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Gregorace JI, Bellenger CR, Edwards AM, Greenham GE, Nelson MJ. Contextual factors associated with running demands in elite Australian football: a scoping review. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2024; 8:278-286. [PMID: 36940253 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2023.2192042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify and summarise the contextual factors associated with running demands in elite male Australian football (AF) gameplay that have been reported in the literature. DESIGN Scoping review. METHODS A contextual factor in sporting gameplay is a variable associated with the interpretation of results, yet is not the primary objective of gameplay. Systematic literature searches were performed in four databases to identify what contextual factors associated with running demands in elite male AF have been reported: Scopus, SPORTDiscus, Ovid Medline and CINAHL, for terms constructed around Australian football AND running demands AND contextual factors. The present scoping review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), and narrative synthesis was conducted. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION A total of 36 unique articles were identified by the systematic literature search, which included 20 unique contextual factors. The most studied contextual factors were position (n = 13), time in game (n = 9), phases of play (n = 8), rotations (n = 7) and player rank (n = 6). Multiple contextual factors, such as playing position, aerobic fitness, rotations, time within a game, stoppages, and season phase appear to correlate with running demands in elite male AF. Many identified contextual factors have very limited published evidence and thus additional studies would help draw stronger conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh I Gregorace
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), UniSA Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- High Performance Department, Adelaide Football Club, Adelaide, South Australia Australia
| | - Clint R Bellenger
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), UniSA Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Ashleigh M Edwards
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), UniSA Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Grace E Greenham
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), UniSA Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- High Performance Department, Adelaide Football Club, Adelaide, South Australia Australia
| | - Maximillian J Nelson
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), UniSA Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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2
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Dillon P, Lovell R, Joyce D, Norris D. Maximum speed exposures in Australian rules football: do methods matter? SCI MED FOOTBALL 2024; 8:287-290. [PMID: 37143341 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2023.2211048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This study compared weekly near-to-maximum speed exposure data when determined via different methods and criteria. Forty-seven professional Australian rules football (AF) players undertook pre-season sprint assessments (PSSA) via 3 × 50 m maximal efforts using 10 Hz GPS over two consecutive seasons. The same technology was used continually during the in-season to identify maximum speeds attained in training and matches. Weekly near-to-maximal speed (MS) exposure counts were aggregated for speeds ≥80%, ≥85%, ≥90% and ≥95% of their individual maximum for both determination approaches. Weekly near-to-MS exposures was lower (p < 0.0001) when determined from in-season monitoring for ≥80% (-1.26; CI: -1.58 to -0.93), ≥85% (-0.78; CI: -0.97 to -0.59), ≥90% (-0.42; CI: -0.53 to -0.32), and ≥95% (-0.09; CI: -0.12 to -0.06) versus PSSA, with no effect of playing position (P ≥ 0.161). Although ≥80% and ≥85% near-to-maximum speed exposure data was meaningfully influenced by the determination method, the effect was somewhat trivial at higher speed criteria (≥90% and ≥95%) often considered important for performance gains and injury risk reduction purposes. Maximum speed determination methods therefore may be used interchangeably, and discrete sprint assessments may not be necessary for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pat Dillon
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
| | - Ric Lovell
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - David Joyce
- Synapsing Strategy and Decision Making, Sydney, Australia
| | - Dean Norris
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
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3
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Jennings J, Perrett JC, Wundersitz DW, Sullivan CJ, Cousins SD, Kingsley MI. Predicting successful draft outcome in Australian Rules football: Model sensitivity is superior in neural networks when compared to logistic regression. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298743. [PMID: 38422066 PMCID: PMC10903873 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Using logistic regression and neural networks, the aim of this study was to compare model performance when predicting player draft outcome during the 2021 AFL National Draft. Physical testing, in-game movement and technical involvements were collected from 708 elite-junior Australian Rules football players during consecutive seasons. Predictive models were generated using data from 465 players (2017 to 2020). Data from 243 players were then used to prospectively predict the 2021 AFL National Draft. Logistic regression and neural network models were compared for specificity, sensitivity and accuracy using relative cut-off thresholds from 5% to 50%. Using factored and unfactored data, and a range of relative cut-off thresholds, neural networks accounted for 73% of the 40 best performing models across positional groups and data configurations. Neural networks correctly classified more drafted players than logistic regression in 88% of cases at draft rate (15%) and convergence threshold (35%). Using individual variables across thresholds, neural networks (specificity = 79 ± 13%, sensitivity = 61 ± 24%, accuracy = 76 ± 8%) were consistently superior to logistic regression (specificity = 73 ± 15%, sensitivity = 29 ± 14%, accuracy = 66 ± 11%). Where the goal is to identify talented players with draft potential, model sensitivity is paramount, and neural networks were superior to logistic regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Jennings
- Holsworth Research Initiative, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
- La Trobe University Bendigo Pioneers, Bendigo, Australia
| | | | - Daniel W. Wundersitz
- Holsworth Research Initiative, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
| | - Courtney J. Sullivan
- Holsworth Research Initiative, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen D. Cousins
- Holsworth Research Initiative, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael I. Kingsley
- Holsworth Research Initiative, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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4
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Ellens S, Carey D, Gastin P, Varley MC. Changing the criteria applied to acceleration and deceleration efforts changes the types of player actions detected. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2024; 8:52-59. [PMID: 36250240 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2022.2137575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study identified and profiled the types of player actions of Australian football players executed during high acceleration and/or deceleration efforts and identified how the duration exceeding the acceleration or deceleration threshold influenced the identified executed player actions. The commencing speed of the acceleration and deceleration efforts were also assessed. Acceleration and deceleration efforts of 22 Australian football players monitored with a 10-Hz GNSS device across two matches were analysed. Synchronised video footage of the matches was used to identify the player actions executed during acceleration and deceleration efforts. Linear mixed models were conducted to examine the relationship between commencing speed, player action, and duration exceeding the effort threshold. 'Linear movement' and 'jump' were the most frequently executed player actions for high accelerations and 'stop' and 'being tackled' for high decelerations. Significant differences were observed in commencing speed between player actions for the high deceleration efforts. Furthermore, it was found that a higher commencing speed was associated with an increased duration exceeding the deceleration threshold. These findings will help practitioners and researchers with selecting minimum-duration criteria for acceleration and deceleration efforts and provide an understanding of the types of player actions executed during these efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Ellens
- Sport and Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services & Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David Carey
- Sport and Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services & Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paul Gastin
- Sport and Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services & Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Matthew C Varley
- Sport and Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services & Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
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5
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Cormier P, Meylan C, Agar-Newman D, Geneau D, Epp-Stobbe A, Lenetsky S, Klimstra M. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Wearable Satellite System Technology for Linear Sprint Profiling: Technological Innovations and Practical Applications. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:405-418. [PMID: 38088913 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Cormier, P, Meylan, C, Agar-Newman, D, Geneau, D, Epp-Stobbe, A, Lenetsky, S, and Klimstra, M. A systematic review and meta-analysis of wearable satellite system technology for linear sprint profiling: technological innovations and practical applications. J Strength Cond Res 38(2): 405-418, 2024-An emerging and promising practice is the use of global navigation satellite system (GNSS) technology to profile team-sports athletes in training and competition. Therefore, the purpose of this narrative systematic review with meta-analysis was to evaluate the literature regarding satellite system sensor usage for sprint modeling and to consolidate the findings to evaluate its validity and reliability. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, an electronic search of the databases, PubMed and SPORTDiscus (EBSCO), was conducted. Concurrent validity and reliability studies were considered, and 16 studies were retained for the review from the initial 1,485 studies identified. The effects on outcomes were expressed as standardized mean differences (SMDs, Cohen's d ) for each outcome (i.e., maximal sprint speed [MSS], the acceleration constant [τ], maximal theoretical velocity [ V0 ], relative force [ F0 ], and relative power [P max ]). Effect magnitudes represented the SMD between GNSS-derived and criterion-derived (i.e., radar and laser) and resulted in the following estimates: small for MSS ( d = 0.22, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.42), τ ( d = -0.18, 95% CI -0.60 to 0.23), V0 ( d = 0.14, 95% CI -0.08 to 0.36), relative F0 ( d = 0.15, 95% CI -0.25 to 0.55), and relative P max ( d = 0.21, 95% CI -0.16 to 0.58). No publication bias was identified in meta-analyzed studies and moderator analysis revealed that several factors (sampling rate and sensor manufacturer) influenced the results. Heterogeneity between studies was considered moderate to high. This highlighted the differences between studies in sensor technology differences (i.e., sampling rate, sensor fusion, and satellite network acquisition), processing techniques, criterion technology used, sprint protocols, outcome reporting, and athlete characteristics. These findings may be useful in guiding improvements in sprint modeling using GNSS technology and enable more direct comparisons in future research. Implementation of all-out linear sprint efforts with GNSS technology can be integrated into sport-specific sessions for sprint modeling when robust and consistent data processing protocols are performed, which has important implications for fatigue monitoring, program design, systematic testing, and rehabilitation in individual and team sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Cormier
- Canadian Sport Institute Pacific, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- Health and Athletic Performance Department, Canada Soccer, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - César Meylan
- Canadian Sport Institute Pacific, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Toronto Football Club, Health and Performance Department, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Dana Agar-Newman
- Canadian Sport Institute Pacific, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Daniel Geneau
- Canadian Sport Institute Pacific, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Amarah Epp-Stobbe
- Canadian Sport Institute Pacific, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Seth Lenetsky
- Canadian Sport Institute Pacific, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- Toronto Football Club, Health and Performance Department, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Marc Klimstra
- Canadian Sport Institute Pacific, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
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Hopwood HJ, Bellinger PM, Compton HR, Bourne MN, Derave W, Lievens E, Kennedy B, Minahan CL. Match Running Performance in Australian Football Is Related to Muscle Fiber Typology. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:1442-1448. [PMID: 37857382 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the association between muscle fiber typology and match running performance in professional Australian football (AF) athletes. METHODS An observational time-motion analysis was performed on 23 professional AF athletes during 224 games throughout the 2020 competitive season. Athletes were categorized by position as hybrid, small, or tall. Athlete running performance was measured using Global Navigation Satellite System devices. Mean total match running performance and maximal mean intensity values were calculated for moving mean durations between 1 and 10 minutes for speed (in meters per minute), high-speed-running distance (HSR, >4.17 m·s-1), and acceleration (in meters per second squared), while intercept and slopes were calculated using power law. Carnosine content was quantified by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the gastrocnemius and soleus and expressed as a carnosine aggregate z score (CAZ score) to estimate muscle fiber typology. Mixed linear models were used to determine the association between CAZ score and running performance. RESULTS The mean (range) CAZ score was -0.60 (-1.89 to 1.25), indicating that most athletes possessed a greater estimated proportion of type I muscle fibers. A greater estimated proportion of type I fibers (ie, lower CAZ score) was associated with a larger accumulation of HSR (>4.17 m·s-1) and an increased ability to maintain HSR as the peak period duration increased. CONCLUSION AF athletes with a greater estimated proportion of type I muscle fibers were associated with a greater capacity to accumulate distance running at high speeds, as well as a greater capacity to maintain higher output of HSR running during peak periods as duration increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry J Hopwood
- Griffith Sport Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- Football Department, Gold Coast Football Club, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Heidi R Compton
- Football Department, Gold Coast Football Club, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- Applied Sports Science and Exercise Testing Laboratory, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW, Australia
| | - Matthew N Bourne
- Griffith Sport Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Wim Derave
- Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eline Lievens
- Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ben Kennedy
- Mermaid Beach Radiology, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Clare L Minahan
- Griffith Sport Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- Australian Institute of Sport, Australian Sports Commission, Canberra, QLD, Australia
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7
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Wing C, Hart NH, Ma'ayah F, Nosaka K. Factors Affecting Physical and Technical Performance in Australian Football. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:1844-1851. [PMID: 37616538 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Wing, C, Hart, NH, Ma'ayah, F, and Nosaka, K. Factors affecting physical and technical performance in Australian football. J Strength Cond Res 37(9): 1844-1851, 2023-This study assessed player (i.e., lower-body strength and power and aerobic fitness) and environmental (e.g., venue) factors and their effects on the physical (e.g., distance) and technical (e.g., kicks) demands of Australian football (AF). Relative distance, high-speed running (HSR), and acceleration efforts for 19 matches by 33 players in a West AF League team were analyzed from global positioning system data split into periods of successful offense and defense and maximum ball in play (BiP) periods, as well as technical actions. Lower-body strength and power, and aerobic fitness were evaluated using a one-repetition trap-bar deadlift, countermovement jump, 2-km time trial, and Yo-Yo intermittent fitness test, respectively. In matches played at home, distance (p < 0.001, ES = 0.39) and HSR (p < 0.001, ES = 0.34) were significantly reduced during successful defense. In addition, tackle rate was significantly increased (p = 0.003, ES = 0.16) during successful defense when playing at home. Trap-bar deadlift relative to mass significantly increased relative distance (p = 0.004, ES = 0.51) and HSR (p = 0.029, ES = 0.40) in successful offense. In successful defense, superior time trial performance significantly increased relative distance (p < 0.001, ES = 0.58), HSR (p < 0.001, ES = 0.59), and acceleration efforts (p = 0.017, ES = 0.44), while relative distance (p < 0.001, ES = 0.62) and HSR (p = 0.004, ES = 0.52) were also increased during maximum BiP periods. The results demonstrate that player factors have the largest effect on the physical and technical performance of AF players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Wing
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Nicolas H Hart
- Institute for Health Research, University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Australia
- College of Nursing and Health Science, Caring Futures Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia; and
| | - Fadi Ma'ayah
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
- School of Education, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia; and
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8
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Edwards T, Piggott B, Banyard HG, Haff GG, Joyce C. Sprint acceleration characteristics across the Australian football participation pathway. Sports Biomech 2023; 22:1168-1180. [PMID: 32757738 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2020.1790641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the force, velocity and power profiles of a maximal sprint acceleration through different competition levels of the Australian Football (AF) participation pathway. One hundred and sixty-two junior AF athletes across five competition levels including State under 18's (ST 18), State under 16's (ST 16), local under 18's (LOC 18), local under 15's (LOC 15), and local under 14's (LOC 14) participated in this cross-sectional study. Velocity-time data from maximal sprint accelerations were analysed to derive athlete's sprint acceleration characteristics and split times. ST 18 showed a more force-orientated profile than the LOC 18 with moderate differences in relative theoretical maximal force (F0) (7.54%), absolute F0 (10.51%), and slope of the force-velocity relationship (Sf-v) (9.27%). Similarly, small differences were found between ST 18 and ST 16 in relative F0 (4.79%) and Sf-v (6.28%). Moderate to extremely large differences were observed between players competing in older (ST 18, LOC 18, ST 16) compared to younger (LOC 15, LOC 14) competition levels highlighting the potential influence of biological maturation. It is recommended that practitioners working with junior AF players to consider developing a force-orientated sprint acceleration profile to improve sprinting performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby Edwards
- School of Health Sciences, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Australia
| | - Benjamin Piggott
- School of Health Sciences, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Australia
| | - Harry G Banyard
- Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - G Gregory Haff
- Centre for Exercise and Sport Science Research, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
- Australian Centre for Research into Injury in Sport and Its Prevention (ACRISP), Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
- Directorate of Psychology and Sport, University of Salford, Salford, UK
| | - Christopher Joyce
- School of Health Sciences, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Australia
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Jennings J, Štaka Z, Wundersitz DW, Sullivan CJ, Cousins SD, Čustović E, Kingsley MI. Position-Specific Running and Technical Demands During Male Elite-Junior and Elite-Senior Australian Rules Football Match-Play. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:1449-1455. [PMID: 36727979 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Jennings, J, Štaka, Z, Wundersitz, DW, Sullivan, CJ, Cousins, SD, Čustović, E, and Kingsley, MI. Position-specific running and technical demands during male elite-junior and elite-senior Australian rules football match-play. J Strength Cond Res 37(7): 1449-1455, 2023-The aim of this study was to compare position-specific running and technical demands of elite-junior and elite-senior Australian rules football match-play to better inform practice and assist transition between the levels. Global positioning system and technical involvement data were collated from 12 Victorian U18 male NAB League ( n = 553) and 18 Australian Football League ( n = 702) teams competing in their respective 2019 seasons. Players were grouped by position as nomadic, fixed, or ruck, and data subsets were used for specific analyses. Relative total distance ( p = 0.635, trivial effect), high-speed running (HSR) distance ( p = 0.433, trivial effect), acceleration efforts ( p = 0.830, trivial effect), deceleration efforts ( p = 0.983, trivial effect), and efforts at >150 m·min -1 ( p = 0.229, trivial effect) and >200 m·min -1 ( p = 0.962, trivial effect) did not differ between elite-junior and elite-senior match-play. Elite juniors covered less total and HSR distance during peak periods (5 seconds-10 minutes) of demand ( p ≤ 0.022, small-moderate effects). Within both leagues, nomadic players had the greatest running demands followed by fixed position and then rucks. Relative disposals ( p = 0.330, trivial effect) and possessions ( p = 0.084, trivial effect) were comparable between the leagues. During peak periods (10 seconds to 2 minutes), elite juniors had less technical involvements than elite seniors ( p ≤ 0.001, small effects). Although relative running demands and positional differences were comparable between the leagues, elite juniors perform less running, HSR, and technical involvements during peak periods when compared with elite seniors. Therefore, coaching staff in elite-senior clubs should maintain intensity while progressively increasing the volume of training that recently drafted players undertake when they have transitioned from elite-junior leagues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Jennings
- La Trobe Rural Health School, Holsworth Research Initiative, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Australia
- La Trobe University Bendigo Pioneers, Bendigo, Australia
| | - Zorana Štaka
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of East Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Daniel W Wundersitz
- La Trobe Rural Health School, Holsworth Research Initiative, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Australia
| | - Courtney J Sullivan
- La Trobe Rural Health School, Holsworth Research Initiative, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Australia
| | - Stephen D Cousins
- La Trobe Rural Health School, Holsworth Research Initiative, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Australia
| | - Edhem Čustović
- School of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Australia; and
| | - Michael I Kingsley
- La Trobe Rural Health School, Holsworth Research Initiative, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Australia
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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10
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Freeman BW, Talpey SW, James LP, Opar DA, Young WB. Common High-Speed Running Thresholds Likely Do Not Correspond to High-Speed Running in Field Sports. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:1411-1418. [PMID: 36727920 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Freeman, BW, Talpey, SW, James, LP, Opar, DA, and Young, WB. Common high-speed running thresholds likely do not correspond to high-speed running in field sports. J Strength Cond Res 37(7): 1411-1418, 2023-The purpose of this study was to clarify what percentage of maximum speed is associated with various running gaits. Fifteen amateur field sport athletes (age = 23 ± 3.6 years) participated in a series of 55-meter running trials. The speed of each trial was determined by instructions relating to 5 previously identified gait patterns (jog, run, stride, near maximum sprint, and sprint). Each trial was filmed in slow motion (240 fps), whereas running speed was obtained using Global Positioning Systems. Contact time, stride angle, and midstance free-leg knee angle were determined from video footage. Running gaits corresponded with the following running speeds, jogging = 4.51 m·s -1 , 56%Vmax, running = 5.41 m·s -1 , 66%Vmax , striding = 6.37 m·s -1 , 78%Vmax, near maximum sprinting = 7.08 m·s -1 , 87%Vmax, and sprinting = 8.15 m·s -1 , 100%Vmax. Significant ( p < 0.05) increases in stride angle were observed as running speed increased. Significant ( p < 0.05) decreases were observed in contact time and midstance free-leg knee angle as running speed increased. These findings suggest currently used thresholds for high-speed running (HSR) and sprinting most likely correspond with jogging and striding, which likely underestimates the true HSR demands. Therefore, a higher relative speed could be used to describe HSR and sprinting more accurately in field sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brock W Freeman
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, Australia
- School of Health Sciences and Physiotherapy, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Australia
| | - Scott W Talpey
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, Australia
| | - Lachlan P James
- School of Allied Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David A Opar
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia; and
- Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Warren B Young
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, Australia
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11
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Jennings J, Wundersitz D, Sullivan C, Cousins S, Kingsley M. Including a Technical Factor with Physical and In-Game Movement Factors Improves Model Sensitivity When Evaluating Draft Outcome in Elite-Junior Australian Rules Football. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:sports11030063. [PMID: 36976949 PMCID: PMC10054863 DOI: 10.3390/sports11030063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Determining characteristics that define talent is critical for recruitment and player development. When developing predictive models, sensitivity is important, as it describes the ability of models to identify players with draft potential (true positives). In the current literature, modelling is limited to a small number of selected variables, and model sensitivity is often poor or unreported. The aim of this study was to determine how a technical factor combined with physical and in-game movement factors affects position-specific model sensitivity when evaluating draft outcome in an elite-junior National Australia Bank (NAB) League population. Physical, in-game movement, and technical involvement data were collated from draft-eligible (18th year) participants in the under 18 boys NAB League competition (n = 465). Factors identified through parallel analysis were used in binomial regression analyses. Models using factor combinations were developed to predict draft success for all-position, nomadic, fixed-position, and fixed&ruck players. Models that best characterised draft success were all-position (physical and technical: specificity = 97.2%, sensitivity = 36.6%, and accuracy = 86.3%), nomadic (physical and technical: specificity = 95.5%, sensitivity = 40.7%, and accuracy = 85.5%), fixed (physical: specificity = 96.4%, sensitivity = 41.7%, and accuracy = 86.6%), and fixed&ruck (physical and in-game movement: specificity = 96.3%, sensitivity = 41.2%, and accuracy = 86.7%). Including a technical factor improved sensitivity in the all-position and nomadic models. Physical factors and physical and in-game movement yielded the best models for fixed-position and fixed&ruck players, respectively. Models with improved sensitivity should be sought to assist practitioners to more confidently identify the players with draft potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Jennings
- Holsworth Research Initiative, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC 3552, Australia
- La Trobe University Bendigo Pioneers, Bendigo, Bendigo, VIC 3550, Australia
| | - Daniel Wundersitz
- Holsworth Research Initiative, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC 3552, Australia
| | - Courtney Sullivan
- Holsworth Research Initiative, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC 3552, Australia
| | - Stephen Cousins
- Holsworth Research Initiative, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC 3552, Australia
| | - Michael Kingsley
- Holsworth Research Initiative, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC 3552, Australia
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +64-27-296-0194
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12
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van der Vegt BR, Gepp A, Keogh JW, Farley JB. Methods of performance analysis in women's Australian football: a scoping review. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14946. [PMID: 36935923 PMCID: PMC10019326 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The first women's Australian football (AF) professional competition was established in 2017, resulting in advancement in performance analysis capabilities within the sport. Given the specific constraints of women's AF, it is currently unclear what match-play performance analysis methods and techniques are implemented. Therefore, the aim of this scoping review was to describe and critically appraise physical, technical, and tactical performance analysis methods that have been employed in women's and girls' AF match-play. Methodology A systematic search was conducted on the 27th of June 2022 through five databases. Eligibility criteria were derived from the PCC framework with the population (P) of women and girls AF players, of any level of play; concepts (C) of interest which were measures, data, and methods related to the sport's physical, technical, and tactical performance; and the context (C) of methods that analysed any match-play performance. A narrative synthesis was conducted using extracted study characteristic data such as sample size, population, time period, collection standards, evaluation metrics for results, and application of thematic categorisations of previous sports performance reviews. Critical appraisal of eligible studies' methodologies was conducted to investigate research quality and identify methodological issues. Results From 183 studies screened, twelve eligible studies were included, which examined match-play through physical (9/12, 75%), technical (4/12, 33%), and tactical analysis (2/12, 17%). Running demands and game actions analysis were the most researched in senior women's AF. Research into junior girls' AF match-play performance has not been investigated. No research has been conducted on non-running physical demands, contact demands, acceleration, and tactical aspects of women's AF. All studies utilised either inferential statistics or basic predictive models. Critical appraisal deemed most studies as low risk of bias (11/12, 92%), with the remaining study having satisfactory risk. Conclusions Future research utilising increased longitudinal and greater contextual data is needed to combat the prominent issue of data representativeness to better characterise performance within women's and girls' AF. Additionally, research involving junior and sub-elite AF players across the talent pathways is important to conduct, as it provides greater context and insight regarding development to support the evolving elite women's AF competition. Women's AF has been constrained by its resource environment. As such, suggestions are provided for better utilisation of existing data, as well as for the creation of new data for appropriate future research. Greater data generation enables the use of detailed machine learning predictions, neural networks, and network analysis to better represent the intertwined nature of match-play performance from technical, physical, and tactical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braedan R. van der Vegt
- Centre for Data Analytics, Bond Business School, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Adrian Gepp
- Centre for Data Analytics, Bond Business School, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Justin W.L. Keogh
- Faculty of Health Sciences & Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Cluster for Health Improvement, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
- Sports Performance Research Centre New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jessica B. Farley
- Faculty of Health Sciences & Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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13
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Hicks DS, Drummond C, Williams KJ, van den Tillaar R. The effect of a combined sprint training intervention on sprint force-velocity characteristics in junior Australian football players. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14873. [PMID: 36941999 PMCID: PMC10024483 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sprint performance in junior Australian football (AF) players has been shown to be a differentiating quality in ability level therefore developing sprint characteristics via sprint-specific training methods is an important aspect of their physical development. Assisted sprint training is one training method used to enhance sprint performance yet limited information exists on its effect on sprint force-velocity characteristics. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to determine the influence of a combined sprint training intervention using assisted and maximal sprint training methods on mechanical characteristics and sprint performance in junior Australian football players. Methods Upon completing familiarization and pre-testing, twenty-two male junior Australian football (AF) players (age 14.4 ± 0.3 years, body mass 58.5 ± 10.0 kg, and height 1.74 ± 0.08 m) were divided into a combined sprint training (CST) group (n = 14), and a maximal sprint training (MST) group (n = 8) based on initial sprint performance over 20-meters. Sprint performance was assessed during maximal 20-meter sprint efforts via a radar gun (36 Hz), with velocity-time data used to derive force-velocity characteristics and split times. All subjects then completed a 7-week in-season training intervention consisting of maximal sprinting (MST & CST groups) and assisted sprinting (CST only), along with their usual football specific exercises. Results Moderate to large pre-post within group effects (-0.65 ≤ ES ≥ 0.82. p ≤ 0.01) in the CST group for relative theoretical maximal force (F0) and power (Pmax) were reflected in improved sprint performance from 0-20 m, thereby creating a more force-oriented F-v profile. The MST group displayed statistically significant pre-post differences in sprint performance between 10-20 m only (ES = 0.18, p = 0.04). Moderate to high relative reliability was achieved across all sprint variables (ICC = 0.65-0.91), except for the force-velocity slope (SFV) and decrement in ratio of forces (DRF) which reported poor reliability (ICC = 0.41-0.44), while the CST group exceeded the pre-post minimal detectable change (MDC) in most sprint variables suggesting a 'true change' in performance across the intervention. Conclusion It is concluded that implementing a short-term, combined sprint training intervention consisting of assisted and maximal sprint training methods may enhance sprint mechanical characteristics and sprint performance to 20-meters in junior AF players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Shaun Hicks
- SHAPE Research Centre, Flinders University of South Australia, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Claire Drummond
- SHAPE Research Centre, Flinders University of South Australia, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kym J. Williams
- SHAPE Research Centre, Flinders University of South Australia, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
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14
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Load-velocity relationships and predicted maximal strength: A systematic review of the validity and reliability of current methods. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267937. [PMID: 36301878 PMCID: PMC9612483 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Maximal strength can be predicted from the load-velocity relationship (LVR), although it is important to understand methodological approaches which ensure the validity and reliability of these strength predictions. The aim of this systematic review was to determine factors which influence the validity of maximal strength predictions from the LVR, and secondarily to highlight the effects of these factors on the reliability of predictions. A search strategy was developed and implemented in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and CINAHL databases. Rayyan software was used to screen titles, abstracts, and full texts to determine their inclusion/eligibility. Eligible studies compared direct assessments of one-repetition maximum (1RM) with predictions performed using the LVR and reported prediction validity. Validity was extracted and represented graphically via effect size forest plots. Twenty-five eligible studies were included and comprised of a total of 842 participants, three different 1RM prediction methods, 16 different exercises, and 12 different velocity monitoring devices. Four primary factors appear relevant to the efficacy of predicting 1RM: the number of loads used, the exercise examined, the velocity metric used, and the velocity monitoring device. Additionally, the specific loads, provision of velocity feedback, use of lifting straps and regression model used may require further consideration.
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15
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Vella A, Clarke AC, Kempton T, Ryan S, Coutts AJ. Assessment of Physical, Technical, and Tactical Analysis in the Australian Football League: A Systematic Review. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:124. [PMID: 36209264 PMCID: PMC9547771 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00518-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Background Elite Australian Football (AF) match-play requires proficiency in physical, technical, and tactical elements. However, when analysing player movement practitioners commonly exclude technical and tactical considerations, failing to recognise the multifactorial nature of AF match-play and providing little context into the movement requirements of the players. Objectives This systematic review aimed to identify the physical, technical, and tactical requirements of the Australian Football League (AFL) and to highlight the importance of integrating data from multiple sources when analysing player output. Methods A systematic search of electronic databases (CINAHL, PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science) was conducted from January 2009 to June 2022. Keywords relating to physical, technical, and tactical match requirements were used. Results Forty-eight studies met the inclusion criteria. In isolation, physical requirements were the most analysed construct within the AFL (n = 17), followed by technical (n = 9) and then tactical (n = 6). Thirteen studies integrated physical and technical elements, one study integrated technical and tactical elements, one study integrated physical and tactical elements, and one study integrated all three elements. Movement analysis centred around average ‘whole’ match requirements, whereas technical and tactical match analyses focused on key performance indicators of match performance. Conclusion While the physical requirements of the AFL have been well documented, there is little understanding of how player technical output and various team tactics influence player movement requirements. Knowledge of how the elements of AF match-play interact with one another could enhance our understanding of match performance and provide a greater resource for training prescription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Vella
- grid.1018.80000 0001 2342 0938Sport and Exercise Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC Australia ,Carlton Football Club, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Anthea C. Clarke
- grid.1018.80000 0001 2342 0938Sport and Exercise Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC Australia
| | - Thomas Kempton
- Carlton Football Club, Melbourne, VIC Australia ,grid.117476.20000 0004 1936 7611School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health, Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007 Australia
| | - Samuel Ryan
- Carlton Football Club, Melbourne, VIC Australia ,grid.117476.20000 0004 1936 7611School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health, Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007 Australia
| | - Aaron J. Coutts
- Carlton Football Club, Melbourne, VIC Australia ,grid.117476.20000 0004 1936 7611School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health, Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007 Australia
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16
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Curtis C, Arjomandkhah N, Cooke C, Ranchordas MK, Russell M. Season-Long Changes in the Body Composition Profiles of Competitive Female Rugby Union Players Assessed via Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2022; 93:601-607. [PMID: 34653342 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2021.1886226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Background: Reference data for the body composition values of female athletes are limited to very few sports, with female Rugby Union players having mostly been omitted from such analyses.Methods: Using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans, this study assessed the body composition profiles (body mass, bone mineral content; BMC, fat mass; FM, lean mass; LM, bone mineral density; BMD) of 15 competitive female Rugby Union players before and after the 2018/19 competitive season. Total competitive match-play minutes were also recorded for each player.Results: Body mass (73.7 ± 9.6 kg vs 74.9 ± 10.2 kg, p ≤ 0.05, d = 0.13) and BMC (3.2 ± 0.4 kg vs 3.3 ± 0.4 kg, p ≤ 0.05, d = 0.15) increased pre- to post-season for all players. Conversely, FM (21.0 ± 8.8 kg), LM (50.7 ± 3.9 kg), and BMD (1.31 ± 0.06 g·cm-2) were similar between time-points (all p > .05). Accounting for position, body mass (rpartial(12) = 0.196), FM (rpartial(12) = -0.013), LM (rpartial(12) = 0.351), BMD (rpartial(12) = 0.168) and BMC (rpartial(12) = -0.204) showed no correlation (all p > .05) against match-play minutes.Conclusion: The demands of the competitive season influenced specific body composition indices (i.e., body mass, BMC) in female Rugby Union players; a finding which was unrelated to the number of minutes played in matches. While the causes of such differences remain unclear, practitioners should be cognizant of the body composition changes occurring throughout a female Rugby Union competitive season and, where necessary, consider modifying variables associated with adaptation and recovery accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Curtis
- Leeds Trinity University
- Middlesex University
| | | | - C Cooke
- Leeds Trinity University
- Leeds Beckett University
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17
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Rayner R, Young WB, Talpey SW. The agility demands of Australian football: a notational analysis. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2022.2106112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Russell Rayner
- School of Science, Psychology and Sport, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia
- School of Health and Sport Science, Eastern Institute of Technology, Taradale, New Zealand
| | - W. B. Young
- School of Science, Psychology and Sport, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia
| | - S. W. Talpey
- School of Science, Psychology and Sport, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia
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18
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Owen C, Till K, Darrall-Jones J, Jones B. Statistical analysis considerations within longitudinal studies of physical qualities in youth athletes: A qualitative systematic methodological review. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270336. [PMID: 35797359 PMCID: PMC9262234 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
The evaluation of physical qualities in talent identification and development systems is vital and commonplace in supporting youth athletes towards elite sport. However, the complex and dynamic development of physical qualities in addition to temporal challenges associated with the research design, such as unstructured data collection and missing data, requires appropriate statistical methods to be applied in research to optimise the understanding and knowledge of long-term physical development.
Aim
To collate and evaluate the application of methodological and statistical methods used in studies investigating the development of physical qualities within youth athletes.
Methods
Electronic databases were systematically searched form the earliest record to June 2021 and reference lists were hand searched in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. Studies were included if they tested physical qualities over a minimum of 3 timepoints, were observational in nature and used youth sporting populations.
Results
Forty articles met the inclusion criteria. The statistical analysis methods applied were qualitatively assessed against the theoretical underpinnings (i.e. multidimensional development, non-linear change and between and within athlete change) and temporal challenges (i.e. time variant and invariant variables, missing data, treatment of time and repeated measures) encountered with longitudinal physical testing research. Multilevel models were implemented most frequently (50%) and the most appropriately used statistical analysis method when qualitatively compared against the longitudinal challenges. Independent groups ANOVA, MANOVA and X2 were also used, yet failed to address any of the challenges posed within longitudinal physical testing research.
Conclusions
This methodological review identified the statistical methods currently employed within longitudinal physical testing research and addressed the theoretical and temporal challenges faced in longitudinal physical testing research with varying success. The findings can be used to support the selection of statistical methods when evaluating the development of youth athletes through the consideration of the challenges presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Owen
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Leeds Beckett University, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds, United Kingdom
- England Performance Unit, The Rugby Football League, Leeds, United Kingdom
- British Swimming, Loughborough, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Kevin Till
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Leeds Beckett University, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Josh Darrall-Jones
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Leeds Beckett University, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Jones
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Leeds Beckett University, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds, United Kingdom
- England Performance Unit, The Rugby Football League, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, United Kingdom
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
- Department of Human Biology, Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Cape Town and the Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
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19
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Johnston RD, Thornton HR, Wade JA, Devlin P, Duthie GM. The Distribution of Match Activities Relative to the Maximal Mean Intensities in Professional Rugby League and Australian Football. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:1360-1366. [PMID: 32412969 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Johnston, RD, Thornton, HR, Wade, JA, Devlin, P, and Duthie, GM. The distribution of match activities relative to the maximal mean intensities in professional rugby league and Australian football. J Strength Cond Res 36(5): 1360-1366, 2022-This study determined the distribution of distance, impulse, and accelerometer load accumulated at intensities relative to the maximal mean 1-minute peak intensity within professional rugby league and Australian football. Within 26 rugby league (n = 24 athletes) and 18 Australian football (n = 38 athletes) games, athletes wore global navigation satellite system devices (n = 608 match files). One-minute maximal mean values were calculated for each athlete per game for speed (m·minP-1P), accelerometer load (AU·minP-1P), and acceleration (m·sP-2P). Volumes for each parameter were calculated by multiplying by time, specifying total distance, accelerometer load, and impulse. The distribution of intensity of which these variables were performed relative to the maximal mean was calculated, with percentages ranging from 0-110%, separated into 10% thresholds. Linear mixed models determined whether the distribution of activities within each threshold varied, and positional differences. Effects were described using standardized effect sizes (ESs), and magnitude-based decisions. Across both sports, the distribution of activity (%) largely reduced the closer to the maximal mean 1-minute peak and was highest at ∼60% of the maximal mean peak. When compared with Australian football, a higher percentage of total distance was accumulated at higher intensities (70-80% and 100-110%) for rugby league (ES range = 0.82-0.87), with similar, yet larger differences for accelerometer load >80% (0.78-1.07) and impulse >60% (1.00-2.26). These findings provide information of the volume of activities performed relative to the mean maximal 1-minute peak period, which may assist in the prescription of training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rich D Johnston
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Institute for Sport Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Heidi R Thornton
- Football Department, Gold Coast Suns Football Club, Metricon Stadium, Carrara, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jarrod A Wade
- Football Department, South Sydney Rabbitohs, Sydney, Australia
| | - Paul Devlin
- Football Department, Brisbane Broncos, Brisbane, Australia ; and
| | - Grant M Duthie
- School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, Strathfield, New South Wales, Australia
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20
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Caro E, Campos-Vázquez MÁ, Lapuente-Sagarra M, Caparrós T. Analysis of professional soccer players in competitive match play based on submaximum intensity periods. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13309. [PMID: 35497181 PMCID: PMC9053299 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The main objective of this study is to analyse sub-maximum intensity periods (SubMIP's) manifested by professional soccer players during official matches (number of events and time spent in each event), according to the player position, match halve and match, and also to group the players according to their SubMip values during the competition. Methods We collected a total of 247 individual records of 14 players using Global Positioning System (GPS) during 15 official league matches (Azerbaijan Premier League 2019-2020). We calculated both the number of SubMIPs events and the time each player spent in the SubMIPs zone (threshold of 85% MIP). We analysed the possible independence of the variables with the Kruskal-Wallis test and the possible specific relationships between the groups using a post-hoc analysis with Dunn's test. In order to explore the possible distribution of physical demands in homogeneous groups, a cluster analysis was performed. Results The statistical analysis showed significant differences between the individual variables in the number of events and in the time spent by the player above the threshold in distance covered at speed >19.8 km/h (HSR), distance covered at speed >25.2 km/h (Sprint), acceleration density (AccDens), mean metabolic power (MetPow), metres per minute (Mmin) and high metabolic load distance >25.5 W/kg (HMLD). Differences were also found according to the playing position in MetPow, Mmin and between halves in AccDens, MetPow, Mmin. In the clustering based on the time spent by the player in SubMIPs, three main groups were described: (1) the centroid was located in lower values in each of the variables; (2) there were an accentuation of the AccDens variable; (3) all the variables, except AccDens, were accentuated. Conclusions The main differences with regard to SubMIPs were related to the player's individual physical performance and not to position. However, the player's position could act as an attractor and show significant differences during matches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Caro
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), Barcelona, Spain,Neftchi Baku, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | | | - Manuel Lapuente-Sagarra
- FC Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Basque Country, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain,Smart Performance & Sport Science, Cambrils, Spain
| | - Toni Caparrós
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), Barcelona, Spain,GRCE Research Group, National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), Barcelona, Spain
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21
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Farley JB, Keogh JWL, Woods CT, Milne N. Physical fitness profiles of female Australian football players across five competition levels. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2022; 6:105-126. [PMID: 35236230 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2021.1877335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine physical fitness profiles of female Australian football players and investigate differences according to competition level. METHODS A testing battery of 28 physical fitness assessments was undertaken with 240 players across five competition levels: elite senior (≥18 years), non-elite senior (≥18 years), high-level junior (<18 years), non-elite junior (14-17 years), and non-elite junior (10-13 years). Physical fitness profiles were examined and competition level differences were investigated using multivariate analyses of variance. RESULTS Significant differences (p<0.001) were observed between competition levels in body composition (η2p=0.225), flexibility (η2p=0.071), muscular strength and endurance (η2p=0.238), balance (η2p=0.093), reaction time (η2p=0.103), and whole-body locomotor performance (η2p=0.200). Elite seniors and high-level juniors were stronger (p<0.001-0.043), faster (p=0.001-0.022), more responsive (p<0.001-0.048), and had better cardiorespiratory fitness (p<0.001) compared to the non-elite groups. Additionally, body composition and muscular strength and endurance differences were common between the senior and non-elite junior groups. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to comprehensively profile physical characteristics of female Australian footballers across a broader development pathway. These preliminary findings may assist sport practitioners to better understand athlete development, provide insight on talent identification and development programs, and injury management in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica B Farley
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond Institute of Health and Sport, Bond University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Justin W L Keogh
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond Institute of Health and Sport, Bond University, Gold Coast, Australia.,Sports Performance Research Centre New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand.,Cluster for Health Improvement, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, Australia.,Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Carl T Woods
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nikki Milne
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond Institute of Health and Sport, Bond University, Gold Coast, Australia
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22
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Wing C, Hart NH, Ma'ayah F, Nosaka K. Physical and technical demands of offence, defence, and contested phases of play in Australian Football. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2022; 14:33. [PMID: 35232457 PMCID: PMC8889669 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-022-00425-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background This study compared the physical demands and effect of field location for different phases of play (offence, defence and contested), and examined the physical and technical demands of successful and unsuccessful phases of play during Australian Football matches. Methods Global positioning system (GPS) and technical performance data were collected from 32 male Australian Football players in one club over 19 games in the 2019 season. The GPS data was aligned with phases of play acquired using Champion Data. Linear mixed models were used to detect differences between phases of play and field location which were further contextualized using Cohen’s d effect size. Results Physical demands were greatest (p < 0.001) in defensive phases for backs (ES 0.61 to 1.42), and offensive phases for midfielders (ES 0.65 to 0.96) and forwards (ES 0.84 to 1.94). Additionally, distance and high-speed running were lowest in contested phases irrespective of playing position. Distance and high-speed running were greatest in larger field locations (e.g., full ground). No pattern was evident for accelerations or decelerations. Successful offensive plays demonstrated greater physical and technical outputs for midfielders and forwards, whereas the opposite was found for backs. Physical output was largely greater in unsuccessful defensive plays for all positions; however, the rate of tackles and marks was greater during successful defence. Conclusion These findings enable a greater understanding of the demands of Australian Football matches, and can be utilized to inform both representative training design, and the evaluation of player performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Wing
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia.
| | - Nicolas H Hart
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia.,Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,Institute for Health Research, University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA, Australia.,College of Nursing and Health Science, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Fadi Ma'ayah
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia.,School of Education, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia.,Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
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23
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Byrkjedal PT, Luteberget LS, Bjørnsen T, Ivarsson A, Spencer M. Simulated Game-Based Ice Hockey Match Design (Scrimmage) Elicits Greater Intensity in External Load Parameters Compared With Official Matches. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:822127. [PMID: 35280226 PMCID: PMC8905600 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.822127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective A limited number of studies have explored the external load experienced in indoor sports such as ice hockey, and few the link between training and match performance. As a paucity exists within this topic, this study explored whether a simulated match design (i.e., scrimmage) could be representative of official match demands and elicit similar external loads as in official matches in a group of elite youth male ice hockey players. Methods A total of 26 players were monitored during eight official and four simulation matches using a Local Positioning System. Total distance, max velocity, slow (0–10.9 km/h), moderate (11–16.9 km/h), high (17.0–23.9 km/h), and sprint (>24 km/h) speed skating distance, distance per min, PlayerLoadTM, PlayerLoadTM per min, high-intensity events (HIEs) (>2.5 m/s−2), acceleration (ACCs), decelerations (DECs), and change of directions (CODs) were extracted from the tracking devices. A two-level regression analysis was conducted to compare the difference between match types when controlling for time on ice, match day, and position. Results Between match-type results showed a credible difference in all variables except max velocity and ACCs. Distance per min was 27.3% higher during simulation matches and was explained by a 21.3, 24.1, and 14.8% higher distance in sprint-, high-, and moderate speed skating distance, while slow speed-skating distance was 49.2% lower and total distance only trivially different from official to simulation matches. Total PlayerLoadTM was 11.2% lower, while PlayerLoadTM per min was 8.5% higher during simulation matches. HIEs, CODs, and DECs were 10.0, 11.9, and 22.3% higher during simulation matches. Conclusion The simulated match design is related to official match demands with comparable match-time, playing time, number of shifts, and shift duration. However, simulation matches provoked a higher external load output compared with official matches, possibly explained by a more continuous movement design. A game-based simulation match design can therefore be utilized when match-related actions at high intensity are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Thomas Byrkjedal
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
- *Correspondence: Per Thomas Byrkjedal
| | - Live Steinnes Luteberget
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas Bjørnsen
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Andreas Ivarsson
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
- Center of Research on Welfare, Health and Sport, Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden
| | - Matt Spencer
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
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24
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Edwards T, Piggott B, Banyard HG, Haff GG, Joyce C. Sprint acceleration force-velocity-power characteristics in drafted vs non-drafted junior Australian football players: preliminary results. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2022; 5:204-207. [PMID: 35077285 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2020.1830159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This investigation aimed to compare the maximal sprint acceleration profiles of drafted and non-drafted elite junior Australian football (AF) players. Nineteen players (10 drafted and 9 non-drafted) from an elite junior AF state team participated in this study. Instantaneous velocity was measured via radar gun during maximal 30 m sprints. The velocity-time data were analysed to derive individual force-velocity-power characteristics and sprint times. No significant differences existed between groups, however drafted players reached moderately faster maximum velocity (Hedges' g = 0.70 [-0.08; 1.48] and theoretical maximum velocity (g = 0.65 [-0.13; 1.42]) than non-drafted players indicating a superior ability to apply higher amounts of force at increasing sprinting velocity. Further, drafted players produced moderately higher absolute theoretical maximum force (g = 0.72 [-0.06; 1.50]) and absolute maximum power (g = 0.83 [0.04; 1.62]) which reflects their moderately higher body mass (g = 0.61[-0.16;1.38]). Although not significant, in this sample of elite junior AF players, those drafted into the AFL displayed greater absolute sprint acceleration characteristics and maximal velocity capabilities than their non-drafted counterparts (moderate effect size). Whether force-velocity-power characteristics can be more beneficial in differentiating sprint performance of elite junior Australian footballers compared to the traditional sprint time approach warrants further investigation with a larger sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby Edwards
- School of Health Sciences, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Australia
| | - Benjamin Piggott
- School of Health Sciences, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Australia
| | - Harry G Banyard
- Department of Health Science and Biostatistics, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - G Gregory Haff
- Centre for Exercise and Sport Science Research, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia.,Australian Centre for Research into Injury in Sport and Its Prevention (ACRISP), Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia.,Directorate of Sport, Exercise, and Physiotherapy, University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK
| | - Christopher Joyce
- School of Health Sciences, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Australia
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25
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Wing C, Hart NH, Ma'ayah F, Nosaka K. Physical and technical demands of Australian football: an analysis of maximum ball in play periods. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2022; 14:15. [PMID: 35078517 PMCID: PMC8790884 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-022-00405-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study compares ball in play (BiP) analyses and both whole game (WG) and quarter averaged data for physical and technical demands of sub-elite Australian football (AF) players competing in the West Australian Football League across playing positions. METHODS Microsensor data were collected from 33 male AF players in one club over 19 games of the 2019 season. BiP time periods and technical performance data (e.g., kicks) were acquired from the Champion Data timeline of statistics, and time matched to the microsensor data. Linear mixed modelling was utilised to establish differences between maximum BiP periods and averaged data. RESULTS The analyses indicated significant differences (p < 0.0001) between maximum BiP and WG data for all metrics and all playing position (half-line, key position, and midfielders). The percentage difference was greatest for very high-speed running (171-178%), accelerations (136-142%), high-intensity efforts (128-139%), and high-speed running (134-147%) compared to PlayerLoad™ (50-56%) and total running distance (56-59%). No significant (p > 0.05) differences were evident for maximum BiP periods when they were compared between playing positions (i.e., half line vs key position vs midfield). Significant (p < 0.0001) differences were also noted between maximum BiP phases and averaged data across all 4 quarters, for each microsensor metric, and all playing positions. Technical actions (e.g., kicks and handballs) were observed in 21-48% of maximum BiP phases, depending on playing positions and microsensor metric assessed, with kicks and handballs constituting > 50% of all actions performed. CONCLUSIONS These results show the BiP analysis method provides a more accurate assessment of the physical demands and technical actions performed by AF players, which are underestimated when using averaged data. The data presented in this study may be used to inform the design and monitoring of representative practice, ensuring that athletes are prepared for both the physical and technical demands of the most demanding passages of play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Wing
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia.
| | - Nicolas H Hart
- Institute for Health Research, University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA, Australia
- Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Science, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Fadi Ma'ayah
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
- School of Education, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
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26
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The Relationship Between Performance and Injury in Junior Australian Football Athletes. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022; 17:761-767. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Determine the impact of preseason and between-seasons changes in individual physical performance on injury risk in elite junior Australian football players and if injuries sustained during a season impact subsequent-season performance improvement. Methods: This prospective cohort study assessed individual performance measures (sprint speed, jump, agility, and aerobic endurance) during preseason over 4 consecutive seasons. Injury status (injured/not injured) was tracked weekly to determine the relationship between individual performance and in-season injury occurrence. Mixed models were used to determine the relationship between physical performance and injury, and the effect of injury on physical performance improvement. Results: A total of 206 players played 2 consecutive seasons and were included (17.6 y, 181.9 cm, 75.7 kg). Faster players during preseason experienced higher injury incidence (injuries/season) during that playing season (incidence rate ratio = 0.127; P = .034). Injury incidence was not influenced by between-seasons change in any performance measure. Players injured during their first season maintained their aerobic fitness, which declined in noninjured players (d = 0.39; P = .013). Players who sustained a lower-limb injury during their first season saw smaller improvements in sprint speed than players who did not get injured (d = 0.39; P = .035). Conclusion: Faster players experience higher injury incidence than slower players and may require specific prevention interventions. Players who experience a lower-limb injury during the playing season do not improve sprint speed between seasons to the same extent as players who do not get injured, highlighting the need for targeted high-speed running ability development as part of rehabilitation.
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27
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Wing C, Hart NH, McCaskie C, Djanis P, Ma'ayah F, Nosaka K. Running Performance of Male Versus Female Players in Australian Football Matches: A Systematic Review. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2021; 7:96. [PMID: 34923616 PMCID: PMC8685186 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-021-00391-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Australian Football is a fast paced, intermittent sport, played by both male and female populations. The aim of this systematic review was to compare male and female Australian Football players, competing at elite and sub-elite levels, for running performance during Australian Football matches based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Methods Medline, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science searches, using search terms inclusive of Australian Football, movement demands and microsensor technology, returned 2535 potential manuscripts, of which 33 were included in the final analyses. Results Results indicated that male athletes performed approximately twice the total running distances of their female counterparts, which was likely due to the differences in quarter length (male elite = 20 min, female elite = 15 min (plus time-on). When expressed relative to playing time, the differences between males and females somewhat diminished. However, high-speed running distances covered at velocities > 14.4 km·h−1 (> 4 m·s−1) were substantially greater (≥ 50%) for male than female players. Male and female players recorded similar running intensities during peak periods of play of shorter duration (e.g., around 1 min), but when the analysis window was lengthened, females showed a greater decrement in running performance. Conclusion These results suggest that male players should be exposed to greater training volumes, whereas training intensities should be reasonably comparable across male and female athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Wing
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, , Perth, WA, 6027, Australia.
| | - Nicolas H Hart
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, , Perth, WA, 6027, Australia.,Institute for Health Research, University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA, Australia.,Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Callum McCaskie
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, , Perth, WA, 6027, Australia
| | - Petar Djanis
- South Fremantle Football Club, Parry Street, Fremantle, WA, Australia.,Murdoch Applied Sport Science Laboratory, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Fadi Ma'ayah
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, , Perth, WA, 6027, Australia.,School of Education, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, , Perth, WA, 6027, Australia
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28
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Jennings J, Wundersitz DW, Sullivan CJ, Cousins SD, Tehan G, Kingsley MI. Physical testing characteristics better explain draft outcome than in-game movement profile in junior elite Australian rules football players. J Sci Med Sport 2021; 24:1284-1289. [PMID: 34364809 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2021.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the extent to which Australian Football League (AFL) draft outcome is associated with physical performance and/or in-game movement profile. DESIGN Observational cohort design. METHODS Physical testing results and in-game global positioning system (GPS) data were collated from Victorian-based, draft-eligible participants in the under 18 boys NAB League competition (n = 450; age = 17.1 ± 0.3 y). Players were grouped by position as nomadic, fixed-position or fixed&ruck. RESULTS Individually, variables that best distinguish drafted and non-drafted players were: estimated V̇O2 max (all-position, nomadic, fixed&ruck: d = 0.60, 0.64, 0.53), standing vertical jump (d = 0.57, 0.58, 0.53), running vertical jump (d = 0.52, 0.51, 0.56), AFL agility (d = 0.49, 0.44, 0.67) and 20-m speed (all-position, nomadic: d = 0.50, 0.61). Factor analysis prior to binary logistic regression assessed the probability of factors influencing position-specific draft outcome. AFL agility (all-position, fixed&ruck: OR = 4.58, 15.86), anthropometry (all-position, nomadic, fixed, fixed&ruck: OR = 2.55, 2.06, 11.41, 7.99), and jumping (all-position, nomadic, fixed&ruck: OR = 1.75, 1.69, 2.68) were the factors most associated with positive draft outcome. More game involvement (fixed&ruck: OR = 2.22), sprinting (all-position, fixed&ruck: OR = 1.45, 2.06) and less non-sprinting activities (all-position, nomadic: OR = 0.64, 0.61) were associated with positive draft outcome. The fixed&ruck model was the best performing (χ2(115) = 30.59, p < 0.001, AUC = 84.7%). CONCLUSIONS Physical testing-related factors were most likely to influence draft outcome, where larger and more agile players were desirable draft picks. In-game movement profile had some bearing on draft outcome in all positional groups with the exception of fixed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Jennings
- Holsworth Research Initiative, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Australia; La Trobe University Bendigo Pioneers, Australia
| | - Daniel W Wundersitz
- Holsworth Research Initiative, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Australia
| | - Courtney J Sullivan
- Holsworth Research Initiative, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Australia
| | - Stephen D Cousins
- Holsworth Research Initiative, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Australia
| | - Gerry Tehan
- School of Psychology and Counselling, University of Southern Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael I Kingsley
- Holsworth Research Initiative, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Australia; Department of Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, New Zealand.
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29
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Naughton M, McLean S, Scott TJ, Weaving D, Solomon C. Quantifying Fatigue in the Rugby Codes: The Interplay Between Collision Characteristics and Neuromuscular Performance, Biochemical Measures, and Self-Reported Assessments of Fatigue. Front Physiol 2021; 12:711634. [PMID: 34776996 PMCID: PMC8586499 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.711634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Locomotor and collision actions that rugby players complete during match-play often lead to substantial fatigue, and in turn, delays in recovery. The methods used to quantify post-match fatigue and recovery can be categorised as subjective and objective, with match-related collision characteristics thought to have a primary role in modulating these recovery measures. The aim of this review was to (1) evaluate how post-match recovery has been quantified in the rugby football codes (i.e., rugby league, rugby union, and rugby sevens), (2) to explore the time-course of commonly used measures of fatigue post-match, and (3) to investigate the relationships between game-related collisions and fatigue metrics. The available evidence suggests that upper-, and lower-body neuromuscular performance are negatively affected, and biomarkers of muscular damage and inflammation increase in the hours and days following match-play, with the largest differences being at 12–36 h post-match. The magnitude of such responses varies within and between neuromuscular performance (Δ ≤ 36%, n = 13 studies) and tissue biomarker (Δ ≤ 585%, n = 18 studies) measures, but nevertheless appears strongly related to collision frequency and intensity. Likewise, the increase in perceived soreness in the hours and days post-match strongly correlate to collision characteristics across the rugby football codes. Within these findings, there are specific differences in positional groups and recovery trajectories between the codes which relate to athlete characteristics, and/or locomotor and collision characteristics. Finally, based on these findings, we offer a conceptual model of fatigue which details the multidimensional latent structure of the load to fatigue relationship contextualised to rugby. Research to date has been limited to univariate associations to explore relationships between collision characteristics and recovery, and multivariate methods are necessary and recommended to account for the latent structures of match-play external load and post-match fatigue constructs. Practitioners should be aware of the typical time windows of fatigue recovery and utilise both subjective and objective metrics to holistically quantify post-match recovery in rugby.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell Naughton
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia.,Centre for Human Factors and Sociotechnical Systems, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
| | - Scott McLean
- Centre for Human Factors and Sociotechnical Systems, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
| | - Tannath J Scott
- New South Wales Rugby League, Sydney Olympic Park, NSW, Australia.,Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Dan Weaving
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Solomon
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia.,Centre for Human Factors and Sociotechnical Systems, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
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30
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Wing C, Hart NH, Ma'ayah F, Nosaka K. Evaluating match running performance in elite Australian football: a narrative review. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2021; 13:136. [PMID: 34702361 PMCID: PMC8549340 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-021-00362-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
During Australian football (AF) matches, players are subjected to high running loads, which are intermittent in nature. There is a growing body of research that highlights factors which can both positively and negatively affect this match running performance (e.g., the total distance travelled by a player during match-play). In order to appropriately evaluate these factors, a thorough search of MEDLINE, SportDiscus and Web of Science databases was performed, with a total of 17 manuscripts included within the final evaluation. The main findings from this review highlighted that match running performance is increased amongst those playing in midfield and half back/forward positions, in players with lower playing experience, as well as in matches against higher quality opponents, and in losing quarters. Additionally, a well-design interchange-rotation strategy may be able to positively affect match running performance. A decrease in match running performance was evident amongst more experienced players, during periods of acute fatigue (e.g., following periods of high intensity activity), during matches played in higher temperatures and matches with an increased number of stoppages. However, no effect of ground hardness or size, as well as responses to self-reported wellness questionnaires was found. Other factors such as finals series matches, pre-season training load and elements related to the schedule have been shown to have substantial conflicting results within the literature, increasing the difficulty in making generalisable conclusions to their effect on match running performance. Developing a thorough understanding of these factors which affect match running performance can aid practitioners and coaches to gain a greater understanding of a player's performance as well as inform the development of strategies for its improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Wing
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia.
| | - Nicolas H Hart
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- Institute for Health Research, University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA, Australia
- Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Science, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Fadi Ma'ayah
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
- School of Education, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
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31
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Tribolet R, Sheehan WB, Novak AR, Watsford ML, Fransen J. Factors associated with cooperative network connectedness in a professional Australian football small-sided game. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2021; 6:511-518. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2021.1991584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rhys Tribolet
- Human Performance Research Centre, School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - William B. Sheehan
- Human Performance Research Centre, School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Andrew R. Novak
- Human Performance Research Centre, School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mark L. Watsford
- Human Performance Research Centre, School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Job Fransen
- Human Performance Research Centre, School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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32
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Johnston RD, Murray NB, Austin DJ, Duthie G. Peak Movement and Technical Demands of Professional Australian Football Competition. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:2818-2823. [PMID: 31268988 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Johnston, RD, Murray, NB, Austin, DJ, and Duthie, G. Peak movement and technical demands of professional Australian football competition. J Strength Cond Res 35(10): 2818-2823, 2021-The aim of this study was to determine the average peak movement and technical demands of professional Australian football (AF) across a number of period durations using an observational cohort design. This information will be able to guide duration-specific intensities for training drills. Microtechnology and technical performance data were recorded across 22 games of the 2017 AF League season. The peak 1-, 3-, 5-, 7-, and 10-minute rolling periods were determined from each game for each player for each frequency of skill involvements. Average speed (m·min-1) and accelerometer load (PlayerLoad; PL·min-1) were used as measures of physical output, and any disposal of the football or tackle was used as a technical involvement. Linear mixed models and Cohen's effect size (ES) statistic were used to determine the impact technical involvements had on movement profiles. There were substantial reductions in average speed across each duration as the number of technical involvements increased, other than for the 10-minute period. The reductions in speed were greatest during the 1-minute period for 1 (ES = -0.59 ± 0.13), 2 (ES = -1.96 ± 0.17), and 3 (ES = -2.39 ± 0.27) involvements. Similarly, less pronounced reductions were seen for accelerometer load, other than during the 7- and 10-minute periods where there were small to moderate increases in load for periods with technical involvements. Players may have to perform as many as 3 technical involvements a minute while covering 150-160 m·min-1. This information provides coaches with the peak speed, accelerometer load, and technical demands of competition. There are reductions in movement profiles as the number of technical involvements increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rich D Johnston
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia
- Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Nick B Murray
- Brisbane Lions Australian Football Club, Brisbane, Australia ; and
| | - Damien J Austin
- Brisbane Lions Australian Football Club, Brisbane, Australia ; and
| | - Grant Duthie
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Sydney, Australia
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Whitehead S, Weakley J, Cormack S, Alfano H, Kerss J, Mooney M, Jones B. The Applied Sports Science and Medicine of Netball: A Systematic Scoping Review. Sports Med 2021; 51:1715-1731. [PMID: 34086257 PMCID: PMC8310515 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01461-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Netball is the one of the most popular women's sports in the world. Since gaining professional status in 2008 there has been a rapid growth in research in the applied sports science and medicine of the sport. A scoping review of the area would provide practitioners and researchers with an overview of the current scientific literature to support on-court performance, player welfare and reduce injury. OBJECTIVE The primary objective was to identify the current research on the applied sports science and medicine of netball. Additionally, the article provides a brief summary of the research in each topic of sports science and medicine in netball and identifies gaps in the current research. METHODS Systematic searches of PubMed, SPORTDiscus, MEDLINE and CINAHL were undertaken from earliest record to Dec 2020 and reference lists were manually searched. The PRISMA-ScR protocol was followed. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they investigated netball as a sport or the applied sport science and medicine of netball athletes. RESULTS 962 studies were identified in the initial search, 150 of which met the inclusion criteria. Injury was the most highly investigated sport science and medicine topic (n = 45), followed by physical qualities (n = 37), match characteristics (n = 24), biomechanics (n = 15), psychology (n = 13), fatigue and recovery (n = 9), training load (n = 4) and nutrition (n = 3). A range of cohorts were used from school to elite and international standards. All cohorts were female netballers, except for one study. A rapid growth in studies over recent years was demonstrated with 65% of studies published in the last decade. There still remains gaps in the literature, with a low evidence base for nutrition, training load and fatigue and recovery. CONCLUSION This scoping review summarises the current evidence base and key findings that can be used in practice to enhance the applied sport science and medical support to netball athletes across a range of playing standards, and support the growth of the sport. It is evident that netball as a sport is still under-researched.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Whitehead
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK.
- Leeds Rhinos Netball, Leeds, UK.
- Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, UK.
| | - Jonathon Weakley
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Stuart Cormack
- School of Behavioral and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Jim Kerss
- English Institute of Sport, Manchester, UK
| | - Mitch Mooney
- School of Behavioral and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- High Performance Pillar, Netball Australia, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ben Jones
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK
- Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, UK
- England Performance Unit, The Rugby Football League, Leeds, UK
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Cape Town and the Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
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Dillon P, Norris D, Siegler J, Joyce D, Lovell R. Determination of locomotor qualities in elite Australian Football: A pragmatic approach. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:1445-1451. [PMID: 33596782 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1876330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The study examined the utility of surrogate measures of athletic performance to determine locomotor qualities (maximal aerobic velocity and peak velocity) in elite Australian Football (AF). 29 professional AF players undertook aerobic fitness (3km time-trial [TT] and 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test [30-15 IFT]) and peak velocity (PV; 50 m maximal sprints using 10Hz GPS) assessments in pre-season. Characteristics of TT performance (mean velocity, 500m and 1km splits) were compared with a surrogate for maximal aerobic velocity (MAV; 80% of 30-15 IFT final velocity). PVs derived from sprint tests were compared to those attained in AF matches (10 Hz GPS). Higher Pearson correlations were observed between MAV versus the fastest 500m (r = 0.74) and 1km (r = 0.75) of the 3km TT, but they were not superior to mean velocity (r = 0.72; p ≥ 0.30) which also demonstrated the lowest bias (p ≤ 0.01) and equivalent typical errors (0.16-0.17 m.s-1). Peak velocity was higher across match observations (0.28, CI: ± 0.17 m.s -1, p = 0.017) versus sprint tests. There was no impact of playing position on the determination of locomotor qualities using surrogate measures of locomotor qualities. Locomotor qualities can be determined practically using 10Hz GPS devices during 3km time-trials and competitive matches (assuming appropriate signal quality), without additional fitness assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Dillon
- Athletic Performance Unit, GWS Giants; Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Dean Norris
- Athletic Performance Unit, GWS Giants; Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - David Joyce
- Athletic Performance Unit, GWS Giants, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ric Lovell
- Western Sydney University, Richmond, Australia
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35
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Sheehan WB, Tribolet R, Watsford ML, Novak AR, Rennie M, Fransen J. Tactical analysis of individual and team behaviour in professional Australian Football. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2021; 6:172-180. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2021.1923792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William B. Sheehan
- Human Moore Performance Research Centre, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rhys Tribolet
- Human Moore Performance Research Centre, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mark L. Watsford
- Human Moore Performance Research Centre, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Andrew R. Novak
- Human Moore Performance Research Centre, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- High Performance Department, Rugby Australia
| | - Michael Rennie
- Human Moore Performance Research Centre, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Job Fransen
- Human Moore Performance Research Centre, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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A Comparison of Training With a Velocity Loss Threshold or to Repetition Failure on Upper-Body Strength Development in Professional Australian Footballers. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 16:1758-1763. [PMID: 34039769 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare resistance training using a velocity loss threshold with training to repetition failure on upper-body strength parameters in professional Australian footballers. METHODS A total of 26 professional Australian footballers (23.9 [4.2] y, 189.9 [7.8] cm, 88.2 [8.8] kg) tested 1-repetition-maximum strength (FPmax) and mean barbell velocity at 85% of 1-repetition maximum on floor press (FPvel). They were then assigned to 2 training groups: 20% velocity loss threshold training (VL; n = 12, maximum-effort lift velocity) or training to repetition failure (TF; n = 14, self-selected lift velocity). Subjects trained twice per week for 3 weeks before being reassessed on FPmax and FPvel. Training volume (total repetitions) was recorded for all training sessions. No differences were present between groups on any pretraining measure. RESULTS The TF group significantly improved FPmax (105.2-110.9 kg, +5.4%), while the VL group did not (107.5-109.2 kg, +1.6%) (P > .05). Both groups significantly increased FPvel (0.38-0.46 m·s-1, +19.1% and 0.37-0.42 m·s-1, +16.7%, respectively) with no between-groups differences evident (P > .05). The TF group performed significantly more training volume (12.2 vs 6.8 repetitions per session, P > .05). CONCLUSIONS Training to repetition failure improved FPmax, while training using a velocity loss threshold of 20% did not. Both groups demonstrated similar improvements in FPvel despite the VL group completing 45% less total training volume than the TF group. The reduction in training volume associated with implementing a 20% velocity loss threshold may negatively impact the development of upper-body maximum strength while still enhancing submaximal movement velocity.
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37
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Zanin M, Ranaweera J, Darrall-Jones J, Weaving D, Till K, Roe G. A systematic review of small sided games within rugby: Acute and chronic effects of constraints manipulation. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:1633-1660. [PMID: 33956579 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1891723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Small-sided games is a commonly used training method to develop technical, tactical and physical qualities concurrently. However, a review of small-sided games in rugby football codes (e.g. rugby union, rugby league) is not available. This systematic review aims to investigate the acute responses and chronic adaptations of small-sided games within rugby football codes considering the constraints applied. Four electronical databases were systematically searched until August 2020. Acute and chronic studies investigating rugby football codes small-sided games, with healthy amateur and professional athletes were included. Twenty studies were eventually included: 4 acute and 1 chronic in rugby union, 13 acute and 2 chronic in rugby league. Acute studies investigated task and individual constraints. Chronic studies showed that small-sided games would be an effective training method to improve physical performance. Current research in rugby football codes is heavily biased towards investigating how manipulating constraints can affect the physical characteristics of small-sided games, with limited literature investigating the effect on technical skills, and no studies investigating tactical behaviour. Future research is needed to evidence the effects of constraint manipulation on technical and tactical behaviour of rugby football players in small-sided games, in addition to physical characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Zanin
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre, Leeds Beckett University, West Yorkshire, Leeds, UK.,Performance Department, Bath Rugby Football Club, Bath, UK
| | - Jayamini Ranaweera
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre, Leeds Beckett University, West Yorkshire, Leeds, UK.,Performance Department, Bath Rugby Football Club, Bath, UK
| | - Joshua Darrall-Jones
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre, Leeds Beckett University, West Yorkshire, Leeds, UK
| | - Dan Weaving
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre, Leeds Beckett University, West Yorkshire, Leeds, UK.,Performance Department, Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, UK.,Department of Sport Health, and Exercise Science, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Kevin Till
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre, Leeds Beckett University, West Yorkshire, Leeds, UK.,Performance Department, Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, UK
| | - Gregory Roe
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre, Leeds Beckett University, West Yorkshire, Leeds, UK.,Performance Department, Bath Rugby Football Club, Bath, UK
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38
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Janetzki SJ, Bourdon PC, Norton KI, Lane JC, Bellenger CR. Evolution of Physical Demands of Australian Football League Matches from 2005 to 2017: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2021; 7:28. [PMID: 33913061 PMCID: PMC8081813 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-021-00301-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is extensive research investigating the match demands of players in the Australian Football League (AFL). OBJECTIVE This systematic literature review and meta-regression sought to analyse the evolution of in-game demands in AFL matches from 2005 to 2017, focusing on the relationship between volume and intensity. METHODS A systematic search of Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, Emcare, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Cochrane Library databases was conducted. Included studies examined the physical demands of AFL matches utilising global positioning system (GPS) technology. Meta-regression analysed the shift in reported volume (total distance and total match time) and intensity (metres per minute [m.min-1], sprint duration and acceleration) metrics for overall changes, across quarters and positional groups (forwards, nomadics and defenders) from 2005 to 2017 inclusive and for each year between 2005 and 2007, 2007 and 2010, 2010 and 2012, and 2012 and 2015/2017 breakpoints. RESULTS Distance (p = 0.094), m.min-1 (p = 0.494), match time (p = 0.591), time over 18 km·h-1 (p = 0.271), and number of accelerations greater than 4 km·h-1 (p = 0.498) and 10 km·h-1 (p = 0.335) in 1 s did not change from 2005 to 2017. From 2005 to 2007 volume decreased (- 6.10 min of match time; p = 0.010) and intensity increased (6.8 m.min-1 increase; p = 0.023). Volume and intensity increased from 2007 to 2010, evidenced by increases in total distance (302 m; p = 0.039), time over 18 km·h-1 (0.31 min; p = 0.005), and number of accelerations greater than 4 km·h-1 (41.1; p = 0.004) and 10 km·h-1 (3.6; p = 0.005) in 1 s. From 2010 to 2012, intensity decreased, evidenced by reductions in metres per minute (- 4.3; p = 0.022), time over 18 km·h-1 (- 0.93 min; p < 0.001), and number of accelerations greater than 4 km·h-1 (- 104.4; p < 0.001) and 10 km·h-1 (- 8.3; p < 0.001) in 1 s, whilst volume stabilised with no changes in distance (p = 0.068) and match time (p = 0.443). From 2012 to 2015/2017 volume remained stable and intensity increased with time over 18 km·h-1 (0.27 min; p = 0.008) and number of accelerations greater than 4 km·h-1 (31.6; p = 0.016) in 1 s increasing. CONCLUSIONS Changes in volume and intensity of AFL match demands are defined by discrete periods from 2007 to 2010 and 2010 to 2012. The interaction of rule and interpretation changes and coaching strategies play a major role in these evolutionary changes. In turn, modified game styles impact player game demands, training, and selection priorities. Standardisation and uniformity of GPS data reporting is recommended due to inconsistencies in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Janetzki
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia.
| | - Pitre C Bourdon
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia
| | - Kevin I Norton
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia
| | - Jackson C Lane
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia
| | - Clint R Bellenger
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia.,South Australian Sports Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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39
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A Qualitative Investigation of Factors Influencing the Dietary Intakes of Professional Australian Football Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18084205. [PMID: 33921096 PMCID: PMC8071360 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18084205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: Many professional Australian Football (AF) players do not meet recommended sports nutrition guidelines despite having access to nutrition advice. There are a range of factors that can influence players′ ability to meet their nutrition goals and awareness of the barriers players face is essential to ensure that dietary advice translates into practice. Therefore, this qualitative research study aimed to explore the factors influencing AF players’ dietary intakes and food choice. (2) Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with twelve professional male AF players. (3) Results: Less experienced players restricted their carbohydrate intake to meet body composition goals, particularly during preseason and surrounding body composition assessment. During the competition season players had a greater focus on performance and placed more emphasis on carbohydrate intake in the lead up to matches. Players felt nutrition goals were easier to achieve when dietary choices were supported by their families and peers. One-on-one consultations provided by a sports dietitian were players′ preferred mode of nutrition intervention. Individualized nutrition advice is required for less experienced AF players who may be vulnerable to unsustainable dietary habits. Experienced AF players can support junior teammates by promoting positive team culture related to body composition, nutrition and performance.
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40
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Weakley J, Morrison M, García-Ramos A, Johnston R, James L, Cole MH. The Validity and Reliability of Commercially Available Resistance Training Monitoring Devices: A Systematic Review. Sports Med 2021; 51:443-502. [PMID: 33475985 PMCID: PMC7900050 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01382-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Monitoring resistance training has a range of unique difficulties due to differences in physical characteristics and capacity between athletes, and the indoor environment in which it often occurs. Traditionally, methods such as volume load have been used, but these have inherent flaws. In recent times, numerous portable and affordable devices have been made available that purport to accurately and reliably measure kinetic and kinematic outputs, potentially offering practitioners a means of measuring resistance training loads with confidence. However, a thorough and systematic review of the literature describing the reliability and validity of these devices has yet to be undertaken, which may lead to uncertainty from practitioners on the utility of these devices. Objective A systematic review of studies that investigate the validity and/or reliability of commercially available devices that quantify kinetic and kinematic outputs during resistance training. Methods Following PRISMA guidelines, a systematic search of SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, and Medline was performed; studies included were (1) original research investigations; (2) full-text articles written in English; (3) published in a peer-reviewed academic journal; and (4) assessed the validity and/or reliability of commercially available portable devices that quantify resistance training exercises. Results A total of 129 studies were retrieved, of which 47 were duplicates. The titles and abstracts of 82 studies were screened and the full text of 40 manuscripts were assessed. A total of 31 studies met the inclusion criteria. Additional 13 studies, identified via reference list assessment, were included. Therefore, a total of 44 studies were included in this review. Conclusion Most of the studies within this review did not utilise a gold-standard criterion measure when assessing validity. This has likely led to under or overreporting of error for certain devices. Furthermore, studies that have quantified intra-device reliability have often failed to distinguish between technological and biological variability which has likely altered the true precision of each device. However, it appears linear transducers which have greater accuracy and reliability compared to other forms of device. Future research should endeavour to utilise gold-standard criterion measures across a broader range of exercises (including weightlifting movements) and relative loads. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s40279-020-01382-w) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon Weakley
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Building 211.1.26, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. .,Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute of Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.
| | - Matthew Morrison
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Building 211.1.26, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile.,Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Rich Johnston
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Building 211.1.26, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute of Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Lachlan James
- Sport and Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael H Cole
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Building 211.1.26, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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41
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Thornton HR, Armstrong CR, Rigby A, Minahan CL, Johnston RD, Duthie GM. Preparing for an Australian Football League Women's League Season. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 2:608939. [PMID: 33426520 PMCID: PMC7785869 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2020.608939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims were to investigate the externally measured weekly loads, and the distribution intensity relative to the 1-min maximal mean (MM) intensity of matches. Athletes (n = 28) wore 10 Hz GNSS devices during training and matches. For the descriptive analysis, a range of movement variables were collected, including total distance, high-speed distance, very high-speed distance, acceleration, and acceleration load. Using raw GNSS files, 1-min moving averages were calculated for speed (m·min-1) and acceleration (m·s-2), and were multiplied by time, specifying total distance (m), and by body mass to quantify impulse (kN·s-1). The distribution of distance and impulse accumulated at varied intensities relative to MMs was calculated, with percentages ranging from zero to 110%. Drills were categorized as either; warm-ups, skill drills, games (i.e., small-sided games), conditioning and matches. Linear mixed models determined if the distribution of intensity within each threshold (>50%) varied between drill types and matches, and if the distribution within drill types varied across the season. Effects were described using standardized effect sizes (ES) and 90% confidence limits (CL). Compared to matches, a higher proportion of distance was accumulated at 50% of the MM within warm-ups and conditioning (ES range 0.86-1.14). During matches a higher proportion of distance was accumulated at 60% of MM when compared to warms ups, skill drills and conditioning (0.73-1.87). Similarly, greater proportion of distance was accumulated between 70 and 100% MM in matches compared to skill drills and warm-ups (1.05-3.93). For impulse, matches had a higher proportion between 60 and 80% of the MM compared to conditioning drills (0.91-3.23). There were no other substantial differences in the proportion of impulse between matches and drill types. When comparing phases, during competition there was a higher proportion of distance accumulated at 50% MM than general preparation (1.08). A higher proportion of distance was covered at higher intensities within matches compared to drills. The proportion of impulse was higher between 60 and 80% MM within matches compared to conditioning. Practitioners can therefore ensure athletes are not only exposed to the intensities common within competition, but also the volume accumulated is comparable, which may have positive performance outcomes, but is also extremely important in the return to play process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alex Rigby
- Gold Coast Suns Football Club, Metricon Stadium, Carrara, QLD, Australia
| | - Clare L Minahan
- Griffith Sports Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Rich D Johnston
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Grant Malcolm Duthie
- School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, Strathfield, NSW, Australia
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Crang ZL, Duthie G, Cole MH, Weakley J, Hewitt A, Johnston RD. The Validity and Reliability of Wearable Microtechnology for Intermittent Team Sports: A Systematic Review. Sports Med 2020; 51:549-565. [PMID: 33368031 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01399-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Technology has long been used to track player movements in team sports, with initial tracking via manual coding of video footage. Since then, wearable microtechnology in the form of global and local positioning systems has provided a less labour-intensive way of monitoring movements. As such, there has been a proliferation in research pertaining to these devices. OBJECTIVE A systematic review of studies that investigate the validity and/or reliability of wearable microtechnology to quantify movement and specific actions common to intermittent team sports. METHODS A systematic search of CINAHL, MEDLINE, and SPORTDiscus was performed; studies included must have been (1) original research investigations; (2) full-text articles written in English; (3) published in a peer-reviewed academic journal; and (4) assessed the validity and/or reliability of wearable microtechnology to quantify movements or specific actions common to intermittent team sports. RESULTS A total of 384 studies were retrieved and 187 were duplicates. The titles and abstracts of 197 studies were screened and the full texts of 88 manuscripts were assessed. A total of 62 studies met the inclusion criteria. Additional 10 studies, identified via reference list assessment, were included. Therefore, a total of 72 studies were included in this review. CONCLUSION There are many studies investigating the validity and reliability of wearable microtechnology to track movement and detect sport-specific actions. It is evident that for the majority of metrics, validity and reliability are multi-factorial, in that it is dependent upon a wide variety of factors including wearable technology brand and model, sampling rate, type of movement performed (e.g., straight line, change of direction) and intensity of movement (e.g., walk, sprint). Practitioners should be mindful of the accuracy and repeatability of the devices they are using when making decisions on player training loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary L Crang
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, QL, 4014, Australia.
| | - Grant Duthie
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Strathfield, Australia
| | - Michael H Cole
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, QL, 4014, Australia
| | - Jonathon Weakley
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, QL, 4014, Australia.,Institute of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Adam Hewitt
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, QL, 4014, Australia
| | - Rich D Johnston
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, QL, 4014, Australia.,Institute of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
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43
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James LP, Haycraft J, Pierobon A, Suchomel TJ, Connick M. Mixed versus Focused Resistance Training during an Australian Football Pre-Season. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2020; 5:jfmk5040099. [PMID: 33467314 PMCID: PMC7804883 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk5040099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effect of a focused versus mixed-methods strength-power training plan on athletes undertaking high volumes of concurrent training. Fourteen junior elite male Australian football players were randomly assigned into either the focused or mixed group. Both training groups undertook a sequenced training intervention consisting of a four-week mesocycle emphasising heavy strength followed by a four-week mesocycle of high velocity emphasis. Training differed between groups by way of the degree of emphasis placed on the targeted attribute in each cycle and occurred during the preseason. Testing occurred pre- and post-training and consisted of the unloaded and loaded (+20 kg) countermovement jump (CMJ). Focused training elicited practical (non-trivial) improvements in flight time to contraction ratio (FT:CT) (g = 0.45, ±90% confidence interval 0.49) underpinned by a small reduction in contraction time (g = -0.46, ±0.45) and a small increase in braking (g = 0.36, ±0.42) and concentric phase mean force (g = 0.22, ±0.39). Conversely, the mixed group demonstrated an unchanged FT:CT (g = -0.13, ±0.56). Similar respective changes occurred in the loaded condition. Preferential improvements in FT:CT occur when a greater focus is placed on a targeted physical quality in a sequenced training plan of junior elite Australian football players during preseason training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan P. James
- Sport and Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Jade Haycraft
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3011, Australia;
| | | | - Timothy J. Suchomel
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Carroll University, Waukesha, WI 53186, USA;
| | - Mark Connick
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia;
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44
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Crang ZL, Hewitt A, Scott TJ, Kelly VG, Johnston RD. Relationship Between Preseason Training Load, Match Performance, and Match Activities in Professional Rugby League. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 36:2581-2588. [PMID: 33306585 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Crang, ZL, Hewitt, A, Scott, TJ, Kelly, VG, and Johnston, RD. Relationship between pre-season training load, match performance and match activities in professional rugby league. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-This study aimed to establish the relationship between preseason training loads, technical match performance, and physical match activities in rugby league. Twenty-two professional rugby league players (age: 24.7 ± 4.0 years; height: 184.3 ± 4.7 cm; and body mass: 101.1 ± 9.9 kg) participated in the study. Training loads and physical match activities were monitored using global positioning systems. Total distance (m), high-speed running distance (VT1IFT; distance covered above estimated first ventilatory threshold [≥68% of 30-15 intermittent fitness test]) and total session rating of perceived exertion from all field-based (32.5 ± 8.5) and gym-based sessions (39.1 ± 12.5) were used to quantify preseason loads. Physical match activities were measured as total and high-speed running distance relative to individual playing time, whereas technical match activities and performance scores were used to evaluate individual match performance. To examine the relationship between physical match activities, technical performance, and preseason load, Pearson's correlation coefficients were quantified for each in-season game before performing a Fisher Z Transformation. Preseason high-speed running distance was positively associated with high-speed match activities (r = 0.34-0.51), whereas negatively associated with technical performance scores (r = -0.51 to -0.35) and hit up m·min of match-play (r = -0.30 to -0.17). It seems high speed running performed in the preseason period positively influences in-season physical match activity profiles, however, are unlikely to positively impact technical match performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary L Crang
- School of Behavioral and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Adam Hewitt
- School of Behavioral and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tannath J Scott
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, Australia.,Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Center, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Vincent G Kelly
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rich D Johnston
- School of Behavioral and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Center, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
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45
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Morris CG, Weber JA, Netto KJ. Relationship Between Mechanical Effectiveness in Sprint Running and Force-Velocity Characteristics of a Countermovement Jump in Australian Rules Football Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 36:e59-e65. [PMID: 32218062 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Morris, CG, Weber, JA, and Netto, KJ. Relationship between mechanical effectiveness in sprint running and force-velocity characteristics of a countermovement jump in Australian rules football athletes. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-This study evaluated the mechanical determinants of 40-m sprint performance in elite Australian Rules Football (ARF) athletes and identified variables of countermovement jumps (CMJs) that related to the sprint. Fourteen elite male ARF athletes (age = 22.7 ± 3.6 years; height = 1.88 ± 0.08 m; mass = 88.2 ± 9.38 kg) completed two 40-m sprints and 3 CMJs. Sprint mechanics were calculated using inverse dynamic methods from sprint times, anthropometric and spatiotemporal data, whereas CMJ variables were obtained from in-ground force plates. Associations between sprint mechanics, sprint performance, and CMJ variables were identified using Pearson's correlation coefficient. A p-value of <0.036 was considered statistically significant for all analyses after performing Bonferroni correction adjustment. Relative peak running power was significantly correlated (p < 0.036, r = -0.781 to -0.983) with sprint split times across all distances (5-40 m). Relative maximum horizontal force significantly correlated with acceleration performance (0-20 m, p < 0.036, r = -0.887 to -0.989). Maximum running velocity was significantly correlated (p < 0.036, r = -0.714 to -0.970) with sprint times across 20-40 m. Relative peak force in the CMJ was significantly associated (p < 0.036, r = -0.589 to -0.630) with sprint kinetics (power and horizontal force) and 5-20-m sprint times. Jump height and concentric time in the CMJ were significantly (p < 0.036) correlated with sprint time at 20 m (r = -0.550 and r = 0.546), respectively. These results indicate emphasis should be placed on training protocols that improve relative peak power, particularly in time-constrained environments such as team sports, focusing on maximal force production or maximal running velocity ability. Furthermore, associations between CMJ variables and sprint performance provide practitioners with an approach to assess sprint performance in-season, monitor training adaptations and further individualize training interventions, without requiring maximal sprint testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey G Morris
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jason A Weber
- Fremantle Dockers Football Club, Cockburn, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kevin J Netto
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
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46
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Sheehan WB, Tribolet R, Spurrs R, Fransen J, Novak AR, Watsford ML. Simplifying the complexity of assessing physical performance in professional Australian football. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2020.1745264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William B. Sheehan
- Human Performance Research Centre, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rhys Tribolet
- Human Performance Research Centre, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Robert Spurrs
- Human Performance Research Centre, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Job Fransen
- Human Performance Research Centre, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Andrew R. Novak
- Human Performance Research Centre, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- High Performance Department, Rugby, Australia
| | - Mark L. Watsford
- Human Performance Research Centre, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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47
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Young CM, Luo W, Gastin PB, Dwyer DB. Understanding the relative contribution of technical and tactical performance to match outcome in Australian Football. J Sports Sci 2020; 38:676-681. [PMID: 32028853 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1724044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess if tactical and technical performance indicators (PIs) could be used in combination to model match outcomes in Australian Football (AF). A database of 101 technical PIs and 14 tactical PIs from every match in the 2009-2016 Australian Football League (AFL) seasons was merged. Two outcome measures Win-loss and Score margin were used as dependent variables. The top 45 ranked technical and tactical PIs from a feature selection process were used to model match outcome using decision tree and Generalised Linear Models (GLMs). Of the top 45 selected features, this included seven tactical PIs. The Win-loss-based Decision tree model achieved a classification accuracy of 89.0% and GLM 93.2%. A Score margin-based GLM achieved a root mean squared error (RMSE) of 6.9 points. A combined approach to the classification of match outcomes provided no improvement in model accuracy compared with previous literature. However, this study has established the relative importance of technical and tactical measures of performance in relation to successful team performance in AF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wei Luo
- School of Information Technology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Paul B Gastin
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Daniel B Dwyer
- Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
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48
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Sheehan WB, Tribolet R, Watsford ML, Novak AR, Rennie MJ, Fransen J. Using cooperative networks to analyse behaviour in professional Australian Football. J Sci Med Sport 2020; 23:291-296. [PMID: 31582289 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2019.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Reducing the dimensionality of commonly reported complex network characteristics obtained from Australian Football League (AFL) games to facilitate their practical use and interpretability. DESIGN Retrospective longitudinal design where individual players' interactions, determined through the distribution and receipt of kicks and handballs, during official AFL games were collected over three seasons. METHODS A principal component analysis was used to reduce the number of characteristics related to the cooperative network analysis. RESULTS The principal component analysis derived two individual-based principal components pertaining to in- and out-degree importance and three team-based principal components related to connectedness and in- and out-degree centralisation. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to provide a simplified, novel method for analysing complex network structures in an Australian Football context with both the team- and individual-derived metrics revealing useful information for coaches and practitioners. This may consequently guide opposition analysis, training implementation, player performance ratings and player selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B Sheehan
- Human Performance Research Centre, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Australia.
| | - Rhys Tribolet
- Human Performance Research Centre, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Australia
| | - Mark L Watsford
- Human Performance Research Centre, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Australia
| | - Andrew R Novak
- Human Performance Research Centre, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael J Rennie
- Human Performance Research Centre, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Australia
| | - Job Fransen
- Human Performance Research Centre, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Australia
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49
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Walker EJ, Aughey RJ, McLaughlin P, McAinch AJ. Seasonal Change in Body Composition and Physique of Team Sport Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 36:565-572. [PMID: 31972821 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Walker, EJ, Aughey, RJ, McLaughlin, P, and McAinch, AJ. Seasonal change in body composition and physique of team sport athletes. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-Body composition of team sport athletes was measured at 3 points across the preseason and competitive season. This repeated-measures study was conducted in 46 professional Australian football (AF) (age 23.8 ± 3.8 years), 26 soccer (age 22.7 ± 4.7 years), and 33 rugby union players (age 28.1 ± 4.2 years). A mixed-design analysis of variance was used to determine change across the season, and Pearson's correlation was used to determine the relationship between different measures. Anthropometry, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and 3-dimensional (3D) scan technology were used in AF and soccer, whereas only DXA was used in rugby. Body mass remained unchanged for both AF and soccer with gains in lean mass (p < 0.01), from preseason to early in the competitive season. Skinfold measures declined in AF (p < 0.001) and soccer (p < 0.05) across the season, whereas DXA-measured fat mass only declined in soccer (p < 0.01). Rugby backs (p < 0.01) and forwards (p < 0.001) reduced body fat and gained lean mass from preseason to in-season with forwards having greater relative and absolute changes as measured by DXA. 3D technology did not show change across the season. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry body fat percent and the sum of skinfold correlation were large (r = 0.74 [p < 0.001, CI 0.67-0.81]). The greatest change in body composition occurs from the beginning of preseason to the start of competition, with changes returning to baseline levels toward the end of season. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and skinfold measures were moderately correlated, providing a good alternative to track change in subcutaneous fat in AF and soccer athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Walker
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Robert J Aughey
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Patrick McLaughlin
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew J McAinch
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.,Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Victoria University, St. Albans, VIC, Australia
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50
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Ryan S, Kempton T, Impellizzeri FM, Coutts AJ. Training monitoring in professional Australian football: theoretical basis and recommendations for coaches and scientists. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2019.1641212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Ryan
- Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney, Australia
- Carlton Football Club, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Franco M Impellizzeri
- Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney, Australia
| | - Aaron J Coutts
- Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney, Australia
- Carlton Football Club, Melbourne, Australia
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