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Moda TEDR, Viana RB, Dias RKN, Penna EM, Coswig VS. Responsiveness of functional performance and muscle strength, power, and size to resistance training: A systematic review. SPORTS MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2024; 6:111-122. [PMID: 38708326 PMCID: PMC11067735 DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
There is a recent and growing interest in assessing differential responders to resistance training (RT) for diverse outcomes. Thus, the individual ability to respond to an intervention for a specific measurement, called responsiveness, remains to be better understood. Thus, the current study aimed to summarize the available information about the effects of RT on functional performance and muscle strength, power, and size in healthy adults, through the prevalence rate in different responsiveness classifications models. A systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and was registered at the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO, CRD42021265378). PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Embase databases were systematically searched in October 2023. A total of 13 studies were included, totaling 921 subjects. Only two studies presented a low risk of bias. Regarding the effectiveness of RT, the prevalence rate for non-responders ranged from 0% to 44% for muscle strength, from 0% to 84% for muscle size, and from 0% to 42% for functional performance, while for muscle power, the only study found showed a responsiveness rate of 37%. In conclusion, a wide range of differential responders is described for all variables investigated. However, the evidence summarized in this systematic review suggested some caution while interpreting the findings, since the body of evidence found seems to be incipient, and widely heterogeneous in methodological and statistical aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomé Edson dos Reis Moda
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências do Movimento Humano, Universidade Federal do Pará, Castanhal, Pará, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Borges Viana
- Instituto de Educação Física e Esportes, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Rayra Khalinka Neves Dias
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências do Movimento Humano, Universidade Federal do Pará, Castanhal, Pará, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Macedo Penna
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências do Movimento Humano, Universidade Federal do Pará, Castanhal, Pará, Brazil
| | - Victor Silveira Coswig
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências do Movimento Humano, Universidade Federal do Pará, Castanhal, Pará, Brazil
- Instituto de Educação Física e Esportes, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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Titheradge P, Robergs R. Evaluating Airflow Sensor Methods: Precision in Indirect Calorimetry. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14674. [PMID: 38895762 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
This study assesses the impact of three volumetric gas flow measurement methods-turbine (fT); pneumotachograph (fP), and Venturi (fV)-on predictive accuracy and precision of expired gas analysis indirect calorimetry (EGAIC) across varying exercise intensities. Six males (Age: 38 ± 8 year; Height: 178.8 ± 4.2 cm;V ̇ O 2 peak $$ \dot{V}{\mathrm{O}}_2\mathrm{peak} $$ : 42 ± 2.8 mL O2 kg-1 min-1) and 14 females (Age = 44.6 ± 9.6 year; Height = 164.6 ± 6.9 cm;V ̇ O 2 peak $$ \dot{V}{\mathrm{O}}_2\mathrm{peak} $$ = 45 ± 8.6 mL O2 kg-1 min-1) were recruited. Participants completed physical exertion on a stationary cycle ergometer for simultaneous pulmonary minute ventilation (V ̇ $$ \dot{V} $$ ) measurements and EGAIC computations. Exercise protocols and subsequent conditions involved a 5-min cycling warm-up at 25 W min-1, incremental exercise to exhaustion (V ̇ O 2 $$ \dot{V}{\mathrm{O}}_2 $$ ramp test), then a steady-state exercise bout induced by a constant Watt load equivalent to 80% ventilatory threshold (80% VT). A linear mixed model revealed that exercise intensity significantly affectedV ̇ O 2 $$ \dot{V}{\mathrm{O}}_2 $$ measurements (p < 0.0001), whereas airflow sensor method (p = 0.97) and its interaction with exercise intensity (p = 0.91) did not. Group analysis of precision yielded aV ̇ O 2 $$ \dot{V}{\mathrm{O}}_2 $$ CV % = 21%; SEM = 5 mL O2 kg-1 min-1. Intra- and interindividual analysis of precision via Bland-Altman revealed a 95% confidence interval (CI) precision benchmark of 3-5 mL kg-1 min-1. Agreement among methods decreased at power outputs elicitingV ̇ $$ \dot{V} $$ up to 150 L min-1, indicating a decrease in precision and highlighting potential challenges in interpreting biological variability, training response heterogeneity, and test-retest comparisons. These findings suggest careful consideration of airflow sensor method variance across metabolic cart configurations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praneel Titheradge
- School of Allied Health, Exercise & Sports Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Port Macquarie, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Robert Robergs
- School of Exercise & Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Nunes JP, Blazevich AJ, Schoenfeld BJ, Kassiano W, Costa BDV, Ribeiro AS, Nakamura M, Nosaka K, Cyrino ES. Determining Changes in Muscle Size and Architecture After Exercise Training: One Site Does Not Fit all. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:787-790. [PMID: 38513182 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Nunes, JP, Blazevich, AJ, Schoenfeld, BJ, Kassiano, W, Costa, BDV, Ribeiro, AS, Nakamura, M, Nosaka, K, and Cyrino, ES. Determining changes in muscle size and architecture after exercise training: One site does not fit all. J Strength Cond Res 38(4): 787-790, 2024-Different methods can be used to assess muscle hypertrophy, but the effects of training on regional changes in muscle size can be detected only using direct muscle measurements such as muscle thickness, cross-sectional area, or volume. Importantly, muscle size increases vary across regions within and between muscles after resistance training programs (i.e., heterogeneous, or nonuniform, muscle hypertrophy). Muscle architectural changes, including fascicle length and pennation angle, after resistance and stretch training programs are also region-specific. In this paper, we show that the literature indicates that a single-site measure of muscle shape does not properly capture the effects achieved after exercise training interventions and that conclusions concerning the magnitude of muscle adaptations can vary substantially depending on the muscle site to be examined. Thus, we propose that measurements of muscle size and architecture should be completed at multiple sites across regions between the agonist muscles within a muscle group and along the length of the muscles to provide an adequate picture of training effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Pedro Nunes
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Anthony J Blazevich
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | | | - Witalo Kassiano
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Bruna D V Costa
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Alex S Ribeiro
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil
- Center for Research in Health Sciences, University of Northern Paraná, Londrina, Brazil; and
| | - Masatoshi Nakamura
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nishi Kyushu University, Saga, Japan
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Edilson S Cyrino
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil
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Gonzalez-Armenta JL, Bergstrom J, Lee J, Furdui CM, Nicklas BJ, Molina AJA. Serum factors mediate changes in mitochondrial bioenergetics associated with diet and exercise interventions. GeroScience 2024; 46:349-365. [PMID: 37368157 PMCID: PMC10828137 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00855-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial improvements resulting from behavioral interventions, such as diet and exercise, are systemic and apparent across multiple tissues. Here, we test the hypothesis that factors present in serum, and therefore circulating throughout the body, can mediate changes in mitochondrial function in response to intervention. To investigate this, we used stored serum from a clinical trial comparing resistance training (RT) and RT plus caloric restriction (RT + CR) to examine effects of blood borne circulating factors on myoblasts in vitro. We report that exposure to dilute serum is sufficient to mediate bioenergetic benefits of these interventions. Additionally, serum-mediated bioenergetic changes can differentiate between interventions, recapitulate sex differences in bioenergetic responses, and is linked to improvements in physical function and inflammation. Using metabolomics, we identified circulating factors associated with changes in mitochondrial bioenergetics and the effects of interventions. This study provides new evidence that circulating factors play a role in the beneficial effects of interventions that improve healthspan among older adults. Understanding the factors that drive improvements in mitochondrial function is a key step towards predicting intervention outcomes and developing strategies to countermand systemic age-related bioenergetic decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny L Gonzalez-Armenta
- Section On Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Jaclyn Bergstrom
- Division of Geriatrics, Gerontology, and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0665, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0665, USA
| | - Jingyun Lee
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Shared Resource, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Cristina M Furdui
- Section On Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Barbara J Nicklas
- Section On Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Anthony J A Molina
- Division of Geriatrics, Gerontology, and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0665, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0665, USA.
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Song JS, Seffrin A, Yamada Y, Kataoka R, Hammert WB, Spitz RW, Wong V, Kang A, Loenneke JP. Can we improve exercise-induced hypoalgesia with exercise training? An overview and suggestions for future studies. Phys Ther Sport 2023; 63:67-72. [PMID: 37527566 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2023.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Exercise-induced hypoalgesia refers to a reduction in pain sensitivity following a single bout of exercise, which has been shown to be diminished or impaired with aging and chronic pain. Exercise training (repeated bouts of exercise over time) is often recommended as a non-pharmacological treatment for chronic pain and age-related functional declines. However, whether exercise training can augment the exercise-induced hypoalgesia has not been well studied. The purpose of this paper is to 1) provide an overview of the existing literature investigating the effect of exercise training on the magnitude of exercise-induced hypoalgesia, and 2) discuss potential underlying mechanisms as well as considerations for future research. Given the paucity of randomized controlled trials in this area, the effects of exercise training on exercise-induced hypoalgesia are still unclear. Several potential mechanisms have been proposed to explain the impaired exercise-induced hypoalgesia in chronic pain and older individuals (e.g., endogenous opioid, cardiovascular, and immune system). Exercise training appears to induce physiological changes in those systems, however, further investigations are necessary to test whether this will lead to improved exercise-induced hypoalgesia. Future research should consider including a time- and age-matched non-training group and utilizing the same exercise protocol for testing exercise-induced hypoalgesia across intervention groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Seob Song
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Aldo Seffrin
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Yujiro Yamada
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Ryo Kataoka
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - William B Hammert
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Robert W Spitz
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Vickie Wong
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Anna Kang
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Jeremy P Loenneke
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA.
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Domaradzki J, Koźlenia D, Popowczak M. The Prevalence of Responders and Non-Responders for Body Composition, Resting Blood Pressure, Musculoskeletal, and Cardiorespiratory Fitness after Ten Weeks of School-Based High-Intensity Interval Training in Adolescents. J Clin Med 2023; 12:4204. [PMID: 37445239 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12134204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Many observations have demonstrated great heterogeneity in the magnitude of the response to the physical exercise stimulus. Only a few studies have investigated the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on the prevalence of non-responders (NRs) in adolescents while considering health-related fitness measurements and other co-variables. Therefore, the aim of the current work was twofold: (1) to assess the effects of ten weeks of school-based HIIT on the prevalence of responders (Rs) and NRs for body composition, resting blood pressure (BP), cardiorespiratory and musculoskeletal fitness, and (2) to assess the relationship of this prevalence with sex, body mass category, and biological maturation status, while estimating the likelihood of a response. Adolescents aged 16 years (n = 73) were included in the study. Waist-to-hip ratio, body fat percentage (BFP), skeletal muscle mass (SMM), BP, cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), and musculoskeletal fitness were the primary outcomes. Co-variables included sex, body mass index (BMI), and maturity offset. The percentages of the Rs and NRs were analyzed based on changes (Δ) between post-intervention and pre-intervention values. The typical error (TE) method was used to identify Rs and NRs. Results showed a variation in the relative size of changes (% of changes) depending on the variable and sex. The greatest changes were observed in females' abdomen muscle strength (Δ% = 23.89%), and the difference from that of males (Δ% = 5.98%) was statistically significant (p < 0.001) with very large effect size of (Cohen's d = 0.941). Similar significant differences in relative changes were observed in body composition, but in the reverse direction. Males gained more from HIIT in the decrease in the body fat percentage (Δ% = -8.24%) and increase in skeletal muscle mass (Δ% = 3.38%) comparing to females (Δ% = 0.46, p = 0.040 and Δ% = 1.06%, p = 0.007, respectively). Effect size for body fat was small (Cohen's d = 0.469), and for skeletal muscle mass it was moderate (Cohen's d = -0.659). The results also showed positive significant differences in the prevalence of Rs compared to NRs in BFP, SMM, systolic BP (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP), CRF, and abdominal muscular strength (ABS) (p = 0.047, p = 0.047, p < 0.001, p = 0.003, p = 0.014, and p = 0.014, respectively). The effect was greatest and largest for SBP (Cohen's ω = 0.67). Sex was related to the prevalence of Rs for ABS and close to significance for SMM. More males than females benefited from HIIT in SMM (p = 0.058), but more females than males had ABS benefits (p = 0.050). Males were more likely (2.5-fold) to be Rs than females in SMM. BMI was not related to the prevalence of Rs and NRs. Biological maturation was related to the prevalence of Rs and NRs in SMM (p = 0.036) and SBP (p = 0.016). In SBP, 100% of the early matured derived benefit from HIIT, but the effect size was small (Cramer's V = 0.27). Those who maturated later were more likely (almost 70%) to be Rs. Thus, the HIIT program introduced to a typical physical education (PE) lesson can be considered partially effective. Therefore, there is a need to continue the search for an optimal and effective program for all health-related parameters. The close relationship between analyzed values and sex and biological maturation, but not BMI, indicates that the intervention programs should be tailored specifically for males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarosław Domaradzki
- Unit of Biostructure, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, al. I.J. Paderewskiego 35, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dawid Koźlenia
- Unit of Biostructure, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, al. I.J. Paderewskiego 35, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marek Popowczak
- Unit of Team Sports Games, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, al. I.J. Paderewskiego 35, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland
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Xie L, Gou B, Bai S, Yang D, Zhang Z, Di X, Su C, Wang X, Wang K, Zhang J. Unsupervised cluster analysis reveals distinct subgroups in healthy population with different exercise responses of cardiorespiratory fitness. J Exerc Sci Fit 2023; 21:147-156. [PMID: 36688000 PMCID: PMC9827383 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2022.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Considerable attention has been paid to interindividual differences in the cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) response to exercise. However, the complex multifactorial nature of CRF response variability poses a significant challenge to our understanding of this issue. We aimed to explore whether unsupervised clustering can take advantage of large amounts of clinical data and identify latent subgroups with different CRF exercise responses within a healthy population. Methods 252 healthy participants (99 men, 153 women; 36.8 ± 13.4 yr) completed moderate endurance training on 3 days/week for 4 months, with exercise intensity prescribed based on anaerobic threshold (AT). Detailed clinical measures, including resting vital signs, ECG, cardiorespiratory parameters, echocardiography, heart rate variability, spirometry and laboratory data, were obtained before and after the exercise intervention. Baseline phenotypic variables that were significantly correlated with CRF exercise response were identified and subjected to selection steps, leaving 10 minimally redundant variables, including age, BMI, maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), maximal heart rate, VO2 at AT as a percentage of VO2max, minute ventilation at AT, interventricular septal thickness of end-systole, E velocity, root mean square of heart rate variability, and hematocrit. Agglomerative hierarchical clustering was performed on these variables to detect latent subgroups that may be associated with different CRF exercise responses. Results Unsupervised clustering revealed two mutually exclusive groups with distinct baseline phenotypes and CRF exercise responses. The two groups differed markedly in baseline characteristics, initial fitness, echocardiographic measurements, laboratory values, and heart rate variability parameters. A significant improvement in CRF following the 16-week endurance training, expressed by the absolute change in VO2max, was observed only in one of the two groups (3.42 ± 0.4 vs 0.58 ± 0.65 ml⋅kg-1∙min-1, P = 0.002). Assuming a minimal clinically important difference of 3.5 ml⋅kg-1∙min-1 in VO2max, the proportion of population response was 56.1% and 13.9% for group 1 and group 2, respectively (P<0.001). Although group 1 exhibited no significant improvement in CRF at group level, a significant decrease in diastolic blood pressure (70.4 ± 7.8 vs 68.7 ± 7.2 mm Hg, P = 0.027) was observed. Conclusions Unsupervised learning based on dense phenotypic characteristics identified meaningful subgroups within a healthy population with different CRF responses following standardized aerobic training. Our model could serve as a useful tool for clinicians to develop personalized exercise prescriptions and optimize training effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Bo Gou
- Department of Physical Activity and Public Health, Xi'an Physical Education University, Xi'an, 710068, China
| | - Shuwen Bai
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Dong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Xiaohui Di
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Chunwang Su
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Xiaoni Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Physical Activity and Public Health, Xi'an Physical Education University, Xi'an, 710068, China,Corresponding author.
| | - Jianbao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China,Corresponding author. Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, China.
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Beavers DP, Hsieh KL, Kitzman DW, Kritchevsky SB, Messier SP, Neiberg RH, Nicklas BJ, Rejeski WJ, Beavers KM. Estimating heterogeneity of physical function treatment response to caloric restriction among older adults with obesity. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267779. [PMID: 35511858 PMCID: PMC9070937 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical trials conventionally test aggregate mean differences and assume homogeneous variances across treatment groups. However, significant response heterogeneity may exist. The purpose of this study was to model treatment response variability using gait speed change among older adults participating in caloric restriction (CR) trials. Eight randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with five- or six-month assessments were pooled, including 749 participants randomized to CR and 594 participants randomized to non-CR (NoCR). Statistical models compared means and variances by CR assignment and exercise assignment or select subgroups, testing for treatment differences and interactions for mean changes and standard deviations. Continuous equivalents of dichotomized variables were also fit. Models used a Bayesian framework, and posterior estimates were presented as means and 95% Bayesian credible intervals (BCI). At baseline, participants were 67.7 (SD = 5.4) years, 69.8% female, and 79.2% white, with a BMI of 33.9 (4.4) kg/m2. CR participants reduced body mass [CR: -7.7 (5.8) kg vs. NoCR: -0.9 (3.5) kg] and increased gait speed [CR: +0.10 (0.16) m/s vs. NoCR: +0.07 (0.15) m/s] more than NoCR participants. There were no treatment differences in gait speed change standard deviations [CR–NoCR: -0.002 m/s (95% BCI: -0.013, 0.009)]. Significant mean interactions between CR and exercise assignment [0.037 m/s (95% BCI: 0.004, 0.070)], BMI [0.034 m/s (95% BCI: 0.003, 0.066)], and IL-6 [0.041 m/s (95% BCI: 0.009, 0.073)] were observed, while variance interactions were observed between CR and exercise assignment [-0.458 m/s (95% BCI: -0.783, -0.138)], age [-0.557 m/s (95% BCI: -0.900, -0.221)], and gait speed [-0.530 m/s (95% BCI: -1.018, -0.062)] subgroups. Caloric restriction plus exercise yielded the greatest gait speed benefit among older adults with obesity. High BMI and IL-6 subgroups also improved gait speed in response to CR. Results provide a novel statistical framework for identifying treatment heterogeneity in RCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P. Beavers
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Katherine L. Hsieh
- Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America
| | - Dalane W. Kitzman
- Section on Cardiovascular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America
| | - Stephen B. Kritchevsky
- Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America
| | - Stephen P. Messier
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America
| | - Rebecca H. Neiberg
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America
| | - Barbara J. Nicklas
- Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America
| | - W. Jack Rejeski
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America
| | - Kristen M. Beavers
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America
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Bonafiglia JT, Preobrazenski N, Gurd BJ. A Systematic Review Examining the Approaches Used to Estimate Interindividual Differences in Trainability and Classify Individual Responses to Exercise Training. Front Physiol 2021; 12:665044. [PMID: 34819869 PMCID: PMC8606564 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.665044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Many reports describe statistical approaches for estimating interindividual differences in trainability and classifying individuals as "responders" or "non-responders." The extent to which studies in the exercise training literature have adopted these statistical approaches remains unclear. Objectives: This systematic review primarily sought to determine the extent to which studies in the exercise training literature have adopted sound statistical approaches for examining individual responses to exercise training. We also (1) investigated the existence of interindividual differences in trainability, and (2) tested the hypothesis that less conservative thresholds inflate response rates compared with thresholds that consider error and a smallest worthwhile change (SWC)/minimum clinically important difference (MCID). Methods: We searched six databases: AMED, CINAHL, EMBASE, Medline, PubMed, and SportDiscus. Our search spanned the aerobic, resistance, and clinical or rehabilitation training literature. Studies were included if they used human participants, employed standardized and supervised exercise training, and either: (1) stated that their exercise training intervention resulted in heterogenous responses, (2) statistically estimated interindividual differences in trainability, and/or (3) classified individual responses. We calculated effect sizes (ESIR) to examine the presence of interindividual differences in trainability. We also compared response rates (n = 614) across classification approaches that considered neither, one of, or both errors and an SWC or MCID. We then sorted response rates from studies that also reported mean changes and response thresholds (n = 435 response rates) into four quartiles to confirm our ancillary hypothesis that larger mean changes produce larger response rates. Results: Our search revealed 3,404 studies, and 149 were included in our systematic review. Few studies (n = 9) statistically estimated interindividual differences in trainability. The results from these few studies present a mixture of evidence for the presence of interindividual differences in trainability because several ESIR values lay above, below, or crossed zero. Zero-based thresholds and larger mean changes significantly (both p < 0.01) inflated response rates. Conclusion: Our findings provide evidence demonstrating why future studies should statistically estimate interindividual differences in trainability and consider error and an SWC or MCID when classifying individual responses to exercise training. Systematic Review Registration: [website], identifier [registration number].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T Bonafiglia
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | | | - Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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10
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Acute and Chronic Exercise Effects on Human Memory: What We Know and Where to Go from Here. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10214812. [PMID: 34768329 PMCID: PMC8584999 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10214812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the acquisition, storage, and retrieval of memories was once thought to happen within a single memory system with multiple processes operating on it, it is now believed that memory is comprised of both distinct and interacting brain systems [...].
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11
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de Santana DA, Castro A, Cavaglieri CR. Strength Training Volume to Increase Muscle Mass Responsiveness in Older Individuals: Weekly Sets Based Approach. Front Physiol 2021; 12:759677. [PMID: 34658936 PMCID: PMC8514686 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.759677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Davi Alves de Santana
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.,Adventist University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alex Castro
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.,Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Regina Cavaglieri
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
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12
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Herold F, Törpel A, Hamacher D, Budde H, Zou L, Strobach T, Müller NG, Gronwald T. Causes and Consequences of Interindividual Response Variability: A Call to Apply a More Rigorous Research Design in Acute Exercise-Cognition Studies. Front Physiol 2021; 12:682891. [PMID: 34366881 PMCID: PMC8339555 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.682891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The different responses of humans to an apparently equivalent stimulus are called interindividual response variability. This phenomenon has gained more and more attention in research in recent years. The research field of exercise-cognition has also taken up this topic, as shown by a growing number of studies published in the past decade. In this perspective article, we aim to prompt the progress of this research field by (i) discussing the causes and consequences of interindividual variability, (ii) critically examining published studies that have investigated interindividual variability of neurocognitive outcome parameters in response to acute physical exercises, and (iii) providing recommendations for future studies, based on our critical examination. The provided recommendations, which advocate for a more rigorous study design, are intended to help researchers in the field to design studies allowing them to draw robust conclusions. This, in turn, is very likely to foster the development of this research field and the practical application of the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Herold
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,Research Group Neuroprotection, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Dennis Hamacher
- Department of Sport Science, German University for Health and Sports (DHGS), Berlin, Germany
| | - Henning Budde
- Faculty of Human Sciences, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Liye Zou
- Exercise and Mental Health Laboratory, Institute of KEEP Collaborative Innovation, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tilo Strobach
- Department of Psychology, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Notger G Müller
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,Research Group Neuroprotection, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Gronwald
- Department of Performance, Neuroscience, Therapy and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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13
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Estévez-López F, Salazar-Tortosa DF, Camiletti-Moirón D, Gavilán-Carrera B, Aparicio VA, Acosta-Manzano P, Segura-Jiménez V, Álvarez-Gallardo IC, Carbonell-Baeza A, Munguía-Izquierdo D, Geenen R, Lacerda E, Delgado-Fernández M, Martínez-González LJ, Ruiz JR, Álvarez-Cubero MJ. Fatigue in Women with Fibromyalgia: A Gene-Physical Activity Interaction Study. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10091902. [PMID: 33924903 PMCID: PMC8125111 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10091902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatigue is a cardinal symptom in fibromyalgia. Fatigue is assumed to be the result of genetic susceptibility and environmental factors. We aimed at examining the role of genetic susceptibility for fatigue in southern Spanish women with fibromyalgia, by looking at single nucleotide polymorphisms in 34 fibromyalgia candidate-genes, at the interactions between genes, and at the gene-physical activity interactions. We extracted DNA from saliva of 276 fibromyalgia women to analyze gene-polymorphisms. Accelerometers registered physical activity and sedentary behavior. Fatigue was assessed with the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory. Based on the Bonferroni’s and False Discovery Rate values, we found that the genotype of the rs4453709 polymorphism (sodium channel protein type 9 subunit alpha, SCN9A, gene) was related to reduced motivation (AT carriers showed the highest reduced motivation) and reduced activity (AA carriers showed the lowest reduced activity). Carriers of the heterozygous genotype of the rs1801133 (methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase, MTHFR, gene) or rs4597545 (SCN9A gene) polymorphisms who were physically active reported lower scores on fatigue compared to their inactive counterparts. Highly sedentary carriers of the homozygous genotype of the rs7607967 polymorphism (AA/GG genotype; SCN9A gene) presented more reduced activity (a dimension of fatigue) than those with lower levels of sedentary behavior. Collectively, findings from the present study suggest that the contribution of genetics and gene-physical activity interaction to fatigue in fibromyalgia is modest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Estévez-López
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Diego F. Salazar-Tortosa
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Daniel Camiletti-Moirón
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cádiz, 11519 Cádiz, Spain; (D.C.-M.); (B.G.-C.); (V.S.-J.); (I.C.Á.-G.); (A.C.-B.)
| | - Blanca Gavilán-Carrera
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cádiz, 11519 Cádiz, Spain; (D.C.-M.); (B.G.-C.); (V.S.-J.); (I.C.Á.-G.); (A.C.-B.)
| | - Virginia A. Aparicio
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain;
- Biomedical Research Centre (CIBM), Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INYTA), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Pedro Acosta-Manzano
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, 18010 Granada, Spain; (P.A.-M.); (M.D.-F.)
| | - Víctor Segura-Jiménez
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cádiz, 11519 Cádiz, Spain; (D.C.-M.); (B.G.-C.); (V.S.-J.); (I.C.Á.-G.); (A.C.-B.)
| | - Inmaculada C. Álvarez-Gallardo
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cádiz, 11519 Cádiz, Spain; (D.C.-M.); (B.G.-C.); (V.S.-J.); (I.C.Á.-G.); (A.C.-B.)
| | - Ana Carbonell-Baeza
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cádiz, 11519 Cádiz, Spain; (D.C.-M.); (B.G.-C.); (V.S.-J.); (I.C.Á.-G.); (A.C.-B.)
| | - Diego Munguía-Izquierdo
- Physical Performance and Sports Research Center, Department of Sports and Computer Science, Section of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain;
| | - Rinie Geenen
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Utrecht University, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Eliana Lacerda
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Disease, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK;
| | - Manuel Delgado-Fernández
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, 18010 Granada, Spain; (P.A.-M.); (M.D.-F.)
| | - Luis J. Martínez-González
- GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer, University of Granada, Andalusian Regional Government, PTS Granada, Av. Ilustracion, 114, 18016 Granada, Spain;
| | - Jonatan R. Ruiz
- PROFITH—“PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity” Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;
| | - María J. Álvarez-Cubero
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology III, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18010 Granada, Spain;
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14
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Responsiveness to muscle mass gain following 12 and 24 weeks of resistance training in older women. Aging Clin Exp Res 2021; 33:1071-1078. [PMID: 32447738 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-020-01587-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many factors may influence the magnitude of individual responses to resistance training (RT). How the manipulation of training volume and frequency affects responsiveness level for muscle mass gain in older women has not been investigated. AIMS This study had the objective of identifying responders (RP) and non-responders (N-RP) older women for skeletal muscle mass (SMM) gain from a 12-week resistance training (RT) program. Additionally, we analyzed whether the N-RP could gain SMM with an increase in weekly training volume over 12 additional weeks of training. METHODS Thirty-nine older women (aged ≥ 60 years) completed 24 weeks of a whole-body RT intervention (eight exercises, 2-3×/week, 1-2 sets of 10-15 repetitions). SMM was estimated by DXA, and the responsive cut-off value was set at two times the standard error of measurement. Participants were considered as RP if they exceeded the cut-off value after a 12-week RT phase, while the N-RP were those who failed to reach the SMM cut-off. RESULTS Of the 22 participants considered to be N-RP, only 3 accumulated SMM gains (P = 0.250) that exceeded the cut-off point for responsiveness following 12 additional weeks of training, while 19 maintained or presented negative SMM changes. Of the 17 participants considered to be RP, all continued to gain SMM after the second 12-week RT phase. No significant correlation was observed between the changes in SMM and any baseline aspect of the participants. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that some older women are RP, while others are N-RP to SMM gains resulting from RT. Furthermore, the non-responsiveness condition was not altered by an increase of training volume and intervention duration while RP participants continue to increase SMM; it appears that RP continue to be RP, and N-RP continue to be N-RP.
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15
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Lohse KR, Hawe RL, Dukelow SP, Scott SH. Statistical Considerations for Drawing Conclusions About Recovery. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2020; 35:10-22. [PMID: 33317423 DOI: 10.1177/1545968320975437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous studies have found associations when change scores are regressed onto initial impairments in people with stroke (slopes ≈ 0.7). However, there are important statistical considerations that limit the conclusions we can draw about recovery from these studies. OBJECTIVE To provide an accessible checklist of conceptual and analytical issues on longitudinal measures of stroke recovery. Proportional recovery is an illustrative example, but these considerations apply broadly to studies of change over time. METHODS Using a pooled data set of n = 373 Fugl-Meyer Assessment upper extremity scores, we ran simulations to illustrate 3 considerations: (1) how change scores can be problematic in this context; (2) how "nil" and nonzero null-hypothesis significance tests can be used; and (3) how scale boundaries can create the illusion of proportionality, whereas other analytical procedures (eg, post hoc classifications) can augment this problem. RESULTS Our simulations highlight several limitations of common methods for analyzing recovery. We find that uniform recovery leads to similar group-level statistics (regression slopes) and individual-level classifications (into fitters and nonfitters) that have been claimed as evidence for the proportional recovery rule. New analyses, however, also speak to the complexities in variance about the regression slope. CONCLUSIONS Our results highlight that one cannot identify whether proportional recovery is true or not based on commonly used methods. We illustrate how these techniques, measurement tools, and post hoc classifications (eg, nonfitters) can create spurious results. Going forward, the field needs to carefully consider the influence of these factors on how we measure, analyze, and conceptualize recovery.
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16
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Sainani KL, Borg DN, Caldwell AR, Butson ML, Tenan MS, Vickers AJ, Vigotsky AD, Warmenhoven J, Nguyen R, Lohse KR, Knight EJ, Bargary N. Call to increase statistical collaboration in sports science, sport and exercise medicine and sports physiotherapy. Br J Sports Med 2020; 55:118-122. [PMID: 32816788 PMCID: PMC7788220 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2020-102607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin L Sainani
- Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - David N Borg
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - Aaron R Caldwell
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael L Butson
- Deptartment of Health & Medical Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew S Tenan
- Optimum Performance Analytics Associates LLC, Apex, North Carolina, USA
| | - Andrew J Vickers
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Andrew D Vigotsky
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Statistics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - John Warmenhoven
- Exercise & Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Robert Nguyen
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Keith R Lohse
- Health, Kinesiology, and Recreation; Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Emma J Knight
- School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Norma Bargary
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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17
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Authors' Reply to Tenan et al.: "A Method to Stop Analyzing Random Error and Start Analyzing Differential Responders to Exercise". Sports Med 2020; 50:435-437. [PMID: 31853869 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01250-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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18
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Dib MM, Tomeleri CM, Nunes JP, Cunha PM, Ribeiro AS, Schiavoni D, Cavalcante EF, Kunevaliki G, Teixeira DC, de Oliveira AR, Gonçalves EM, Gobbo LA, Silva AM, Sardinha LB, Cyrino ES. Effects of Three Resistance Exercise Orders on Muscular Function and Body Composition in Older Women. Int J Sports Med 2020; 41:1024-1031. [PMID: 32688414 DOI: 10.1055/a-1192-5205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to compare the effects of three resistance exercise orders on muscular strength, body composition, and functional fitness in trained older women. Forty-five women (aged ≥60 years), after performing 12 weeks of a pre-conditioning resistance-training program were randomly assigned in one of the following groups that performed the exercises in the following orders: multi-joint to single-joint order (MJ-SJ, n=15), single-joint to multi-joint order (SJ-MJ, n=15), and alternating between upper and lower body order (ALT, n=15). Specific training intervention lasted 12 weeks (3x/week) and was composed of eight exercises performed in three sets of 15/10/5 repetitions, with increasing load through the sets. Muscular strength was estimated by one-repetition maximum tests; body composition was assessed by whole-body dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, and functional fitness was analyzed with a sequence of four motor tests. All groups improved similarly in muscular strength (Cohen's effect size: MJ-SJ=0.45; SJ-MJ=0.48; ALT=0.45), skeletal muscle mass (MJ-SJ=0.08; SJ-MJ=0.07; ALT=0.09), and functional test performance (MJ-SJ=0.38; SJ-MJ=0.20; ALT=0.31), but no change was observed for body fat (P>0.05). The results suggest that 12 weeks of resistance training induce positive changes in muscle morphofunctionality, regardless of the exercise order employed in trained older women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcia M Dib
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Crisieli M Tomeleri
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - João Pedro Nunes
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Paolo M Cunha
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Alex S Ribeiro
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, PR, Brazil.,Center for Research in Health Sciences, University of Northern Parana, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Durcelina Schiavoni
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Edilaine F Cavalcante
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Kunevaliki
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Denilson C Teixeira
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Arli R de Oliveira
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Luís A Gobbo
- School of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - Analiza M Silva
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luís B Sardinha
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Edilson S Cyrino
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, PR, Brazil
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Muñoz-López A, Naranjo-Orellana J. Individual versus team heart rate variability responsiveness analyses in a national soccer team during training camps. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11726. [PMID: 32678200 PMCID: PMC7367264 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68698-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart rate variability (HRV) analyses can be performed using group or individual changes. Individual changes could be of potential interest during training camps for national soccer teams. The purpose of this study was to compare whether analysis of individual daily HRV could detect changes in cardiac autonomic responses during training camps for national soccer teams. During two different training camps, 34 professional soccer players were monitored daily over 9 days, using heart rate monitors. Players were divided into First Eleven (those who participated in the main squad) or Reserves. Daily HRV was individually analyzed using a day-to-day method or a baseline (days prior to first match) method, using the smallest worthwhile change and the typical error in the estimate to establish a trivial (random change) zone. Group changes were also analyzed using an ANOVA one-way repeated measures test. Players’ responsiveness was classified as High-, Low- or Non-response depending on individual changes. Both analyses showed substantial daily individual changes after playing a soccer match, regardless of the group. However, group changes showed that only First Eleven players had significant changes after playing a soccer match. In conclusion, individual daily HRV analyses are useful in detecting individual changes in professional soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Muñoz-López
- Departamento de Motricidad Humana y Rendimiento Deportivo, Education Sciences School, University of Seville, Desk 4.78, c/Pirotecnica s/n, 41013, Seville, Spain.
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20
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Tenan MS, Vigotsky AD, Caldwell AR. Comment on: “A Method to Stop Analyzing Random Error and Start Analyzing Differential Responders to Exercise”. Sports Med 2019; 50:431-434. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01249-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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21
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Herold F, Müller P, Gronwald T, Müller NG. Dose-Response Matters! - A Perspective on the Exercise Prescription in Exercise-Cognition Research. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2338. [PMID: 31736815 PMCID: PMC6839278 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In general, it is well recognized that both acute physical exercises and regular physical training influence brain plasticity and cognitive functions positively. However, growing evidence shows that the same physical exercises induce very heterogeneous outcomes across individuals. In an attempt to better understand this interindividual heterogeneity in response to acute and regular physical exercising, most research, so far, has focused on non-modifiable factors such as sex and different genotypes, while relatively little attention has been paid to exercise prescription as a modifiable factor. With an adapted exercise prescription, dosage can be made comparable across individuals, a procedure that is necessary to better understand the dose-response relationship in exercise-cognition research. This improved understanding of dose-response relationships could help to design more efficient physical training approaches against, for instance, cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Herold
- Research Group Neuroprotection, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Müller
- Research Group Neuroprotection, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Gronwald
- Department Performance, Neuroscience, Therapy and Health, Medical School Hamburg, University of Applied Sciences and Medical University, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Notger G. Müller
- Research Group Neuroprotection, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
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22
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Dankel SJ, Bell ZW, Spitz RW, Wong V, Viana RB, Chatakondi RN, Buckner SL, Jessee MB, Mattocks KT, Mouser JG, Abe T, Loenneke JP. Assessing differential responders and mean changes in muscle size, strength, and the crossover effect to 2 distinct resistance training protocols. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 45:463-470. [PMID: 31553889 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine differences in 2 distinct resistance training protocols and if true variability can be detected after accounting for random error. Individuals (n = 151) were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups: (i) a traditional exercise group performing 4 sets to failure; (ii) a group performing a 1-repetition maximum (1RM) test; and (iii) a time-matched nonexercise control group. Both exercise groups performed 18 sessions of elbow flexion exercise over 6 weeks. While both training groups increased 1RM strength similarly (∼2.4 kg), true variability was only present in the traditional exercise group (true variability = 1.80 kg). Only the 1RM group increased untrained arm 1RM strength (1.5 kg), while only the traditional group increased ultrasound measured muscle thickness (∼0.23 cm). Despite these mean increases, no true variability was present for untrained arm strength or muscle hypertrophy in either training group. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate the importance of taking into consideration the magnitude of random error when classifying differential responders, as many studies may be classifying high and low responders as those who have the greatest amount of random error present. Additionally, our mean results demonstrate that strength is largely driven by task specificity, and the crossover effect of strength may be load dependent. Novelty Many studies examining differential responders to exercise do not account for random error. True variability was present in 1RM strength gains, but the variability in muscle hypertrophy and isokinetic strength changes could not be distinguished from random error. The crossover effect of strength may differ based on the protocol employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Dankel
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Rowan University, Goassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - Zachary W Bell
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Robert W Spitz
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Vickie Wong
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Ricardo B Viana
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.,Faculty of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74000-000, Brazil
| | - Raksha N Chatakondi
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Samuel L Buckner
- USF Muscle Laboratory, Exercise Science Program, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33606, USA
| | - Matthew B Jessee
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Kevin T Mattocks
- Department of Exercise Science, Lindenwood University - Belleville, Belleville, IL 63301, USA
| | - J Grant Mouser
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, Troy University, Troy, AL 36082, USA
| | - Takashi Abe
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Jeremy P Loenneke
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
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Inter-Individual Differences in Cognitive Response to a Single Bout of Physical Exercise-A Randomized Controlled Cross-Over Study. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8081101. [PMID: 31349593 PMCID: PMC6723732 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8081101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent reviews have shown that acute exercise can improve cognitive functions, especially executive functions. However, a closer look at the included studies revealed a wide inter-individual variability in the effects of exercise on cognition. Therefore, thirty-nine healthy adults (age: 19–30 years) were analyzed in a randomized, controlled cross-over study with two exercise groups (n = 13 each) and a sedentary control group (n = 13). The exercise conditions included moderate (30 min at 40–59% VO2max) and high intensity interval (five × 2 min at 90% VO2max with 3 min active recovery at 40% VO2max) treadmill exercise. The main outcome assessed was cognitive performance (attention, inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility) and underlying inter-individual variability in young adults. On the group level no significant group or group × time interaction effects were observed. Using a median split, we found significant differences between low and high cognitive performers regarding cognitive function following moderate and high intensity interval treadmill exercise. Furthermore, using a pre-determined threshold we could identify responders and non-responders to acute exercise. Therefore, future research should consider individual performance requirements.
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