA) in male volleyball athletes. METHODS Fifteen volleyball athletes (22.87±3.04 years, 83.22±10.84 kg, 1.86±0.69 m) participated in a six-week training programme and were randomized into three groups: weight vest plyometric training (WPG), weight vest technical-tactical training (WTG) and a control group (CG). The additional weight of 7.5% of individual body mass was employed in the experimental groups. Before and after the WVT, athletes performed countermovement vertical jump (CMJ) and CODA (t-test) tests. RESULTS Two-way ANOVA with repeated measures showed that CMJ height increased in all training groups (P<0.05), with the WTG inducing greater CMJ height gains in comparison to the CG (P<0.05). According to magnitude-based inference, the effects of the WTG strategy were "very likely" beneficial for the CMJ compared to the CG. In addition, t-test time decreased similarly among the three training groups (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The results suggested that WVT may be incorporated in a volleyball training routine as an effective strategy for improving the CMJ performance in male volleyball athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leonardo S Fortes
- Faculty of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraíba, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Tony M Santos
- Faculty of Physical Education, Federal University of Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Gilmário R Batista
- Faculty of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraíba, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Petrus Gantois
- Faculty of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraíba, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Pedro P Paes
- Faculty of Physical Education, Federal University of Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil
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22
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Feser EH, Bayne H, Loubser I, Bezodis NE, Cronin JB. Wearable resistance sprint running is superior to training with no load for retaining performance in pre-season training for rugby athletes. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 21:967-975. [PMID: 32713270 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1802516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study determined the effects of a six-week lower-limb wearable resistance training (WRT) intervention on sprint running time, velocity, and horizontal force-velocity mechanical variables. Twenty-two collegiate/semi-professional rugby athletes completed pre- and post-intervention testing of three maximal effort 30 m sprints. A radar device was used to measure sprint running velocity from which horizontal force-velocity mechanical profiling variables were calculated. All athletes completed two dedicated sprint training sessions a week for six-weeks during pre-season. The intervention (wearable resistance, WR) group completed the sessions with 1% body mass load attached to the left and right shanks (i.e. 0.50% body mass load on each limb), whilst the control group completed the same sessions unloaded. For the control group, all variables were found to detrain significantly (p ≤ 0.05) over the training period with large detraining effects (ES > 0.80) for theoretical maximal horizontal force, slope of the force-velocity profile, maximal ratio of force, index of force application, 5 and 10 m times. For the WR group, there were no significant changes to any recorded variables (all p > 0.05) and all effects of training were trivial or small (ES < 0.50). After adjustment for baseline differences, significant between group differences were found for all variables (large effects, ES > 0.80) except theoretical maximal velocity, 30 m time, and maximal velocity. The addition of light wearable resistance to sprint training during a six-week pre-season block enables the maintenance of sprint performance and mechanical output qualities that otherwise would detrain due to inadequate training frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin H Feser
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ) at AUT Millennium, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.,College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Helen Bayne
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Neil E Bezodis
- Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine Research Centre, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - John B Cronin
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ) at AUT Millennium, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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23
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Li X, Li C, Cui Y, Wong DP. Acute kinematics and kinetics changes to wearable resistance during change of direction among soccer players. Res Sports Med 2020; 29:155-169. [PMID: 32491924 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2020.1770761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study determined the acute changes in kinematics and kinetics when an additional load equivalent to 5% body mass was attached to the torso during change of direction (COD). In this within-subject repeated measures study, 14 male soccer players (age: 18.29 ± 0.32 years) volunteered to participate. Subjects performed COD under two conditions in randomized order: (1) no WR, and (2) with WR. No significant differences between the loaded and unloaded conditions in actual COD angle, approach speed, braking time, propulsive time, contact time, COD completion time (all p > 0.05, ES = 0.05-0.11), and all measured kinematic parameters (all p > 0.05, ES = 0-0.18). Nonetheless, ankle plantar/dorsi flexion ROM had possibly small increase in the loaded condition (ES = 0.24). Kinetics analysis has shown that the loaded condition was likely to have small increase in relative peak vertical propulsive ground reaction force (GRF, p = 0.11, ES = 0.41), and possible small increases in relative peak braking GRF (vertical: p = 0.21, ES = 0.42; total: p = 0.22, ES = 0.38), relative peak total propulsive GRF (p = 0.24, ES = 0.26), and relative braking impulse (horizontal, vertical, and total; p = 0.27-0.41, ES = 0.26-0.28). WR did not significantly change the acute movement techniques, meanwhile induced small increases in important kinetic stimuli for potential adaptation in COD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueliang Li
- China Football College, Beijing Sport University , Beijing, China
| | - Chunman Li
- China Football College, Beijing Sport University , Beijing, China
| | - Yixiong Cui
- AI Sports Engineering Lab, School of Sports Engineering, Beijing Sport University , Beijing, China
| | - Del P Wong
- Titi Sport Technology , Shenzhen, China.,School of Nursing & Health Studies, Open University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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24
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Macadam P, Nuell S, Cronin JB, Diewald S, Rowley R, Forster J, Fosch P. Load effects of thigh wearable resistance on angular and linear kinematics and kinetics during non-motorised treadmill sprint-running. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 21:531-538. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1764629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Macadam
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sergi Nuell
- Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - John B. Cronin
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Shelley Diewald
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - James Forster
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Pol Fosch
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
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25
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Hurst O, Kilduff LP, Johnston M, Cronin JB, Bezodis NE. Acute effects of wearable thigh and shank loading on spatiotemporal and kinematic variables during maximum velocity sprinting. Sports Biomech 2020; 21:1234-1248. [PMID: 32329417 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2020.1748099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Light wearable resistance is used in sprint training but the scientific evidence to guide its implementation is limited. This study investigated thigh and shank loading protocols which were matched based on the average increase in moment of inertia about the hip over a stride cycle. Seven university-level sprinters completed three counterbalanced conditions (unloaded, shank-loaded, thigh-loaded), and kinematic variables were measured between 30 and 40 m. Both thigh and shank loading led to small reductions in step velocity (mean change = -1.4% and -1.2%, respectively). This was due to small reductions in step frequency (-1.8%; -1.7%) because of small increases in contact time (+2.7%; +1.5%) in both conditions and a small increase in flight time (+2.0%) in the shank-loaded condition. Both conditions led to moderate increases in hip extension at toe-off (+2.7°; +1.4°), whilst thigh loading led to a small reduction in peak hip flexion angle during swing (-2.5°) and shank loading led to a small increase in peak biceps femoris muscle-tendon unit length (+0.4%). Thigh and shank loading can both be used to provide small reductions in sprint velocity, and each has specific overload effects which must be considered in the rationale for their implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Hurst
- Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Research Centre, Swansea University, UK
| | - Liam P Kilduff
- Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Research Centre, Swansea University, UK
| | - Michael Johnston
- Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Research Centre, Swansea University, UK.,British Athletics National Performance Institute, Loughborough, UK
| | - John B Cronin
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ) at AUT Millennium, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, NZ
| | - Neil E Bezodis
- Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Research Centre, Swansea University, UK
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26
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Scheer V, Vieluf S, Schröder M, Lappe P, Heitkamp HC. A comparison of economy between two different backpack designs for runners. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2020; 84:103038. [PMID: 31987519 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2019.103038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We compared two backpack designs (back/front or back only) in twelve recreational runners (age 22.0 ± 1.7years). An initial incremental exercise test (VO2max 52.2 ± 4.7 ml kg-1.min-1) was conducted, followed by four tests of 20 min duration (running speed 9.8 ± 1.1 km/h) with loads carried of 0, 1 kg, 3 kg, and 6 kg with the two backpack designs in a randomized order. Economy was assessed by energy cost of running (CR), oxygen cost (O2 cost), heart rate (HR) and rate of perceived exertion (RPE). Repeated measure ANOVA revealed a non-significant main effect for CR, O2 cost, HR, RPE between systems. Post-hoc comparison of significant time × position interaction showed for CR, F(3,33) = 5.34, p < .01, ηp2 = 0.33, and O2 cost, F(3,33) = 5.15, p < .01, ηp2 = 0.32, that carrying weight in the back/front were significantly lower after 20 min (CR: p = .02 and O2 cost: p = .03). These results suggest, that for longer runs the equal distribution of weight is advantageous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Scheer
- Ultra Sports Science Foundation, Pierre Benite, France; British Forces Germany, RRU Sennelager, Normandy Barracks, BFPO 16, Germany; Institute of Sports Medicine, Department of Health, University of Paderborn, Germany.
| | - Solveig Vieluf
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Department of Health, University of Paderborn, Germany
| | - Marc Schröder
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Department of Health, University of Paderborn, Germany
| | - Pascal Lappe
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Department of Health, University of Paderborn, Germany
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27
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Colomar J, Baiget E, Corbi F, Muñoz J. Acute effects of in-step and wrist weights on change of direction speed, accuracy and stroke velocity in junior tennis players. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230631. [PMID: 32203526 PMCID: PMC7089532 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The main aim of this study was to investigate the acute effects of the use of a weighting set (Powerinstep®) on measures of stroke velocity (StV), accuracy and change of direction speed (CODS) in junior tennis players. A within-subjects design was used to evaluate seventeen (6 female and 11 male) tennis players (mean ± SD; 16.5 ± 1.3 years old; 1.75 ± 8.4 m; 67.0 ± 8.1 kg; 22.04 ± 1.8 kg/m2) on StV of three specific tennis actions (serve, forehand and backhand) and CODS for the following conditions: wearing a 50, 100, 150, 200 g weight or no weight at all (baseline). No significant differences were found between conditions for forehand (F = 0.412; p = 0.799), backhand (F = 0.269; p = 0.897) and serve (F = 0.541; p = 0.706) velocity and forehand (F = 1.688; p = 0.161), backhand (F = 0.567; p = 0.687) and serve (F = 2.382; p = 0.059) accuracy and CODS (F = 0.416; p = 0.797). Small-to-moderate effect sizes (ES) negatively affecting StV when using 200 g compared to the baseline (ES = 0.48, 0.35 and 0.45) could be observed. Moderate (ES = -0.49) and trivial (ES = -0.14 and -0.16) ES for a higher accuracy score were noticed in serve, forehand and backhand 100 g compared to the baseline. Moreover, small ES (ES = 0.41) for improvement in 200 g CODS comparing to baseline conditions were found. These results indicate that the use of a weighting set does not significantly affect StV or CODS respectively. Notwithstanding, small-to-moderate changes show impact in accuracy and no variance in velocity production when using 100 g alongside faster execution in CODS when using 200 g.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Colomar
- National Institute of Sport and Physical Education (INEFC), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Sports Science Department, Academia Sánchez-Casal, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ernest Baiget
- Sport Performance Analysis Research Group (SPARG), University of Vic—Central University of Catalonia, Vic, Spain
| | - Francisco Corbi
- National Institute of Sport and Physical Education (INEFC), University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Joshua Muñoz
- National Institute of Sport and Physical Education (INEFC), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Sports Science Department, Academia Sánchez-Casal, Barcelona, Spain
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28
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Bustos A, Metral G, Cronin J, Uthoff A, Dolcetti J. Effects of Warming Up With Lower-Body Wearable Resistance on Physical Performance Measures in Soccer Players Over an 8-Week Training Cycle. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:1220-1226. [PMID: 32149881 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Bustos, A, Metral, G, Cronin, J, Uthoff, A, and Dolcetti, J. Effects of warming up with lower-body wearable resistance on physical performance measures in soccer players over an 8-week training cycle. J Strength Cond Res 34(5): 1220-1226, 2020-Warm-ups provide an opportune time to integrate specific movements to improve performance. This study aimed to examine the effects of adding wearable resistance (WR) lower-limb loading to a warm-up on physical performance measures in soccer athletes. Thirty-one national-level soccer players (aged 16-18 years) were matched for speed and allocated to either a WR training (WRT = 15) or an unloaded (CON = 16) group. Both groups performed the same warm-up 2-3x·wk for 8 weeks with the WRT group wearing 200- to 600-g loads on their calves. Pre-training, mid-training, and post-training data were collected for 10- and 20-m sprint times, repeated sprint ability, and vertical countermovement jump (CMJ) and horizontal countermovement jump (standing long jump [SLJ]) performance. Wearable resistance training improved pre-training to post-training 10- and 20-m sprint times more than the unloaded training (effect size [ES] = -1.06 to -0.96, respectively; 60.0-66.7 vs. 18.8-37.5% > smallest worthwhile change [SWC]). Both groups decreased CMJ over the first 4 weeks (ES ≥ 0.45) and increased CMJ performance over the second 4 weeks of training (ES ≥ 0.27). Both the WRT and CON groups improved SLJ performance after the 8-week training block (ES = 0.85 and 0.93, respectively; 86.7 and 62.5% > SWC, respectively), yet no differences were identified between groups. These findings indicate that 8 weeks (23 sessions) of WR training appears to elicit practically meaningful improvements in accelerated sprinting and horizontal jumping performance. Strength and conditioning practitioners should consider including WR in sports where sprinting and horizontal force production are critical performance indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aníbal Bustos
- Catholic University of Cordoba-Argentina, Faculty of Health Sciences, Diploma in Evaluation and Prescription of Physical Training.,Ergolab, Sports Evaluation Laboratory
| | - Gustavo Metral
- University of the Great Rosary, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina.,Belgrano Athletic Club of Cordoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - John Cronin
- School of Sport and Recreation, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand; and
| | - Aaron Uthoff
- School of Sport and Recreation, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand; and
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29
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Macadam P, Mishra M, Feser EH, Uthoff AM, Cronin JB, Zois J, Nagahara R, Tinwala F. Force-velocity profile changes with forearm wearable resistance during standing start sprinting. Eur J Sport Sci 2019; 20:915-919. [PMID: 31650888 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1686070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Horizontal force-velocity (F-V) profiling is a strategy to assess athletes' individual performance capabilities during sprinting. This study investigated the acute changes in F-V profiles during sprinting of fourteen collegiate male sprinters with a mean 100-m sprint time of 11.40 ± 0.39 s, from a split-stance starting position. The subjects sprinted 30-m with, and without, wearable resistance (WR) equivalent to 2% body mass, attached to their forearms. Sprinting time at 5, 10, 20, and 30-m was assessed using laser technology. External horizontal F-V relationships were calculated via velocity-time signals. Maximal theoretical velocity (V 0), theoretical relative and absolute horizontal force (F 0), and horizontal power (P max) were determined from the F-V relationship. Paired t-tests were used to determine statistical differences (p ≤ 0.05) in variables across conditions with Cohen's d as effect sizes (ES) calculated to assess practical changes. Sprint times at 10-m and beyond were significantly increased (1.9-3.3%, p 0.01-0.03, ES 0.46-0.60) with WR compared to unloaded sprinting. The only significant change in F-V with the WR condition was found in relative P max system (-6.1%, p 0.01, ES 0.66). A small decrease was reported in V 0 (-1.0%, p 0.11, ES 0.27), with small to medium ES decreases reported in F 0 (-4.8% to -6.1%, p 0.07-0.21, ES 0.25-0.51) and P max (-4.3% to -4.6%, p 0.06-0.08, ES 0.32-0.45). The greater changes to F 0 and P max suggest that forearm WR may be a possible training tool for athletes who wish to focus on force and power adaptation during sprint acceleration from a standing start.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Macadam
- Sports Performance Research Institute of New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Megna Mishra
- Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Erin H Feser
- Sports Performance Research Institute of New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand.,Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Aaron M Uthoff
- Sports Performance Research Institute of New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - John B Cronin
- Sports Performance Research Institute of New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - James Zois
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ryu Nagahara
- National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Kanoya, Japan
| | - Farhan Tinwala
- Sports Performance Research Institute of New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
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30
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Field AP, Gill N, Uthoff AM, Plews D. Acute Metabolic Changes with Lower Leg-Positioned Wearable Resistances during Submaximal Running in Endurance-Trained Runners. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:sports7100220. [PMID: 31614633 PMCID: PMC6835442 DOI: 10.3390/sports7100220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the acute metabolic effects of different magnitudes of wearable resistance (WR) attached to the lower leg during submaximal running. Fifteen endurance-trained runners (37.8 ± 6.4 years; 1.77 ± 0.7 m; 72.5 ± 9.8 kg; 58.9 ± 7.4 L/min VO2max; 45.7 ± 5.8 min 10 K run time) completed seven submaximal running trials with WR loads of 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3% body mass (BM). Based on regression data, for every 1% BM increase of additional load, oxygen consumption (VO2) increased by 2.56% and heart rate increased by 1.16%. Inferential based analysis identified that ≤1% BM were enough to elicit responses in VO2, with a possible small increase (effect size (ES), 90% confidence interval (CI): 0.22, 0.17 to 0.39), while 3% BM loads produced a most likely very large increase (ES, 90% CI: 0.51, 0.42 to 0.60). A training load score was extrapolated using heart rate data to determine the amount of internal stress. An additional 1% BM resulted in an extra 0.39 (0.29 to 0.47) increase in internal stress over five minutes. Lower leg WR elicited substantial increases in lactate production from the lightest loading (0.5% BM), with a likely moderate increase (ES, 90% CI: 0.49, 0.30 to 0.95). Lower-leg positioned WR provides a running-specific overload with loads ≥ 1% BM resulting in substantial changes in metabolic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allister P Field
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ) at AUT Millennium, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 0632, New Zealand.
| | - Nicholas Gill
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ) at AUT Millennium, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 0632, New Zealand.
- Adams Centre for High Performance, University of Waikato, Tauranga 3116, New Zealand.
| | - Aaron M Uthoff
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ) at AUT Millennium, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 0632, New Zealand.
| | - Dan Plews
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ) at AUT Millennium, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 0632, New Zealand.
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31
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Cleary Dolcetti J, Cronin JB, Macadam P, Feser EH. Wearable Resistance Training for Speed and Agility. Strength Cond J 2019. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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32
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Acute Metabolic Changes with Thigh-Positioned Wearable Resistances during Submaximal Running in Endurance-Trained Runners. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:sports7080187. [PMID: 31375020 PMCID: PMC6723237 DOI: 10.3390/sports7080187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the acute metabolic effects of different magnitudes of wearable resistance (WR) attached to the thigh during submaximal running. Twenty endurance-trained runners (40.8 ± 8.2 years, 1.77 ± 0.7 m, 75.4 ± 9.2 kg) completed six submaximal eight-minute running trials unloaded and with WRs of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5% body mass (BM), in a random order. The use of a WR resulted in a 1.6 ± 0.6% increase in oxygen consumption (VO2) for every 1% BM of additional load. Inferential based analysis found that the loading of ≥3% BM was needed to elicit any substantial responses in VO2, with an increase that was likely to be moderate in scale (effect size (ES) ± 90% confidential interval (CI): 0.24 ± 0.07). Using heart rate data, a training load score was extrapolated to quantify the amount of internal stress. For every 1% BM of WR, there is an extra 0.17 ± 0.06 estimated increase in training load. A WR ≥3% of BM was needed to elicit substantial responses in lactate production, with an increase which was very likely to be large in scale (ES ± 90% CI: 0.41 ± 0.18). A thigh-positioned WR provides a running-specific overload with loads ≥3% BM, resulting in substantial changes in metabolic responses.
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33
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Macadam P, Nuell S, Cronin JB, Uthoff AM, Nagahara R, Neville J, Graham SP, Tinwala F. Thigh positioned wearable resistance affects step frequency not step length during 50 m sprint-running. Eur J Sport Sci 2019; 20:444-451. [PMID: 31282306 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1641557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This study determined the acute changes in spatio-temporal and impulse variables when wearable resistance (WR) of 2% body mass was attached distally to the thighs during 50 m maximal sprint-running. Fifteen sub-elite male sprinters performed sprints with and without WR over 50 m of in-ground force platforms in a randomised order. A paired t-test was used to determine statistical differences (p < .05), with effect sizes (ES) calculated between conditions over steps: 1-4, 5-14, and 15-23. WR resulted in small increased 10 and 50 m sprint times (1.0%, ES = 0.31, 0.9%, ES = 0.44, respectively, p > .05) compared to the unloaded sprint condition. For spatio-temporal variables, the WR condition resulted in moderate ES changes in step frequency (-2.8%, ES = -0.53, steps 5-14, p > .05), and contact time (2.5%, ES = 0.57, steps 5-14, and 3.2%, ES = 0.51, average of 23 steps, p > .05), while step length was unaffected during all step phases of the sprint (ES = 0.02-0.07, p > .05). Regarding kinetics, during steps 5-14, WR resulted in a moderate decrease (-4.8%, ES = -0.73, p < .05) in net anterior-posterior impulses and a moderate decrease in vertical stiffness (-5.7%, ES = -0.57, p > .05). For athletes seeking to overload step frequency and develop anterior-posterior impulse during mid to late accelerated sprinting, WR enables the application of a sprint-specific form of resistance training to be completed without decreasing step length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Macadam
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sergi Nuell
- Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - John B Cronin
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Aaron M Uthoff
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ryu Nagahara
- National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Kanoya, Japan
| | - Jono Neville
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Scott P Graham
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Farhan Tinwala
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
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34
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Feser EH, Macadam P, Cronin JB. The effects of lower limb wearable resistance on sprint running performance: A systematic review. Eur J Sport Sci 2019; 20:394-406. [PMID: 31177935 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1629631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review was to examine the literature that has used lower limb wearable resistance (WR) during sprint running. A systematic search was completed to identify acute and longitudinal studies assessing the effects of lower limb WR on sprint running performance from international peer-reviewed journals. The Boolean phrases (limb OR leg OR lower extremity) AND (sprint*) AND (resist* OR weight OR load*) were used to search PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science electronic databases. Ten studies met the inclusion criteria and were retained for analysis that reported the acute kinematic and kinetic effects (n = 8), acute performance effects (n = 3), and longitudinal effects (n = 1). Results showed that the WR micro-loading (0.6-5% body mass) significantly increased contact time (2.9-8.9%), decreased step frequency (-1.4 to -3.7%), and slowed total sprint times (0.6-7.4%). Unloaded sprinting immediately following sprints with lower limb WR resulted in no significant change to total sprinting times. One longitudinal training study did not find a significant effect on maximal sprinting speed for non-trained participants. It can be concluded that not all step kinematic variables are affected during sprinting with an added load up to 5% body mass. Therefore, coaches can use lower limb WR to selectively overload certain aspects of sprint running, in particular stride frequency. It also appears that lower limb WR overloads sprint movement velocity and may provide a stimulus to increase horizontal force output, therefore, it may be inferred that lower limb WR has the potential to elicit improved sprinting performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin H Feser
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ) at AUT Millennium, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.,College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, United States
| | - Paul Macadam
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ) at AUT Millennium, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - John B Cronin
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ) at AUT Millennium, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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35
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Macadam P, Cronin JB, Uthoff AM, Feser EH. Effects of Different Wearable Resistance Placements on Sprint-Running Performance: A Review and Practical Applications. Strength Cond J 2019. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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36
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Macadam P, Cronin JB, Feser EH. Acute and longitudinal effects of weighted vest training on sprint-running performance: a systematic review. Sports Biomech 2019; 21:239-254. [DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2019.1607542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Macadam
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ) at AUT Millennium, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - John B. Cronin
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ) at AUT Millennium, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Erin H. Feser
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ) at AUT Millennium, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
- Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Arizona State University, Phoenix, USA
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37
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Forearm wearable resistance effects on sprint kinematics and kinetics. J Sci Med Sport 2019; 22:348-352. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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38
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Carretero-Navarro G, Márquez G, Cherubini D, Taube W. Effect of different loading conditions on running mechanics at different velocities. Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 19:595-602. [PMID: 30362883 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1537378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Weighted vests are widely used to improve running economy and performance. However, it is not well-studied how running mechanics are adapted to counteract the higher peak vertical ground reaction forces (Fpeak) while running with such a device. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of different loading conditions on running mechanics at different velocities. Thirteen subjects participated in two separate sessions one week apart. In the first session, maximal aerobic speed (MAS) was determined through a maximal incremental running test while in the second session, they were instructed to run during one minute under different loading (0%, +10% and +20% of body mass [BM]) and velocity (60%, 80% and 100% of MAS) conditions in a random order. Spatiotemporal data were recorded and then running mechanics modelled using the spring-mass model. The main results indicated that vertical and leg stiffness (Kvert and Kleg, respectively) were increased (P < .001) as velocity increased but remained unaltered (P > .05) when load was changed. At the same time, alterations of the running kinematics were observed such as longer contact times, reduced flight times, stride frequencies and step lengths, as well as an increase of the centre of mass dynamics. Based on these results it is assumed that runners maintain a certain stiffness level for each velocity despite different loading conditions. As a consequence, Fpeak increases and this probably causes spatiotemporal adjustments in the movement kinematics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán Carretero-Navarro
- a Departamento de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte - UCAM , Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia , Murcia , España
| | - Gonzalo Márquez
- a Departamento de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte - UCAM , Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia , Murcia , España
| | - Doménico Cherubini
- a Departamento de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte - UCAM , Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia , Murcia , España
| | - Wolfgang Taube
- b Department of Medicine, Movement and Sports Science , University of Fribourg , Fribourg , Switzerland
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39
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Couture GA, Simperingham KD, Cronin JB, Lorimer AV, Kilding AE, Macadam P. Effects of upper and lower body wearable resistance on spatio-temporal and kinetic parameters during running. Sports Biomech 2018; 19:633-651. [PMID: 30325270 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2018.1508490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Wearable resistance training involves added load attached directly to the body during sporting movements. The effects of load position during running are not yet fully established. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to determine spatio-temporal and kinetic characteristics during submaximal running using upper, lower and whole-body wearable resistance (1-10% body mass (BM)). Twelve trained male runners completed eight 2-min treadmill running bouts at 3.9 m/s with and without wearable resistance. The first and last bouts were unloaded, while the middle 6 were randomised wearable resistance conditions: upper body (UB) 5% BM, lower body (LB) 1%, 3%, 5% BM and whole body (WB) 5%, 10% BM. Wearable resistance of 1-10% BM resulted in a significant increase in heart rate (5.40-8.84%), but minimal impact on spatio-temporal variables. Loads of 5% BM and greater caused changes in vertical stiffness, vertical and horizontal force, and impulse. Functional and effective propulsive force (2.95%, 2.88%) and impulse (3.40%, 3.38%) were significantly (p < 0.05) greater with LB5% than UB5%. Wearable resistance may be used to increase muscular kinetics during running without negatively impacting spatio-temporal variables. The application of these findings will vary depending on athlete goals. Future longitudinal studies are required to validate training contentions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace A Couture
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology , Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Movement Science, Grand Valley State University , Allendale, MI, USA
| | - Kim D Simperingham
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology , Auckland, New Zealand
| | - John B Cronin
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology , Auckland, New Zealand.,School of Exercise and Biomedical Health Science, Edith Cowan University , Perth, Australia
| | - Anna V Lorimer
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology , Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrew E Kilding
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology , Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Paul Macadam
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology , Auckland, New Zealand
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Marriner CR, Cronin JB, Macadam P, Storey A. Redistributing load using wearable resistance during power clean training improves athletic performance. Eur J Sport Sci 2017; 17:1101-1109. [PMID: 28792857 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2017.1360396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A popular method to improve athletic performance and lower body power is to train with wearable resistance (WR), for example, weighted vests. However, it is currently unknown what training effect this loading method has on full-body explosive movements such as the power clean. The purpose of this study was to determine what effects WR equivalent to 12% body mass (BM) had on the power clean and countermovement jump (CMJ) performance. Sixteen male subjects (age: 23.2 ± 2.7 years; BM: 90.5 ± 10.3 kg) were randomly assigned to five weeks of traditional (TR) power clean training or training with 12% BM redistributed from the bar to the body using WR. Variables of interest included pre and post CMJ height, power clean one repetition maximum (1RM), peak ground reaction force, power output (PO), and several bar path kinematic variables across loads at 50%, 70%, and 90% of 1RM. The main findings were that WR training: (1) increased CMJ height (8.7%; ES = 0.53) and 1RM power clean (4.2%; ES = 0.2) as compared to the TR group (CMJ height = -1.4%; 1RM power clean = 1.8%); (2) increased PO across all 1RM loads (ES = 0.33-0.62); (3) increased barbell velocity at 90% 1RM (3.5%; ES = 0.74) as compared to the TR group (-4.3%); and (4) several bar path kinematic variables improved at 70% and 90% 1RM loads. WR power clean training with 12% BM can positively influence power clean ability and CMJ performance, as well as improve technique factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb R Marriner
- a Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ) at AUT Millennium , Auckland University of Technology , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - John B Cronin
- a Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ) at AUT Millennium , Auckland University of Technology , Auckland , New Zealand.,b School of Exercise , Biomedical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University , Perth , Australia
| | - Paul Macadam
- a Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ) at AUT Millennium , Auckland University of Technology , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Adam Storey
- a Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ) at AUT Millennium , Auckland University of Technology , Auckland , New Zealand
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Macadam P, Simperingham KD, Cronin JB, Couture G, Evison C. Acute kinematic and kinetic adaptations to wearable resistance during vertical jumping. Eur J Sport Sci 2017; 17:555-562. [PMID: 28316257 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2017.1298672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
One variation of vertical jump (VJ) training is resisted or weighted jump training, where wearable resistance (WR) enables jumping to be overloaded in a movement specific manner. A two-way analysis of variance with Bonferroni post hoc contrasts was used to determine the acute changes in VJ performance with differing load magnitudes and load placements. Kinematic and kinetic data were quantified using a force plate and contact mat. Twenty sport active subjects (age: 27.8 ± 3.8 years; body mass (BM): 70.2 ± 12.2 kg; height: 1.74 ± 0.78 m) volunteered to participate in the study. Subjects performed the counter movement jump (CMJ), drop jump (DJ) and pogo jump (PJ) wearing no resistance, 3% or 6% BM affixed to the upper or lower body. The main finding in terms of the landing phase was that the effect of WR was non-significant (P > .05) on peak ground reaction force. With regard to the propulsive phase the main findings were that for both the CMJ and DJ, WR resulted in a significant (P < .05) decrease in jump height (CMJ: -12% to -17%, DJ: -10% to -14%); relative peak power (CMJ: -8% to -17%, DJ: -7% to -10%); and peak velocity (CMJ: -4% to -7%, DJ: -3% to -8%); while PJ reactive strength index was significantly reduced (-15% to -21%) with all WR conditions. Consideration should be given to the inclusion of WR in sports where VJ's are important components as it may provide a novel movement specific training stimulus. Highlights WR of 3 or 6 % BM provided a means to overload the subjects in this study resulting in decreased propulsive power and velocity that lead to a reduced jump height and landing force. Specific strength exercises that closely mimic sporting performance are more likely to optimise transference, therefore WR with light loads of 3-6% body mass (BM)appear a suitable tool for movement specific overload training and maximising transference to sporting performance. Practitioners can safely load their athletes with upper or lower body WR of 3-6% BM without fear of overloading the athletesover and above the landing forces they are typically accustomed too. As a training stimulus it would seem the WR loading provides adequate overload and athletes should focus on velocity of movement to improve power output and jump height i.e. take-off velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Macadam
- a Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ) at AUT Millennium , Auckland University of Technology , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Kim D Simperingham
- a Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ) at AUT Millennium , Auckland University of Technology , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - John B Cronin
- a Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ) at AUT Millennium , Auckland University of Technology , Auckland , New Zealand.,b School of Exercise, Biomedical and Health Sciences , Edith Cowan University , Perth , Australia
| | - Grace Couture
- a Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ) at AUT Millennium , Auckland University of Technology , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Chloe Evison
- a Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ) at AUT Millennium , Auckland University of Technology , Auckland , New Zealand
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