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Maestroni L, Turner A, Papadopoulos K, Pedley J, Sideris V, Read P. Single leg drop jump is affected by physical capacities in male soccer players following ACL reconstruction. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2024; 8:201-211. [PMID: 37314868 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2023.2225481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Single leg drop jump (SLDJ) assessment is commonly used during the later stages of rehabilitation to identify residual deficits in reactive strength but the effects of physical capacity on kinetic and kinematic variables in male soccer players following ACL reconstruction remain unknown. Isokinetic knee extension strength, kinematics from an inertial measurement unit 3D system and SLDJ performance variables and mechanics derived from a force plate were measured in 64 professional soccer players (24.7 ± 3.4 years) prior to return to sport (RTS). SLDJ between-limb differences was measured (part 1) and players were divided into tertiles based on isokinetic knee extension strength (weak, moderate and strong) and reactive strength index (RSI) (low, medium and high) (part 2). Moderate to large significant differences between the ACL reconstructed and uninjured limb in SLDJ performance (d = 0.92-1.05), kinetic (d = 0.62-0.71) and kinematic variables (d = 0.56) were evident. Stronger athletes jumped higher (p = 0.002; d = 0.85), produced greater concentric (p = 0.001; d = 0.85) and eccentric power (p = 0.002; d = 0.84). Similar findings were present for RSI, but the effects were larger (d = 1.52-3.84). Weaker players, and in particular those who had lower RSI, displayed landing mechanics indicative of a 'stiff' knee movement strategy. SLDJ performance, kinetic and kinematic differences were identified between-limbs in soccer players at the end of their rehabilitation following ACL reconstruction. Players with lower knee extension strength and RSI displayed reduced performance and kinetic strategies associated with increased injury risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Maestroni
- ReAct, Bergamo (BG), Italy
- London Sport Institute, School of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, London, UK
| | - Anthony Turner
- London Sport Institute, School of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, London, UK
| | | | - Jason Pedley
- Youth Physical Development Center, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Vasileios Sideris
- Rehabilitation Department, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Paul Read
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, London, UK
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
- Faculty of Sport, Allied Health and Performance Sciences, St Marys University, Twickenham, UK
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2
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Perna P, de Keijzer KL, Beato M. Flywheel resistance training in football: a useful rehabilitation tool for practitioners. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1434995. [PMID: 39036368 PMCID: PMC11257893 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1434995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Perna
- School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
- Medical Department, Chelsea Football Club, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin L. de Keijzer
- School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Beato
- School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
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3
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Soriano MA, Paredes V, Comfort P, Jiménez-Ormeño E, Areces-Corcuera F, Giráldez-Costas V, Gallo-Salazar C, Alonso-Aubín DA, Menchén-Rubio M, McMahon JJ. "You Are Not Wrong About Getting Strong:" An Insight Into the Impact of Age Group and Level of Competition on Strength in Spanish Football Players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:629-636. [PMID: 38648884 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to compare the maximum and rapid force production of Spanish football players and explore the differences between age group and level of competition. METHODS A cross-sectional study was developed to evaluate the peak force (PF), relative PF, and rate of force development over 250 ms (RFD0-250) during the isometric midthigh pull between groups of football players based on age group (senior vs junior) and level of competition (national vs regional). Using a portable isometric rig, 111 football players performed 2 isometric midthigh-pull trials on a force plate. Two-way analysis of variance with Bonferroni post hoc correction was applied, and statistical significance was set at P ≤ .05. The PF, relative PF, and RFD0-250 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 percentiles were also calculated and descriptively reported, separated by age group and level of competition. RESULTS The analysis of variance revealed a significant main effect of the level of competition for the PF (P < .001), relative PF (P = .003), and RFD0-250 (P < .001). There was a significant main effect of age group for the PF (P < .001). There was a significant interaction effect of the age group × level of competition for relative PF (P = .014). National players were stronger than regional players on the PF and RFD0-250 (P < .001). Senior players were stronger than junior players for the PF (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Maximum and rapid force production are crucial for Spanish football players as they progress in both level of competition and age group. Practitioners should encourage young football players to prioritize strength development to improve their athletic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos A Soriano
- Grupo de Investigación en Entrenamiento de Fuerza y Rendimiento Neuromuscular (STreNgthP_RG), Facultad HM Hospitales de Ciencias de la Salud de la UCJC, Universidad Camilo José Cela,Madrid, España
- Center for Human Movement and Rehabilitation, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom
- Center for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University,Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Paredes
- Grupo de Investigación en Entrenamiento de Fuerza y Rendimiento Neuromuscular (STreNgthP_RG), Facultad HM Hospitales de Ciencias de la Salud de la UCJC, Universidad Camilo José Cela,Madrid, España
| | - Paul Comfort
- Center for Human Movement and Rehabilitation, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom
- Strength and Power Research Group, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Ester Jiménez-Ormeño
- Grupo de Investigación en Entrenamiento de Fuerza y Rendimiento Neuromuscular (STreNgthP_RG), Facultad HM Hospitales de Ciencias de la Salud de la UCJC, Universidad Camilo José Cela,Madrid, España
| | - Francisco Areces-Corcuera
- Grupo de Investigación en Entrenamiento de Fuerza y Rendimiento Neuromuscular (STreNgthP_RG), Facultad HM Hospitales de Ciencias de la Salud de la UCJC, Universidad Camilo José Cela,Madrid, España
| | - Verónica Giráldez-Costas
- Grupo de Investigación en Entrenamiento de Fuerza y Rendimiento Neuromuscular (STreNgthP_RG), Facultad HM Hospitales de Ciencias de la Salud de la UCJC, Universidad Camilo José Cela,Madrid, España
| | - César Gallo-Salazar
- Grupo de Investigación en Entrenamiento de Fuerza y Rendimiento Neuromuscular (STreNgthP_RG), Facultad HM Hospitales de Ciencias de la Salud de la UCJC, Universidad Camilo José Cela,Madrid, España
| | - Diego A Alonso-Aubín
- Grupo de Investigación en Entrenamiento de Fuerza y Rendimiento Neuromuscular (STreNgthP_RG), Facultad HM Hospitales de Ciencias de la Salud de la UCJC, Universidad Camilo José Cela,Madrid, España
| | - María Menchén-Rubio
- Grupo de Investigación en Entrenamiento de Fuerza y Rendimiento Neuromuscular (STreNgthP_RG), Facultad HM Hospitales de Ciencias de la Salud de la UCJC, Universidad Camilo José Cela,Madrid, España
| | - John J McMahon
- Center for Human Movement and Rehabilitation, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom
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Mitchell L, Wilson L, Duthie G, Pumpa K, Weakley J, Scott C, Slater G. Methods to Assess Energy Expenditure of Resistance Exercise: A Systematic Scoping Review. Sports Med 2024:10.1007/s40279-024-02047-8. [PMID: 38896201 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-02047-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nutrition guidance for athletes must consider a range of variables to effectively support individuals in meeting energy and nutrient needs. Resistance exercise is a widely adopted training method in athlete preparation and rehabilitation and therefore is one such variable that will influence nutrition guidance. Given its prominence, the capacity to meaningfully quantify resistance exercise energy expenditure will assist practitioners and researchers in providing nutrition guidance. However, the significant contribution of anaerobic metabolism makes quantifying energy expenditure of resistance exercise challenging. OBJECTIVE The aim of this scoping review was to investigate the methods used to assess resistance exercise energy expenditure. METHODS A literature search of Medline, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL and Web of Science identified studies that included an assessment of resistance exercise energy expenditure. Quality appraisal of included studies was performed using the Rosendal Scale. RESULTS A total of 19,867 studies were identified, with 166 included after screening. Methods to assess energy expenditure included indirect calorimetry (n = 136), blood lactate analysis (n = 25), wearable monitors (n = 31) and metabolic equivalents (n = 4). Post-exercise energy expenditure was measured in 76 studies. The reported energy expenditure values varied widely between studies. CONCLUSIONS Indirect calorimetry is widely used to estimate energy expenditure. However, given its limitations in quantifying glycolytic contribution, indirect calorimetry during and immediately following exercise combined with measures of blood lactate are likely required to better quantify total energy expenditure. Due to the cumbersome equipment and technical expertise required, though, along with the physical restrictions the equipment places on participants performing particular resistance exercises, indirect calorimetry is likely impractical for use outside of the laboratory setting, where metabolic equivalents may be a more appropriate method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan Mitchell
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, North Sydney, Australia.
| | - Luke Wilson
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, North Sydney, Australia
| | - Grant Duthie
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Strathfield, Australia
- Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kate Pumpa
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sport Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jonathon Weakley
- Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Christopher Scott
- Department of Exercise, Health, and Sport Sciences, University of Southern Maine, Maine, USA
| | - Gary Slater
- School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Australia
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Olmos AA, Montgomery TR, Sears KN, Dinyer TK, Hammer SM, Bergstrom HC, Hill EC, Succi PJ, Lawson J, Trevino MA. Blood flow restriction increases necessary muscle excitation of the elbow flexors during a single high-load contraction. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:1807-1820. [PMID: 38236301 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05405-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effects of blood flow restriction (BFR) on electromyographic amplitude (EMGRMS)-force relationships of the biceps brachii (BB) during a single high-load muscle action. METHODS Twelve recreationally active males and eleven recreationally active females performed maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs), followed by an isometric trapezoidal muscle action of the elbow flexors at 70% MVC. Surface EMG was recorded from the BB during BFR and control (CON) visits. For BFR, cuff pressure was 60% of the pressure required to completely occlude blood at rest. Individual b (slope) and a terms (gain) were calculated from the log-transformed EMGRMS-force relationships during the linearly increasing and decreasing segments of the trapezoid. EMGRMS during the steady force segment was normalized to MVC EMGRMS. RESULTS For BFR, the b terms were greater during the linearly increasing segment than the linearly decreasing segment (p < 0.001), and compared to the linearly increasing segment for CON (p < 0.001). The a terms for BFR were greater during the linearly decreasing than linearly increasing segment (p = 0.028). Steady force N-EMGRMS was greater for BFR than CON collapsed across sex (p = 0.041). CONCLUSION BFR likely elicited additional recruitment of higher threshold motor units during the linearly increasing- and steady force-segment. The differences between activation and deactivation strategies were only observed with BFR, such as the b terms decreased and the a terms increased for the linearly decreasing segment in comparison to the increasing segment. However, EMGRMS-force relationships during the linearly increasing- and decreasing-segments were not different between sexes during BFR and CON.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex A Olmos
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Performance, Oklahoma State University, 191 CRC, Stillwater, OK, 74074, USA
| | - Tony R Montgomery
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Performance, Oklahoma State University, 191 CRC, Stillwater, OK, 74074, USA
| | - Kylie N Sears
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Performance, Oklahoma State University, 191 CRC, Stillwater, OK, 74074, USA
| | - Taylor K Dinyer
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Performance, Oklahoma State University, 191 CRC, Stillwater, OK, 74074, USA
| | - Shane M Hammer
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Performance, Oklahoma State University, 191 CRC, Stillwater, OK, 74074, USA
| | - Haley C Bergstrom
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Ethan C Hill
- School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Pasquale J Succi
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - John Lawson
- School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Michael A Trevino
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Performance, Oklahoma State University, 191 CRC, Stillwater, OK, 74074, USA.
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6
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Curovic I, Rhodes D, Alexander J, Harper DJ. Vertical Strength Transfer Phenomenon Between Upper Body and Lower Body Exercise: Systematic Scoping Review. Sports Med 2024:10.1007/s40279-024-02039-8. [PMID: 38743172 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-02039-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are a myriad of exercise variations in which upper body (UB) and lower body (LB) exercises have been intermittently used. However, it is still unclear how training of one body region (e.g. LB) affects adaptations in distant body areas (e.g. UB), and how different UB and LB exercise configurations could help facilitate physiological adaptations of either region; both referred to in this review as vertical strength transfer. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the existence of the vertical strength transfer phenomenon as a response to various UB and LB exercise configurations and to identify potential mechanisms underpinning its occurrence. METHODS A systematic search using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) for Scoping Reviews protocol was conducted in February 2024 using four databases (Web of Science, MEDLINE, Scopus and CINAHL) to identify peer-reviewed articles that investigated the vertical strength transfer phenomenon. RESULTS Of the 5242 identified articles, 24 studies met the inclusion criteria. Findings suggest that the addition of UB strength training to LB endurance exercise may help preserve power-generating capacity for the leg muscle fibres. Furthermore, systemic endocrine responses to high-volume resistance exercise may beneficially modulate adaptations in precedingly or subsequently trained muscles from a different body region, augmenting their strength gains. Last, strength training for LB could result in improved strength of untrained UB, likely due to the increased central neural drive. CONCLUSIONS Vertical strength transfer existence is enabled by neurophysiological mechanisms. Future research should involve athletic populations, examining the potential of vertical strength transfer to facilitate athletic performance and preserve strength in injured extremities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Curovic
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Health, Social Work and Sport, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK.
- , Jurija Gagarina 102/7, 11070, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - David Rhodes
- Human Performance Department, Burnley Football Club, Burnley, UK
| | - Jill Alexander
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Health, Social Work and Sport, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Damian J Harper
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Health, Social Work and Sport, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
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7
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Carrasco-Fernández L, García-Sillero M, Jurado-Castro JM, Borroto-Escuela DO, García-Romero J, Benítez-Porres J. Influence of limb dominance on body and jump asymmetries in elite female handball. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19280. [PMID: 37935963 PMCID: PMC10630346 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46615-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Handball is a team sport subjected to asymmetric actions that require high physical capacity demands on players. The development of large asymmetries could negatively affect sports performance. However, few studies have analyzed body composition and the force asymmetries in elite female handball players. The aim of this study was to analyze the presence of asymmetries based on limb dominance in body composition parameters and lower limb power in jumping performances in an elite women's handball team. An entire elite women's handball team, comprised by of 14 players, was analyzed. Dual X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) and bioimpedance were used to analyze body composition. Force plates were used to evaluate jump performance. Results show the presence of differences between all the players in the different parameters of the CMJ jump. In addition, an asymmetry between the power of the dominant and non-dominant lower limb was observed between the players. The results show differences in muscle mass between the upper limbs, but not in the lower limbs in terms of both muscle and fat mass. However, there were no crossed asymmetries or significant differences between members based on dominance. The results suggest that the presence of asymmetries does not have to be one of the main parameters to be taken into account by coaches in elite athletes and to highlight the importance of including specific analyzes of body composition and sports performance in an individualized way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Carrasco-Fernández
- Department of Human Physiology, Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Bulevar Louis Pasteur, 25, 29010, Malaga, Spain
| | - Manuel García-Sillero
- Department of Human Physiology, Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Bulevar Louis Pasteur, 25, 29010, Malaga, Spain
| | - Jose Manuel Jurado-Castro
- Metabolism and Investigation Unit, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBERobn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Centre of Biomedical Research Network, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Escuela Universitaria de Osuna, Teaching Center Attached to the University of Seville, 41640, Seville, Spain
| | - Dasiel Oscar Borroto-Escuela
- Department of Human Physiology, Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Bulevar Louis Pasteur, 25, 29010, Malaga, Spain
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jerónimo García-Romero
- Department of Human Physiology, Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Bulevar Louis Pasteur, 25, 29010, Malaga, Spain
| | - Javier Benítez-Porres
- Department of Human Physiology, Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Bulevar Louis Pasteur, 25, 29010, Malaga, Spain.
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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8
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Warneke K, Lohmann LH, Lima CD, Hollander K, Konrad A, Zech A, Nakamura M, Wirth K, Keiner M, Behm DG. Physiology of Stretch-Mediated Hypertrophy and Strength Increases: A Narrative Review. Sports Med 2023; 53:2055-2075. [PMID: 37556026 PMCID: PMC10587333 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01898-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Increasing muscle strength and cross-sectional area is of crucial importance to improve or maintain physical function in musculoskeletal rehabilitation and sports performance. Decreases in muscular performance are experienced in phases of reduced physical activity or immobilization. These decrements highlight the need for alternative, easily accessible training regimens for a sedentary population to improve rehabilitation and injury prevention routines. Commonly, muscle hypertrophy and strength increases are associated with resistance training, typically performed in a training facility. Mechanical tension, which is usually induced with resistance machines and devices, is known to be an important factor that stimulates the underlying signaling pathways to enhance protein synthesis. Findings from animal studies suggest an alternative means to induce mechanical tension to enhance protein synthesis, and therefore muscle hypertrophy by inducing high-volume stretching. Thus, this narrative review discusses mechanical tension-induced physiological adaptations and their impact on muscle hypertrophy and strength gains. Furthermore, research addressing stretch-induced hypertrophy is critically analyzed. Derived from animal research, the stretching literature exploring the impact of static stretching on morphological and functional adaptations was reviewed and critically discussed. No studies have investigated the underlying physiological mechanisms in humans yet, and thus the underlying mechanisms remain speculative and must be discussed in the light of animal research. However, studies that reported functional and morphological increases in humans commonly used stretching durations of > 30 min per session of the plantar flexors, indicating the importance of high stretching volume, if the aim is to increase muscle mass and maximum strength. Therefore, the practical applicability seems limited to settings without access to resistance training (e.g., in an immobilized state at the start of rehabilitation), as resistance training seems to be more time efficient. Nevertheless, further research is needed to generate evidence in different human populations (athletes, sedentary individuals, and rehabilitation patients) and to quantify stretching intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Warneke
- Institute for Exercise, Sport and Health, Leuphana University, Universitätsallee 1, 21335, Lüneburg, Deutschland, Germany.
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada.
- Institute of Sport Science, Alpen-Adria University Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Germany.
| | - Lars H Lohmann
- University Sports Center, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Camila D Lima
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Karsten Hollander
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Astrid Zech
- Department of Human Motion Science and Exercise Physiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Masatoshi Nakamura
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nishi Kyushu University, Ozaki, Kanzaki, Saga, Japan
| | - Klaus Wirth
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Applied Sciences Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - Michael Keiner
- Department of Sport Science, German University of Health and Sport, Ismaning, Germany
| | - David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
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9
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Edouard P, Reurink G, Mackey AL, Lieber RL, Pizzari T, Järvinen TAH, Gronwald T, Hollander K. Traumatic muscle injury. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2023; 9:56. [PMID: 37857686 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-023-00469-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic muscle injury represents a collection of skeletal muscle pathologies caused by trauma to the muscle tissue and is defined as damage to the muscle tissue that can result in a functional deficit. Traumatic muscle injury can affect people across the lifespan and can result from high stresses and strains to skeletal muscle tissue, often due to muscle activation while the muscle is lengthening, resulting in indirect and non-contact muscle injuries (strains or ruptures), or from external impact, resulting in direct muscle injuries (contusion or laceration). At a microscopic level, muscle fibres can repair focal damage but must be completely regenerated after full myofibre necrosis. The diagnosis of muscle injury is based on patient history and physical examination. Imaging may be indicated to eliminate differential diagnoses. The management of muscle injury has changed within the past 5 years from initial rest, immobilization and (over)protection to early activation and progressive loading using an active approach. One challenge of muscle injury management is that numerous medical treatment options, such as medications and injections, are often used or proposed to try to accelerate muscle recovery despite very limited efficacy evidence. Another challenge is the prevention of muscle injury owing to the multifactorial and complex nature of this injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Edouard
- Université Jean Monnet, Lyon 1, Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, Saint-Etienne, France.
- Department of Clinical and Exercise Physiology, Sports Medicine Unit, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Faculty of Medicine, Saint-Etienne, France.
| | - Gustaaf Reurink
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Academic Center for Evidence-based Sports Medicine (ACES), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- The Sports Physicians Group, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Abigail L Mackey
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Richard L Lieber
- Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL, USA
- Departments of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Hines VA Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Tania Pizzari
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tero A H Järvinen
- Tampere University and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Thomas Gronwald
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Karsten Hollander
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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10
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Maestroni L, Turner A, Papadopoulos K, Sideris V, Read P. Total Score of Athleticism: Profiling Strength and Power Characteristics in Professional Soccer Players After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction to Assess Readiness to Return to Sport. Am J Sports Med 2023; 51:3121-3130. [PMID: 37681510 PMCID: PMC10543956 DOI: 10.1177/03635465231194778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is no consensus on the optimal testing procedure to determine return-to-sport (RTS) readiness after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Current approaches use limb symmetry across a range of tests, but this does not consider a patient's level of athleticism or benchmarks relative to his or her noninjured counterparts. PURPOSE To examine the utility of the Total Score of Athleticism (TSA), a composite scale including strength, power, and reactive strength assessments, to aid RTS decision-making. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS A total of 95 professional soccer players (60 who underwent ACL reconstruction [mean age, 25.1 ± 12.6 years] and 35 who were uninjured [mean age, 23.8 ± 2.8 years]) completed a battery of tests including isokinetic knee extension and flexion torque, bilateral and unilateral countermovement jump height, relative peak power, and reactive strength index-modified. The TSA score (derived from Z scores) was calculated, and we (1) examined differences between the ACL-reconstructed and uninjured groups at the time of RTS, (2) assessed the predictive ability of the TSA to identify the player's status (ACL reconstruction vs uninjured control), and (3) included a case series to discuss the characteristics of players who sustained a subsequent injury within 4 months after RTS. RESULTS A large difference between the ACL-reconstructed and uninjured groups in the TSA score (d = 0.84; P < .0001) was evident. For every additional increase of 1 unit in the TSA score, the odds of belonging to the ACL-reconstructed group decreased by 74% (95% CI, 0.19-0.56). By visual inspection, the frequency of reinjured players was higher in the low (4/7) TSA tertile compared with the medium (2/7) and high (1/7) TSA tertiles. CONCLUSION Preliminary evidence indicates that the TSA may be a useful RTS readiness tool, as the composite score derived from strength and power measures was different in soccer players at the time of RTS after ACL reconstruction compared with healthy matched controls. There was also a higher frequency of low TSA scores in players who sustained a second injury after RTS. Therefore, it is recommended to routinely administer RTS tests encompassing strength, power, and reactive strength qualities each season across the largest possible number of players (ideally teammates).
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Maestroni
- ReAct, Bergamo, Italy
- London Sport Institute, Faculty of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, London, UK
| | - Anthony Turner
- London Sport Institute, Faculty of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, London, UK
| | | | - Vasileios Sideris
- Rehabilitation Department, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Paul Read
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, London, UK
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
- Faculty of Sport, Allied Health and Performance Sciences, St Marys University, Twickenham, UK
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Hjortshoej MH, Aagaard P, Storgaard CD, Juneja H, Lundbye‐Jensen J, Magnusson SP, Couppé C. Hormonal, immune, and oxidative stress responses to blood flow-restricted exercise. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2023; 239:e14030. [PMID: 37732509 PMCID: PMC10909497 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Heavy-load free-flow resistance exercise (HL-FFRE) is a widely used training modality. Recently, low-load blood-flow restricted resistance exercise (LL-BFRRE) has gained attention in both athletic and clinical settings as an alternative when conventional HL-FFRE is contraindicated or not tolerated. LL-BFRRE has been shown to result in physiological adaptations in muscle and connective tissue that are comparable to those induced by HL-FFRE. The underlying mechanisms remain unclear; however, evidence suggests that LL-BFRRE involves elevated metabolic stress compared to conventional free-flow resistance exercise (FFRE). AIM The aim was to evaluate the initial (<10 min post-exercise), intermediate (10-20 min), and late (>30 min) hormonal, immune, and oxidative stress responses observed following acute sessions of LL-BFRRE compared to FFRE in healthy adults. METHODS A systematic literature search of randomized and non-randomized studies was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central, CINAHL, and SPORTDiscus. The Cochrane Risk of Bias (RoB2, ROBINS-1) and TESTEX were used to evaluate risk of bias and study quality. Data extractions were based on mean change within groups. RESULTS A total of 12525 hits were identified, of which 29 articles were included. LL-BFRRE demonstrated greater acute increases in growth hormone responses when compared to overall FFRE at intermediate (SMD 2.04; 95% CI 0.87, 3.22) and late (SMD 2.64; 95% CI 1.13, 4.16) post-exercise phases. LL-BFRRE also demonstrated greater increase in testosterone responses compared to late LL-FFRE. CONCLUSION These results indicate that LL-BFRRE can induce increased or similar hormone and immune responses compared to LL-FFRE and HL-FFRE along with attenuated oxidative stress responses compared to HL-FFRE.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. H. Hjortshoej
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic SurgeryCopenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg and FrederiksbergCopenhagenDenmark
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Department of Physical and Occupational TherapyBispebjerg and Frederiksberg University HospitalCopenhagenDenmark
- Centre for Health and RehabilitationUniversity College AbsalonSlagelseDenmark
| | - P. Aagaard
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical BiomechanicsUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdenseDenmark
| | - C. D. Storgaard
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic SurgeryCopenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg and FrederiksbergCopenhagenDenmark
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Section of Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - H. Juneja
- Centre for Health and RehabilitationUniversity College AbsalonSlagelseDenmark
| | - J. Lundbye‐Jensen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Section of Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - S. P. Magnusson
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic SurgeryCopenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg and FrederiksbergCopenhagenDenmark
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Department of Physical and Occupational TherapyBispebjerg and Frederiksberg University HospitalCopenhagenDenmark
| | - C. Couppé
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic SurgeryCopenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg and FrederiksbergCopenhagenDenmark
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Department of Physical and Occupational TherapyBispebjerg and Frederiksberg University HospitalCopenhagenDenmark
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Louder T, Thompson BJ, Woster A, Bressel E. Kinetics of Depth Jumps Performed by Female and Male National Collegiate Athletics Association Basketball Athletes and Young Adults. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2023; 8:108. [PMID: 37606403 PMCID: PMC10443298 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk8030108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The depth jump (DJ) is commonly used to evaluate athletic ability, and has further application in rehabilitation and injury prevention. There is limited research exploring sex-based differences in DJ ground reaction force (GRF) measures. This study aimed to evaluate for sex-based differences in DJ GRF measures and determine sample size thresholds for binary classification of sex. Forty-seven participants from mixed-sex samples of NCAA athletes and young adults performed DJs from various drop heights. Force platform dynamometry and 2-dimensional videography were used to estimate GRF measures. Three-way mixed analysis of variance was used to evaluate main effects and interactions. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to evaluate the combined sensitivity and specificity of dependent measures to sex. Results revealed that reactive strength index scores and rebound jump heights were greater in males than females (p < 0.001). Additionally, young adult females showed greater peak force reduction than young adult males (p = 0.002). ROC curve analysis revealed mixed results that appeared to be influenced by population characteristics and drop height. In conclusion, sex-based differences in DJ performance were observed, and the results of this study provide direction for future DJ investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talin Louder
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA; (B.J.T.); (E.B.)
- Dennis G. Dolny Movement Research Clinic, Sorenson Legacy Foundation Center for Clinical Excellence, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Brennan J. Thompson
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA; (B.J.T.); (E.B.)
- Dennis G. Dolny Movement Research Clinic, Sorenson Legacy Foundation Center for Clinical Excellence, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Alex Woster
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA; (B.J.T.); (E.B.)
| | - Eadric Bressel
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA; (B.J.T.); (E.B.)
- Dennis G. Dolny Movement Research Clinic, Sorenson Legacy Foundation Center for Clinical Excellence, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
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Stojanović MDM, Andrić N, Mikić M, Vukosav N, Vukosav B, Zolog-Șchiopea DN, Tăbăcar M, Melinte RM. Effects of Eccentric-Oriented Strength Training on Return to Sport Criteria in Late-Stage Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)-Reconstructed Professional Team Sport Players. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1111. [PMID: 37374316 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59061111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: An effective post-injury training program is essential to regain performance and fulfill criteria for return to sport for team sport athletes following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of 6 weeks of eccentric-oriented strength training vs. traditional strength training during the late-stage ACL-rehab phase on leg strength and vertical and horizontal jumping performance in professional team sport athletes. Materials and Methods: Twenty-two subjects (14 males, 8 females, age 19.9 ± 4.4 years, mass 77.4 ± 15.6 kg, height 182.4 ± 11.7 cm) (mean ± SD) with a unilateral reconstructed ACL (BTB graft) were included in the study. All participants enrolled in the same rehabilitation protocol prior to the training study. Players were randomly assigned to an experimental (ECC: n = 11, age 21.8 ± 4.6 years, mass 82.7 ± 16.6 kg, height 185.4 ± 12.2 cm), and a control group (CON: n = 11, age 19.1 ± 2.1 years, mass 76.6 ± 16.5 kg, height 182.5 ± 10.2 cm). Both groups underwent an equivolumed rehabilitation program, with the only difference being in strength training, which consisted of flywheel training vs. traditional strength training for the experimental and control groups, respectively. Testing was organized before and after the 6-week training programs and included isometric semi-squat tests (ISOSI-injured and ISOSU-uninjured legs), vertical jump tests (CMJ), single-leg vertical jump tests (SLJI-injured and SLJU-uninjured legs), single-leg hop tests (SLHI-injured and SLHU-uninjured legs), and triple hop tests (TLHI-injured and TLHU-uninjured legs). In addition, limb symmetry indexes were calculated for the isometric semi-squat (ISOSLSI) test, the single-leg vertical jump (SLJLSI), and the hop (SLHLSI) tests, as well as the triple-leg hop (THLLSI) test. Results: Main effects of time across training were observed for all dependent variables (posttest > pretest, p < 0.05). Significant group-by-time interactions were found for ISOSU (p < 0.05, ES = 2.51, very large), ISOSI (p < 0.05, ES = 1.78, large), CMJ (p < 0.05, ES = 2.23, very large), SLJI (p < 0.05, ES = 1.48, large), SLHI (p < 0.05, ES = 1.83, large), and TLHI (p < 0.05, ES = 1.83, large). Conclusions: This study suggests that eccentric-oriented strength training in late-stage ACL recovery, undertaken twice or three times weekly for 6 weeks, results in better outcomes than traditional strength training in leg strength, vertical jump ability, and single and triple hop tests with injured legs in professional team sport athletes. It seems that flywheel strength training can be recommended in late-stage ACL recovery for professional team sport athletes in order to regain recommended performance outcome levels faster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko D M Stojanović
- Training Expertise Lab, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nikola Andrić
- Training Expertise Lab, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Mladen Mikić
- Training Expertise Lab, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nikola Vukosav
- Clinic for Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Clinical Center of Vojvodina, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Borko Vukosav
- Sports Medicine Department, Medical Clinic "ST Medicina", 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Dan-Nicolae Zolog-Șchiopea
- Orthopedic Department, Puls Hospital of Regina Maria Hospital, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania
- Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology Department, Humanitas Hospital, 400001 Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Mircea Tăbăcar
- Orthopedic Department, Puls Hospital of Regina Maria Hospital, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Răzvan Marian Melinte
- Orthopedic Department, Puls Hospital of Regina Maria Hospital, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania
- Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology Department, Humanitas Hospital, 400001 Cluj Napoca, Romania
- Fizionova Reahabilitation, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania
- Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology Department, Dimitrie Cantemir University, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania
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Effects of Plyometric Jump Training on the Reactive Strength Index in Healthy Individuals Across the Lifespan: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2023; 53:1029-1053. [PMID: 36906633 PMCID: PMC10115703 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01825-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The reactive strength index (RSI) is meaningfully associated with independent markers of athletic (e.g., linear sprint speed) and neuromuscular performance [e.g., stretch-shortening cycle (SSC)]. Plyometric jump training (PJT) is particularly suitable to improve the RSI due to exercises performed in the SSC. However, no literature review has attempted to meta-analyse the large number of studies regarding the potential effects of PJT on the RSI in healthy individuals across the lifespan. OBJECTIVE The aim of this systematic review with meta-analysis was to examine the effects of PJT on the RSI of healthy individuals across the lifespan compared with active/specific-active controls. METHODS Three electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science) were searched up to May 2022. According to the PICOS approach, the eligibility criteria were: (1) healthy participants, (2) PJT interventions of ≥ 3 weeks, (3) active (e.g., athletes involved in standard training) and specific-active (e.g., individuals using heavy resistance training) control group(s), (4) a measure of jump-based RSI pre-post training, and (5) controlled studies with multi-groups in randomised and non-randomised designs. The Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale was used to assess the risk of bias. The random-effects model was used to compute the meta-analyses, reporting Hedges' g effect sizes (ES) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). Statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. Subgroup analyses were performed (chronological age; PJT duration, frequency, number of sessions, total number of jumps; randomization). A meta-regression was conducted to verify if PJT frequency, duration, and total number of sessions predicted the effects of PJT on the RSI. Certainty or confidence in the body of evidence was assessed using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE). Potential adverse health effects derived from PJT were researched and reported. RESULTS Sixty-one articles were meta-analysed, with a median PEDro score of 6.0, a low risk of bias and good methodological quality, comprising 2576 participants with an age range of 8.1-73.1 years (males, ~ 78%; aged under 18 years, ~ 60%); 42 studies included participants with a sport background (e.g., soccer, runners). The PJT duration ranged from 4 to 96 weeks, with one to three weekly exercise sessions. The RSI testing protocols involved the use of contact mats (n = 42) and force platforms (n = 19). Most studies reported RSI as mm/ms (n = 25 studies) from drop jump analysis (n = 47 studies). In general, PJT groups improved RSI compared to controls: ES = 0.54, 95% CI 0.46-0.62, p < 0.001. Training-induced RSI changes were greater (p = 0.023) for adults [i.e., age ≥ 18 years (group mean)] compared with youth. PJT was more effective with a duration of > 7 weeks versus ≤ 7 weeks, > 14 total PJT sessions versus ≤ 14 sessions, and three weekly sessions versus < three sessions (p = 0.027-0.060). Similar RSI improvements were noted after ≤ 1080 versus > 1080 total jumps, and for non-randomised versus randomised studies. Heterogeneity (I2) was low (0.0-22.2%) in nine analyses and moderate in three analyses (29.1-58.1%). According to the meta-regression, none of the analysed training variables explained the effects of PJT on RSI (p = 0.714-0.984, R2 = 0.0). The certainty of the evidence was moderate for the main analysis, and low-to-moderate across the moderator analyses. Most studies did not report soreness, pain, injury or related adverse effects related to PJT. CONCLUSIONS The effects of PJT on the RSI were greater compared with active/specific-active controls, including traditional sport-specific training as well as alternative training interventions (e.g., high-load slow-speed resistance training). This conclusion is derived from 61 articles with low risk of bias (good methodological quality), low heterogeneity, and moderate certainty of evidence, comprising 2576 participants. PJT-related improvements on RSI were greater for adults versus youths, after > 7 training weeks versus ≤ 7 weeks, with > 14 total PJT versus ≤ 14 sessions, and with three versus < three weekly sessions.
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15
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Verdini E, Maestroni L, Clark M, Turner A, Huber J. Do people with musculoskeletal pain differ from healthy cohorts in terms of global measures of strength? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Rehabil 2023; 37:244-260. [PMID: 36154313 PMCID: PMC9772898 DOI: 10.1177/02692155221128724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It is currently unknown if people with musculoskeletal pain display different multi-joint strength capacities than healthy cohorts. The aim was to investigate whether people with musculoskeletal pain show differences in global measures of strength in comparison to healthy cohorts. DATA SOURCES A systematic review was conducted using three databases (Medline, CINAHL and SPORTDiscus) and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. REVIEW METHODS Studies involving participants with painful musculoskeletal conditions and multi-joint strength assessment measured at baseline were included. A meta-analysis was also performed to compute standardized mean differences (± 95% confidence intervals), using Hedge's g, and examined the differences in multi-joint strength at baseline between participants with painful musculoskeletal conditions and healthy participants. RESULTS In total, 5043 articles were identified, of which 20 articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in the qualitative analysis. The available evidence revealed that multi-joint strength values were limited to knee osteoarthritis, fibromyalgia, chronic low back pain, and rheumatoid arthritis. Only four studies were included in the quantitative synthesis and revealed that only small differences in both chest press (g = -0.34, 95% CI [-0.64, -0.03]) and leg press (g = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.49, -0.02]) existed between adult women with fibromyalgia and active community women. CONCLUSION There is a paucity of multi-joint strength values in participants with musculoskeletal pain. Quantitative comparison with healthy cohorts was limited, except for those with fibromyalgia. Adult women with fibromyalgia displayed reduced multi-joint strength values in comparison to active community women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Verdini
- School of Health Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK,Studio Medico Jacini, Rome, Italy,Enrico Verdini, School of Health Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom and Studio Medico Jacini, Piazza Stefano Jacini 26a, 00191, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Maestroni
- London Sport Institute, School of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, London, UK
| | | | - Anthony Turner
- London Sport Institute, School of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, London, UK
| | - Jörg Huber
- School of Health Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
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Pollen TR, Warren M, Ebaugh D, Taylor JA, Silfies SP. Intrinsic Risk Factors for Noncontact Musculoskeletal Injury in Collegiate Swimmers: A Prospective Cohort Study. J Athl Train 2023; 58:185-192. [PMID: 35271720 PMCID: PMC10072098 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-0658.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Shoulder pain is pervasive in swimmers of all ages. However, given the limited number of prospective studies, injury risk factors in swimmers remain uncertain. OBJECTIVE To determine the extent to which the risk factors of previous injury, poor movement competency, erroneous freestyle swimming technique, and low perceived susceptibility to sport injury were associated with noncontact musculoskeletal injury in collegiate swimmers. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING College natatorium. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Thirty-seven National College Athletic Association Division III swimmers (21 females, 16 males; median age = 19 years [interquartile range = 3 years], height = 175 ± 10 cm; mass = 70.0 ± 10.9 kg). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Participants completed preseason questionnaires on their previous injuries and perceived susceptibility to sport injury. At the beginning of the season, they completed the Movement System Screening Tool and the Freestyle Swimming Technique Assessment. Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) with 95% CIs for the association between each risk factor and injury. RESULTS Eleven of the 37 participants (29.7%) sustained an injury. Univariate analyses identified 2 risk factors: previous injury (OR = 8.89 [95% CI = 1.78, 44.48]) and crossover hand positions during the freestyle entry phase (OR = 8.50 [95% CI = 1.50, 48.05]). After adjusting for previous injury, we found that a higher perceived percentage chance of injury (1 item from the Perceived Susceptibility to Sport Injury) decreased the injury odds (adjusted OR = 0.11 [95% CI = 0.02, 0.82]). Poor movement competency was not associated with injury (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS Previous injury, a crossover hand-entry position in freestyle, and a low perceived percentage chance of injury were associated with increased injury odds. Ascertaining injury histories and assessing for crossover positions may help identify swimmers with an elevated injury risk and inform injury-prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis R Pollen
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Meghan Warren
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff
- Dr Warren is now at Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute, Washington, DC
| | - David Ebaugh
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Delaware, Newark
| | - Jennifer A Taylor
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Sheri P Silfies
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia
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McPherson AL, Schilaty ND, Anderson S, Nagai T, Bates NA. Arthrogenic muscle inhibition after anterior cruciate ligament injury: Injured and uninjured limb recovery over time. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1143376. [PMID: 37025459 PMCID: PMC10072230 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1143376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction It is well documented that marked weakness of the quadriceps is present after knee joint injury. This joint trauma induces a presynaptic reflex inhibition of musculature surrounding the joint, termed arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI). The extent to which anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury affects thigh musculature motor unit activity, which may affect restoration of thigh muscle strength after injury, is undetermined. Methods A randomized protocol of knee flexion and extension isometric contractions (10%-50% maximal voluntary isometric contraction) were performed for each leg on 54 subjects with electromyography array electrodes placed on the vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, semitendinosus, and biceps femoris. Longitudinal assessments for motor unit recruitment and average firing rate were acquired at 6-month intervals for 1 year post ACL injury. Results The ACL-injured population demonstrated smaller quadriceps and hamstrings motor unit size (assessed via motor unit action potential peak-to-peak amplitude) and altered firing rate activity in both injured and uninjured limbs compared to healthy controls. Motor unit activity remained altered compared to healthy controls at 12 months post ACL reconstruction (ACLR). Discussion Motor unit activity was altered after ACLR up to 12 months post-surgery. Further research is warranted to optimize rehabilitation interventions that adequately address altered motor unit activity and improve safety and success with return to sport after ACLR. In the interim, evidence based clinical reasoning with a focus on development of muscular strength and power capacity should be the impetus behind rehabilitation programming to address motor control deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- April L. McPherson
- Emory Sport Performance and Research Center, Emory University, Flowery Branch, GA, United States
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Correspondence: April L. McPherson
| | - Nathan D. Schilaty
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Rochester, MN, United States
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Sports Medicine Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
- Department of Medical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Sarah Anderson
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Rochester, MN, United States
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Sports Medicine Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Takashi Nagai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Sports Medicine Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States
| | - Nathaniel A. Bates
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Sports Medicine Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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de Keijzer KL, Raya-González J, López Samanés Á, Moreno Perez V, Beato M. Perception and use of flywheel resistance training amongst therapists in sport. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1141431. [PMID: 37122637 PMCID: PMC10130652 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1141431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Flywheel (isoinertial) resistance training is a valid strength training method that has been incorporated in sport for decades, yet little is known about how therapists working in sport apply flywheel resistance training. We aimed to describe and understand current application and perception of flywheel resistance training amongst therapists working in sport. Seventy- three therapists (13 ± 10 years of experience) started part of this survey with 52 completing the entire electronic questionnaire. Nine multiple choice questions on application and perceptions of flywheel training (prerequisites, use of technology, barriers, and upper- and lower-body exercises) preceded two 6-point Likert scale statements on strength and reduction of injury likelihood. Most therapists (47/73) either used or intended to use flywheel training with their athletes and stated familiarisation would be a priority prior to initiating training. Although more than half suggested they were confident flywheel training could enhance strength (27/52) and muscular prehabilitation outcomes (40/52), many remained unsure. Nonetheless, it appears that therapists would mostly include flywheel training within prehabilitation (40/52) or during the later stages of rehabilitation (37/52). To monitor progress, therapists slightly prefer power (30/52) over velocity outputs, while few would not use them at all. Although therapists would prescribe most exercises - the squat, rotational exercise, and unilateral leg curl would be the most selected. Meanwhile, therapists reported remain most unsure or would avoid prescribing the lateral squat and unilateral hip extension. The biggest perceived barriers to flywheel training are equipment cost/space, evidence, and scheduling. The investigation provides valuable insight into the application and perception of flywheel training amongst therapists working in sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin L. de Keijzer
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
| | - Javier Raya-González
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Isabel I, Burgos, Spain
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Álvaro López Samanés
- Exercise Physiology Group, School of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Victor Moreno Perez
- Center for Translational Research in Physiotherapy, Department of Pathology and Surgery, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, San Joan, Spain
| | - Marco Beato
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
- Correspondence: Marco Beato
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19
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Warneke K, Konrad A, Keiner M, Zech A, Nakamura M, Hillebrecht M, Behm DG. Using Daily Stretching to Counteract Performance Decreases as a Result of Reduced Physical Activity-A Controlled Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15571. [PMID: 36497646 PMCID: PMC9741422 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192315571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
There are many reasons for reduced physical activity leading to reduced maximal strength and sport-specific performance, such as jumping performance. These include pandemic lockdowns, serious injury, or prolonged sitting in daily work life. Consequently, such circumstances can contribute to increased morbidity and reduced physical performance. Therefore, a demand for space-saving and home-based training routines to counteract decreases in physical performance is suggested in the literature. This study aimed to investigate the possibility of using daily static stretching using a stretching board to counteract inactivity-related decreases in performance. Thirty-five (35) participants were either allocated to an intervention group (IG), performing a daily ten-minute stretch training combined with reduced physical activity or a reduced physical activity-only group (rPA). The effects on maximal voluntary contraction, range of motion using the knee-to-wall test, countermovement jump height (CMJheight), squat jump height (SJheight), drop jump height (DJheight), contact time (DJct) and the reactive strength index (DJRSI) were evaluated using a pre-test-post-test design. The rPA group reported reduced physical activity because of lockdown. Results showed significant decreases in flexibility and jump performance (d = -0.11--0.36, p = 0.004-0.046) within the six weeks intervention period with the rPA group. In contrast, the IG showed significant increases in MVC90 (d = 0.3, p < 0.001) and ROM (d = 0.44, p < 0.001) with significant improvements in SJheight (d = 0.14, p = 0.002), while no change was measured for CMJheight and DJ performance. Hence, 10 min of daily stretching seems to be sufficient to counteract inactivity-related performance decreases in young and healthy participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Warneke
- Institute for Exercise, Sport and Health, Leuphana University, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Andreas Konrad
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Michael Keiner
- Department of Sport Science, German University of Health & Sport, 10587 Ismaning, Germany
| | - Astrid Zech
- Department of Human Motion Science and Exercise Physiology, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Masatoshi Nakamura
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nishi Kyushu University, Ozaki, Kanzaki, Saga 842-8585, Japan
| | - Martin Hillebrecht
- University Sports Centre, University of Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - David G. Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
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20
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Cormier P, Freitas TT, Loturco I, Turner A, Virgile A, Haff GG, Blazevich AJ, Agar-Newman D, Henneberry M, Baker DG, McGuigan M, Alcaraz PE, Bishop C. Within Session Exercise Sequencing During Programming for Complex Training: Historical Perspectives, Terminology, and Training Considerations. Sports Med 2022; 52:2371-2389. [PMID: 35816233 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01715-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The primary aim of this narrative review was to outline the historical genesis of resistance training strategies that incorporate high-load, low-velocity exercises and low-load, high-velocity exercises in the same training session allowing for different "exercise sequences" to be simultaneously implemented. Discrepancies between scientific works and the terminology used within contemporary sport science publications are identified. Upon review of the literature, we propose "complex training" to be considered an umbrella term with 4 different implementations, generally used to indicate a method in which movement velocity or load is altered between sets and/or exercises within the same session with the aim of improving slow and fast force expression. We propose the following terminology for said implementations: contrast training-exercise sequence with alternating high-load and low-load (higher-velocity) exercises in a set-by-set fashion within the same session (corresponding with 'contrast pairs' and 'intra-contrast rest'); descending training-several sets of high-load (e.g., back squat) exercises completed before the execution of several sets of low-load, higher-velocity (e.g., vertical jump) exercises within the same session; ascending training-several sets of low-load, higher-velocity exercises completed before several sets of high-load exercises within the same session; and French contrast training-subset of contrast training in which a series of exercises are performed in sequence within a single session: heavy compound exercise, plyometric exercise, light-to-moderate load compound exercise that maximises movement speed (i.e., external power), and a plyometric exercise (often assisted). Finally, practical applications and training considerations are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Cormier
- Canadian Sport Institute Pacific, Victoria, BC, Canada.,Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Tomás T Freitas
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, UCAM, Murcia, Spain. .,NAR, Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil. .,SCS, Strength & Conditioning Society, Rome, Italy. .,Faculty of Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Irineu Loturco
- NAR, Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anthony Turner
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, UK
| | - Adam Virgile
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Vermont, Vermont, USA
| | - G Gregory Haff
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia.,School of Health and Society, University of Salford, Manchester, UK
| | - Anthony J Blazevich
- SCS, Strength & Conditioning Society, Rome, Italy.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Dana Agar-Newman
- Canadian Sport Institute Pacific, Victoria, BC, Canada.,Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Molly Henneberry
- Canadian Sport Institute Pacific, Victoria, BC, Canada.,Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Daniel G Baker
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Michael McGuigan
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia.,Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Pedro E Alcaraz
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, UCAM, Murcia, Spain.,SCS, Strength & Conditioning Society, Rome, Italy
| | - Chris Bishop
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, UK
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21
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Smati S, Pouliot-Laforte A, Chevalier M, Lemay M, Ballaz L. Effect of power training on locomotion capacities in children with cerebral palsy with GMFCS level III-IV. Disabil Rehabil 2022:1-7. [PMID: 35737476 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2022.2090623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Power training (PT) is a promising training modality to improve functional abilities in children with cerebral palsy (CP). This study aimed to implement PT in an adapted school and to assess its effect on locomotion capacities in children with Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) level III-IV. MATERIALS AND METHODS Nine children with CP (GMFCS level III-IV) were trained three times/week for 12 weeks. The training sessions took place during the 50-minute physical activity classes and included high intensity exercise. The outcome measures were the performance on the 10-meter comfortable and fast walking tests, the 50-meter sprint test (50M-ST), and the energy expenditure index (EEI). RESULTS Participants spent 12 ± 7 and 7 ± 9 min per session at an intensity superior to 40% and 60% of the heart rate reserve, respectively. Performance in the 10-meter walking test (13.5 ± 7.8 to 9.9 ± 4.6 s, p < 0.05), the 10-meter fast walking test (8.8 ± 3.1 to 7.0 ± 3.2 s, p < 0.05), the 6-minute walking exercise (199.0 ± 48.6 to 316.6 ± 107.2 m, p < 0.05), and in 50M-ST (53.8 ± 29.5 to 42.3 ± 16.2 s, p < 0.05) increased after training. The EEI was reduced after training (p = 0.01), resulting in a more efficient gait. CONCLUSIONS PT was successfully implemented in children with CP with GMFCS level III-IV. Results suggest that PT increases walking capacities.Implications for rehabilitationPower training (PT) is feasible with children with bilateral cerebral palsy with GMFCS level III and IV.Physical education course in specialist school is a valuable environment to implement PT in children with poor gross motor function.Power training results in locomotion capacities improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Smati
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, UQAM, Montreal, Canada.,Sainte-Justine UHC Research Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Annie Pouliot-Laforte
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, UQAM, Montreal, Canada.,Sainte-Justine UHC Research Center, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Martin Lemay
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, UQAM, Montreal, Canada.,Sainte-Justine UHC Research Center, Montreal, Canada.,Groupe de Recherche en Activité Physique Adaptée (GRAPA), Montreal, Canada
| | - Laurent Ballaz
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, UQAM, Montreal, Canada.,Sainte-Justine UHC Research Center, Montreal, Canada.,Groupe de Recherche en Activité Physique Adaptée (GRAPA), Montreal, Canada
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22
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López-Laval I, Sitko S, Cantonero J, Corbi F, Cirer-Sastre R. The Effectiveness of Shoulder Mobility and Strength Programs in Competitive Water-Polo Players. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12050758. [PMID: 35629424 PMCID: PMC9145995 DOI: 10.3390/life12050758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Water-polo is the water sport with the highest incidence of injuries, with shoulder pain being the most common one. The understanding of risk factors and guidance on preventive measures is essential in this sport discipline. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a specific 6-week training plan on range of motion (ROM) and joint strength levels in a group of professional water-polo players. Methods: Quasi-experimental study with a sample of 28 participants (age: 20.1 ± 2.5 years; height: 176.9 ± 6.2 cm; body mass: 74.6 ± 8.1 kg). Three study groups, which consisted of one control group and two experimental groups, were established. Two repeated measurements, pre and post intervention, were performed. During these measurements, ROM of the glenohumeral joint was analyzed both in external (ER) and internal (IR) rotation, as well as the maximal isometric strength. Conclusions: The application of a training program improved glenohumeral joint ROM. ER and IR evolve differently in both shoulders. ER improved only in the throwing arm only in the group undergoing intervention but for the non-dominant side, improvements were observed in both ER and IR, regardless of whether or not they had followed the intervention plan. No improvements were observed in either the isometric strength or contralateral asymmetries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac López-Laval
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences (FCSD), University of Zaragoza, 22002 Huesca, Spain; (S.S.); (J.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Sebastian Sitko
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences (FCSD), University of Zaragoza, 22002 Huesca, Spain; (S.S.); (J.C.)
| | - Jaime Cantonero
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences (FCSD), University of Zaragoza, 22002 Huesca, Spain; (S.S.); (J.C.)
| | - Francisco Corbi
- Institut Nacional d’Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Lleida (UdL), 25192 Lleida, Spain; (F.C.); (R.C.-S.)
| | - Rafel Cirer-Sastre
- Institut Nacional d’Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Lleida (UdL), 25192 Lleida, Spain; (F.C.); (R.C.-S.)
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23
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Robyn AD, Louw QA, Baumeister J. Return to play in elite rugby players after severe knee injuries. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOTHERAPY 2022; 78:1629. [PMID: 35547961 PMCID: PMC9082221 DOI: 10.4102/sajp.v78i1.1629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Medical professionals working in an elite sport environment have the challenging task to balance the athlete's readiness to return to the playing field after severe injury with other stakeholders' (coaches, sponsors, teammates) opinions and objectives. Objectives Our study aimed to evaluate differences in the physical profiles of elite rugby players at return to play (RTP) after a severe knee injury, compared with their pre-injury profiles and matched controls. Method Before the injury, participants performed four performance tests during their preseason screening. These tests were repeated and compared to baseline once a player was declared fit to play. Results Significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) were found in the injured players' group who were slower over 10 m speed, in their decision-making time and the total time of the reactive agility tests at RTP, whilst controls were significantly faster over 10 m and 30 m speed tests. The countermovement jump outcomes showed significant improvement in the uninjured participants (p ≤ 0.05). Conclusion Our study highlights that injured players' running speeds and decision-making times are slower after injury. The uninjured players have a positive outcome to training and match stimulus by improving their running speed and lower body explosive power during the season. Clinical implications Our study provides insight into the RTP profile of elite rugby players, and a novel finding was the decision-making time deficit. This highlights the importance of cognitive training during injury rehabilitation as athletes make numerous decisions in a pressured and uncontrolled environment during a match. Speed training development is recommended as the athletes were slower after severe knee injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneurin D Robyn
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Quinette A Louw
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jochen Baumeister
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Exercise and Health, Faculty of Science, Paderborn University, Paderborn, Germany
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24
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Exercise Descriptors That Determine Muscle Strength Gains Are Missing From Reported Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Rehabilitation Programs: A Scoping Review of 117 Exercises in 41 Studies. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2022; 52:100-112. [PMID: 34784243 DOI: 10.2519/jospt.2022.10651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To (1) describe which strength training exercise descriptors are reported in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) rehabilitation research, and (2) compare the current standards of reporting ACLR strength training exercise descriptors to international best-practice strength training guidelines. DESIGN Scoping review. LITERATURE SEARCH We searched the MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, Academic Search, ERIC, Health Source: Nursing, Health Source: Consumer, MasterFILE, and Africa-Wide Information databases. STUDY SELECTION CRITERIA We included level I to IV studies of ACLR rehabilitation programs with 1 or more reported strength training exercise descriptors. We used a predefined list of 19 exercise descriptors, based on the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) exercise recommendations, the Consensus on Exercise Reporting Template (CERT), and the Toigo and Boutellier exercise descriptor framework. DATA SYNTHESIS Completeness and the standard of reporting exercise descriptors in ACLR rehabilitation programs were assessed by means of international best-practice strength training standards. RESULTS We extracted data on 117 exercises from 41 studies. A median of 7 of the 19 possible exercise descriptors were reported (range, 3-16). Reporting of specific exercise descriptors varied across studies, from 95% (name of the strength training exercise) to 5% (exercise aim, exercise order). On average, 46%, 35%, and 43% of the exercise descriptors included in the ACSM, CERT, and Toigo and Boutellier guidelines were reported, respectively. CONCLUSION Key exercise descriptors for muscle strength gains are not reported in studies on ACLR rehabilitation. Only the exercise name, number of exercises, frequency, and experimental period were reported in most of the studies. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2022;52(2):100-112. Epub 16 Nov 2021. doi:10.2519/jospt.2022.10651.
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25
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Crotty NMN, Daniels KAJ, McFadden C, Cafferkey N, King E. Relationship Between Isokinetic Knee Strength and Single-Leg Drop Jump Performance 9 Months After ACL Reconstruction. Orthop J Sports Med 2022; 10:23259671211063800. [PMID: 35005049 PMCID: PMC8738888 DOI: 10.1177/23259671211063800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Deficits in knee strength after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) surgery are common. Deficits in the single-leg drop jump (SLDJ), a test of plyometric ability, are also found. Purpose: To examine the relationship between isokinetic knee strength, SLDJ performance, and self-reported knee function 9 months after ACLR. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Knee isokinetic peak torque, SLDJ jump height, contact time, and reactive strength index (RSI), as well as International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) scores were assessed in 116 male, field-sport athletes at 9.2 months after ACLR. SLDJ testing took place in a 3-dimensional biomechanics laboratory. Linear regression models were used to analyze the relationship between the variables. Results: A significant relationship was found between ACLR-limb isokinetic knee extensor strength and SLDJ jump height (P < .001, r2 = 0.29) and RSI (P < .001, r2 = 0.33), and between ACLR-limb isokinetic knee flexor strength and SLDJ jump height (P < .001, r2 = 0.12) and RSI (P < .001, r2 = 0.15). A significant positive relationship was also found between knee extensor asymmetry and SLDJ jump height asymmetry (P < .001, r2 = 0.27) and SLDJ reactive strength asymmetry (P < .001, r2 = 0.18). Combined ACLR-limb jump height and contact time best predicted IKDC scores (P < .001, r2 = 0.12). Conclusion: Isokinetic knee extension strength explained approximately 30% of SLDJ performance, with a much weaker relationship between knee flexion strength and SLDJ performance. Isokinetic strength and SLDJ performance were weak predictors of variation in IKDC scores.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katherine A J Daniels
- Sports Medicine Research Department, Sports Surgery Clinic, Dublin, Ireland.,Queen's School of Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ciaran McFadden
- Sports Medicine Research Department, Sports Surgery Clinic, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, UK
| | - Niall Cafferkey
- Sports Medicine Research Department, Sports Surgery Clinic, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Enda King
- Sports Medicine Research Department, Sports Surgery Clinic, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, UK
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26
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Comprehensive Rehabilitation of the Athlete: A Specific and Purposeful Approach. Sports Med Arthrosc Rev 2021; 29:e57-e64. [PMID: 34730117 DOI: 10.1097/jsa.0000000000000333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
There is a need to improve the quality of rehabilitation in sports medicine to return athletes to optimal function safely and quickly, reducing the risk of reinjury. This paper describes a planning paradigm to guide clinical reasoning during individual treatment sessions and a model for planning the rehabilitation program from acute injury to return to play. The design of a rehabilitation program should be a collaborative, team effort, and accounting for the specific needs of the athlete. As the athlete progresses from acute injury management all the way back to full competition, the rehabilitation professional emphasizes the components of pain management, motion, motor control, and force production in varying degrees based upon phases of tissue healing and the athlete's response. Utilizing high-value, evidence-based treatments maximize both the effectiveness and efficiency of rehabilitation to restore and improve upon preinjury levels of physical performance.
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27
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McPhail J, Gonçalves BAM, Spörri J, Linnamo V. Unilateral Maximal Isometric Hex Bar Pull Test: Within-Session Reliability and Lower Body Force Production in Male and Female Freeski Athletes. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:715833. [PMID: 34435187 PMCID: PMC8380774 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.715833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to (1) assess the within-session reliability of a unilateral isometric hex bar pull (UIHBP) maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) test and, (2) determine unilateral isometric absolute peak force (PFabs) and relative peak force (PF) values in freeski athletes. Twenty-one male and eight female academy to national team freeskiers performed the novel UIHBP MVC task on a force plate and PFabs and relative PF were assessed (1000 Hz). Within-session measures of PFabs offered high reliability on left and right limbs for males (ICC = 0.91-0.94, CV = 2.6-2.2%) and females (ICC = 0.94-0.94, CV = 1.4-1.6%), while relative PF measures showed good to high reliability in both left and right limbs for males (ICC = 0.8-0.84, CV = 2.6-2.2%) and females (ICC = 0.92-0.90, CV = 1.4-1.7%). We observed significantly lower PFabs (p < 0.001) and relative PF (p < 0.001) in females compared to males. No statistical difference was found between left and right limbs in males and females in PFabs (p = 0.98) and relative PF measures (p = 0.93). The UIHBP MVC test appears to be a reliable method for assessing PFabs and relative PF in male and female freeski athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan McPhail
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | | | - Jörg Spörri
- Sports Medical Research Group, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University Centre for Prevention and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vesa Linnamo
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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28
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Maestroni L, Read P, Bishop C, Papadopoulos K, Suchomel TJ, Comfort P, Turner A. The Benefits of Strength Training on Musculoskeletal System Health: Practical Applications for Interdisciplinary Care. Sports Med 2021; 50:1431-1450. [PMID: 32564299 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01309-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Global health organizations have provided recommendations regarding exercise for the general population. Strength training has been included in several position statements due to its multi-systemic benefits. In this narrative review, we examine the available literature, first explaining how specific mechanical loading is converted into positive cellular responses. Secondly, benefits related to specific musculoskeletal tissues are discussed, with practical applications and training programmes clearly outlined for both common musculoskeletal disorders and primary prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Maestroni
- Smuoviti, Viale Giulio Cesare, 29, 24121, Bergamo, BG, Italy. .,StudioErre, Via della Badia, 18, 25127, Brescia, BS, Italy. .,London Sport Institute, School of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, Greenlands Lane, London, UK.
| | - Paul Read
- Athlete Health and Performance Research Center, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar.,School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
| | - Chris Bishop
- London Sport Institute, School of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, Greenlands Lane, London, UK
| | - Konstantinos Papadopoulos
- London Sport Institute, School of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, Greenlands Lane, London, UK
| | - Timothy J Suchomel
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Carroll University, Waukesha, WI, USA.,Directorate of Psychology and Sport, University of Salford, Frederick Road, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK
| | - Paul Comfort
- Directorate of Psychology and Sport, University of Salford, Frederick Road, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK.,Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.,Centre for Exercise and Sport Science Research, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Anthony Turner
- London Sport Institute, School of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, Greenlands Lane, London, UK
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Relationships between physical capacities and biomechanical variables during movement tasks in athletic populations following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Phys Ther Sport 2021; 48:209-218. [PMID: 33529930 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction has a detrimental impact on athletic performance. Despite rehabilitation guidelines and criterion-based progressions to ensure safe restoration of fundamental physical capacities and maladaptive movement strategies, residual deficits in maximal strength, rate of force development (RFD), power and reactive strength are commonly reported. These combined with associated compensatory inter and intra-limb strategies increase the risk of re-injury. OBJECTIVE The aim of this article is to examine the relationships between fundamental physical capacities and biomechanical variables during dynamic movement tasks. DESIGN Narrative review. RESULTS The available data suggests that quadriceps strength and rate of torque development, explain a moderate portion of the variance in aberrant kinetic and kinematic strategies commonly detected in ACL reconstructed cohorts in the later stages of rehabilitation and RTS CONCLUSION: The available data suggests that quadriceps strength and rate of torque development, explain a moderate portion of the variance in aberrant kinetic and kinematic strategies commonly detected in ACL reconstructed cohorts in the later stages of rehabilitation and RTS.
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Tallent J, Woodhead A, Frazer AK, Hill J, Kidgell DJ, Howatson G. Corticospinal and spinal adaptations to motor skill and resistance training: Potential mechanisms and implications for motor rehabilitation and athletic development. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:707-719. [PMID: 33389142 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04584-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Optimal strategies for enhancing strength and improving motor skills are vital in athletic performance and clinical rehabilitation. Initial increases in strength and the acquisition of new motor skills have long been attributed to neurological adaptations. However, early increases in strength may be predominantly due to improvements in inter-muscular coordination rather than the force-generating capacity of the muscle. Despite the plethora of research investigating neurological adaptations from motor skill or resistance training in isolation, little effort has been made in consolidating this research to compare motor skill and resistance training adaptations. The findings of this review demonstrated that motor skill and resistance training adaptations show similar short-term mechanisms of adaptations, particularly at a cortical level. Increases in corticospinal excitability and a release in short-interval cortical inhibition occur as a result of the commencement of both resistance and motor skill training. Spinal changes show evidence of task-specific adaptations from the acquired motor skill, with an increase or decrease in spinal reflex excitability, dependant on the motor task. An increase in synaptic efficacy of the reticulospinal projections is likely to be a prominent mechanism for driving strength adaptations at the subcortical level, though more research is needed. Transcranial electric stimulation has been shown to increase corticospinal excitability and augment motor skill adaptations, but limited evidence exists for further enhancing strength adaptations from resistance training. Despite the logistical challenges, future work should compare the longitudinal adaptations between motor skill and resistance training to further optimise exercise programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Tallent
- Faculty of Sport, Health and Applied Sciences, St Mary's University, Waldgrave Road, Twickenham, TW1 4SX, UK.
| | - Alex Woodhead
- Faculty of Sport, Health and Applied Sciences, St Mary's University, Waldgrave Road, Twickenham, TW1 4SX, UK
| | - Ashlyn K Frazer
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jessica Hill
- Faculty of Sport, Health and Applied Sciences, St Mary's University, Waldgrave Road, Twickenham, TW1 4SX, UK
| | - Dawson J Kidgell
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Glyn Howatson
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK.,Water Research Group, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Strength, rate of force development, power and reactive strength in adult male athletic populations post anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction - A systematic review and meta-analysis. Phys Ther Sport 2021; 47:91-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2020.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Ladlow P, Conway D, Hayhurst D, Suffield C, Cassidy RP, Coppack RJ. Integration of strength training into UK Defence Rehabilitation practice: current trends and future challenges. BMJ Mil Health 2020; 168:314-319. [PMID: 33087537 PMCID: PMC9340023 DOI: 10.1136/bmjmilitary-2020-001590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The use of strength and conditioning (S&C) in musculoskeletal rehabilitation has gained wide acceptance among the rehabilitation community. However, there is an absence of evidence demonstrating how to best integrate the principles of S&C into rehabilitation practice. This article discusses four broad themes: (1) an overview of the UK Defence Rehabilitation care pathway, (2) the historical and current approaches to physical training to support operational readiness of the British Armed Forces, (3) the current and future challenges of integrating S&C into Defence Rehabilitation practice and (4) research priorities relating to the use of S&C in Defence Rehabilitation. We detail the importance of strength/power-based physical attributes within our military population. We recommend that consideration be given to the benefits of an alternative education/coaching-based model to be used during the current 3-week residential care pathway, which aims to ensure effective implementation of therapeutic S&C over a longer period of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Ladlow
- Academic Department of Military Rehabilitation, Defence Medical Rehabilitation Centre (DMRC) Stanford Hall, Loughborough, UK
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - D Conway
- Complex Trauma Department, Defence Medical Rehabilitation Centre (DMRC) Stanford Hall, Loughborough, UK
| | - D Hayhurst
- Primary Care Rehabilitation Facility (PCRF) Credenhill, Credinhill, UK
| | - C Suffield
- Physical and Recreational Training Centre, Army Training Centre Pirbright, Pirbright, UK
| | - R P Cassidy
- Academic Department of Military Rehabilitation, Defence Medical Rehabilitation Centre (DMRC) Stanford Hall, Loughborough, UK
- Centre for Lower Limb Rehabilitation, Defence Medical Rehabilitation Centre (DMRC) Stanford Hall, Loughborough, UK
| | - R J Coppack
- Academic Department of Military Rehabilitation, Defence Medical Rehabilitation Centre (DMRC) Stanford Hall, Loughborough, UK
- Versus Arthritis Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Research, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
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