1
|
Laterza F, Savoia C, Bovenzi A, D'Onofrio R, Pompa D, Annino G, Manzi V. Influence of Substitutions and Roles on Kinematic Variables in Professional Soccer Players. Int J Sports Med 2024. [PMID: 38806153 DOI: 10.1055/a-2334-6458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
In soccer, roles and substitutions can make it unclear how different physical capacities decrease over time and impact performance. This investigation aimed to analyze kinematic parameters and their changes over game time, and provide information to effectively prescribe training programs. Data from four professional teams were analyzed, and all the teams competed in the Italian First Division (Serie A). Average metabolic power and high-intensity activities associated with critical moments in the match were considered in the comparisons. The video analysis system STATS SportVU collected the data during official matches. Players were assigned to a specific group according to their time played, categorized as follows: 0-15', 15-30', 30-45', 45-60', 60-75', 75-90', and > 90 min. Different roles, including forwards and wingers (FW), midfielders (MF), center-backs (CB), and side-backs (SB) were also considered. Significant differences (p<0.05) were found in different roles and within roles at different times played. The results highlighted how MF performance decreased over time, whereas CB was unaffected by time. SB spent more time at very high velocity than other roles, independently from the time played. These findings provide valuable information about the physical demands of official soccer matches and could be used to review training prescriptions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Laterza
- Department of Wellbeing, Nutrition and Sport, Pegaso Open University, Naples, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Cristian Savoia
- The Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, The Tom Reilly Building, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | | | - Rosario D'Onofrio
- Medical-Scientific Multidisciplinary Commission, Italian Football Doctors Association, Rome, Italy
| | - Dario Pompa
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, Gabriele d'Annunzio University of Chieti and Pescara Department of Sciences, Chieti, Italy
- BIND-Behavioral Imaging and Neural Dynamics Center, Gabriele d'Annunzio University of Chieti and Pescara Department of Sciences, Chieti, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Annino
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
- Department Industrial Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Manzi
- Department of Wellbeing, Nutrition and Sport, Pegaso Open University, Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chmura P, Kołodziejczyk M, Andrzejewski M, Chmura J, Rokita A, Drożdżowski A, Maćkała K, Konefał M. In which rounds were the most rotations of key players made, and how did this affect physical activity? Analysis of the eight best teams of the 2018 FIFA world cup Russia. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2024; 16:49. [PMID: 38360783 PMCID: PMC10870587 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-024-00834-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Team management, especially player selection, rotation, and availability, are critical issues when dealing with the high demands of modern training and gameplay. As such, research continuously seeks ways to improve these actions or implement new ideas to gain a competitive advantage through the rotation of players in the starting line-up. The current study aimed to examine the rounds of the 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia in which the most rotations of key players were made and how this affected physical activity. METHODS The sample consisted of 110 players from the top eight teams in the 2018 World Cup Russia who played entire matches for up to 90 min in seven consecutive games. All players were divided into key players (KPs, n = 58) and non-key players (NKPs, n = 52). The analysis used data collected by an advanced motion analysis system known as STATS®, with physical activity variables analyzed, including total distance covered (TDC), distance covered with high intensity over 20 km/h (HIR), and the number of sprints undertaken. In statistical analysis, differences between categories and consecutive matches were calculated using the Kruskal-Wallis H test, and if a significant effect size was found, a multiple comparisons p values test was performed. RESULTS The best teams at the 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia used the most KP rotations with NKPs in the third match of the group stage. In addition, this was even more visible among more successful teams than less successful teams. The rotation strategy among the best eight teams allowed them to maintain the physical activity of KPs and NKPs in all rounds of the tournament. CONCLUSIONS Coaches and coaching staff should incorporate squad rotation that includes a large group of players in their team management to improve their success. Team management expertise in player rotation during matches played over congested schedules at top tournaments maintains high levels of physical activity indicators (TDC, HIR, and sprints).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Chmura
- Department of Team Games, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences , I.J. Paderewskiego 35, 51612, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Michał Kołodziejczyk
- Department of Team Games, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences , I.J. Paderewskiego 35, 51612, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marcin Andrzejewski
- Department of Methodology of Recreation, Poznań University of Physical Education, Królowej Jadwigi 27/39, 61871, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jan Chmura
- Department of Human Motor Skills, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences , I.J. Paderewskiego 35, 51612, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Andrzej Rokita
- Department of Team Games, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences , I.J. Paderewskiego 35, 51612, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Adrian Drożdżowski
- Department of Team Games, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences , I.J. Paderewskiego 35, 51612, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Maćkała
- Department of Track and Field, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences , I.J. Paderewskiego 35, 51612, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marek Konefał
- Department of Human Motor Skills, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences , I.J. Paderewskiego 35, 51612, Wrocław, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wei X, Zhao Y, Chen H, Chmura P, Randers MB, Krustrup P. Goal scoring patterns in the FIFA World Cup 2022 group stage: more goals by substitute players, but no effect of more stoppage time. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2024; 64:121-128. [PMID: 37902803 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.23.15296-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 2022 World Cup introduced new substitution rules, tournament periods and stoppage time calculation methods. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze the goal time characteristics during the FIFA World Cup 2022 group stage in comparison with those of the 2018 event, exploring the potential influence on the goal times after the new substitution rules, stoppage time calculation method, and tournament periods. METHODS A total of 242 goals were used for analysis. The timing, zones and ways of goals scored were used for the analyses by χ2 Test with a significance level set at P<0.05. RESULTS More goals were scored in the second half than in the first half (64.2% vs. 35.8%; χ2=9.633, P<0.05) and a significant difference in the goals scored in 15 minutes intervals in 2022 World Cup group stage (χ2=16.000, P<0.05). No difference were observed in the goal scoring time in two World Cups in terms of the different intervals, results, areas, and ways (P>0.05), but more open play goals were scored in the 2022 event (χ2=10.200, P<0.05) and substitutes scored more goals in the 2022 World Cup group stage as compared to those in the 2018 event (χ2=5.161, P<0.05). Despite more stoppage time in the 2022 event than in the 2018 event (11.6 vs. 7.3 min), no differences were observed in the number of goals scored in stoppage time (χ2=0.953, P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the importance of the insight of goal scoring pattern. Practitioners need to allocate physical fitness to tactical arrangements in a reasonable manner according to the time of the game, improve open play scoring ability and increase substitution awareness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Wei
- School of Strength and Conditioning Training, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Yifan Zhao
- China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Chen
- School of Sports and Health Management, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China -
| | - Paweł Chmura
- Department of Team Games, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Morten B Randers
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- School of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Peter Krustrup
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Danish Institute for Advanced Study (DIAS), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Marín K, Castellano J. Two periodization strategies in professional football and their influence on accumulated training load and its distribution: Differences between starters and non-starters. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:2201-2208. [PMID: 38377010 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2318061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
This study compared weekly training-load (TL), training-monotony (TM), and training-strain (TS) in 80 professional football players (28.1 ± 3.2 yrs, 78.0 ± 5.9 kg, and 182.0 ± 4.8 cm), considering two lengths (6 and 7 days between matches), two types of periodization strategies (placing the compensatory session in MD+1 [P1] or MD+2 [P2] post-match-day) and two players' status, starters, and non-starters. Using Global Positioning Technology, the monitored variables were: Player Load (PL), Total Distance (TD), distances at various speeds (>21 [HSR], >24 [VHSR], and > 27 [SPR] km·h-1), number of accelerations (>2 m·s-2, ACC), and decelerations (<-2 m·s-2, DEC). Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney non-parametric statistical tests were used for loading strategy differences. In both lengths and periodization strategies of the micro-cycles, non-starters trained more than starters. There were differences in the quantity (TL) and distribution (TM and TS) demand considering the micro-cycle's length and periodization strategy. In MD+1 (P1), non-starters accumulated higher TL, showing moderate to large Cohen's d magnitudes in HSR, VHSR, SPR, PL, and TD. For starters, training in MD+2 (P2) resulted in higher values (p < 0.05) of TL, TM and TS. The coaching staff needs to anticipate TL, TM, and TS by considering players' status, periodization strategy, and the number of training sessions between matches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kévin Marín
- GIKAFIT Research Group, Physical Education and Sport Department, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Julen Castellano
- GIKAFIT Research Group, Physical Education and Sport Department, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pan P, Li F, Han B, Yuan B, Liu T. Exploring the impact of professional soccer substitute players on physical and technical performance. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2023; 15:143. [PMID: 37898786 PMCID: PMC10612320 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00752-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substitutions are generally used to promote the match performance of the whole team. This study aimed to analyze the performance of substitute players and explore the performance difference among substitute players, completed players, and replaced players across each position. METHODS Chinese Super Soccer League (CSL) matches in the season 2018 including 5871 individual observation from 395 professional soccer players were analyzed by establishing linear mixed models to quantify the performance difference among substitute players (SP) (n = 1,071), entire match players (EMP) (n = 3,454), and replaced players (RP) (n = 1,346), and then separately for each position (central defenders, fullbacks, central midfielders, wide midfielders, and attackers). RESULTS The results show SP display higher high intensity distance and sprint distance significantly (p < 0.05) relative to playing time than RP and EMP. SP in offensive positions (attackers, wide midfielders) showed significantly higher (p < 0.05) passing and organizing performance such as passes, ball control, short passes, and long passes than RP or EMP. The scoring performances of central midfielders of SP including goals, shots, and shots on target are significantly higher (p < 0.05) than RP or EMP. Central defenders of SP showed higher shot blocks and pass blocks (p < 0.05) while lower passing and organizing performance (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Depending on different playing positions, substitute players could indeed improve physical and technical performance related to scoring, passing, and defending as offensive substitute players can boost organizing performance and substitute defenders enhance defending performance. These could help coaches better understand substitute players' influence on match performance and optimize the substitution tactic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengyu Pan
- College of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Fangbin Li
- College of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Bo Han
- China Football College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Bo Yuan
- China Football College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Tianbiao Liu
- College of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ruscello B, Tozzi M, Apollaro G, Grossi A, Morganti G, Esposito M, Pantanella L, Messina G, Padua E. Effects of the New COVID-19-Induced Rule on Substitutions and Performance in Italian Elite Soccer. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:208. [PMID: 37999425 PMCID: PMC10674514 DOI: 10.3390/sports11110208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 has resulted in widespread changes, including within the realm of sports. Professional soccer has adapted by allowing more substitutions, leading to tactical adjustments and potential physical benefits. Accordingly, this study analyzed the impact of the new rule in Italian top-level soccer, focusing on substitution patterns and performance differences between the pre-COVID (2017-2018, 2018-2019 seasons) and post COVID (2020-2021, 2021-2022 seasons) eras. As such, publicly available data from 1520 matches (760 matches per era) were recorded. The sample included matches played from 40 Italian top division teams in both the pre- and post-COVID eras. Analyses confirmed substitutions follow a consistent temporal pattern throughout the match in both eras, highlighting a slight difference in second-half management, and showed the new rule is still not used to its full potential, thus raising concerns about teams' financial strength, as not all managers possess "deep benches" (i.e., a large number of top-level players available to play). Further analyses revealed a statistically significant increment (p = 0.002) in the quantity of collectively produced sprints in the post-COVID era compared to the pre-COVID one. The results from this study emphasize the need to carefully address sprint preparation and repeated sprint abilities, also considering factors such as the number of substitutes and their skill level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Ruscello
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy; (G.M.); (G.M.); (E.P.)
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.T.); (G.A.); (A.G.); (M.E.); (L.P.)
| | - Matteo Tozzi
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.T.); (G.A.); (A.G.); (M.E.); (L.P.)
| | - Gennaro Apollaro
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.T.); (G.A.); (A.G.); (M.E.); (L.P.)
| | - Alberto Grossi
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.T.); (G.A.); (A.G.); (M.E.); (L.P.)
| | - Gabriele Morganti
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy; (G.M.); (G.M.); (E.P.)
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.T.); (G.A.); (A.G.); (M.E.); (L.P.)
| | - Mario Esposito
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.T.); (G.A.); (A.G.); (M.E.); (L.P.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 703 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Laura Pantanella
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.T.); (G.A.); (A.G.); (M.E.); (L.P.)
| | - Giuseppe Messina
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy; (G.M.); (G.M.); (E.P.)
- PLab Research Institute, 90121 Palermo, Italy
| | - Elvira Padua
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy; (G.M.); (G.M.); (E.P.)
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.T.); (G.A.); (A.G.); (M.E.); (L.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Plakias S, Moustakidis S, Kokkotis C, Tsatalas T, Papalexi M, Plakias D, Giakas G, Tsaopoulos D. Identifying Soccer Teams' Styles of Play: A Scoping and Critical Review. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2023; 8:jfmk8020039. [PMID: 37092371 PMCID: PMC10123610 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk8020039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying and measuring soccer playing styles is a very important step toward a more effective performance analysis. Exploring the different game styles that a team can adopt to enable a great performance remains under-researched. To address this challenge and identify new directions in future research in the area, this paper conducted a critical review of 40 research articles that met specific criteria. Following the 22-item Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines, this scoping review searched for literature on Google Scholar and Pub Med database. The descriptive and thematic analysis found that the objectives of the identified papers can be classified into three main categories (recognition and effectiveness of playing styles and contextual variables that affect them). Critically reviewing the studies, the paper concluded that: (i) factor analysis seems to be the best technique among inductive statistics; (ii) artificial intelligence (AI) opens new horizons in performance analysis, and (iii) there is a need for further research on the effectiveness of different playing styles, as well as on the impact of contextual variables on them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Spyridon Plakias
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Karyes, 42100 Trikala, Greece
| | | | - Christos Kokkotis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, 69100 Komotini, Greece
| | - Themistoklis Tsatalas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Karyes, 42100 Trikala, Greece
| | - Marina Papalexi
- Department of Operations, Technology, Events and Hospitality Management, Manchester Metropolitan University, Oxford Road, Manchester M15 6BH, UK
| | | | - Giannis Giakas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Karyes, 42100 Trikala, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Tsaopoulos
- Institute for Bio-Economy & Agri-Technology, Center for Research and Technology Hellas, 60361 Volos, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Castillo-Rodríguez A, González-Téllez JL, Figueiredo A, Chinchilla-Minguet JL, Onetti-Onetti W. Starters and non-starters soccer players in competition: is physical performance increased by the substitutions? BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2023; 15:33. [PMID: 36927565 PMCID: PMC10018952 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00641-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-starters soccer players have a great role within the team, being indispensable to reduce fatigue, as well as to maintain and increase the team's performance during the match. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to analyze the physical performance of the starter and non-starters players during competitive soccer matches. METHODS Twenty-two soccer players participated in this study, divided into two groups according to the role in the match (starters or non-starters). WIMU Global Positioning System devices were used in order to record physical performance metrics. Independent samples t-test and one-way ANOVA tests were performed to compare starters and non-starters, and the playing position, respectively, and two-way ANOVA test was perform with these factors too. RESULTS There were no differences in the main physical performance metrics between starters and non-starters players during competition, although there were differences in physical performance metrics according to the playing position. Midfielders performed highest distance per minute, player load, and distance covered between 12 and 21 km·h- 1 (p < .05). Finally, distance covered at speeds greater than 24 km·h- 1 was predicted by the playing role (starters and non-starters) and playing position factors with 88% of explained variance (ηp2 = 0.772). CONCLUSION The main findings of this study showed that non-starter players had a similar physical performance during competitive matches as the starter players for whom they are substituted. In addition, the playing position determined different physical performance, contributing in this manuscript that behavior and decision-making of the players could be affected by their position in the field. More studies are needed on non-starter player performance and contextual factors that could influence the physical responses of these players.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Antonio Figueiredo
- Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - José Luis Chinchilla-Minguet
- Department of Didactics of Languages, Arts and Sport, University of Malaga, Boulevard Louis Pasteur s/n, 29011, Malaga, Spain.
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Page RM, Field A, Langley B, Harper LD, Julian R. The Effects of Fixture Congestion on Injury in Professional Male Soccer: A Systematic Review. Sports Med 2023; 53:667-685. [PMID: 36527592 PMCID: PMC9758680 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01799-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Professional soccer teams are often required to compete with ≤ 4 days recovery between matches. Since congested schedules reduce recovery time between matches, players are possibly at an increased injury risk. To date, there are no published systematic reviews on the impact of match congestion on injuries during professional male soccer. OBJECTIVE The aim of this systematic review was to assess the effects of fixture congestion on injuries during professional soccer. METHODS Following pre-registration on the Open Science Framework ( https://osf.io/86m25/ ) and conforming with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, systematic searches of four electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science) were conducted by independent researchers from inception until February 2022. Articles were included if they were original articles written in English and contained relevant time-loss injury data (injury that results in unavailability for training and/or match-play) for male professional soccer players regarding periods of fixture congestion (a minimum of two matches with ≤ 4 days recovery). RESULTS A total of eight articles were included in the review. Five studies identified that congested fixture schedules expose players to increased match injury incidence, although layoff duration was typically lower during congested periods. Two studies identified that training and overall injury incidence were higher during congested periods, with another study identifying a lower training injury incidence during congested periods. CONCLUSION Injury risk is, overall, increased during fixture-congested periods; however, the layoff duration is typically shorter. The current findings have implications for practitioners regarding the management, periodisation, monitoring, and design of training and competition schedules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Michael Page
- Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, St. Helens Road, Ormskirk, Lancashire, L39 4QP, UK.
| | - Adam Field
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M15 6BH, UK
| | - Ben Langley
- Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, St. Helens Road, Ormskirk, Lancashire, L39 4QP, UK
| | - Liam David Harper
- Department of Life Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M15 6BH, UK
| | - Ross Julian
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Muenster, 48149, Muenster, Germany.,School of Sport and Exercise, Exercise and Sport Research Centre, University of Gloucestershire, The Park, Cheltenham, GL50 2RH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
López-Valenciano A, Moreno-Perez V, Campo RLD, Resta R, Coso JD. The Five-substitution Option Enhances Teams' Running Performance at High Speed in Football. Int J Sports Med 2023; 44:344-351. [PMID: 36669526 DOI: 10.1055/a-1982-9808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this investigation was to describe how the introduction of the five-substitution option affected football teams' running performance. A comparative analysis was performed in 17 professional football teams for the 2019-2020 (up to three substitutions) vs 2020-2021 (five substitutions option) seasons in LaLiga. The five-substitution option increased the number of substitutions (from 2.9±0.1 to 4.2±1.0 substitutions/match, respectively; p<0.01, Effect Size (ES)=2.11) but it did not change the time selected for the first substitution (from 57.5±13.0 to 56.2±13.7 min; p=0.06, ES=0.1). Total running distance was similar between seasons but running distance at 21.0-23.9 km/h (from 3.0±0.4 to 3.2±0.4 km; p=0.01, ES=0.6) and at≥24.0 km/h (from 3.0±0.6 to 3.2±0.5 km; p=0.01, ES=0.3) were higher with the five-substitution option. These increases were associated with a higher distance covered by starting players (p<0.05) rather than an effect of substitute players.: With the five-substitution option, team coaches increased the number of substitutions per match which enhanced the possibilities of the team's staff to manage players' physical load. The five-substitution option allowed also increased running performance at≥21.0 km/h during the matches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Víctor Moreno-Perez
- Sports Research Centre (Department of Sport Sciences), Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | | | - Ricardo Resta
- Department of Competitions and Mediacoach, LaLiga, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Centre for Sport Studies. Rey Juan Carlos Univeristy, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
García-Aliaga A, Martín-Castellanos A, Marquina Nieto M, Muriarte Solana D, Resta R, López del Campo R, Mon-López D, Refoyo I. Effect of Increasing the Number of Substitutions on Physical Performance during Periods of Congested Fixtures in Football. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:sports11020025. [PMID: 36828310 PMCID: PMC9962594 DOI: 10.3390/sports11020025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
(I) This study aimed to evaluate the impact on physical demands induced by FIFA's new rule implemented based on the number of substitutions caused by COVID-19. (II) Sixty-six matches were analysed in peak periods (microcycles of three matches in a week) in the competition period before and after the pandemic. The variables collected were organised by team (22 from LaLigaTM SmartBank 2019-2020) for a total of 132 team records and 1077 player performance reports using a multi-camera tracking system and Mediacoach® software. Physical performance variables were analysed in the first half, second half and whole match, thus determining the individual and collective performances of the team. (III) This study shows how, despite the increase in substitutions allowed with the new rule, physical performance increased in some variables in the congested periods (e.g., total distance run and distance run in the first and second halves). Additionally, the players' physical performance involved in a substitution was greater than it was for players who completed the game. (IV) The new substitution rule helps to maintain and even improve physical performance. This measure could improve intensity levels in both individual and team performance. It could even safeguard the physical integrity of the players by reducing the risk of injury, as fewer players have to play the full match.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abraham García-Aliaga
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte (INEF—Sports Department), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrián Martín-Castellanos
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte (INEF—Sports Department), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Moisés Marquina Nieto
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte (INEF—Sports Department), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.:+34-910-678-033
| | - Diego Muriarte Solana
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte (INEF—Sports Department), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Resta
- Department of Competitions and Mediacoach, LaLiga, 28043 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Daniel Mon-López
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte (INEF—Sports Department), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Refoyo
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte (INEF—Sports Department), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Calleja-González J, Mallo J, Cos F, Sampaio J, Jones MT, Marqués-Jiménez D, Mielgo-Ayuso J, Freitas TT, Alcaraz PE, Vilamitjana J, Ibañez SJ, Cuzzolin F, Terrados N, Bird SP, Zubillaga A, Huyghe T, Jukic I, Lorenzo A, Loturco I, Delextrat A, Schelling X, Gómez-Ruano M, López-laval I, Vazquez J, Conte D, Velarde-Sotres Á, Bores A, Ferioli D, García F, Peirau X, Martin-Acero R, Lago-Peñas C. A commentary of factors related to player availability and its influence on performance in elite team sports. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 4:1077934. [PMID: 36726395 PMCID: PMC9885271 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.1077934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Julio Calleja-González
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain,Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia,Strength and Conditioning Society, Rome, Italy,Correspondence: Julio Calleja-González
| | - Javier Mallo
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francesc Cos
- Manchester City Football Club 1 Team, Manchester City, United Kingdom,National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaime Sampaio
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Margaret T. Jones
- School of Kinesiology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, VA, United States
| | - Diego Marqués-Jiménez
- Valoración del rendimiento deportivo, actividad física y salud y lesiones deportivas (REDAFLED), Department of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Corporal Expression, Faculty of Education, University of Valladolid, Soria, Spain
| | - Juan Mielgo-Ayuso
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Burgos, Burgos, Spain
| | - Tomás T. Freitas
- Strength and Conditioning Society, Rome, Italy,UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University San Antonio, Murcia, Spain,NAR - Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil,Faculty of Sport Sciences, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pedro E. Alcaraz
- Strength and Conditioning Society, Rome, Italy,UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University San Antonio, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Sergio J. Ibañez
- Group for Optimization of Training and Sport Performance (GOERD), Faculty of Sport Science, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | | | - Nicolás Terrados
- Regional Unit of Sports Medicine and Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Stephen P. Bird
- School of Health and Medical Sciences Ipswich, Queensland, QLD, Australia
| | - Asier Zubillaga
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Thomas Huyghe
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University San Antonio, Murcia, Spain
| | - Igor Jukic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Alberto Lorenzo
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irineu Loturco
- Strength and Conditioning Society, Rome, Italy,NAR - Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anne Delextrat
- Strength and Conditioning Society, Rome, Italy,Health Sciences and Social Work, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Xavi Schelling
- School of Health and Medical Sciences Ipswich, Queensland, QLD, Australia
| | - Miguel Gómez-Ruano
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isaac López-laval
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Huesca, Spain
| | - Jairo Vazquez
- Sport Performance Area, Fútbol Club Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniele Conte
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania,Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
| | - Álvaro Velarde-Sotres
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, Santander, Spain,Departamento de Salud, Universidad Internacional Iberoamericana, Campeche, México
| | - Antonio Bores
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, Santander, Spain
| | - Davide Ferioli
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University San Antonio, Murcia, Spain
| | - Franc García
- Sport Performance Area, Fútbol Club Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Peirau
- Research Group Into Human Movement, Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Lleida, Spain
| | - Rafael Martin-Acero
- Grupo de Aprendizaje y Control del Movimiento Humano. Facultade de Ciencias do Deporte e a Educación Física. Universidade da Coruña. Oleiros, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Carlos Lago-Peñas
- Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, Governance and Economics Research Network, University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
A systematic review of match-play characteristics in women's soccer. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268334. [PMID: 35771861 PMCID: PMC9246157 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This review aimed to (1) systematically review the scientific literature evaluating the match-play characteristics of women's soccer, (2) determine the methods adopted to quantify match-play characteristics of women's soccer, and (3) present the physical, technical and tactical characteristics of women's soccer match-play across age-groups, playing standards and playing positions. A systematic search of electronic databases was conducted in May 2021; keywords relating to the population, soccer and match-play characteristics were used. Studies which quantified physical, technical or tactical performance of women's soccer players during match-play were included. Excluded studies included adapted match-play formats and training studies. Sixty-nine studies met the eligibility criteria. Studies predominantly quantified match-play characteristics of senior international (n = 27) and domestic (n = 30) women's soccer match-play, with only seven studies reporting youth match-play characteristics. Physical (n = 47), technical (n = 26) and tactical characteristics (n = 2) were reported as whole-match (n = 65), half-match (n = 21), segmental (n = 17) or peak (n = 8) characteristics. Beyond age-groups, playing standard, and playing position, fourteen studies quantified the impact of contextual factors, such as environment or match outcome, on match-play characteristics. Distance was the most commonly reported variable (n = 43), as outfield women's soccer players covered a total distance of 5480-11160 m during match-play. This systematic review highlights that physical match-performance increases between age-groups and playing standards, and differs between playing positions. However, further research is warranted to understand potential differences in technical and tactical match-performance. Coaches and practitioners can use the evidence presented within this review to inform population-specific practices, however, they should be mindful of important methodological limitations within the literature (e.g. inconsistent velocity and acceleration/deceleration thresholds). Future research should attempt to integrate physical, technical and tactical characteristics as opposed to quantifying characteristics in isolation, to gain a deeper and more holistic insight into match-performance.
Collapse
|
14
|
Hills SP, Barrett S, Thoseby B, Kilduff LP, Barwood MJ, Radcliffe JN, Cooke CB, Russell M. Quantifying the Peak Physical Match-Play Demands of Professional Soccer Substitutes Following Pitch-Entry: Assessing Contextual Influences. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2022; 93:270-281. [PMID: 33030984 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2020.1823308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: To quantify the peak post-pitch-entry physical responses of soccer substitutes while assessing contextual influences. Peak responses may be important performance indicators for substitutes introduced to provide a physical impact. Method: Thirty-three professional substitutes wore Microelectromechanical Systems during 44 matches (4 ± 3 observations·player-1). Post-pitch-entry relative peak values for total and high-speed (> 5.5 m·s-1) distances, average acceleration, and PlayerLoad™ were calculated using rolling averages over 60-s to 600-s. Linear mixed models assessed contextual influences (position, substitution timing, scoreline, and location). Results: Substitutes introduced during the final ~15 min of match-play covered less high-speed distance than first-half substitutes (~2.8-3.1 m·min-1) over 480-s to 600-s epochs, and less than 60:00-74:59 min substitutes (~1.7-1.8 m·min-1) during 540-s and 600-s epochs. Average acceleration during all except 180-s epochs was lower for 75:00+ min substitutes compared with first-half replacements (~0.27-0.43 m·s-2), and lower than 60:00-74:59 min substitutes during 60-s (~0.13 m·s-2). Substitutes introduced when their team was winning recorded greater distances over 120-s to 600-s (~6.2-7.7 m·min-1), and higher PlayerLoad™ values during 120-s, 180-s, 300-s, and 480-s epochs (~2.7-3.6 arbitrary units·min-1), compared with when scores were level at pitch-entry. Irrespective of substitution timing, substitute midfielders exceeded the total distance of substitute attackers (~5.9-16.2 m·min-1) for all except 360-s and 600-s epochs, and defenders (~13.3-26.7 m·min-1) during epochs < 300-s. Conclusions: This study provides benchmark data for practitioners tailoring training and recovery protocols, particularly "top-up" conditioning, to the competitive demands of soccer substitutes. Knowing how contextual factors influence substitutes' peak match-play responses may help managers/coaches assess the efficacy of substitution strategies.
Collapse
|
15
|
Lorenzo-Martínez M, Rein R, Garnica-Caparrós M, Memmert D, Rey E. The Effect of Substitutions on Team Tactical Behavior in Professional Soccer. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2022; 93:301-309. [PMID: 33054664 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2020.1828563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Player substitutions are one of the main options for the coach to change tactical behavior of his team. Purpose: The present study therefore investigates the effect of player substitutions on tactical behavior in high-performance soccer using positional data. Method: The sample consisted of 659 substitutions from 234 matches played in the German Bundesliga during the season 2016-2017. Substitutions were classified either as neutral (n = 485), defensive (n = 45), or offensive (n = 129) according to the player's roles. The teams' tactical behavior before and after each substitution was analyzed using team centroid, inter-team centroid distance, team length and width, length per width (LpW) ratio, stretch index, and space control for the whole pitch and for each third as the dependent variables. Results: The linear mixed model analysis showed different effects for neutral, defensive, and offensive substitutions. Teams displayed significantly lower stretch index after defensive substitutions. LpW ratio increased with neutral and offensive substitutions, while inter-team distance decreased. The position of the team centroid, space control in the middle third and in the attacking third were also greater following an offensive substitution. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that player substitutions effectively change tactical behavior of teams. Soccer coaches should perform more offensive substitutions to elicit a higher defensive pressure and improve goal-scoring opportunities, especially due to greater space control in the attacking third. In contrast, defensive substitutions can be used to increase defensive effectiveness through increases in team compactness.
Collapse
|
16
|
Calderón-Pellegrino G, Gallardo L, Garcia-Unanue J, Felipe JL, Hernandez-Martin A, Paredes-Hernández V, Sánchez-Sánchez J. Physical Demands during the Game and Compensatory Training Session (MD + 1) in Elite Football Players Using Global Positioning System Device. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:3872. [PMID: 35632281 PMCID: PMC9145854 DOI: 10.3390/s22103872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to analyze the differences of physical demands of non-starter players regarding the playing time during the competition and to evaluate the physical demands of the compensatory training (MD + 1C) for substitute players in elite football. The match statistics and MD + 1C of substitute players from a professional Spanish LaLiga football club were analyzed using a 10-Hz global positioning system (GPS) Apex GPS system device, which has been validated as a reliable and valid method to analyze performance in team sports, during all games of the 2016/2017, 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 seasons. The starting players showed both lower total distances covered and high-intensity actions compared to the substitutes. Regarding the minutes played by the substitutes, greater physical performance was found for the players with fewer minutes (5−15 min). Furthermore, no differences were found between first and second divisions regarding physical performance of substitutes (p > 0.05). This study highlights the importance of individualizing the workload of training sessions for substitutes and starters. Furthermore, the complementary session should be individualized according to the minutes played by the substitutes. These players are potentially under-loaded compared to starters, especially in terms of high-intensity actions, therefore additional session-specific training for each substitute would be useful to reach the optimal training load according to the minutes played during the game.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Leonor Gallardo
- IGOID Research Group, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (L.G.); (J.G.-U.); (A.H.-M.)
| | - Jorge Garcia-Unanue
- IGOID Research Group, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (L.G.); (J.G.-U.); (A.H.-M.)
| | - Jose Luis Felipe
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (J.L.F.); (J.S.-S.)
| | - Antonio Hernandez-Martin
- IGOID Research Group, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (L.G.); (J.G.-U.); (A.H.-M.)
| | | | - Javier Sánchez-Sánchez
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (J.L.F.); (J.S.-S.)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Field AC, Harper LD, William Frederick Aldous J, Page RM. A commentary on soccer match-play simulations for applied research and practice. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2022; 7:93-105. [PMID: 35465842 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2022.2070268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Soccer is a fast-growing area of research, demonstrated by a 10-fold increase in the number of PubMed articles derived from the search term 'soccer' between 2001 and 2021. The scope of contemporary soccer-related articles ranges from match-play observations to laboratory evaluations of performance. The activity profile of soccer match-play is variable and techniques to collect data within matches are limited. Soccer-specific simulations have been developed to simulate the evolving demands of match-play. The evolutionary designs of novel simulations provide a reproducible exercise stimulus for varying researcher and practitioner objectives. The applied researcher can utilise simulations to investigate the efficacy of nutritional interventions and environmental stress on performance, while assessing the physiological and biomechanical responses to representations of match-play. Practitioners can adopt simulations for rehabilitation to progressively facilitate return-to-play processes, while implementing extra top-up conditioning sessions for unused and partial-match players. However, there are complexities involved with the selection of varying simulations which are dependent on the research question or practical application. There also remains a paucity of published information to support researchers and practitioners in selecting from differing simulation models. To assist with researcher and practitioner interpretations, we present a commentary of the current simulations to inform decision-making processes for research and training purposes and enhance the application of future research. An objective scoring system was adopted for rating the research and practical applications of each simulation design. Overall scores of 22, 16 and 18 out of 36 were revealed for free-running (n=7), non-motorised- (n=4) and motorised-treadmill-based simulations (n=4), respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam C Field
- School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom.,Nuffield Health, The Manchester Institute of Health and Performance, Manchester
| | - Liam D Harper
- School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey William Frederick Aldous
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Activity, Institute of Sport and Physical Activity Research, University of Bedfordshire, Bedford, United Kingdom
| | - Richard M Page
- Department of Sport & Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lorenzo-Martínez M, Padrón-Cabo A, Rey E, Memmert D. Analysis of Physical and Technical Performance of Substitute Players in Professional Soccer. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2021; 92:599-606. [PMID: 32603634 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2020.1755414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Current soccer scientific literature is scarce with regard to examining the technical performance of substitute players. Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the physical and technical performance of substitute players versus those who completed the entire match or were replaced and also examine the performance of substitutes across different playing positions. Method: The sample was composed of 6,631 match observations from 431 professional soccer players competing in the German Bundesliga during the season 2018-2019. These observations were divided into three groups: entire match (n = 3,807), replaced (n = 1,412), and substitutes (n = 1,412). Linear mixed models were adjusted to compare the performance of the three groups independently of playing position and separately for each position (central defenders, fullbacks, central midfielders, wide midfielders, and attackers). Results: Substitute players showed higher total distance covered (effect sizes [ES]: 0.99-1.06), number of sprints (ES: 0.60-0.64), and number of fast runs (ES: 0.83-0.91) relative to playing time than replaced and entire match players. The differences in technical performance between groups varied according to playing position. Substitute central defenders showed less possession (ES: 0.39-0.41), touches (ES: 0.47-0.57), and passes (ES: 0.54-0.59) but higher defensive performance (ES: 0.51-0.54) than replaced and entire match players. Substitutes in midfield and attack positions displayed more possession (ES: 0.22-0.47), touches (ES: 0.27-0.37), and shots (ES: 0.22-0.28) than replaced and entire match players. Conclusion: This study has shown that substitutes are able to improve the performance of the players who completed the entire match or were replaced in both physical and some technical variables depending on playing position.
Collapse
|
19
|
Kołodziejczyk M, Chmura P, Konefał M, Chmura J, Rokita A, Andrzejewski M. The Effect of Squad Rotation on Physical Activity at the 2018 World Cup in Russia. Analysis the Most Exploited Players of the 4 Best Teams. Front Psychol 2021; 12:726207. [PMID: 34603146 PMCID: PMC8484307 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.726207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine how the four best teams in the 2018 Football Men's World Cup rotate by squad and how this impact the physical activity of the teams in consecutive rounds. The study sample consisted of the 31 players of the 4 best teams, who played in every tournament match, except for the third game of the group stage. The analysis included 186 observations and was carried out on the most exploited players (MEP) excluding goalkeepers, who played at least 450 mins (5 full matches) in the tournament. The analysis was conducted using data collected by an advanced motion analysis system known as STATS®. The selected physical activity parameters analyzed included: total distance covered (m/min), distance covered at various intensity ranges (m/min), top speed (km/h), and number of sprints performed. It was found that all four teams in the third match of the group stage have performed the largest number of rotations with most exploited players and introduced the highest number of rested players (7.75 ± 2.06). A significant increase was observed between the second and fourth match in the 0–7 km/h distance covered (37.99 ± 3.19–39.23 ± 3.35 m/min) and the top speed (28.12 ± 2.22–29.21 ± 2.64 km/h)—p < 0.05. Furthermore, MEPs in the knockout stage, used pacing strategies by increasing the amount of low-intensity running to maintain high intensity during the game. From a practical point of view, this investigation shows that squad rotation can be a valuable support to a pacing strategy by players.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michał Kołodziejczyk
- Department of Team Games, University School of Physical Education, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Paweł Chmura
- Department of Team Games, University School of Physical Education, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marek Konefał
- Department of Biological and Motor Sport Bases, University School of Physical Education, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jan Chmura
- Department of Biological and Motor Sport Bases, University School of Physical Education, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Andrzej Rokita
- Department of Team Games, University School of Physical Education, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marcin Andrzejewski
- Department of Methodology of Recreation, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Psychological States and Training Habits during the COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown in Spanish Basketball Athletes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18179025. [PMID: 34501619 PMCID: PMC8430994 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18179025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting restrictions designed to slow the spread of infection greatly disrupted people’s lives. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of lockdown on the psychology, training, and sleep habits of a cohort of basketball players. An online survey involving 169 professional and amateur athletes was conducted using four validated psychological questionnaires (WLEIS-S, POMS, BRS, SMS-II) and a Likert scale to measure the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and training variables. Gender differences in fatigue (p = 0.022); friendships (p = 0.017); others’ emotional appraisal (p < 0.001); and resilience (p = 0.031) were apparent, with higher values for women in all categories bar resilience. Comparisons before and during the lockdown revealed that all participants reduced their RPE (p < 0.001); training days (p = 0.004); and training hours (p < 0.001), and experienced a decline in the quality of sleep (p < 0.001). Sleep hours (p < 0.001) increased during lockdown. The professionals and females maintained their training days (p > 0.05), while the non-professionals and males did not. Psychological states during lockdown were a predictor of the differences in training and recovery variables. In situations where training and competition are limited, it is important to develop plans to maintain physical activity, good quality sleep, and promote greater emotional management and understanding to control negative moods.
Collapse
|
21
|
Dijkhuis TB, Kempe M, Lemmink KAPM. Early Prediction of Physical Performance in Elite Soccer Matches-A Machine Learning Approach to Support Substitutions. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 23:952. [PMID: 34441092 PMCID: PMC8394038 DOI: 10.3390/e23080952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Substitution is an essential tool for a coach to influence the match. Factors like the injury of a player, required tactical changes, or underperformance of a player initiates substitutions. This study aims to predict the physical performance of individual players in an early phase of the match to provide additional information to the coach for his decision on substitutions. Tracking data of individual players, except for goalkeepers, from 302 elite soccer matches of the Dutch 'Eredivisie' 2018-2019 season were used to enable the prediction of the individual physical performance. The players' physical performance is expressed in the variables distance covered, distance in speed category, and energy expenditure in power category. The individualized normalized variables were used to build machine learning models that predict whether players will achieve 100%, 95%, or 90% of their average physical performance in a match. The tree-based algorithms Random Forest and Decision Tree were applied to build the models. A simple Naïve Bayes algorithm was used as the baseline model to support the superiority of the tree-based algorithms. The machine learning technique Random Forest combined with the variable energy expenditure in the power category was the most precise. The combination of Random Forest and energy expenditure in the power category resulted in precision in predicting performance and underperformance after 15 min in a match, and the values were 0.91, 0.88, and 0.92 for the thresholds 100%, 95%, and 90%, respectively. To conclude, it is possible to predict the physical performance of individual players in an early phase of the match. These findings offer opportunities to support coaches in making more informed decisions on player substitutions in elite soccer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Talko B. Dijkhuis
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands; (M.K.); (K.A.P.M.L.)
- Institute of Communication and ICT, Hanze University of Applied Science, Zernikeplein 11, 9747 AS Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Kempe
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands; (M.K.); (K.A.P.M.L.)
| | - Koen A. P. M. Lemmink
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands; (M.K.); (K.A.P.M.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Barrera J, Sarmento H, Clemente FM, Field A, Figueiredo AJ. The Effect of Contextual Variables on Match Performance across Different Playing Positions in Professional Portuguese Soccer Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18105175. [PMID: 34068150 PMCID: PMC8152996 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18105175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the position-specific physical demands of professional Portuguese players. The effects of situational variables on the physical performance demands were also analysed (match location, match half and match result). Match performance observations were collected using Global Navigation Satellite System devices across 11 matches during a competitive season (2019-2020). Data were analysed according to five playing positions: goalkeepers (n = 11), central defenders (n = 42), wide defenders (n = 31), central midfielders (n = 34), open attackers (n = 28), and centre forwards (n = 14). Central midfield players completed the greatest total distance (10,787 ± 1536 m), while central defenders covered the least distance (9272 ± 455; p < 0.001). Open attackers covered the greatest high and very-high-speed distance (1504 ± 363 m), number of high-speed decelerations per match (11 ± 4) and were the fastest players (30.6 ± 1.5 km/h), along with center forwards (30.6 ± 2.0 km/h), versus all other positions (p < 0.05). Greater distances were performed in teams that were winning (9978 ± 1963 m) or drawing (10,395 ± 875 m) versus losing (9415 ± 2050) p = 0.036 and p = 0.006, respectively. Increases in distance covered at walking speeds were observed during the 2nd half (1574 ± 179 m) compared with the 1st half (1483 ± 176; (p < 0.003). A higher number of decelerations across all speeds were performed in the 1st half (144 ± 39) versus the 2nd half (135 ± 37). The distance covered in home matches (10,206 ± 1926 m) far exceeded away matches (9471 ± 1932 m; p < 0.001). The number of faster accelerations were higher in away (7 ± 5) versus home matches (6 ± 4; p < 0.049). The data demonstrate the different physical demands of each playing position and suggest that situational variables influence physical performance. These findings suggest position-specific physical training is required to condition players for the bespoke demands of each playing position.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joel Barrera
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, 3000-248 Coimbra, Portugal;
- Correspondence: (J.B.); (H.S.)
| | - Hugo Sarmento
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, 3000-248 Coimbra, Portugal;
- Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF), 3000-248 Coimbra, Portugal
- Correspondence: (J.B.); (H.S.)
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal;
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Adam Field
- School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK;
| | - António J. Figueiredo
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, 3000-248 Coimbra, Portugal;
- Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF), 3000-248 Coimbra, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Marris J, Barrett S, Abt G, Towlson C. Quantifying technical actions in professional soccer using foot-mounted inertial measurement units. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2021; 6:203-214. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2021.1910333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Marris
- Department of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Hull, Kingston upon Hull, UK
- Sports Science and Medicine Department, Hull City AFC, Kingston upon Hull, UK
| | - Steve Barrett
- Department of Sports Science and Research Innovation, PlayerMaker™, London, UK
| | - Grant Abt
- Department of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Hull, Kingston upon Hull, UK
| | - Chris Towlson
- Department of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Hull, Kingston upon Hull, UK
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Mota GR, Santos IA, Marocolo M. Change in Soccer Substitutions Rule Due to COVID-19: Why Only Five Substitutions? Front Sports Act Living 2021; 2:588369. [PMID: 33521632 PMCID: PMC7844060 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2020.588369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo R Mota
- Exercise Science, Health and Human Performance Research Group, Department of Sport Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Izabela Aparecida Santos
- Exercise Science, Health and Human Performance Research Group, Department of Sport Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil.,Exercise Physiology in Health and Human Performance Research Group, Department of Physical Education, University of Uberaba (UNIUBE), Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Moacir Marocolo
- Physiology and Human Performance Research Group, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Hills SP, Aben HGJ, Starr DP, Kilduff LP, Arent SM, Barwood MJ, Radcliffe JN, Cooke CB, Russell M. Body temperature and physical performance responses are not maintained at the time of pitch-entry when typical substitute-specific match-day practices are adopted before simulated soccer match-play. J Sci Med Sport 2020; 24:511-516. [PMID: 33317982 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2020.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To profile performance and physiological responses to typical patterns of match-day activity for second-half soccer substitutes. DESIGN Descriptive. METHODS Following a warm-up, 13 male team sports players underwent ∼85min of rest, punctuated with five min rewarm-ups at ∼25, ∼50, and ∼70min, before ∼30min of simulated soccer match-play. Countermovement jump performance (jump height, peak power output), alongside 15m sprints, were assessed post-warm-up, and pre- and post-simulated match-play. Core temperature, heart rate, ratings of perceived exertion, and blood glucose and lactate concentrations were measured throughout. RESULTS Warm-up-induced core temperature elevations (∼2.3%, +0.85°C; p<0.001) were maintained until after the first rewarm-up. Thereafter, core temperature was reduced from post-warm-up values until pre-simulated match-play (∼1.6%, -0.60°C; p<0.001), where values were similar to pre-warm-up (37.07±0.24°C, p=0.981). Simulated match-play increased core temperature progressively (p≤0.05) but values remained lower than post-warm-up (∼5min; p=0.002) until ∼10min into exercise. From post-warm-up to pre-simulated match-play, sprint times (∼3.9%, +0.10s, p=0.003), jump height (∼9.4%, -3.1cm; p=0.017), and peak power output (∼7.2%, -296W; p<0.001) worsened. Despite increased ratings of perceived exertion and elevated blood lactate concentrations (p≤0.05), sprint times were maintained throughout exercise, whereas peak power increased (∼7.8%, +294W; p=0.006) pre- to post-exercise. CONCLUSIONS At the point of simulated pitch-entry, body temperature and physical performance responses were not maintained from warm-up cessation despite typical substitute-specific match-day practices being employed in thermoneutral conditions. Evidence of performance-limiting fatigue was absent during ∼30min of simulated match-play. These data question the efficacy of practices typically implemented by substitutes before pitch-entry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel P Hills
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Hendrickus G J Aben
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, United Kingdom; Castleford Tigers RLFC, The Mend-A-Hose Jungle, Castleford, United Kingdom
| | - David P Starr
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Liam P Kilduff
- Applied Sports Technology, Exercise Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom; Welsh Institute of Performance Science, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Shawn M Arent
- Department of Exercise Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, United States
| | - Martin J Barwood
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Jon N Radcliffe
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Carlton B Cooke
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Russell
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Hills SP, Barrett S, Busby M, Kilduff LP, Barwood MJ, Radcliffe JN, Cooke CB, Russell M. Profiling the Post-match Top-up Conditioning Practices of Professional Soccer Substitutes: An Analysis of Contextual Influences. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:2805-2814. [PMID: 32986393 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Hills, SP, Barrett, S, Busby, M, Kilduff, LP, Barwood, MJ, Radcliffe, JN, Cooke, CB, and Russell, M. Profiling the post-match top-up conditioning practices of professional soccer substitutes: An analysis of contextual influences. J Strength Cond Res 34(10): 2805-2814, 2020-Soccer practitioners implement "top-up" conditioning sessions to compensate for substitutes' limited match-play exposure. Although perceived to be valuable for reducing injury risk and augmenting positive physical adaptations, little research has considered the demands of post-match top-up training. To quantify post-match top-up responses, 31 professional soccer players wore 10 Hz microelectromechanical systems after 37 matches whereby they were selected in the match-day squad as substitutes (184 observations; 6 ± 5 observations·player). Linear mixed models and effect sizes (ES) assessed the influence of contextual factors on 23 physical performance variables. Top-ups lasted 17.13 ± 7.44 minutes, eliciting total and high-speed distances of 1.7 ± 6.2 km and 0.4 ± 1.7 km, respectively. Each contextual factor (i.e., position, substitution timing, match location, result, time of day, stage of the season, and fixture density) influenced at least 4 of the dependent variables profiled (p ≤ 0.05). Top-up duration; total, moderate-speed, and low-speed distance; and the number of repeated high-intensity efforts were greater for unused vs. used substitutes (ES: 0.38-0.73, small to moderate). Relative to away matches, home top-ups elicited heightened total, low-speed, and high-speed distances, alongside more moderate-speed accelerations and decelerations, and repeated high-intensity efforts (ES: 0.25-0.89, small to moderate). Although absolute and relative running distances were generally the highest when the fixture density was low, the greatest acceleration and deceleration demands were observed during the most congested fixture periods. Late-season top-ups typically elicited lower absolute physical responses than early and mid-season sessions. These data provide important information for practitioners when considering the aims and design of substitute top-up conditioning sessions, particularly with reference to contextual influences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel P Hills
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | - Matt Busby
- Sport Medicine and Science Department, Hull City Tigers FC, Kingston Upon Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Liam P Kilduff
- Applied Sports Technology, Exercise Medicine Research Center (A-STEM), Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom; and.,Welsh Institute of Performance Science, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J Barwood
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Jon N Radcliffe
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Carlton B Cooke
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Russell
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
A comparison of rolling averages versus discrete time epochs for assessing the worst-case scenario locomotor demands of professional soccer match-play. J Sci Med Sport 2020; 23:764-769. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
28
|
Titton A. Competitive evaluation in male elite junior soccer players: entire match, replaced, and substitute players. J Exerc Rehabil 2020; 16:286-292. [PMID: 32724787 PMCID: PMC7365729 DOI: 10.12965/jer.2040358.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyze the mood states, recovery, displacement patterns, and rating of perceived exertion of elite junior soccer players during a national competition, considering substitutions in the matches. Before the games, the mood states and total quality recovery (TQR) were evaluated. During the games, the total distance (TD), low-speed distance (LSD), and high-speed distance were monitored. At the end of the matches, the rating of perceived exertion scale was used. The average and standard deviation were used to compare the match stages, soccer positions and influence of the substitutions. The significance level adopted was 5%. In relation to the mood states, fatigue presented higher values (P<0.05) for entire match and substitute players, and in the TQR, substitute players presented better recovery (P<0.05) than entire match and replaced players. In the TD, shorter distances covered were observed (P<0.05) in the first half, and the average of the midfielders was longer (P<0.05) than that of the defenders. In the LSD, the midfielders covered longer distances (P<0.05) than the strikers and defenders. It is possible to conclude that the substitutions have an impact on the player positions, match stages and maintenance of the intensity of the players.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Titton
- São Paulo Futebol Clube, President Laudo Natel Athletes Development Center, Cotia, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Modifying the pre-pitch entry practices of professional soccer substitutes may contribute towards improved movement-related performance indicators on match-day: A case study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232611. [PMID: 32369507 PMCID: PMC7199956 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Modifying a soccer substitute’s pre-pitch-entry activities may represent an opportunity to maximise physical performance and minimise injury-risk following match-introduction. Using a professional team that has previously participated in substitute profiling research, this follow-up case study investigated the effects of a modified match-day protocol that included substitutes; 1) performing a new pre-match warm-up alongside members of the starting team (as opposed to a separate substitute-only warm-up), 2) participating in a staff-led half-time rewarm-up (as opposed to player-led half-time activities), and 3) receiving ongoing education focusing on the efficacy of (re)warm-up activities. English Championship substitutes (n = 15) were monitored using Micro-electromechanical Systems during 13 matches incorporating the modified practices (35 observations). On an individual player basis, data were organised into bouts of warm-up activity (pre-pitch-entry) and five min epochs of match-play (post-pitch-entry). Linear mixed modelling assessed the influence of ‘bout’ and ‘epoch’, position, and scoreline. Substitutes performed 3±1 rewarm-up bouts∙player-1∙match-1 between kick-off and pitch-entry, which were shorter (-17.2 to -27.1 min) and elicited less distance (-696 to -1257 m) than the pre-match warm-up (p≤0.001). Compared with previous data, heightened absolute movement responses were observed during the pre-match and staff-led half-time (re)warm-ups, alongside greater relative distances covered during player-led activities performed between kick-off and pitch-entry. Whilst less distance (-10%) was covered during the second versus first five min period following match-introduction, values remained higher than previously reported. Between pitch-entry and the end of the match, the scoreline improved and worsened following 26% and 11% of substitutions, respectively; a favourable record compared with existing observations. Acknowledging the likely contribution from external factors, this case study reports heightened movement profiles and improved match scorelines when pre-pitch-entry practices were modified. Practitioners should note the potential influence of match-day activities on the physical responses of soccer substitutes and, if deemed necessary, consider adapting their pre-pitch-entry routines accordingly.
Collapse
|
30
|
Rago V, Abreu R, Vasconcellos F, Teixeira VH, Rebelo A, Figueiredo P, Brito J. Physical and technical demands of the extra time: a multiple FIFA World Cups’ analysis. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2020.1752930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Rago
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sports, Universidade Europeia, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo Abreu
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fabrício Vasconcellos
- Laboratory of Soccer Studies, Institute of Physical Education and Sports, University of Rio De Janeiro State, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vitor Hugo Teixeira
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - António Rebelo
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sports, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Figueiredo
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, University Institute of Maia, Maia, Portugal
| | - João Brito
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Aquino R, Carling C, Maia J, Vieira LHP, Wilson RS, Smith N, Almeida R, Gonçalves LGC, Kalva-Filho CA, Garganta J, Puggina EF. Relationships between running demands in soccer match-play, anthropometric, and physical fitness characteristics: a systematic review. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1746555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Aquino
- Research Group in Soccer Science, Department of Sports, Center of Physical Education and Sports (CEFD), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
- Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - José Maia
- CIFI2D, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luiz H. Palucci Vieira
- Human Movement Research Laboratory, Post-graduate Program in Movement Sciences, São Paulo State University, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Robbie S. Wilson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Nicholas Smith
- School of Life and Environmental Science, University of Sydney, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Rodrigo Almeida
- Research Group in Soccer Science, Department of Sports, Center of Physical Education and Sports (CEFD), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Augusto Kalva-Filho
- Human Movement Research Laboratory, Post-graduate Program in Movement Sciences, São Paulo State University, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Júlio Garganta
- CIFI2D, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Enrico F. Puggina
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Practitioner perceptions regarding the practices of soccer substitutes. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228790. [PMID: 32032369 PMCID: PMC7006909 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite empirical observations suggesting that practitioners value the use of substitutions during soccer match-play, limited research has sought to substantiate such claims. This study used online surveys to assess the perceptions of practitioners within professional soccer about the use and practices of substitutes. Thirty-three practitioners completed one of two surveys (each requiring both open and closed questions to be answered), depending upon whether their primary role related mostly to tactical (‘tactical practitioners’; n = 7) or physical (‘physical practitioners’; n = 26) aspects of player/team management. Thematic content analysis of responses identified four higher-order themes: ‘impact of substitutions’, ‘planning and communication’, ‘player preparation and recovery’ and ‘regulations’. Eighty-five percent of practitioners believed that substitutes are important in determining success during soccer match-play, with the primary justification being the perceived ability of such players to provide a physical and/or tactical impact. However, contextual factors such as the match situation, timing of introduction, and players undergoing adequate pre-pitch-entry preparation, may be important for realising such aims. Although many practitioners believed that there was a need for substitutes to engage in bespoke non-match-day preparations and recovery strategies that differ from starting players, logistical considerations, such as scarcity of resources, often limit their scope. Notwithstanding, 96% of respondents indicated that substitutes frequently perform extra conditioning sessions to account for deficits in high-speed running loads compared with players exposed to a longer period of match-play. Substitutes’ pre-match warm-ups are typically led by team staff, however practitioners reported providing varying levels of input with regards to the practices adopted between kick-off and pitch-entry. Uncertainty exists as to the efficacy of current pre-pitch-entry practices, and 100% of practitioners highlighted ‘preparatory strategies’ as at least a ‘moderately important’ direction for future research. This study presents novel insights and highlights areas that are considered future research priorities amongst those working in the field.
Collapse
|
33
|
Ribeiro CFB, Siqueira LDS, Pinto DP, Silva CDD. The three and six-substitution rules in football: A preliminary comparative analysis in quantitative replacing, game statistics, win rate and winning probability. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-6574202000020188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dalton Pinheiro Pinto
- Associacao Esportiva e Recreativa USIPA, Brasil; Unileste, Departamento de Educação Física, Brasil
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Lorenzo-Martínez M, Rey E, Padrón-Cabo A. The effect of age on between-match physical performance variability in professional soccer players. Res Sports Med 2019; 28:351-359. [DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2019.1680985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ezequiel Rey
- Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Alexis Padrón-Cabo
- Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Liu H, Wang L, Huang G, Zhang H, Mao W. Activity profiles of full-match and substitution players in the 2018 FIFA World Cup. Eur J Sport Sci 2019; 20:599-605. [PMID: 31495296 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1659420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In order to better understand the intensity of match activities of full-match and substitution football players, running performance of 527 players who generated 1167 match observations in the 2018 FIFA World Cup were analysed. Differences in activity profiles between groups (1st and 2nd half full-match, early and late substitutes) were quantified by the generalised mixed linear modelling. Results showed that: (1) Full-match players presented trivial changes (ES: 0.09-0.20) in the time spent (% of total playing time) and distance (m/min) covered at high intensity but substantial descents (ES: 0.33-0.61) at moderate and low intensity from the 1st to the 2nd half. (2) Early substitutes achieved substantially higher (ES: 0.27-0.65) numbers in time spent and distance covered at high and moderate intensity, but lower (ES: 0.27-0.46) numbers in walking and jogging time and distance than 1st and 2nd half full-match players. (3) Late substitutes achieved substantially higher (ES: 0.28-1.26) numbers in time spent and distance covered at high and moderate intensity but substantially lower (ES: 0.39-1.06) numbers in top speed (km/h), walking and jogging time and distance than 1st and 2nd half full-match players and early substitutes. Results of this study could provide insights to the design of post-match conditioning sessions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyou Liu
- School of Physical Education & Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Sports Science Education, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Physical Education & Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Sports Science Education, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Guohu Huang
- School of Physical Education & Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Sports Science Education, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hengliang Zhang
- School of Physical Education & Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Sports Science Education, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanli Mao
- School of Physical Education & Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Sports Science Education, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Pino-Ortega J, Rojas-Valverde D, Gómez-Carmona CD, Bastida-Castillo A, Hernández-Belmonte A, García-Rubio J, Nakamura FY, Ibáñez SJ. Impact of Contextual Factors on External Load During a Congested-Fixture Tournament in Elite U'18 Basketball Players. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1100. [PMID: 31156514 PMCID: PMC6529817 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
An understanding of basketball physical demands during official matches is fundamental for designing specific training, tactical, and strategic plans as well as recovery methods during congested fixture periods. Such assessments can be performed using wearable indoor time motion tracking systems. The purpose of this study was to analyze the time-motion profile of under 18-years of age (U’18) basketball players and compare their physical demands in relation to team ranking, playing position, match periods and consecutive matches during a 7-day tournament. Relative Distance (RD), percentage of High-Intensity Running (%HIR), Player Load (PL), Acceleration (Acc), Deceleration (Dec), Peak Speed (PSpeed), and Peak Acceleration (PAcc) were recorded from 94 players (13 centers, 47 forwards, and 34 guards) belonging to eight elite teams (age: 17.6 ± 0.8 years; height: 1.91 ± 0.08 m; body mass: 82.5 ± 8.8 kg). WIMU PROTM inertial measurement units with ultra-wide band (UWB) indoor-tracking technology recorded 13 matches during the Adidas Next Generation Tournament Finals in the 2016–2017 season. Paired t-tests and one-way analyses of variance with omega partial squared (ωp2) and Cohen’s effect sizes (d) were used to analyze for differences between variables. According to team quality, the best teams had lower RD (p = 0.04; d = −0.14). Guards presented higher RD (p < 0.01; ωp2 = 0.03), PSpeed (p < 0.01; ωp2 = 0.01) and PAcc (p < 0.01; ωp2 = 0.02) compared to forwards and centers. The first quarter showed differences with higher RD (p < 0.01; ωp2 = 0.03), %HIR (p < 0.01; ωp2 = 0.02), and PL (p < 0.01; ωp2 = 0.04) compared to all other quarters. The third match of the tournament presented higher demands in RD (p < 0.01; ωp2 = 0.03), HIR (p < 0.01; ωp2 = 0.01) and PL (p < 0.01; ωp2 = 0.02) compared with the first two matches. This study showed that team quality, playing position, match period, and consecutive matches throughout an U’18 basketball tournament influenced the kinematic demands experienced by players during official competition. Therefore, each of these contextual factors should be considered in managing the load and developing individualized strategies for players in tournament settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Pino-Ortega
- Departamento de Actividad Física y Deporte, Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte, Universidad de Murcia, San Javier, Spain
| | - Daniel Rojas-Valverde
- Centro de Investigación y Diagnóstico en Salud y Deporte (CIDISAD), Escuela de Ciencias del Movimiento Humano y Calidad de Vida, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Carlos David Gómez-Carmona
- Grupo de Optimización del Entrenamiento y el Rendimiento Deportivo (GOERD), Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Alejandro Bastida-Castillo
- Departamento de Actividad Física y Deporte, Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte, Universidad de Murcia, San Javier, Spain
| | - Alejandro Hernández-Belmonte
- Departamento de Actividad Física y Deporte, Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte, Universidad de Murcia, San Javier, Spain
| | - Javier García-Rubio
- Grupo de Optimización del Entrenamiento y el Rendimiento Deportivo (GOERD), Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Fábio Yuzo Nakamura
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, Università degli Studi "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti - Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia.,Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Sergio José Ibáñez
- Grupo de Optimización del Entrenamiento y el Rendimiento Deportivo (GOERD), Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Hills SP, Barrett S, Feltbower RG, Barwood MJ, Radcliffe JN, Cooke CB, Kilduff LP, Cook CJ, Russell M. A match-day analysis of the movement profiles of substitutes from a professional soccer club before and after pitch-entry. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211563. [PMID: 30703159 PMCID: PMC6355007 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Whilst the movement demands of players completing a whole soccer match have been well-documented, comparable information relating to substitutes is sparse. Therefore, this study profiled the match-day physical activities performed by soccer substitutes, focusing separately on the pre and post pitch-entry periods. Seventeen English Championship soccer players were monitored using 10 Hz Micromechanical Electrical Systems (MEMS) devices during 13 matches in which they participated as substitutes (35 observations). Twenty physical variables were examined and data were organised by bouts of warm-up activity (pre pitch-entry), and five min epochs of match-play (post pitch-entry). Linear mixed modelling assessed the influence of time (i.e., ‘bout’ and ‘epoch’), playing position, and match scoreline. Substitutes performed 3±1 rewarm-up bouts∙player-1∙match-1. Compared to the initial warm-up, each rewarm-up was shorter (-19.7 to -22.9 min) and elicited less distance (-606 to -741 m), whilst relative total distances were higher (+26 to +69 m∙min-1). Relative total (+13.4 m∙min-1) and high-speed (+0.4 m∙min-1) distances covered during rewarm-ups increased (p <0.001) with proximity to pitch-entry. Players covered more (+3.2 m; p = 0.047) high-speed distance per rewarm-up when the assessed team was losing compared with when winning at the time of pitch-entry. For 10 out of 20 variables measured after pitch-entry, values reduced from 0–5 min thereafter, and substitutes covered greater (p ˂0.05) total (+67 to +93 m) and high-speed (+14 to +33 m) distances during the first five min of match-play versus all subsequent epochs. Midfielders covered more distance (+41 m) per five min epoch than both attackers (p ˂0.001) and defenders (p = 0.016). Acknowledging the limitations of a solely movement data approach and the potential influence of other match-specific factors, such findings provide novel insights into the match-day demands faced by substitute soccer players. Future research opportunities exist to better understand the match-day practices of this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel P. Hills
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Barrett
- Sport Medicine and Science Department, Hull City Tigers FC, Kingston Upon Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Richard G. Feltbower
- Department of Clinical & Population Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J. Barwood
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Jon N. Radcliffe
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Carlton B. Cooke
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Liam P. Kilduff
- Applied Sports Technology, Exercise Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
- Welsh Institute of Performance Science, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Christian J. Cook
- Applied Sports Technology, Exercise Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
- Welsh Institute of Performance Science, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
- UC Research Institute for Sport & Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Mark Russell
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|