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Schofield AL, Brown JP, Brown J, Wilczynska A, Bell C, Glaab WE, Hackl M, Howell L, Lee S, Dear JW, Remes M, Reeves P, Zhang E, Allmer J, Norris A, Falciani F, Takeshita LY, Seyed Forootan S, Sutton R, Park BK, Goldring C. Systems analysis of miRNA biomarkers to inform drug safety. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:3475-3495. [PMID: 34510227 PMCID: PMC8492583 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03150-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) are short non-coding RNA molecules which have been shown to be dysregulated and released into the extracellular milieu as a result of many drug and non-drug-induced pathologies in different organ systems. Consequently, circulating miRs have been proposed as useful biomarkers of many disease states, including drug-induced tissue injury. miRs have shown potential to support or even replace the existing traditional biomarkers of drug-induced toxicity in terms of sensitivity and specificity, and there is some evidence for their improved diagnostic and prognostic value. However, several pre-analytical and analytical challenges, mainly associated with assay standardization, require solutions before circulating miRs can be successfully translated into the clinic. This review will consider the value and potential for the use of circulating miRs in drug-safety assessment and describe a systems approach to the analysis of the miRNAome in the discovery setting, as well as highlighting standardization issues that at this stage prevent their clinical use as biomarkers. Highlighting these challenges will hopefully drive future research into finding appropriate solutions, and eventually circulating miRs may be translated to the clinic where their undoubted biomarker potential can be used to benefit patients in rapid, easy to use, point-of-care test systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Schofield
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Joseph P Brown
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Jack Brown
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Ania Wilczynska
- bit.bio, Babraham Research Campus, The Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Cambridge, CB22 3FH, UK
| | - Catherine Bell
- CVRM Safety, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Warren E Glaab
- Merck & Co., Inc, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | | | - Lawrence Howell
- GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), Stevenage, Greater Cambridge Area, UK
| | - Stephen Lee
- ABHI, 1 Duchess St, 4th Floor, Suite 2, London, W1W 6AN, UK
| | - James W Dear
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Mika Remes
- Genomics EMEA, QIAGEN Aarhus, Prismet, Silkeborgvej 2, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Paul Reeves
- Arcis Biotechnology Limited, Suite S07, Techspace One, Sci-tech Daresbury, Keckwick Lane, Daresbury, Warrington, WA4 4AB, UK
| | - Eunice Zhang
- Wolfson Centre for Personalised Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
| | - Jens Allmer
- Applied Bioinformatics, Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 4, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alan Norris
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Francesco Falciani
- Computational Biology Facility, MerseyBio, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Louise Y Takeshita
- Computational Biology Facility, MerseyBio, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Shiva Seyed Forootan
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Robert Sutton
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK
| | - B Kevin Park
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Chris Goldring
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK.
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Carreiro S, Marvel-Coen J, Lee R, Chapman B, Ambros V. Circulating microRNA Profiles in Acetaminophen Toxicity. J Med Toxicol 2020; 16:177-187. [PMID: 31792846 PMCID: PMC7099119 DOI: 10.1007/s13181-019-00739-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acetaminophen toxicity has been associated with elevation of microRNAs. The present study was to evaluate overall microRNA profiles and previously identified microRNAs to differentiate acetaminophen (APAP) toxicity from other causes of transaminase elevation. METHODS This was an observational study of adults with presumed acetaminophen toxicity at presentation. Serum samples were collected every 12 hours during hospitalization. Total miRNAs were extracted from plasma and levels of 327 microRNAs were quantified using real-time polymerase chain reaction. A standard measure of miRNA expression (delta-delta cycle threshold) was calculated for each microRNAs. A two-level cluster analysis was performed using a random k-means algorithm. Demographic and clinical characteristics of each cluster were compared using ANOVA, Wilcoxon rank sum, Kruskal-Wallis, and chi-square tests. Performance of specific miRNAs of interest was also evaluated. RESULTS Twenty-seven subjects were enrolled (21 with a final diagnosis of acetaminophen toxicity), and a total of 61 samples were analyzed. Five clusters were identified, two of which demonstrated clear clinical patterns and included specific elevated miRNAs previously reported to be elevated in APAP toxicity patients. Features associated with clusters 1 and 5 included confirmed acetaminophen toxicity, high peak alanine aminotransferase, and late presentation. Clusters 2-4 contained lower peak microRNAs, lower peak alanine aminotransferase, and heterogeneous clinical characteristics. CONCLUSIONS Severe cases of acetaminophen toxicity showed two distinct patterns of microRNA elevation which were similar to previous work, while less severe cases were difficult to distinguish from non-acetaminophen-associated cases. Further work is needed to incorporate microRNA profiles into the diagnostic algorithm of acetaminophen toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Carreiro
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Medical Toxicology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA.
| | - James Marvel-Coen
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Rosalind Lee
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Brittany Chapman
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Medical Toxicology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA
| | - Victor Ambros
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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Shavadia JS, Sharma A, Gu X, Neaton J, DeLeve L, Holmes D, Home P, Eckel RH, Watkins PB, Granger CB. Determination of fasiglifam-induced liver toxicity: Insights from the data monitoring committee of the fasiglifam clinical trials program. Clin Trials 2019; 16:253-262. [DOI: 10.1177/1740774519836766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Different approaches to safety event collection influence the determination of liver toxicity within drug development programs. Herein, a description of how fasiglifam-induced liver injury was detected is provided. Methods This eight-trial drug development program was intended to evaluate fasiglifam (25 mg, 50 mg) against placebo or active comparators (glimepiride, sitagliptin) in approximately 11,000 suboptimally controlled patients with type 2 diabetes (terminated Dec 2013 due to liver toxicity). Liver safety had been pre-identified as a concern, and within the phase 3 trials, was measured through (1) adverse event reporting, (2) central predefined liver monitoring schedule with various thresholds for potential drug-induced liver injury, and (3) blinded adjudication of serious liver toxicity by a panel of experts in drug-induced liver injury. A single data monitoring committee provided safety oversight across all trials within the program. Findings Prior to program termination, 7595 of 7602 (99.9%) randomized participants across the eight trials received at least one dose of the study drug (fasiglifam, placebo, or active control). No concerning trends were noted in adverse or serious adverse event frequency, suspected unexpected serious adverse reaction, alanine or aspartate transaminase elevations, or hepatobiliary or gastrointestinal adverse events as reported by local site investigators. However, the predefined central liver safety measurements revealed a greater frequency of possible Hy’s Law cases (5 vs 2) and a 3- to 7-fold greater relative risk in alanine or aspartate transaminase elevation (with respect to upper limit of normal) within fasiglifam recipients compared with placebo/active control: alanine or aspartate transaminase > 3×: relative risk 3.34 (95% confidence interval 2.29–4.90), alanine or aspartate transaminase > 5×: relative risk 6.60 (95% confidence interval 3.03–14.38), alanine or aspartate transaminase > 8×: relative risk 6.14 (95% confidence interval 2.18–17.27), and alanine or aspartate transaminase > 10×: relative risk 6.74 (95% confidence interval 2.05, 22.14). All elevations resolved on study drug discontinuation. Drug-induced liver injury was adjudicated as highly likely or probably related in 0.64% of fasiglifam-treated versus 0.06% placebo or active control-treated patients. Conclusion In spite of clear liver toxicity detected with a systematic surveillance program, liver safety signals were not identified from investigator adverse event reporting alone. By integrating key safety monitoring processes within the randomized design of adequately sized clinical trials, the rare but serious liver toxicity signal became clear, leading to timely program termination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay S Shavadia
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | | | | | - James Neaton
- School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Laurie DeLeve
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Phillip Home
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Robert H Eckel
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Diabetes, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Paul B Watkins
- Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Lin H, Ewing LE, Koturbash I, Gurley BJ, Miousse IR. MicroRNAs as biomarkers for liver injury: Current knowledge, challenges and future prospects. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 110:229-239. [PMID: 29042291 PMCID: PMC6693868 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short regulatory RNAs that are involved in various biological processes that regulate gene expression posttranscriptionally. Changes in miRNA expression can be detected in many physiological and pathological events, such as liver injury. Drug induced liver injury is a life threatening condition that frequently requires organ transplantation. Hepatotoxicity is also one of the major causes of drug failure in clinical trials and of drug withdrawal from the market. The profiling of miRNA expression shows great promise in monitoring liver injury, in the prediction of outcome in patients, and in the identification of liver-reactive compounds in toxicological assessment. Recent studies have demonstrated organ-specificity of some miRNAs (i.e., miR-122), which are released into biological fluids as a result of hepatocyte damage. This attests to the potential of miRNAs as noninvasive biomarkers to detect liver toxicity. This review presents information on miRNA signatures of hepatotoxicity and on the application of promising miRNA biomarkers in preclinical safety assessment. We further discuss the technical challenges associated with these emerging biomarkers for early diagnosis and detection of hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Lin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, United States.
| | - Laura E Ewing
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, United States; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, United States.
| | - Igor Koturbash
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, United States.
| | - Bill J Gurley
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72223, United States.
| | - Isabelle R Miousse
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, United States.
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Bhayana S, Song F, Jacob J, Fadda P, Denko NC, Xu-Welliver M, Chakravarti A, Jacob NK. Urinary miRNAs as Biomarkers for Noninvasive Evaluation of Radiation-Induced Renal Tubular Injury. Radiat Res 2017; 188:626-635. [PMID: 28977780 DOI: 10.1667/rr14828.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Radiation nephropathy is one of the common late effects in cancer survivors who received radiotherapy as well as in victims of radiation accidents. The clinical manifestations of radiation nephropathy occur months after exposure. To date, there are no known early biomarkers to predict the future development of radiation nephropathy. This study focuses on the development of urinary biomarkers providing readout of acute responses in renal tubular epithelial cells. An amplification-free hybridization-based nCounter assay was used to detect changes in mouse urinary miRNAs after irradiation. After a single LD50 of total-body irradiation (TBI) or clinically relevant fractionated doses (2 Gy twice daily for 3 days), changes in urinary levels of microRNAs followed either an early pattern, peaking at 6-8 h postirradiation and gradually declining, or later pattern, peaking from 24 h to 7 days. Of 600 miRNAs compared, 12 urinary miRNAs showed the acute response and seven showed the late response, common to both irradiation protocols. miR-1224 and miR-21 were of particular interest, since they were the most robust acute and late responders, respectively. The early responding miR-1224 also exhibited good dose response after 2, 4, 6 and 8 Gy TBI, indicating its potential use as a biomarker for radiation exposure. In situ hybridization of irradiated mouse kidney sections and cultured mouse primary renal tubular cells confirmed the tubular origin of miR-1224. A significant upregulation in hsa-miR-1224-3p expression was also observed in human proximal renal tubular cells after irradiation. Consistent with mouse urine data, a similar expression pattern of hsa-miR-1224-3p and hsa-miR-21 were observed in urine samples collected from human leukemia patients preconditioned with TBI. This proof-of-concept study shows the potential translational utility of urinary miRNA biomarkers for radiation damage in renal tubules with possible prediction of late effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar Bhayana
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Feifei Song
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Jidhin Jacob
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Paolo Fadda
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Nicholas C Denko
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Meng Xu-Welliver
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Arnab Chakravarti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Naduparambil K Jacob
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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Catić-Đorđević A, Cvetković T, Stefanović N, Veličković-Radovanović R. Current Biochemical Monitoring and Risk Management of Immunosuppressive Therapy after Transplantation. J Med Biochem 2017; 36:1-7. [PMID: 28680343 PMCID: PMC5471653 DOI: 10.1515/jomb-2016-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunosuppressive drugs play a crucial role in the inhibition of immune reaction and prevention of graft rejection aswell as in the pharmacotherapy of autoimmune disorders. Effective immunosuppression should provide an adequate safety profile and improve treatment outcomes and the patients' quality of life. High-risk transplant recipients may be identified, but a definitive prediction model has still not been recognized. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) for immunosuppressive drugs is an essential, but at the same time insufficient tool due to low predictability of drug exposition and marked pharmacokinetic variability. Parallel therapeutic, biochemical and clinical monitoring may successfully optimize and individualize therapy for transplanted recipients, providing optimal medical outcomes. Modern pharmacotherapy management should include new biomarkers with better sensitivity and specificity that can identify early cell damage. The aim of this study was to point out the importance of finding new biomarkers that would enable early detection of adverse drug events and cell damage in organ transplant recipients. We wanted to confirm the importance of routine biochemical monitoring in improving the safety of immunosuppressive treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tatjana Cvetković
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, and Clinic of Nephrology, Clinical Center Niš, Niš, Serbia
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Prasad S, Tyagi AK, Aggarwal BB. Detection of inflammatory biomarkers in saliva and urine: Potential in diagnosis, prevention, and treatment for chronic diseases. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 241:783-99. [PMID: 27013544 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216638770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a part of the complex biological response of inflammatory cells to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, irritants, or damaged cells. This inflammation has been linked to several chronic diseases including cancer, atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis. Major biomarkers of inflammation include tumor necrosis factor, interleukins (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-8, chemokines, cyclooxygenase, 5-lipooxygenase, and C-reactive protein, all of which are regulated by the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB. Although examining inflammatory biomarkers in blood is a standard practice, its identification in saliva and/or urine is more convenient and non-invasive. In this review, we aim to (1) discuss the detection of these inflammatory biomarkers in urine and saliva; (2) advantages of using salivary and urinary inflammatory biomarkers over blood, while also weighing on the challenges and/or limitations of their use; (3) examine their role(s) in connection with diagnosis, prevention, treatment, and drug development for several chronic diseases with inflammatory consequences, including cancer; and (4) explore the use of innovative salivary and urine based biosensor strategies that may permit the testing of biomarkers quickly, reliably, and cost-effectively, in a decentralized setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahdeo Prasad
- Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Amit K Tyagi
- Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Bharat B Aggarwal
- Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
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Krauskopf J, Verheijen M, Kleinjans JC, de Kok TM, Caiment F. Development and regulatory application of microRNA biomarkers. Biomark Med 2015; 9:1137-51. [PMID: 26502281 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.15.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs, a class of regulatory small non-coding RNAs, are emerging as promising biomarkers for different health outcomes. Due to their tissue specificity, stability in extracellular space and high conservation between preclinical test species, applications of novel miRNA-based biomarkers for drug safety testing regarding hepatotoxicity and cardiotoxicity are investigated. Furthermore, miRNA expression is altered by environmental exposure such as cigarette smoke or polychlorinated biphenyls. As a consequence, miRNAs potentially influence tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes and may influence carcinogenesis. This has raised the interest in the use of miRNA profiles for health risk assessment. This review summarizes the recent developments in miRNA research with focus on biomarkers for drug safety testing and biomarkers for health outcomes related to environmental exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Krauskopf
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marcha Verheijen
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jos C Kleinjans
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Theo M de Kok
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Florian Caiment
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Koturbash I, Tolleson WH, Guo L, Yu D, Chen S, Hong H, Mattes W, Ning B. microRNAs as pharmacogenomic biomarkers for drug efficacy and drug safety assessment. Biomark Med 2015; 9:1153-76. [PMID: 26501795 PMCID: PMC5712454 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.15.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Much evidence has documented that microRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in the modulation of interindividual variability in the production of drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters (DMETs) and nuclear receptors (NRs) through multidirectional interactions involving environmental stimuli/stressors, the expression of miRNA molecules and genetic polymorphisms. MiRNA expression has been reported to be affected by drugs and miRNAs themselves may affect drug metabolism and toxicity. In cancer research, miRNA biomarkers have been identified to mediate intrinsic and acquired resistance to cancer therapies. In drug safety assessment, miRNAs have been found associated with cardiotoxicity, hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. This review article summarizes published studies to show that miRNAs can serve as early biomarkers for the evaluation of drug efficacy and drug safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Koturbash
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - William H Tolleson
- National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food & Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Lei Guo
- National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food & Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Dianke Yu
- National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food & Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Si Chen
- National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food & Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Huixiao Hong
- National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food & Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - William Mattes
- National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food & Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Baitang Ning
- National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food & Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
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Glineur SF, De Ron P, Hanon E, Valentin JP, Dremier S, da Costa AN. Paving the Route to Plasma miR-208a-3p as an Acute Cardiac Injury Biomarker: Preclinical Rat Data Supports Its Use in Drug Safety Assessment. Toxicol Sci 2015; 149:89-97. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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11
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Kuo WT, Su MW, Lee YL, Chen CH, Wu CW, Fang WL, Huang KH, Lin WC. Bioinformatic Interrogation of 5p-arm and 3p-arm Specific miRNA Expression Using TCGA Datasets. J Clin Med 2015; 4:1798-814. [PMID: 26389959 PMCID: PMC4600160 DOI: 10.3390/jcm4091798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in cellular functions and developmental processes. They are also implicated in oncogenesis mechanisms and could serve as potential cancer biomarkers. Using high-throughput miRNA sequencing information, expression of both the 5p-arm and 3p-arm mature miRNAs were demonstrated and generated from the single miRNA hairpin precursor. However, current miRNA annotations lack comprehensive 5p-arm/3p-arm feature annotations. Among known human mature miRNAs, only half of them are annotated with arm features. This generated ambiguous results in many miRNA-Sequencing (miRNA-Seq) studies. In this report, we have interrogated the TCGA (the Cancer Genome Atlas) miRNA expression datasets with an improved, fully annotated human 5p-arm and 3p-arm miRNA reference list. By utilizing this comprehensive miRNA arm-feature annotations, enhanced determinations and clear annotations were achieved for the miRNA isoforms (isomiRs) recognized from the sequencing reads. In the gastric cancer (STAD) dataset, as an example, 32 5p-arm/3p-arm OPEN ACCESS J. Clin. Med. 2015, 4 1799 specific miRNAs were found to be down-regulated and 24 5p-arm/3p-arm specific miRNAs were found to be up-regulated. We have further extended miRNA biomarker discoveries to additional TCGA miRNA-Seq datasets and provided extensive expression information on 5p-arm/3p-arm miRNAs across multiple cancer types. Our results identified several miRNAs that could be potential common biomarkers for human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ting Kuo
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
- Institute of Biotechnology in Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Wei Su
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
| | - Yungling Leo Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-Hsiun Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
| | - Chew-Wun Wu
- Department of Surgery, Veterans General Hospital and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112,Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Liang Fang
- Department of Surgery, Veterans General Hospital and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112,Taiwan.
| | - Kuo-Hung Huang
- Department of Surgery, Veterans General Hospital and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112,Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Chang Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
- Institute of Biotechnology in Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
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Abstract
Professor Gerhard Zbinden recognized in the 1970s that the standards of the day for testing new candidate drugs in preclinical toxicity studies failed to identify acute pharmacodynamic adverse events that had the potential to harm participants in clinical trials. From his vision emerged the field of safety pharmacology, formally defined in the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) S7A guidelines as "those studies that investigate the potential undesirable pharmacodynamic effects of a substance on physiological functions in relation to exposure in the therapeutic range and above." Initially, evaluations of small-molecule pharmacodynamic safety utilized efficacy models and were an ancillary responsibility of discovery scientists. However, over time, the relationship of these studies to overall safety was reflected by the regulatory agencies who, in directing the practice of safety pharmacology through guidance documents, prompted transition of responsibility to drug safety departments (e.g., toxicology). Events that have further shaped the field over the past 15 years include the ICH S7B guidance, evolution of molecular technologies leading to identification of new therapeutic targets with uncertain toxicities, introduction of data collection using more sophisticated and refined technologies, and utilization of transgenic animal models probing critical scientific questions regarding novel targets of toxicity. The collapse of the worldwide economy in the latter half of the first decade of the twenty-first century, continuing high rates of compound attrition during clinical development and post-approval and sharply increasing costs of drug development have led to significant strategy changes, contraction of the size of pharmaceutical organizations, and refocusing of therapeutic areas of investigation. With these changes has come movement away from dedicated internal safety pharmacology capability to utilization of capabilities within external contract research organizations. This movement has created the opportunity for the safety pharmacology discipline to come "full circle" and return to the drug discovery arena (target identification through clinical candidate selection) to contribute to the mitigation of the high rate of candidate drug failure through better compound selection decision making. Finally, the changing focus of science and losses in didactic training of scientists in whole animal physiology and pharmacology have revealed a serious gap in the future availability of qualified individuals to apply the principles of safety pharmacology in support of drug discovery and development. This is a significant deficiency that at present is only partially met with academic and professional society programs advancing a minimal level of training. In summary, with the exception that the future availability of suitably trained scientists is a critical need for the field that remains to be effectively addressed, the prospects for the future of safety pharmacology are hopeful and promising, and challenging for those individuals who want to assume this responsibility. What began in the early part of the new millennium as a relatively simple model of testing to assure the safety of Phase I clinical subjects and patients from acute deleterious effects on life-supporting organ systems has grown with experience and time to a science that mobilizes the principles of cellular and molecular biology and attempts to predict acute adverse events and those associated with long-term treatment. These challenges call for scientists with a broad range of in-depth scientific knowledge and an ability to adapt to a dynamic and forever changing industry. Identifying individuals who will serve today and training those who will serve in the future will fall to all of us who are committed to this important field of science.
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Wang JH, Jiang D, Rao HY, Zhao JM, Wang Y, Wei L. Absolute quantification of serum microRNA-122 and its correlation with liver inflammation grade and serum alanine aminotransferase in chronic hepatitis C patients. Int J Infect Dis 2014; 30:52-6. [PMID: 25461662 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2014.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES MicroRNA-122 has been shown to be crucial for efficient HCV RNA replication in vitro. Pretreatment intrahepatic microRNA-122 levels in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients have been associated with the outcomes of interferon therapy. Here, we determined microRNA-122 serum levels in CHC patients and healthy donors using an absolute quantification approach and evaluated the correlation with liver inflammation grades and serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels. METHODS Serum samples were collected from 105 treatment-naive CHC patients, 11 acute hepatitis patients, and 33 healthy donors. Serum microRNA-122 was measured using the TaqMan RT-qPCR. The cycle threshold values were converted to copy numbers by drawing a standard curve using a chemical synthetic standard. For accurate quantification, copy numbers were further normalized according to the recovery ratios of spiked-in cel-miR-39. RESULTS Serum levels of microRNA-122 were significantly higher in acute hepatitis and CHC patients than in healthy donors (p<0.001). However, there was no significant association between microRNA-122 and ALT serum levels or liver inflammation grades. CONCLUSIONS The present study showed that serum microRNA-122 was elevated in acute and chronic hepatitis patients. However, this biomarker for acute liver injury did not reflect the liver inflammation activity in CHC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-hua Wang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Hepatology Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hepatitis C and Immunotherapy for Liver Diseases, No. 11, Xizhimen South Street, Beijing 100044, China; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Dong Jiang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Hepatology Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hepatitis C and Immunotherapy for Liver Diseases, No. 11, Xizhimen South Street, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Hui-yng Rao
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Hepatology Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hepatitis C and Immunotherapy for Liver Diseases, No. 11, Xizhimen South Street, Beijing 100044, China
| | | | - Yu Wang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Lai Wei
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Hepatology Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hepatitis C and Immunotherapy for Liver Diseases, No. 11, Xizhimen South Street, Beijing 100044, China; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing 102206, China.
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