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Sholl LM, Awad M, Basu Roy U, Beasley MB, Cartun RW, Hwang DM, Kalemkerian G, Lopez-Rios F, Mino-Kenudson M, Paintal A, Reid K, Ritterhouse L, Souter LA, Swanson PE, Ventura CB, Furtado LV. Programmed Death Ligand-1 and Tumor Mutation Burden Testing of Patients With Lung Cancer for Selection of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapies: Guideline From the College of American Pathologists, Association for Molecular Pathology, International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, Pulmonary Pathology Society, and LUNGevity Foundation. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2024; 148:757-774. [PMID: 38625026 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2023-0536-cp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT.— Rapid advancements in the understanding and manipulation of tumor-immune interactions have led to the approval of immune therapies for patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Certain immune checkpoint inhibitor therapies require the use of companion diagnostics, but methodologic variability has led to uncertainty around test selection and implementation in practice. OBJECTIVE.— To develop evidence-based guideline recommendations for the testing of immunotherapy/immunomodulatory biomarkers, including programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) and tumor mutation burden (TMB), in patients with lung cancer. DESIGN.— The College of American Pathologists convened a panel of experts in non-small cell lung cancer and biomarker testing to develop evidence-based recommendations in accordance with the standards for trustworthy clinical practice guidelines established by the National Academy of Medicine. A systematic literature review was conducted to address 8 key questions. Using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach, recommendations were created from the available evidence, certainty of that evidence, and key judgments as defined in the GRADE Evidence to Decision framework. RESULTS.— Six recommendation statements were developed. CONCLUSIONS.— This guideline summarizes the current understanding and hurdles associated with the use of PD-L1 expression and TMB testing for immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy selection in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer and presents evidence-based recommendations for PD-L1 and TMB testing in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynette M Sholl
- From the Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (Sholl)
| | - Mark Awad
- Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (Awad)
| | - Upal Basu Roy
- Translational Science Research Program, LUNGevity Foundation, Chicago, Illinois (Basu Roy)
| | - Mary Beth Beasley
- the Department of Anatomic Pathology and Clinical Pathology, Mt. Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York (Beasley)
| | - Richard Walter Cartun
- the Department of Anatomic Pathology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut (Cartun)
| | - David M Hwang
- the Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, Sunnybrook Health Science Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Hwang)
| | - Gregory Kalemkerian
- the Department of Medical Oncology and Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health, Ann Arbor (Kalemkerian)
| | - Fernando Lopez-Rios
- Pathology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain (Lopez-Rios)
| | - Mari Mino-Kenudson
- the Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Mino-Kenudson)
| | - Ajit Paintal
- the Department of Pathology, NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, Illinois (Paintal)
| | - Kearin Reid
- Governance (Reid) and the Pathology and Laboratory Quality Center for Evidence-based Guidelines, College of American Pathologists, Northfield, Illinois(Ventura)
| | - Lauren Ritterhouse
- the Department of Pathology, Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, Massachusetts (Ritterhouse)
| | | | - Paul E Swanson
- the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle (Swanson)
| | - Christina B Ventura
- Governance (Reid) and the Pathology and Laboratory Quality Center for Evidence-based Guidelines, College of American Pathologists, Northfield, Illinois(Ventura)
| | - Larissa V Furtado
- the Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (Furtado)
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2
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Budczies J, Romanovsky E, Kirchner M, Neumann O, Blasi M, Schnorbach J, Shah R, Bozorgmehr F, Savai R, Stiewe T, Peters S, Schirmacher P, Thomas M, Kazdal D, Christopoulos P, Stenzinger A. KRAS and TP53 co-mutation predicts benefit of immune checkpoint blockade in lung adenocarcinoma. Br J Cancer 2024:10.1038/s41416-024-02746-z. [PMID: 38866964 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-024-02746-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Predictive biomarkers in use for immunotherapy in advanced non-small cell lung cancer are of limited sensitivity and specificity. We analysed the potential of activating KRAS and pathogenic TP53 mutations to provide additional predictive information. METHODS The study cohort included 713 consecutive immunotherapy patients with advanced lung adenocarcinomas, negative for actionable genetic alterations. Additionally, two previously published immunotherapy and two surgical patient cohorts were analyzed. Therapy benefit was stratified by KRAS and TP53 mutations. Molecular characteristics underlying KRASmut/TP53mut tumours were revealed by the analysis of TCGA data. RESULTS An interaction between KRAS and TP53 mutations was observed in univariate and multivariate analyses of overall survival (Hazard ratio [HR] = 0.56, p = 0.0044 and HR = 0.53, p = 0.0021) resulting in a stronger benefit for KRASmut/TP53mut tumours (HR = 0.71, CI 0.55-0.92). This observation was confirmed in immunotherapy cohorts but not observed in surgical cohorts. Tumour mutational burden, proliferation, and PD-L1 mRNA were significantly higher in TP53-mutated tumours, regardless of KRAS status. Genome-wide expression analysis revealed 64 genes, including CX3CL1 (fractalkine), as specific transcriptomic characteristic of KRASmut/TP53mut tumours. CONCLUSIONS KRAS/TP53 co-mutation predicts ICI benefit in univariate and multivariate survival analyses and is associated with unique molecular tumour features. Mutation testing of the two genes can be easily implemented using small NGS panels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Budczies
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Center for Personalized Medicine (ZPM), Heidelberg, Germany.
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC-H), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Eva Romanovsky
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martina Kirchner
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Olaf Neumann
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Miriam Blasi
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC-H), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Thoraxklinik, Heidelberg University Hospital and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, a partnership between DKFZ and Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Schnorbach
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC-H), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Thoraxklinik, Heidelberg University Hospital and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, a partnership between DKFZ and Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rajiv Shah
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC-H), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Thoraxklinik, Heidelberg University Hospital and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, a partnership between DKFZ and Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Farastuk Bozorgmehr
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC-H), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Thoraxklinik, Heidelberg University Hospital and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, a partnership between DKFZ and Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rajkumar Savai
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Thorsten Stiewe
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Solange Peters
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne University, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Peter Schirmacher
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Center for Personalized Medicine (ZPM), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Thomas
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC-H), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Thoraxklinik, Heidelberg University Hospital and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, a partnership between DKFZ and Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Kazdal
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Center for Personalized Medicine (ZPM), Heidelberg, Germany
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC-H), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Petros Christopoulos
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC-H), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Thoraxklinik, Heidelberg University Hospital and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, a partnership between DKFZ and Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Albrecht Stenzinger
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Center for Personalized Medicine (ZPM), Heidelberg, Germany
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC-H), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
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Furtado LV, Bifulco C, Dolderer D, Hsiao SJ, Kipp BR, Lindeman NI, Ritterhouse LL, Temple-Smolkin RL, Zehir A, Nowak JA. Recommendations for Tumor Mutational Burden Assay Validation and Reporting: A Joint Consensus Recommendation of the Association for Molecular Pathology, College of American Pathologists, and Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer. J Mol Diagn 2024:S1525-1578(24)00115-6. [PMID: 38851389 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2024.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Tumor mutational burden (TMB) has been recognized as a predictive biomarker for immunotherapy response in several tumor types. Several laboratories offer TMB testing, but there is significant variation in how TMB is calculated, reported, and interpreted among laboratories. TMB standardization efforts are underway, but no published guidance for TMB validation and reporting is currently available. Recognizing the current challenges of clinical TMB testing, the Association for Molecular Pathology convened a multidisciplinary collaborative working group with representation from the American Society of Clinical Oncology, the College of American Pathologists, and the Society for the Immunotherapy of Cancer to review the laboratory practices surrounding TMB and develop recommendations for the analytical validation and reporting of TMB testing based on survey data, literature review, and expert consensus. These recommendations encompass pre-analytical, analytical, and postanalytical factors of TMB analysis, and they emphasize the relevance of comprehensive methodological descriptions to allow comparability between assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa V Furtado
- The Tumor Mutational Burden Working Group of the Clinical Practice Committee, Association for Molecular Pathology, Rockville, Maryland; Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee.
| | - Carlo Bifulco
- The Tumor Mutational Burden Working Group of the Clinical Practice Committee, Association for Molecular Pathology, Rockville, Maryland; Department of Pathology, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, Oregon
| | - Daniel Dolderer
- The Tumor Mutational Burden Working Group of the Clinical Practice Committee, Association for Molecular Pathology, Rockville, Maryland; Department of Pathology, Jupiter Medical Center, Jupiter, Florida
| | - Susan J Hsiao
- The Tumor Mutational Burden Working Group of the Clinical Practice Committee, Association for Molecular Pathology, Rockville, Maryland; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Benjamin R Kipp
- The Tumor Mutational Burden Working Group of the Clinical Practice Committee, Association for Molecular Pathology, Rockville, Maryland; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Neal I Lindeman
- The Tumor Mutational Burden Working Group of the Clinical Practice Committee, Association for Molecular Pathology, Rockville, Maryland; Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Lauren L Ritterhouse
- The Tumor Mutational Burden Working Group of the Clinical Practice Committee, Association for Molecular Pathology, Rockville, Maryland; Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Ahmet Zehir
- The Tumor Mutational Burden Working Group of the Clinical Practice Committee, Association for Molecular Pathology, Rockville, Maryland; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Jonathan A Nowak
- The Tumor Mutational Burden Working Group of the Clinical Practice Committee, Association for Molecular Pathology, Rockville, Maryland; Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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4
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Tanwar NA, Malhotra R, Satheesh AP, Khuntia SP, Sreekanthreddy P, Varghese L, Kolla S, Chandrani P, Choughule A, Pange P, Gupta V, Noronha V, Patil VM, Pramanik R, Kumar S, Nayak SP, Babu S, Shetty R, Kantharaju M, Chinder PS, Korlimarla A, Srinath BS, Prabhash K, Rishi KD, Goswami HM, Veldore VH. Understanding the Impact of Population and Cancer Type on Tumor Mutation Burden Scores: A Comprehensive Whole-Exome Study in Cancer Patients From India. JCO Glob Oncol 2023; 9:e2300047. [PMID: 38085046 PMCID: PMC10846780 DOI: 10.1200/go.23.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to understand the impact of population diversity and geographic variation on tumor mutation burden (TMB) scores across cancers and its implication on stratification of patients for immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS This retrospective study used whole-exome sequencing (WES) to profile 1,233 Indian patients with cancer across 30 different cancer types and to estimate their TMB scores. A WES-based pipeline was adopted, along with an indigenously developed strategy for arriving at true somatic mutations. A robust unsupervised machine learning approach was used to understand the distribution of TMB scores across different populations and within the population. RESULTS The results of the study showed a biphasic distribution of TMB scores in most cancers, with different threshold scores across cancer types. Patients with cancer in India had higher TMB scores compared with the Caucasian patients. We also observed that the TMB score value at 90th percentile (predicting high efficacy to ICI) was high in four different cancer types (sarcoma, ovary, head and neck, and breast) in the Indian cohort as compared with The Cancer Genome Atlas or public cohort. However, in lung and colorectal cancers, the TMB score distribution was similar between the two population cohorts. CONCLUSION The findings of this study indicate that it is crucial to benchmark both cancer-specific and population-specific TMB distributions to establish a TMB threshold for each cancer in various populations. Additional prospective studies on much larger population across different cancers are warranted to validate this observation to become the standard of care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Anuradha Choughule
- Medical Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Priyanka Pange
- Medical Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Vinod Gupta
- Medical Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Vanita Noronha
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
| | | | | | | | | | - Suresh Babu
- Fortis Cancer Research Centre, Bangalore, India
| | | | | | | | - Aruna Korlimarla
- Sri Shankara Cancer Hospital & Research Centre, Bangalore, India
| | - BS Srinath
- Sri Shankara Cancer Hospital & Research Centre, Bangalore, India
| | - Kumar Prabhash
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
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5
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Markham JF, Fellowes AP, Green T, Leal JL, Legaie R, Cullerne D, Morris T, John T, Solomon B, Fox SB. Predicting response to immune checkpoint blockade in NSCLC with tumour-only RNA-seq. Br J Cancer 2023; 128:1148-1154. [PMID: 36572732 PMCID: PMC10006283 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-02105-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Targeted RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) from FFPE specimens is used clinically in cancer for its ability to estimate gene expression and to detect fusions. Using a cohort of NSCLC patients, we sought to determine whether targeted RNA-seq could be used to measure tumour mutational burden (TMB) and the expression of immune-cell-restricted genes from FFPE specimens and whether these could predict response to immune checkpoint blockade. METHODS Using The Cancer Genome Atlas LUAD dataset, we developed a method for determining TMB from tumour-only RNA-seq and showed a correlation with DNA sequencing derived TMB calculated from tumour/normal sample pairs (Spearman correlation = 0.79, 95% CI [0.73, 0.83]. We applied this method to targeted sequencing data from our patient cohort and validated these results against TMB estimates obtained using an orthogonal assay (Spearman correlation = 0.49, 95% CI [0.24, 0.68]). RESULTS We observed that the RNA measure of TMB was significantly higher in responders to immune blockade treatment (P = 0.028) and that it was predictive of response (AUC = 0.640 with 95% CI [0.493, 0.786]). By contrast, the expression of immune-cell-restricted genes was uncorrelated with patient outcome. CONCLUSION TMB calculated from targeted RNA sequencing has a similar diagnostic ability to TMB generated from targeted DNA sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Markham
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC, 3000, Australia
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew P Fellowes
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC, 3000, Australia.
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Thomas Green
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC, 3000, Australia
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jose Luis Leal
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC, 3000, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Roxane Legaie
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC, 3000, Australia
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Darren Cullerne
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Tessa Morris
- Southern Blood and Cancer Service, Te Whatu Ora Southern, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Mercy Cancer Care, Mercy Hospital, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Tom John
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC, 3000, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ben Solomon
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC, 3000, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen B Fox
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC, 3000, Australia
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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6
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Walker R, Georgeson P, Mahmood K, Joo JE, Makalic E, Clendenning M, Como J, Preston S, Joseland S, Pope BJ, Hutchinson RA, Kasem K, Walsh MD, Macrae FA, Win AK, Hopper JL, Mouradov D, Gibbs P, Sieber OM, O'Sullivan DE, Brenner DR, Gallinger S, Jenkins MA, Rosty C, Winship IM, Buchanan DD. Evaluating Multiple Next-Generation Sequencing-Derived Tumor Features to Accurately Predict DNA Mismatch Repair Status. J Mol Diagn 2023; 25:94-109. [PMID: 36396080 PMCID: PMC10424255 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2022.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying tumor DNA mismatch repair deficiency (dMMR) is important for precision medicine. Tumor features, individually and in combination, derived from whole-exome sequenced (WES) colorectal cancers (CRCs) and panel-sequenced CRCs, endometrial cancers (ECs), and sebaceous skin tumors (SSTs) were assessed for their accuracy in detecting dMMR. CRCs (n = 300) with WES, where mismatch repair status was determined by immunohistochemistry, were assessed for microsatellite instability (MSMuTect, MANTIS, MSIseq, and MSISensor), Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer tumor mutational signatures, and somatic mutation counts. A 10-fold cross-validation approach (100 repeats) evaluated the dMMR prediction accuracy for i) individual features, ii) Lasso statistical model, and iii) an additive feature combination approach. Panel-sequenced tumors (29 CRCs, 22 ECs, and 20 SSTs) were assessed for the top performing dMMR predicting features/models using these three approaches. For WES CRCs, 10 features provided >80% dMMR prediction accuracy, with MSMuTect, MSIseq, and MANTIS achieving ≥99% accuracy. The Lasso model achieved 98.3% accuracy. The additive feature approach, with three or more of six of MSMuTect, MANTIS, MSIseq, MSISensor, insertion-deletion count, or tumor mutational signature small insertion/deletion 2 + small insertion/deletion 7 achieved 99.7% accuracy. For the panel-sequenced tumors, the additive feature combination approach of three or more of six achieved accuracies of 100%, 95.5%, and 100% for CRCs, ECs, and SSTs, respectively. The microsatellite instability calling tools performed well in WES CRCs; however, an approach combining tumor features may improve dMMR prediction in both WES and panel-sequenced data across tissue types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romy Walker
- Colorectal Oncogenomics Group, Department of Clinical Pathology, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; University of Melbourne Centre for Cancer Research, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter Georgeson
- Colorectal Oncogenomics Group, Department of Clinical Pathology, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; University of Melbourne Centre for Cancer Research, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Khalid Mahmood
- Colorectal Oncogenomics Group, Department of Clinical Pathology, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; University of Melbourne Centre for Cancer Research, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Melbourne Bioinformatics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jihoon E Joo
- Colorectal Oncogenomics Group, Department of Clinical Pathology, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; University of Melbourne Centre for Cancer Research, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Enes Makalic
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark Clendenning
- Colorectal Oncogenomics Group, Department of Clinical Pathology, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; University of Melbourne Centre for Cancer Research, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julia Como
- Colorectal Oncogenomics Group, Department of Clinical Pathology, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; University of Melbourne Centre for Cancer Research, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Susan Preston
- Colorectal Oncogenomics Group, Department of Clinical Pathology, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; University of Melbourne Centre for Cancer Research, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sharelle Joseland
- Colorectal Oncogenomics Group, Department of Clinical Pathology, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; University of Melbourne Centre for Cancer Research, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bernard J Pope
- Colorectal Oncogenomics Group, Department of Clinical Pathology, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Melbourne Bioinformatics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ryan A Hutchinson
- Colorectal Oncogenomics Group, Department of Clinical Pathology, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; University of Melbourne Centre for Cancer Research, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kais Kasem
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Medicine Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael D Walsh
- Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Bowen Hills, Queensland, Australia
| | - Finlay A Macrae
- Genomic Medicine and Family Cancer Clinic, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Colorectal Medicine and Genetics, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aung K Win
- University of Melbourne Centre for Cancer Research, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - John L Hopper
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dmitri Mouradov
- Personalized Oncology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medial Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter Gibbs
- Personalized Oncology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medial Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Oncology, Western Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Oliver M Sieber
- Personalized Oncology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medial Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dylan E O'Sullivan
- Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Darren R Brenner
- Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Steven Gallinger
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark A Jenkins
- University of Melbourne Centre for Cancer Research, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christophe Rosty
- Colorectal Oncogenomics Group, Department of Clinical Pathology, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; University of Melbourne Centre for Cancer Research, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Envoi Specialist Pathologists, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ingrid M Winship
- Genomic Medicine and Family Cancer Clinic, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel D Buchanan
- Colorectal Oncogenomics Group, Department of Clinical Pathology, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; University of Melbourne Centre for Cancer Research, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Genomic Medicine and Family Cancer Clinic, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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7
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Seol HS, Oh JH, Choi E, Kim S, Kim H, Nam EJ. Preclinical investigation of patient-derived cervical cancer organoids for precision medicine. J Gynecol Oncol 2022; 34:e35. [PMID: 36659831 PMCID: PMC10157333 DOI: 10.3802/jgo.2023.34.e35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Advanced cervical cancer is still difficult to treat and in the case of recurrent cancer, it is desirable to utilize personalized treatment rather than uniform treatment because the type of recurrence is different for each individual. Therefore, this study aimed to establish a patient-derived organoid (PDO) platform to determine the effects of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted therapy in cervical cancer. METHODS We established organoids from 4 patients with various types of cervical cancer. The histopathological and gene profiles of these organoid models were compared to determine their characteristics and the maintenance of the patient phenotype. Each type of organoid was also subjected to anticancer drug screening and radiation therapy to evaluate its sensitivity. RESULTS We established PDOs to recapitulate the main elements of the original patient tumors, including the DNA copy number and mutational profile. We selected 7 drugs that showed growth inhibition in cervical cancer organoids out of 171 using an Food and Drug Administration-approved drug library. Moreover, adenocarcinoma and large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma showed resistance to radiation therapy. whereas squamous cell carcinoma and villoglandular carcinoma showed a significant response to radiotherapy. CONCLUSION Our results showed that patient-derived cervical cancer organoids can be used as a platform for drug and radiation sensitivity testing. These findings suggest that patient-derived cervical cancer organoids could be used as a personalized medicine platform and may provide the best treatment options for patients with various subtypes of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyang Sook Seol
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Women's Medical Life Science, Yonsei Cancer Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ju Hee Oh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Women's Medical Life Science, Yonsei Cancer Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eunhye Choi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Women's Medical Life Science, Yonsei Cancer Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - SangMin Kim
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyunki Kim
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Ji Nam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Women's Medical Life Science, Yonsei Cancer Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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8
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Hayes DF, Herbst RS, Myles JL, Topalian SL, Yohe SL, Aronson N, Bellizzi AM, Basu Roy U, Bradshaw G, Edwards RH, El-Gabry EA, Elvin J, Gajewski TF, McShane LM, Oberley M, Philip R, Rimm DL, Rosenbaum JN, Rubin EH, Schlager L, Sherwood SW, Stewart M, Taube JM, Thurin M, Vasalos P, Laser J. Proceedings From the ASCO/College of American Pathologists Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Predictive Biomarker Summit. JCO Precis Oncol 2022; 6:e2200454. [PMID: 36446042 PMCID: PMC10530621 DOI: 10.1200/po.22.00454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) therapy represents one of the great advances in the field of oncology, highlighted by the Nobel Prize in 2018. Multiple predictive biomarkers for ICI benefit have been proposed. These include assessment of programmed death ligand-1 expression by immunohistochemistry, and determination of mutational genotype (microsatellite instability or mismatch repair deficiency or tumor mutational burden) as a reflection of neoantigen expression. However, deployment of these assays has been challenging for oncologists and pathologists alike. METHODS To address these issues, ASCO and the College of American Pathologists convened a virtual Predictive Factor Summit from September 14 to 15, 2021. Representatives from the academic community, US Food and Drug Administration, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, National Institutes of Health, health insurance organizations, pharmaceutical companies, in vitro diagnostics manufacturers, and patient advocate organizations presented state-of-the-art predictive factors for ICI, associated problems, and possible solutions. RESULTS The Summit provided an overview of the challenges and opportunities for improvement in assay execution, interpretation, and clinical applications of programmed death ligand-1, microsatellite instability-high or mismatch repair deficient, and tumor mutational burden-high for ICI therapies, as well as issues related to regulation, reimbursement, and next-generation ICI biomarker development. CONCLUSION The Summit concluded with a plan to generate a joint ASCO/College of American Pathologists strategy for consideration of future research in each of these areas to improve tumor biomarker tests for ICI therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Suzanne L. Topalian
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Baltimore, MD
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Robin H. Edwards
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, New York, NY (at time of summit)
- Daiichi Sankyo Inc, Baskin Ridge, NJ
| | - Ehab A. El-Gabry
- Roche Tissue Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN
- Akoya Biosciences, Marlborough, MA
| | | | | | - Lisa M. McShane
- National Institutes of Health/National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Reena Philip
- United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD
| | | | - Jason N. Rosenbaum
- Kaiser Permanente Northern California Regional Genetics Laboratory, San Jose, CA
| | | | - Lisa Schlager
- FORCE: Facing Our Risk of Cancer Empowered, Tampa, FL
| | | | | | - Janis M. Taube
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Baltimore, MD
| | - Magdalena Thurin
- National Institutes of Health/National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
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9
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Xiang X, Li Y, Yang X, Guo W, Zhou P. Clinical utility of tumour mutational burden on efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors in malignant solid tumours: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e058692. [PMID: 35926995 PMCID: PMC9358952 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-058692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A major development in solid malignancy treatment is the application of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), which have produced durable responses and increased survival rates. However, the therapeutic effect of ICIs has great heterogeneity in patients with cancer. We propose a systematic review to evaluate the predictive value of tumour mutation burden (TMB) on efficacy of ICIs. METHODS AND ANALYSIS A systematic literature search will be conducted in the PubMed, OVID, Web of Science, Embase and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials Library databases up to 31 May 2022. We will compare the efficacy of ICIs between TMB high group and TMB low group in terms of the HRs of overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS), and the OR of the objective response rate/overall response rate (ORR). The HRs of PFS and OS, and the OR of ORR, will be measured by an inverse variance weighted fixed effects model (I2≤50%) or a DerSimonian-Laird random effects model (I2>50%). In addition, subgroup analysis, sensitivity analysis, heterogeneity analysis and publication bias will be conducted. We plan to conduct a subgroup analysis on age, sex, area, number of patients (high/low TMB), cancer type, tumour size, stage, line of therapy, TMB sequencing method, type of immunotherapy and follow-up period. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethical approval and informed consent are not needed, as the study will be a literature review and will not involve direct contact with patients or alterations to patient care. This systematic review is anticipated to be finished in December 2023, and the results will be published in a peer-reviewed journal. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42021262480.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Xiang
- Basic Medical Laboratory, People's Liberation Army The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yunming Li
- Department of Information, People's Liberation Army The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Statistics, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoguang Yang
- Department of Information, People's Liberation Army The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wang Guo
- Department of Information, People's Liberation Army The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Statistics, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Pengfei Zhou
- Department of Information, People's Liberation Army The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
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10
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Budczies J, Kluck K, Beck S, Ourailidis I, Allgäuer M, Menzel M, Kazdal D, Perkhofer L, Kleger A, Schirmacher P, Seufferlein T, Stenzinger A. Homologous recombination deficiency is inversely correlated with microsatellite instability and identifies immunologically cold tumors in most cancer types. JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY CLINICAL RESEARCH 2022; 8:371-382. [PMID: 35384413 PMCID: PMC9161338 DOI: 10.1002/cjp2.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) leads to DNA double‐strand breaks and can be exploited by the use of poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors to induce synthetic lethality. Extending the original therapeutic concept, the role of HRD is currently being investigated in clinical trials testing immune checkpoint blockers alone or in combination with PARP inhibitors, but the relationship between HRD and immune cell context in cancer is incompletely understood. We analyzed the association between immune cell composition, gene expression, and HRD in 9,041 tumors of 32 solid cancer types from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). The numbers of genomic scars were quantified by the HRD sum score (HRDsum) including loss of heterozygosity, large‐scale state transitions, and telomeric allelic imbalance. The T‐cell inflamed gene expression profile correlated weakly, but significantly positively, with HRDsum across cancer types (ρ = 0.17). Within individual cancer types, a significantly positive correlation was observed only in breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and four other cancer types, but not in the remaining 26 cancer types. HRDsum and tumor mutational burden (TMB) correlated significantly positively across cancer types (ρ = 0.42) and within 18 cancer types. HRDsum and a proliferation metagene correlated significantly positively across cancer types (ρ = 0.52) and within 20 cancer types. Mismatch repair deficiency and HRD as well as proofreading deficiency showed a high level of exclusivity. High HRD scores were associated with an immunologically activated tumor microenvironment only in a minority of cancer types. Our data favor the combination of genetic markers, complex genomic markers (including HRDsum and TMB), and other molecular markers (including proliferation scores) for a precise and comprehensive read‐out of the tumor biology and an individually tailored treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Budczies
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Centers for Personalized Medicine (ZPM), Heidelberg and Ulm Partner Sites, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klaus Kluck
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Susanne Beck
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Michael Allgäuer
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Menzel
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Kazdal
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lukas Perkhofer
- Centers for Personalized Medicine (ZPM), Heidelberg and Ulm Partner Sites, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine 1, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Alexander Kleger
- Centers for Personalized Medicine (ZPM), Heidelberg and Ulm Partner Sites, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine 1, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Peter Schirmacher
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Centers for Personalized Medicine (ZPM), Heidelberg and Ulm Partner Sites, Germany
| | - Thomas Seufferlein
- Centers for Personalized Medicine (ZPM), Heidelberg and Ulm Partner Sites, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine 1, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Albrecht Stenzinger
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Centers for Personalized Medicine (ZPM), Heidelberg and Ulm Partner Sites, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
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11
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Sung MT, Wang YH, Li CF. Open the Technical Black Box of Tumor Mutational Burden (TMB): Factors Affecting Harmonization and Standardization of Panel-Based TMB. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095097. [PMID: 35563486 PMCID: PMC9103036 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
As tumor mutational burden (TMB) has been approved as a predictive biomarker for immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), next-generation sequencing (NGS) TMB panels are being increasingly used clinically. However, only a few of them have been validated in clinical trials or authorized by administration. The harmonization and standardization of TMB panels are thus essential for clinical implementation. In this review, preanalytic, sequencing, bioinformatics and interpretative factors are summarized to provide a comprehensive picture of how the different factors affect the estimation of panel-based TMB. Among the factors, poor DNA quality, improper formalin fixation and residual germline variants after filtration may overestimate TMB, while low tumor purity may decrease the sensitivity of the TMB panel. In addition, a small panel size leads to more variability when comparing with true TMB values detected by whole-exome sequencing (WES). A panel covering a genomic region of more than 1Mb is more stable for harmonization and standardization. Because the TMB estimate reflects the sum of effects from multiple factors, deliberation based on laboratory and specimen quality, as well as clinical information, is essential for decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Ta Sung
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 104217, Taiwan;
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Mennonite Christian Hospital, Hualien 970472, Taiwan
| | - Yeh-Han Wang
- Division of Pathology and Medical Informatics, ACT Genomics Co., Ltd., Taipei 114065, Taiwan
- ACT Precision Medicine Clinic, Taipei 114063, Taiwan
- College of Nursing, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei 112303, Taiwan
- Institute of Public Health, National Yang Ming Chao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
| | - Chien-Feng Li
- Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan 710402, Taiwan;
- Institute of Precision Medicine, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804201, Taiwan
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan 704016, Taiwan
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12
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Motzer RJ, Choueiri TK, McDermott DF, Powles T, Vano YA, Gupta S, Yao J, Han C, Ammar R, Papillon-Cavanagh S, Saggi SS, McHenry MB, Ross-Macdonald P, Wind-Rotolo M. Biomarker analysis from CheckMate 214: nivolumab plus ipilimumab versus sunitinib in renal cell carcinoma. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2021-004316. [PMID: 35304405 PMCID: PMC8935174 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-004316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The phase 3 CheckMate 214 trial demonstrated higher response rates and improved overall survival with nivolumab plus ipilimumab versus sunitinib in first-line therapy for advanced clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC). An unmet need exists to identify patients with RCC who are most likely to benefit from treatment with nivolumab plus ipilimumab. METHODS In exploratory analyses, pretreatment levels of programmed death ligand 1 were assessed by immunohistochemistry. Genomic and transcriptomic biomarkers (including tumor mutational burden and gene expression signatures) were also investigated. RESULTS Biomarkers previously associated with benefit from immune checkpoint inhibitor-containing regimens in RCC were not predictive for survival in patients with RCC treated with nivolumab plus ipilimumab. Analysis of gene expression identified an association between an inflammatory response and progression-free survival with nivolumab plus ipilimumab. CONCLUSIONS The exploratory analyses reveal relationships between molecular biomarkers and provide supportive data on how the inflammation status of the tumor microenvironment may be important for identifying predictive biomarkers of response and survival with combination immunotherapy in patients with RCC. Further validation may help to provide biomarker-driven precision treatment for patients with RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Motzer
- Kidney Cancer Section, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Toni K Choueiri
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Yann-Alexandre Vano
- Medical Oncology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, APHP-Centre, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Inflammation, Complement and Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Saurabh Gupta
- Translational Medicine, Bristol Myers Squibb Co, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jin Yao
- Translational Medicine, Bristol Myers Squibb Co, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Celine Han
- Translational Medicine, Bristol Myers Squibb Co, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ron Ammar
- Translational Medicine, Bristol Myers Squibb Co, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Shruti S Saggi
- Translational Medicine, Bristol Myers Squibb Co, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - M Brent McHenry
- Translational Medicine, Bristol Myers Squibb Co, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Megan Wind-Rotolo
- Translational Medicine, Bristol Myers Squibb Co, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
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13
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Abstract
This overview of the molecular pathology of lung cancer includes a review of the most salient molecular alterations of the genome, transcriptome, and the epigenome. The insights provided by the growing use of next-generation sequencing (NGS) in lung cancer will be discussed, and interrelated concepts such as intertumor heterogeneity, intratumor heterogeneity, tumor mutational burden, and the advent of liquid biopsy will be explored. Moreover, this work describes how the evolving field of molecular pathology refines the understanding of different histologic phenotypes of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and the underlying biology of small-cell lung cancer. This review will provide an appreciation for how ongoing scientific findings and technologic advances in molecular pathology are crucial for development of biomarkers, therapeutic agents, clinical trials, and ultimately improved patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Saller
- Departments of Pathology and Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA
| | - Theresa A Boyle
- Departments of Pathology and Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA
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14
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Kim M, Hwang J, Kim KA, Hwang S, Lee HJ, Jung JY, Lee JG, Cha YJ, Shim HS. Genomic characteristics of invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma of the lung with multiple pulmonary sites of involvement. Mod Pathol 2022; 35:202-209. [PMID: 34290355 PMCID: PMC8786658 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-021-00872-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma (IMA) of the lung frequently presents with diffuse pneumonic-type features or multifocal lesions, which are regarded as a pattern of intrapulmonary metastases. However, the genomics of multifocal IMAs have not been well studied. We performed whole exome sequencing on samples taken from 2 to 5 regions in seven patients with synchronous multifocal IMAs of the lung (24 regions total). Early initiating driver events, such as KRAS, NKX2-1, TP53, or ARID1A mutations, are clonal mutations and were present in all multifocal IMAs in each patient. The tumor mutational burden of multifocal IMAs was low (mean: 1.13/mega base), but further analyses suggested intra-tumor heterogeneity. The mutational signature analysis found that IMAs were predominantly associated with endogenous mutational process (signature 1), APOBEC activity (signatures 2 and 13), and defective DNA mismatch repair (signature 6), but not related to smoking signature. IMAs synchronously located in the bilateral lower lobes of two patients with background usual interstitial pneumonia had different mutation types, suggesting that they were double primaries. In conclusion, genomic evidence found in this study indicated the clonal intrapulmonary spread of diffuse pneumonic-type or multifocal IMAs, although they can occur in multicentric origins in the background of usual interstitial pneumonia. IMAs exhibited a heterogeneous genomic landscape despite the low somatic mutation burden. Further studies are warranted to determine the clinical significance of the genomic characteristics of IMAs in expanded cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moonsik Kim
- Department of Pathology, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinha Hwang
- Macrogen Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung A Kim
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sohyun Hwang
- Department of Pathology, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Jeong Lee
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiological Science, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Ye Jung
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Gu Lee
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Jin Cha
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Sup Shim
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Willis C, Bauer H, Au TH, Menon J, Unni S, Tran D, Rivers Z, Akerley W, Schabath MB, Badin F, Sekhon A, Patel M, Xia B, Gustafson B, Villano JL, Thomas JM, Lubinga SJ, Cantrell MA, Brixner D, Stenehjem D. Real-world survival analysis by tumor mutational burden in non-small cell lung cancer: a multisite U.S. study. Oncotarget 2022; 13:257-270. [PMID: 35111281 PMCID: PMC8803368 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.28178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor mutational burden (TMB) is a potential biomarker to predict tumor response to immuno-oncology agents in patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). MATERIALS AND METHODS A multi-site cohort study evaluated patients diagnosed with stage IV NSCLC between 2012 and 2019 who had received comprehensive genomic profiling (CGP) and any NSCLC-related treatment at 9 U.S. cancer centers. Baseline characteristics and clinical outcomes were compared between patients with TMB <10 and TMB ≥10. RESULTS Among the 667 patients with CGP results, most patients received CGP from Foundation Medicine (64%) or Caris (20%). Patients with TMB ≥10 (vs. TMB <10) were associated with a positive smoking history. TMB was associated with ALK (p = 0.01), EGFR (p < 0.01), and TP53 (p < 0.05) alterations. TMB >10 showed a significant association towards longer overall survival (OS) (HR: 0.43, 95% CI: 0.21-0.88, p = 0.02) and progression-free survival (PFS) (HR: 0.43, 95% CI: 0.21-0.85, p = 0.02) in patients treated with first-line immunotherapy and tested by Foundation Medicine or Caris at treatment initiation. CONCLUSIONS TMB levels greater than or equal to 10 mut/Mb, when tested by Foundation Medicine or Caris at treatment initiation, were significantly associated with improved OS and PFS among patients treated with first-line immunotherapy-containing regimens. Additional prospective research is warranted to validate this biomarker along with PD-L1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor Willis
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Hillevi Bauer
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Trang H. Au
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jyothi Menon
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Sudhir Unni
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Dao Tran
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Zachary Rivers
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Wallace Akerley
- Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Matthew B. Schabath
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Firas Badin
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Baptist Health Medical Group, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Ashley Sekhon
- Department of Radiation Oncology, MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Malini Patel
- Division of Medical Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Bing Xia
- Department of Medicine, Kenneth Norris Jr. Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Beth Gustafson
- Precision Oncology Program, Saint Luke’s Cancer Institute, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - John L. Villano
- Department of Internal Medicine, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | | | - Solomon J. Lubinga
- Health Economics and Outcomes Research, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | | | - Diana Brixner
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - David Stenehjem
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, USA
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16
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Xu D, Li J, Wang D, Zhou L, Jin J, Wang Y. Prediction performance of twelve tumor mutation burden panels in melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2021; 169:103573. [PMID: 34933103 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2021.103573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As a potential biomarker to predict the response to immunotherapy, tumor mutation burden (TMB) which can be estimated by the cancer gene panel (CGP) has received considerable attention. However, it is not clear which CGP is better in predicting the efficacy of immunotherapy. To evaluate the twelve CGPs, we compared them on 13 datasets of melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) from the perspective of gene composition, reliability of measuring TMB and prediction performance of patient treatment benefits. The larger CGPs generally performed better, but their proportions of driver genes and function densities were smaller. The CGPs performed differently on melanoma and NSCLC patients treated with two blockades. Moreover, their ability to classify and predict patients with or without long-term clinical benefits was similar but not good enough, so it is necessary to explore a higher-performance biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dechen Xu
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, 92 West Dazhi Street, Nan Gang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China.
| | - Jie Li
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, 92 West Dazhi Street, Nan Gang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China.
| | - Dong Wang
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, 92 West Dazhi Street, Nan Gang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China.
| | - Li Zhou
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, 92 West Dazhi Street, Nan Gang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China.
| | - Jiahuan Jin
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, 92 West Dazhi Street, Nan Gang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China.
| | - Yadong Wang
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, 92 West Dazhi Street, Nan Gang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China.
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17
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Hodi FS, Wolchok JD, Schadendorf D, Larkin J, Long GV, Qian X, Saci A, Young TC, Srinivasan S, Chang H, Tang H, Wind-Rotolo M, Rizzo JI, Jackson DG, Ascierto PA. TMB and Inflammatory Gene Expression Associated with Clinical Outcomes following Immunotherapy in Advanced Melanoma. Cancer Immunol Res 2021; 9:1202-1213. [PMID: 34389558 PMCID: PMC9414280 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-20-0983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Outcomes for patients with melanoma have improved over the past decade as a result of the development and FDA approval of immunotherapies targeting cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4), programmed death-1 (PD-1), and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1). However, these therapies do not benefit all patients, and an area of intensive research investigation is identifying biomarkers that can predict which patients are most likely to benefit from them. Here, we report exploratory analyses of the associations of tumor mutational burden (TMB), a 4-gene inflammatory gene expression signature, and BRAF mutation status with tumor response, progression-free survival, and overall survival in patients with advanced melanoma treated as part of the CheckMate 066 and 067 phase III clinical trials evaluating immuno-oncology therapies. In patients enrolled in CheckMate 067 receiving the anti-PD-1 inhibitor nivolumab (NIVO) alone or in combination with the anti-CTLA-4 inhibitor ipilimumab (IPI) or IPI alone, longer survival appeared to associate with high (>median) versus low (≤median) TMB and with high versus low inflammatory signature scores. For NIVO-treated patients, the results regarding TMB association were confirmed in CheckMate 066. In addition, improved survival was observed with high TMB and absence of BRAF mutation. Weak correlations were observed between PD-L1, TMB, and the inflammatory signature. Combined assessment of TMB, inflammatory gene expression signature, and BRAF mutation status may be predictive for response to immune checkpoint blockade in advanced melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Stephen Hodi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Corresponding Author: F. Stephen Hodi, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215. Phone: 617-632-5055; Fax: 617-632-6727; E-mail:
| | - Jedd D. Wolchok
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, California
| | - Dirk Schadendorf
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen and German Cancer Consortium, Partner Site Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - James Larkin
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Georgina V. Long
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Medical Oncology, Royal North Shore and Mater Hospitals, Sydney, Australia
| | - Xiaozhong Qian
- Department of Translational Medicine, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Abdel Saci
- Department of Translational Medicine, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Tina C. Young
- Global Biometrics and Data Sciences, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Sujaya Srinivasan
- Department of Translational Medicine, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Han Chang
- Department of Informatics and Predictive Sciences, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Hao Tang
- Department of Informatics and Predictive Sciences, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Megan Wind-Rotolo
- Department of Translational Medicine, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Jasmine I. Rizzo
- Oncology Clinical Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Donald G. Jackson
- Department of Translational Medicine, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Paolo A. Ascierto
- Unit of Melanoma, Cancer Immunotherapy and Development Therapeutics, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
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18
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To KKW, Fong W, Cho WCS. Immunotherapy in Treating EGFR-Mutant Lung Cancer: Current Challenges and New Strategies. Front Oncol 2021; 11:635007. [PMID: 34113560 PMCID: PMC8185359 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.635007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Immune checkpoint inhibitors, including monoclonal antibodies against programmed death-1 (PD-1) and programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1), have dramatically improved the survival and quality of life of a subset of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Multiple predictive biomarkers have been proposed to select the patients who may benefit from the immune checkpoint inhibitors. EGFR-mutant NSCLC is the most prevalent molecular subtype in Asian lung cancer patients. However, patients with EGFR-mutant NSCLC show poor response to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 treatment. While small-molecule EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are the preferred initial treatment for EGFR-mutant NSCLC, acquired drug resistance is severely limiting the long-term efficacy. However, there is currently no further effective treatment option for TKIs-refractory EGFR-mutant NSCLC patients. The reasons mediating the poor response of EGFR-mutated NSCLC patients to immunotherapy are not clear. Initial investigations revealed that EGFR-mutated NSCLC has lower PD-L1 expression and a low tumor mutational burden, thus leading to weak immunogenicity. Moreover, the use of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade prior to or concurrent with osimertinib has been reported to increase the risk of pulmonary toxicity. Furthermore, emerging evidence shows that PD-1/PD-L1 blockade in NSCLC patients can lead to hyperprogressive disease associated with dismal prognosis. However, it is difficult to predict the treatment toxicity. New biomarkers are urgently needed to predict response and toxicity associated with the use of PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy in EGFR-mutated NSCLC. Recently, promising data have emerged to suggest the potentiation of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade therapy by anti-angiogenic agents and a few other novel therapeutic agents. This article reviews the current investigations about the poor response of EGFR-mutated NSCLC to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy, and discusses the new strategies that may be adopted in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth K W To
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Winnie Fong
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - William C S Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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19
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Kao C, Powers E, Wu Y, Datto MB, Green MF, Strickler JH, Ready NE, Zhang T, Clarke JM. Predictive Value of Combining Biomarkers for Clinical Outcomes in Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients Receiving Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors. Clin Lung Cancer 2021; 22:500-509. [PMID: 33972172 DOI: 10.1016/j.cllc.2021.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A high tumor mutational burden (TMB) (≥10 mut/Mb) has been associated with improved clinical benefit in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) and is a tumor agnostic indication for pembrolizumab across tumor types. We explored whether combining TMB with programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and pretreatment neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) was associated with improved outcomes in ICI-treated NSCLC. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed patients treated with ICI with Foundation One genomic testing, including TMB. Optimal cutoff for prediction of response by TMB was determined by receiver operating characteristic analysis, and area under the curve (AUC) was calculated for all 3 biomarkers and combinations. Cox model was used to assess prognostic factors of overall survival (OS) and time to progression (TTP). Survival cutoffs calculated with Kaplan-Meier survival curves were TMB ≥10 mut/Mb, PD-L1 ≥50%, NLR <5, and combined biomarkers. RESULTS Data from 88 patients treated were analyzed. The optimal TMB cutoff was 9.24 mut/Mb (AUC, 0.62), improving to 0.74 combining all 3 biomarkers. Adjusted Cox model showed that TMB ≥10 mut/Mb was an independent factor of OS (hazard ratio [HR], 0.31; 95% confidence interval; 0.14-0.69; P = .004) and TTP (HR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.27-0.77; P = .003). The combination of high TMB with positive PD-L1 and low NLR was significantly associated with OS (P = .038) but not TTP. CONCLUSIONS TMB has modest predictive and prognostic power for clinical outcomes after ICI treatment. The combination of TMB, PD-L1, and NLR status improves this power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chester Kao
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Eric Powers
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Yuan Wu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Michael B Datto
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Michelle F Green
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - John H Strickler
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Neal E Ready
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Tian Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC; Duke Cancer Institute Center for Prostate and Urologic Cancers, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Jeffrey M Clarke
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC.
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20
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Zhou Z, Xie X, Wang X, Zhang X, Li W, Sun T, Cai Y, Wu J, Dang C, Zhang H. Correlations Between Tumor Mutation Burden and Immunocyte Infiltration and Their Prognostic Value in Colon Cancer. Front Genet 2021; 12:623424. [PMID: 33664769 PMCID: PMC7921807 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.623424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Colon cancer has a huge incidence and mortality worldwide every year. Immunotherapy could be a new therapeutic option for patients with advanced colon cancer. Tumor mutation burden (TMB) and immune infiltration are considered critical in immunotherapy but their characteristics in colon cancer are still controversial. Methods The somatic mutation, transcriptome, and clinical data of patients with colon cancer were obtained from the TCGA database. Patients were divided into low or high TMB groups using the median TMB value. Somatic mutation landscape, differentially expressed genes, and immune-related hub genes, Gene Ontology and KEGG, gene set enrichment, and immune infiltration analyses were investigated between the two TMB groups. Univariate and multivariate Cox analyses were utilized to construct a prognostic gene signature. The differences in immune infiltration, and the expression of HLA-related genes and checkpoint genes were investigated between the two immunity groups based on single sample gene set enrichment analysis. Finally, a nomogram of the prognostic prediction model integrating TMB, immune infiltration, and clinical parameters was established. Calibration plots and receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC) were drawn, and the C-index was calculated to assess the predictive ability. Results Missense mutations and single nucleotide polymorphisms were the major variant characteristics in colon cancer. The TMB level showed significant differences in N stage, M stage, pathological stage, and immune infiltration. CD8+ T cells, activated memory CD4+ T cells, activated NK cells, and M1 macrophages infiltrated more in the high-TMB group. The antigen processing and presentation signaling pathway was enriched in the high-TMB group. Two immune related genes (CHGB and SCT) were identified to be correlated with colon cancer survival (HR = 1.39, P = 0.01; HR = 1.26, P = 0.02, respectively). Notably, the expression of SCT was identified as a risk factor in the immune risk model, in which high risk patients showed poorer survival (P = 0.04). High immunity status exhibited significant correlations with immune response pathways, HLA-related genes, and immune checkpoint genes. Finally, including nine factors, our nomogram prediction model showed better calibration (C-index = 0.764) and had an AUC of 0.737. Conclusion In this study, we investigated the patterns and prognostic roles of TMB and immune infiltration in colon cancer, which provided new insights into the tumor microenvironment and immunotherapies and the development of a novel nomogram prognostic prediction model for patients with colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangjian Zhou
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xin Xie
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenxin Li
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tuanhe Sun
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yifan Cai
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jianhua Wu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chengxue Dang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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21
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Predictive biomarkers for response to immune checkpoint inhibitors in lung cancer: PD-L1 and beyond. Virchows Arch 2021; 478:31-44. [PMID: 33486574 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-021-03030-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapies, including the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) axis blockade, are considered a major oncological breakthrough of the early twenty-first century and have led to remarkable response rates and survival in a subset of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the available therapies work only for one in five unselected, advanced NSCLC patients; thus, patient selection needs to be performed with the use of efficient biomarkers. Although imperfect, programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC) on tumor cells and/or immune cells has been established as a predictive biomarker for response to the PD-1 axis blockade. There remain several pre-analytical, analytical, and post-analytical issues, however, before implementing a PD-L1 IHC assay(s) in the pathology laboratory. In addition, given the lack of robust sensitivity and specificity of PD-L1 IHC for predicting response to ICIs, other biomarkers including tumor mutation burden (TMB) are under investigation. In this review, issues associated with PD-L1 IHC and TMB estimations will be discussed, and other promising biomarkers for predicting response to ICIs will be briefly introduced.
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22
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Lagos GG, Izar B, Rizvi NA. Beyond Tumor PD-L1: Emerging Genomic Biomarkers for Checkpoint Inhibitor Immunotherapy. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2020; 40:1-11. [PMID: 32315237 DOI: 10.1200/edbk_289967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite the success of immune checkpoint blockade as a strategy for activating an antitumor immune response and promoting cancer regression, only a subset of patients have durable clinical benefit. Efforts are ongoing to identify robust biomarkers that can effectively predict treatment response to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Although PD-L1 expression is useful for stratifying patients, it is an imperfect tool. Comprehensive next-generation sequencing platforms that are readily used in clinical practice to identify a tumor's potentially actionable genetic alterations also reveal tumor genomic features, including tumor mutation burden (TMB), that may impact the response to ICIs. High TMB enhances tumor immunogenicity through increased numbers of tumor neoantigens that may promote an immune response. Defective DNA repair, leading to microsatellite instability, is an endogenous mechanism for increased tumor TMB that augments response to anti-PD-1 blockade. Alternatively, DNA damage from exogenous factors is responsible for high TMB seen in melanoma, lung cancer, and urothelial carcinoma, among tumor subtypes with higher response rates to ICIs. In this review, we summarize data supporting the use of TMB as a biomarker as well as its known limitations. We also highlight specific tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes that are under investigation as biomarkers for ICI response and resistance. Efforts are ongoing to delineate which genomic tumor characteristics can eventually be utilized in clinical practice to ascertain the benefit of ICIs for an individual patient.
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23
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Sha D, Jin Z, Budczies J, Kluck K, Stenzinger A, Sinicrope FA. Tumor Mutational Burden as a Predictive Biomarker in Solid Tumors. Cancer Discov 2020; 10:1808-1825. [PMID: 33139244 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-20-0522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tumor mutational burden (TMB), defined as the number of somatic mutations per megabase of interrogated genomic sequence, varies across malignancies. Panel sequencing-based estimates of TMB have largely replaced whole-exome sequencing-derived TMB in the clinic. Retrospective evidence suggests that TMB can predict the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors, and data from KEYNOTE-158 led to the recent FDA approval of pembrolizumab for the TMB-high tumor subgroup. Unmet needs include prospective validation of TMB cutoffs in relationship to tumor type and patient outcomes. Furthermore, standardization and harmonization of TMB measurement across test platforms are important to the successful implementation of TMB in clinical practice. SIGNIFICANCE: Evaluation of TMB as a predictive biomarker creates the need to harmonize panel-based TMB estimation and standardize its reporting. TMB can improve the predictive accuracy for immunotherapy outcomes, and has the potential to expand the candidate pool of patients for treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Sha
- Departments of Medicine and Gastrointestinal Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Zhaohui Jin
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Jan Budczies
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg Partner Site, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klaus Kluck
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg Partner Site, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Albrecht Stenzinger
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg Partner Site, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank A Sinicrope
- Departments of Medicine and Gastrointestinal Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota. .,Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Rochester, Minnesota
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24
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Modeling performance of sample collection sites using whole exome sequencing metrics. Biotechniques 2020; 69:420-426. [PMID: 33103912 DOI: 10.2144/btn-2020-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although next-generation sequencing assays are routinely carried out using samples from cancer trials, the sequencing data are not always of the required quality. There is a need to evaluate the performance of tissue collection sites and provide feedback about the quality of next-generation sequencing data. This study used a modeling approach based on whole exome sequencing quality control (QC) metrics to evaluate the relative performance of sites participating in the Bristol Myers Squibb Immuno-Oncology clinical trials sample collection. We identified several events for the sample swap. Overall, most sites performed well and few showed poor performance. These findings can increase awareness of sample failure and improve the quality of samples.
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25
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Hong TH, Cha H, Shim JH, Lee B, Chung J, Lee C, Kim NKD, Choi YL, Hwang S, Lee Y, Park S, Jung HA, Kim JY, Park YH, Sun JM, Ahn JS, Ahn MJ, Park K, Lee SH, Park WY. Clinical advantage of targeted sequencing for unbiased tumor mutational burden estimation in samples with low tumor purity. J Immunother Cancer 2020; 8:jitc-2020-001199. [PMID: 33077514 PMCID: PMC7574938 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor mutational burden (TMB) measurement is limited by low tumor purity of samples, which can influence prediction of the immunotherapy response, particularly when using whole-exome sequencing-based TMB (wTMB). This issue could be overcome by targeted panel sequencing-based TMB (pTMB) with higher depth of coverage, which remains unexplored. Methods We comprehensively reanalyzed four public datasets of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-treated cohorts (adopting pTMB or wTMB) to test each biomarker’s predictive ability for low purity samples (cut-off: 30%). For validation, paired genomic profiling with the same tumor specimens was performed to directly compare wTMB and pTMB in patients with breast cancer (paired-BRCA, n=165) and ICI-treated patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (paired-NSCLC, n=156). Results Low tumor purity was common (range 30%–45%) in real-world samples from ICI-treated patients. In the survival analyzes of public cohorts, wTMB could not predict the clinical benefit of immunotherapy when tumor purity was low (log-rank p=0.874), whereas pTMB could effectively stratify the survival outcome (log-rank p=0.020). In the paired-BRCA and paired-NSCLC cohorts, pTMB was less affected by tumor purity, with significantly more somatic variants identified at low allele frequency (p<0.001). We found that wTMB was significantly underestimated in low purity samples with a large proportion of clonal variants undetected by whole-exome sequencing. Interestingly, pTMB more accurately predicted progression-free survival (PFS) after immunotherapy than wTMB owing to its superior performance in the low tumor purity subgroup (p=0.054 vs p=0.358). Multivariate analysis revealed pTMB (p=0.016), but not wTMB (p=0.32), as an independent predictor of PFS even in low-purity samples. The net reclassification index using pTMB was 21.7% in the low-purity subgroup (p=0.016). Conclusions Our data suggest that TMB characterization with targeted deep sequencing might have potential strength in predicting ICI responsiveness due to its enhanced sensitivity for hard-to-detect variants at low-allele fraction. Therefore, pTMB could act as an invaluable biomarker in the setting of both clinical trials and practice outside of trials based on its reliable performance in mitigating the purity-related bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hee Hong
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Digital Health, Samsung Advanced Institute of Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hongui Cha
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joon Ho Shim
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Health Science and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute of Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Boram Lee
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Health Science and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute of Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jongsuk Chung
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | - Yoon-La Choi
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute of Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Pathology and Translational Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soohyun Hwang
- Department of Pathology and Translational Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoomi Lee
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sehhoon Park
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Ae Jung
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Yeon Kim
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeon Hee Park
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Mu Sun
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Seok Ahn
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myung-Ju Ahn
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Keunchil Park
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Se-Hoon Lee
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea .,Department of Health Science and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute of Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woong-Yang Park
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea .,Department of Digital Health, Samsung Advanced Institute of Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Health Science and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute of Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea.,GENINUS Inc, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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26
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Wagener-Ryczek S, Buettner R. The value of tumor mutational burden to select patients for immunotherapy. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2020; 21:1-3. [PMID: 33043725 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2020.1831386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Wagener-Ryczek
- Institute for Pathology and Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), University Hospital Cologne , Cologne, Germany
| | - Reinhard Buettner
- Institute for Pathology and Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), University Hospital Cologne , Cologne, Germany
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27
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Topalian SL, Bhatia S, Amin A, Kudchadkar RR, Sharfman WH, Lebbé C, Delord JP, Dunn LA, Shinohara MM, Kulikauskas R, Chung CH, Martens UM, Ferris RL, Stein JE, Engle EL, Devriese LA, Lao CD, Gu J, Li B, Chen T, Barrows A, Horvath A, Taube JM, Nghiem P. Neoadjuvant Nivolumab for Patients With Resectable Merkel Cell Carcinoma in the CheckMate 358 Trial. J Clin Oncol 2020; 38:2476-2487. [PMID: 32324435 PMCID: PMC7392746 DOI: 10.1200/jco.20.00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare, aggressive skin cancer commonly driven by the Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV). The programmed death-1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) immunosuppressive pathway is often upregulated in MCC, and advanced metastatic MCC frequently responds to PD-1 blockade. We report what we believe to be the first trial of anti-PD-1 in the neoadjuvant setting for resectable MCC. METHODS In the phase I/II CheckMate 358 study of virus-associated cancer types, patients with resectable MCC received nivolumab 240 mg intravenously on days 1 and 15. Surgery was planned on day 29. Tumor regression was assessed radiographically and microscopically. Tumor MCPyV status, PD-L1 expression, and tumor mutational burden (TMB) were assessed in pretreatment tumor biopsies. RESULTS Thirty-nine patients with American Joint Committee on Cancer stage IIA-IV resectable MCC received ≥ 1 nivolumab dose. Three patients (7.7%) did not undergo surgery because of tumor progression (n = 1) or adverse events (n = 2). Any-grade treatment-related adverse events occurred in 18 patients (46.2%), and grade 3-4 events in 3 patients (7.7%), with no unexpected toxicities. Among 36 patients who underwent surgery, 17 (47.2%) achieved a pathologic complete response (pCR). Among 33 radiographically evaluable patients who underwent surgery, 18 (54.5%) had tumor reductions ≥ 30%. Responses were observed regardless of tumor MCPyV, PD-L1, or TMB status. At a median follow-up of 20.3 months, median recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival were not reached. RFS significantly correlated with pCR and radiographic response at the time of surgery. No patient with a pCR had tumor relapse during observation. CONCLUSION Nivolumab administered approximately 4 weeks before surgery in MCC was generally tolerable and induced pCRs and radiographic tumor regressions in approximately one half of treated patients. These early markers of response significantly predicted improved RFS. Additional investigation of these promising findings is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne L. Topalian
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg∼Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - Asim Amin
- Levine Cancer Institute, Atrium Healthcare, Charlotte, NC
| | | | - William H. Sharfman
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg∼Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Celeste Lebbé
- Université de Paris, INSERM U976, and Dermatology and CIC, AP-HP, Saint Louis Hospital, Paris, France
| | | | - Lara A. Dunn
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | | | - Rima Kulikauskas
- University of Washington, Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, WA
| | | | | | - Robert L. Ferris
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Julie E. Stein
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg∼Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Elizabeth L. Engle
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg∼Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Lot A. Devriese
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Cancer Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Bin Li
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ
| | | | | | | | - Janis M. Taube
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg∼Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Paul Nghiem
- University of Washington, Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, WA
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Mucinous Histology, BRCA1/2 Mutations, and Elevated Tumor Mutational Burden in Colorectal Cancer. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2020; 2020:6421205. [PMID: 32377194 PMCID: PMC7196997 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6421205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mucinous colorectal carcinomas (MC) constitute 10% of colorectal malignancies. Recently, an increased risk of colorectal cancer has been demonstrated in germline BRCA1/2 mutation carriers. Furthermore, BRCA1/2 germline mutation carriers have exhibited a higher-than-expected frequency of MC tumors. Here, we investigate the relationship between BRCA mutations and mucinous histology in colorectal carcinoma patients, using both an existing cohort of sequenced colorectal tumors and a prospective case-control study comparing MC and conventional adenocarcinoma (AC) patients tested for BRCA mutations. We discovered that MC tumors exhibit a statistically significantly higher incidence of BRCA mutations in addition to a higher average mutation count when compared to AC tumors in the existing cohort. The strongest predictor of the mutation count was mucinous histology, independently of other variables including microsatellite instability. Contrary to our hypothesis, the first association did not recur in the prospective case-control study, likely due to our pathological definition of MC tumors and small sample size. Finally, we observed a higher tumor mutational burden (TMB) in MC tumors compared with AC tumors. We suggest that the association between MC histology, BRCA mutations, and increased TMB may open the door to the utilization of simple tests (such as histopathologic characterization) to detect patients who may benefit from immunotherapy in colorectal cancer.
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Fumet JD, Truntzer C, Yarchoan M, Ghiringhelli F. Tumour mutational burden as a biomarker for immunotherapy: Current data and emerging concepts. Eur J Cancer 2020; 131:40-50. [PMID: 32278982 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2020.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) or its ligand (PD-L1) can generate durable responses in various cancer types, but only in a subset of patients. The use of predictive biomarkers for response to PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors is critical for patient selection. Expression of PD-L1 has demonstrated utility in patient selection. Tumour mutational burden (TMB) is an emerging biomarker for response to PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors. The evaluation of this biomarker is based on the hypothesis that a high number of mutations in somatic exonic regions will lead to an increase in neoantigen production, which could then be recognised by CD8+ T cells, resulting in improved immune responses. In this review, we will discuss rationale and implementation of TMB usage in patients, development of different methods to assess it, current limitations and technical issues to use this biomarker as a diagnostic test and propose future perspectives beyond TMB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-David Fumet
- Department of Medical Oncology, Center GF Leclerc, Dijon, France; Research Platform in Biological Oncology, Dijon, France; GIMI Genetic and Immunology Medical Institute, Dijon, France; University of Burgundy-Franche Comté, Dijon, France; UMR INSERM 1231, Dijon, France
| | - Caroline Truntzer
- Research Platform in Biological Oncology, Dijon, France; GIMI Genetic and Immunology Medical Institute, Dijon, France; UMR INSERM 1231, Dijon, France
| | - Mark Yarchoan
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Francois Ghiringhelli
- Department of Medical Oncology, Center GF Leclerc, Dijon, France; Research Platform in Biological Oncology, Dijon, France; GIMI Genetic and Immunology Medical Institute, Dijon, France; University of Burgundy-Franche Comté, Dijon, France; UMR INSERM 1231, Dijon, France.
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Stenzinger A, Endris V, Budczies J, Merkelbach-Bruse S, Kazdal D, Dietmaier W, Pfarr N, Siebolts U, Hummel M, Herold S, Andreas J, Zoche M, Tögel L, Rempel E, Maas J, Merino D, Stewart M, Zaoui K, Schlesner M, Glimm H, Fröhling S, Allen J, Horst D, Baretton G, Wickenhauser C, Tiemann M, Evert M, Moch H, Kirchner T, Büttner R, Schirmacher P, Jung A, Haller F, Weichert W, Dietel M. Harmonization and Standardization of Panel-Based Tumor Mutational Burden Measurement: Real-World Results and Recommendations of the Quality in Pathology Study. J Thorac Oncol 2020; 15:1177-1189. [PMID: 32119917 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2020.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tumor mutational burden (TMB) is a quantitative assessment of the number of somatic mutations within a tumor genome. Immunotherapy benefit has been associated with TMB assessed by whole-exome sequencing (wesTMB) and gene panel sequencing (psTMB). The initiatives of Quality in Pathology (QuIP) and Friends of Cancer Research have jointly addressed the need for harmonization among TMB testing options in tissues. This QuIP study identifies critical sources of variation in psTMB assessment. METHODS A total of 20 samples from three tumor types (lung adenocarcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, and colon adenocarcinoma) with available WES data were analyzed for psTMB using six panels across 15 testing centers. Interlaboratory and interplatform variation, including agreement on variant calling and TMB classification, were investigated. Bridging factors to transform psTMB to wesTMB values were empirically derived. The impact of germline filtering was evaluated. RESULTS Sixteen samples had low interlaboratory and interpanel psTMB variation, with 87.7% of pairwise comparisons revealing a Spearman's ρ greater than 0.6. A wesTMB cut point of 199 missense mutations projected to psTMB cut points between 7.8 and 12.6 mutations per megabase pair; the corresponding psTMB and wesTMB classifications agreed in 74.9% of cases. For three-tier classification with cut points of 100 and 300 mutations, agreement was observed in 76.7%, weak misclassification in 21.8%, and strong misclassification in 1.5% of cases. Confounders of psTMB estimation included fixation artifacts, DNA input, sequencing depth, genome coverage, and variant allele frequency cut points. CONCLUSIONS This study provides real-world evidence that all evaluated panels can be used to estimate TMB in a routine diagnostic setting and identifies important parameters for reliable tissue TMB assessment that require careful control. As complex or composite biomarkers beyond TMB are likely playing an increasing role in therapy prediction, the efforts by QuIP and Friends of Cancer Research also delineate a general framework and blueprint for the evaluation of such assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albrecht Stenzinger
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Translational Lung Research Center (TLRC) Heidelberg, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Volker Endris
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Budczies
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Daniel Kazdal
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Translational Lung Research Center (TLRC) Heidelberg, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Nicole Pfarr
- Institute of Pathology, Technical University Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Udo Siebolts
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Halle, Halle, Germany
| | - Michael Hummel
- Institute of Pathology, Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sylvia Herold
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Martin Zoche
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lars Tögel
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Eugen Rempel
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jörg Maas
- Quality in Pathology (QuIP), Berlin, Germany
| | - Diana Merino
- Friends of Cancer Research (FoCR), Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Mark Stewart
- Friends of Cancer Research (FoCR), Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Karim Zaoui
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Schlesner
- Bioinformatics and Omics Data Analytics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hanno Glimm
- Department of Translational Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT Dresden) and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, and Translational Functional Cancer Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Fröhling
- Division of Translational Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jeff Allen
- Friends of Cancer Research (FoCR), Washington, District of Columbia
| | - David Horst
- Institute of Pathology, Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gustavo Baretton
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | - Matthias Evert
- Institute of Pathology, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Holger Moch
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Kirchner
- Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Reinhard Büttner
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Schirmacher
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Jung
- Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Haller
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wilko Weichert
- Institute of Pathology, Technical University Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
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Budczies J, Kazdal D, Allgäuer M, Christopoulos P, Rempel E, Pfarr N, Weichert W, Fröhling S, Thomas M, Peters S, Endris V, Schirmacher P, Stenzinger A. Quantifying potential confounders of panel-based tumor mutational burden (TMB) measurement. Lung Cancer 2020; 142:114-119. [PMID: 32143116 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2020.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Retrospective data including subgroup analyses in clinical studies have sparked strong interest in developing tumor mutational burden (TMB) as a predictive biomarker for immune checkpoint blockade. While individual factors influencing panel sequencing based measurement of TMB (psTMB) have been discussed in the recent literature, an integrative study quantifying, comparing and combining all potential confounders is still missing. MATERIAL AND METHODS We separated different potential confounders of psTMB measurement including "panel size", "germline mutation filtering", "biological variance" and "technical variance" and developed a specific error model for each of these factors. Published experimental psTMB data were fitted to the error models to quantify the contribution of each of the confounders. The total psTMB variance was obtained as sum over the variance contributions of each of the confounders. RESULTS Using a typical large panel (size 1-1.5 Mbp) total errors of 57 %, 42 %, 34 % and 28 % were observed for tumors with psTMB of 5, 10, 20 and 40 muts/Mbp. Even for large panels, the stochastic error connected to the panel size represented the largest of all contributions to the total psTMB variance, especially for tumors with TMB up to 20 muts/Mbp. Other sources of psTMB variability could be kept under control, but rigorous quality control, best practice laboratory workflows and optimized bioinformatics pipelines are essential. CONCLUSION A statistical framework for the analysis of complex, genomic biomarkers was developed and applied to the analysis of psTMB variability. The methods developed here can support the analysis of other quantitative biomarkers and their implementation in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Budczies
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC-H), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Daniel Kazdal
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC-H), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Allgäuer
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Petros Christopoulos
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC-H), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Thoracic Oncology, Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eugen Rempel
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nicole Pfarr
- Institute of Pathology, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Wilko Weichert
- Institute of Pathology, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Fröhling
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Thomas
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC-H), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Thoracic Oncology, Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Solange Peters
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne University, Switzerland
| | - Volker Endris
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Schirmacher
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Albrecht Stenzinger
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC-H), Heidelberg, Germany.
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Noskova H, Kyr M, Pal K, Merta T, Mudry P, Polaskova K, Ivkovic TC, Adamcova S, Hornakova T, Jezova M, Kren L, Sterba J, Slaby O. Assessment of Tumor Mutational Burden in Pediatric Tumors by Real-Life Whole-Exome Sequencing and In Silico Simulation of Targeted Gene Panels: How the Choice of Method Could Affect the Clinical Decision? Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12010230. [PMID: 31963488 PMCID: PMC7016876 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Tumor mutational burden (TMB) is an emerging genomic biomarker in cancer that has been associated with improved response to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in adult cancers. It was described that variability in TMB assessment is introduced by different laboratory techniques and various settings of bioinformatic pipelines. In pediatric oncology, no study has been published describing this variability so far. Methods: In our study, we performed whole exome sequencing (WES, both germline and somatic) and calculated TMB in 106 patients with high-risk/recurrent pediatric solid tumors of 28 distinct cancer types. Subsequently, we used WES data for TMB calculation using an in silico approach simulating two The Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved/authorized comprehensive genomic panels for cancer. Results: We describe a strong correlation between WES-based and panel-based TMBs; however, we show that this high correlation is significantly affected by inclusion of only a few hypermutated cases. In the series of nine cases, we determined TMB in two sequentially collected tumor tissue specimens and observed an increase in TMB along with tumor progression. Furthermore, we evaluated the extent to which potential ICI indication could be affected by variability in techniques and bioinformatic pipelines used for TMB assessment. We confirmed that this technological variability could significantly affect ICI indication in pediatric cancer patients; however, this significance decreases with the increasing cut-off values. Conclusions: For the first time in pediatric oncology, we assessed the reliability of TMB estimation across multiple pediatric cancer types using real-life WES and in silico analysis of two major targeted gene panels and confirmed a significant technological variability to be introduced by different laboratory techniques and various settings of bioinformatic pipelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Noskova
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic; (H.N.); (K.P.); (T.C.I.); (S.A.); (T.H.)
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, University Hospital Brno, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.K.); (T.M.); (P.M.); (K.P.)
| | - Michal Kyr
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, University Hospital Brno, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.K.); (T.M.); (P.M.); (K.P.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, 65691 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karol Pal
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic; (H.N.); (K.P.); (T.C.I.); (S.A.); (T.H.)
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Tomas Merta
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, University Hospital Brno, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.K.); (T.M.); (P.M.); (K.P.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, 65691 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Mudry
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, University Hospital Brno, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.K.); (T.M.); (P.M.); (K.P.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, 65691 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kristyna Polaskova
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, University Hospital Brno, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.K.); (T.M.); (P.M.); (K.P.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, 65691 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tina Catela Ivkovic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic; (H.N.); (K.P.); (T.C.I.); (S.A.); (T.H.)
| | - Sona Adamcova
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic; (H.N.); (K.P.); (T.C.I.); (S.A.); (T.H.)
| | - Tekla Hornakova
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic; (H.N.); (K.P.); (T.C.I.); (S.A.); (T.H.)
| | - Marta Jezova
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Brno, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.J.); (L.K.)
| | - Leos Kren
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Brno, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.J.); (L.K.)
| | - Jaroslav Sterba
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, University Hospital Brno, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.K.); (T.M.); (P.M.); (K.P.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, 65691 Brno, Czech Republic
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (J.S.); (O.S.)
| | - Ondrej Slaby
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic; (H.N.); (K.P.); (T.C.I.); (S.A.); (T.H.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Brno, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.J.); (L.K.)
- Correspondence: (J.S.); (O.S.)
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Li K, Wang X, Huang Z, Xu H, Zheng S, Qiu Y. Retracted Article: Long non-coding RNA MEG3 inhibits cell proliferation, migration, invasion and enhances apoptosis in non-small cell lung cancer cells by regulating the miR-31-5p/TIMP3 axis. RSC Adv 2019; 9:38200-38208. [PMID: 35541776 PMCID: PMC9075888 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra07880k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a malignant lung cancer and accounts for 80% of lung cancer-related deaths. Long non-coding RNA maternally expressed gene 3 (MEG3) has been identified as a tumor suppressor in multiple cancers. However, the regulatory mechanism of MEG3 in NSCLC development is still largely unknown. The expression levels of MEG3, microRNA-31-5p (miR-31-5p) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3 (TIMP3) in NSCLC tumors and cells were measured by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Cell viability, apoptosis, migration and invasion were detected by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8), flow cytometry, western blotting and transwell assays, respectively. Xenograft mouse models were established by subcutaneously injecting NSCLC cells stably transfected with Lenti-pcDNA or Lenti-MEG3. The interaction between miR-31-5p and MEG3 or TIMP3 was validated by luciferase reporter and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assays. MEG3 and TIMP3 levels were up-regulated, whereas miR-31-5p expression was down-regulated in NSCLC tumors and cells compared with normal tissues and cells. Overexpression of MEG3 repressed cell proliferation, migration and invasion, but induced apoptosis in NSCLC cells. More importantly, MEG3 effectively hindered tumor growth in vivo. Next, luciferase reporter and RIP assays confirmed the interaction between miR-31-5p and MEG3 or TIMP3. Pearson's correlation coefficient revealed that miR-31-5p was inversely correlated with MEG3 or TIMP3. Rescue experiments indicated that MEG3 regulated TIMP3 expression by sponging miR-31-5p in NSCLC cells. Thus, MEG3 inhibited cell proliferation, migration and invasion, but enhanced apoptosis in NSCLC cells through up-regulating TIMP3 expression by regulating miR-31-5p, indicating novel biomarkers for the therapy of NSCLC. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a malignant lung cancer and accounts for 80% of lung cancer-related deaths.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Li
- Department of Translational Medicine Research Institute, Guangzhou Huayin Medical Laboratory Center. Ltd The Second Floor of Life Sciences Building of Southern Medical University No. 1838, North Guangzhou Street Guangzhou Guangdong China +86-18520035749.,Technical Service Department, Guangzhou Huayin Medical Institute. Ltd Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Xiaodan Wang
- Department of Translational Medicine Research Institute, Guangzhou Huayin Medical Laboratory Center. Ltd The Second Floor of Life Sciences Building of Southern Medical University No. 1838, North Guangzhou Street Guangzhou Guangdong China +86-18520035749
| | - Zhen Huang
- Department of Translational Medicine Research Institute, Guangzhou Huayin Medical Laboratory Center. Ltd The Second Floor of Life Sciences Building of Southern Medical University No. 1838, North Guangzhou Street Guangzhou Guangdong China +86-18520035749
| | - Hui Xu
- Technical Service Department, Guangzhou Huayin Medical Institute. Ltd Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Songbai Zheng
- Department of Translational Medicine Research Institute, Guangzhou Huayin Medical Laboratory Center. Ltd The Second Floor of Life Sciences Building of Southern Medical University No. 1838, North Guangzhou Street Guangzhou Guangdong China +86-18520035749
| | - Yurong Qiu
- Department of Translational Medicine Research Institute, Guangzhou Huayin Medical Laboratory Center. Ltd The Second Floor of Life Sciences Building of Southern Medical University No. 1838, North Guangzhou Street Guangzhou Guangdong China +86-18520035749
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Kim JY, Kronbichler A, Eisenhut M, Hong SH, van der Vliet HJ, Kang J, Shin JI, Gamerith G. Tumor Mutational Burden and Efficacy of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11111798. [PMID: 31731749 PMCID: PMC6895916 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor mutational burden (TMB) is a genomic biomarker that predicts favorable responses to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Here, we set out to assess the predictive value of TMB on long-term survival outcomes in patients undergoing ICIs. We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, CENTRAL and clinicaltrials.gov from inception to 6 August 2019. We included retrospective studies or clinical trials of ICIs that reported hazard ratios (HRs) for overall survival (OS) and/or progression-free survival (PFS) according to TMB. Data on 5712 patients from 26 studies were included. Among patients who received ICIs, high TMB groups showed better OS (HR 0.53, 95% CI 0.42 to 0.67) and PFS (HR 0.52, 95% CI 0.40 to 0.67) compared to low TMB groups. In patients with high TMB, those who received ICIs had a better OS (HR 0.69, 95% CI 0.50 to 0.95) and PFS (HR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.47 to 0.92) compared to those who received chemotherapy alone, while in patients with low TMB, such ICI benefits of OS or PFS were not statistically significant. In conclusion, TMB may be an effective biomarker to predict survival in patients undergoing ICI treatment. The role of TMB in identifying patient groups who may benefit from ICIs should be determined in future randomized controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Yeob Kim
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea;
| | - Andreas Kronbichler
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| | - Michael Eisenhut
- Luton & Dunstable University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Luton LU4 0DZ, UK;
| | - Sung Hwi Hong
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Hans J. van der Vliet
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Jeonghyun Kang
- Department of Surgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06273, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.K.); (J.I.S.); Tel.: +82-2-2019-3369 (J.K.); +82-2-2228-2050 (J.I.S.)
| | - Jae Il Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.K.); (J.I.S.); Tel.: +82-2-2019-3369 (J.K.); +82-2-2228-2050 (J.I.S.)
| | - Gabriele Gamerith
- Internal Medicine V, Department of Hematology & Oncology, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
- Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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35
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Luke JJ, Olson DJ, Allred JB, Strand CA, Bao R, Zha Y, Carll T, Labadie BW, Bastos BR, Butler MO, Hogg D, Munster PN, Schwartz GK. Randomized Phase II Trial and Tumor Mutational Spectrum Analysis from Cabozantinib versus Chemotherapy in Metastatic Uveal Melanoma (Alliance A091201). Clin Cancer Res 2019; 26:804-811. [PMID: 31558480 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-1223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The surface receptor MET is highly expressed on primary uveal melanoma; MET inhibitors demonstrated early clinical signals of efficacy in slowing uveal melanoma growth. The primary objective of our study was to compare the progression-free survival rate at 4 months (PFS4) of patients with uveal melanoma treated with cabozantinib or chemotherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with metastatic uveal melanoma and RECIST measurable disease were randomized 2:1 to receive either cabozantinib (arm 1) versus temozolomide or dacarbazine (arm 2) with restaging imaging every two cycles. Cross-over from arm 2 to cabozantinib after progression was allowed (arm 2X). Available tumor specimens were analyzed by whole-exome sequencing (WES) and results were correlated with outcome. RESULTS Forty-six eligible patients were accrued with 31, 15, and 9 in arms 1, 2, and 2X, respectively. Median lines of prior therapy, including hepatic embolization, were two. Rates of PFS4 in arm 1 and arm 2 were 32.3% and 26.7% (P = 0.35), respectively, with median PFS time of 60 and 59 days (P = 0.964; HR = 0.99). Median overall survival (OS) was 6.4 months and 7.3 months (P = 0.580; HR = 1.21), respectively. Grade 3-4 Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events were present in 61.3%, 46.7%, and 37.5% in arms 1, 2, and 2X, respectively. WES demonstrated a mean tumor mutational burden of 1.53 mutations/Mb and did not separate OS ≤ or >1 year (P = 0.14). Known mutations were identified by WES and novel mutations were nominated. CONCLUSIONS MET/VEGFR blockade with cabozantinib demonstrated no improvement in PFS but an increase in toxicity relative to temozolomide/dacarbazine in metastatic uveal melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Luke
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
| | - Daniel J Olson
- University of Chicago Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jacob B Allred
- Alliance Statistics and Data Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Carrie A Strand
- Alliance Statistics and Data Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Riyue Bao
- Center for Research Informatics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Yuanyuan Zha
- University of Chicago Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Timothy Carll
- University of Chicago Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Brian W Labadie
- University of Chicago Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Bruno R Bastos
- Miami Cancer Institute-Baptist Health South Florida, Miami, Florida
| | | | - David Hogg
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pamela N Munster
- University of California at San Francisco Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California
| | - Gary K Schwartz
- Columbia University Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, New York, New York
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