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Kroon E, Toenders YJ, Kuhns LN, Cousijn J, Filbey F. Resting state functional connectivity in dependent cannabis users: The moderating role of cannabis attitudes. Drug Alcohol Depend 2024; 256:111090. [PMID: 38301388 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.111090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global increase in lenient cannabis policy has been paralleled by reduced harm perception, which has been associated with cannabis use initiation and persistent use. However, it is unclear how cannabis attitudes might affect the brain processes underlying cannabis use. METHODS Resting state functional connectivity (RSFC) within and between the executive control network (ECN), salience network (SN), and default mode network (DMN) was assessed in 110 near-daily cannabis users with cannabis use disorder (CUD) and 79 controls from The Netherlands and Texas, USA. Participants completed a questionnaire assessing the perceived benefits and harms of cannabis use from their personal, friends-family's, and country-state's perspectives and reported on their cannabis use (gram/week), CUD severity, and cannabis-related problems. RESULTS RSFC within the dorsal SN was lower in cannabis users than controls, while no group differences in between-network RSFC were observed. Furthermore, heavier cannabis use was associated with lower dorsal SN RSFC in the cannabis group. Perceived benefits and harms of cannabis - from personal, friends-family's, and country-state's perspectives - moderated associations of cannabis use, CUD severity, and cannabis use-related problems with within-network RSFC of the SN, ECN, and DMN. Personal perceived benefits and country-state perceived harms moderated the association between CUD severity and RSFC between the ventral and dorsal DMN. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the importance of considering individual differences in the perceived harms and benefits of cannabis use as a factor in the associations between brain functioning and cannabis use, CUD severity, and cannabis use-related problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kroon
- Neuroscience of Addiction Lab, Department of Psychology, Education & Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Y J Toenders
- Developmental and Educational Psychology, Leiden University, the Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, the Netherlands; Erasmus School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - L N Kuhns
- Neuroscience of Addiction Lab, Department of Psychology, Education & Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J Cousijn
- Neuroscience of Addiction Lab, Department of Psychology, Education & Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - F Filbey
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
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Bezalwar A, Patil PS, Pajai S, Girdhar A. Journey of Marijuana From "Folk Tales" to "Doors of Justice": A Comprehensive Review. Cureus 2024; 16:e57190. [PMID: 38681315 PMCID: PMC11056232 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.57190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
This comprehensive review delves into the intricate journey of marijuana in India, tracing its historical and cultural significance from ancient times to the present day. Despite its deep-rooted presence in religious rituals, traditional medicine, and cultural festivities, marijuana faces stringent prohibition under the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act 1985. This review critically examines the current legal framework, highlighting its societal impacts and limitations. Through an evidence-based analysis, it advocates for a reevaluation of marijuana laws to align with contemporary realities, promoting public health, social equity, and economic development. By envisioning a future of evidence-based regulation and innovation, India can unlock the full potential of marijuana as a "miracle crop" for the betterment of its people and society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apurva Bezalwar
- Psychiatry, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Pradeep S Patil
- Psychiatry, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Shobha Pajai
- Physiology, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, IND
| | - Anshita Girdhar
- Psychiatry, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
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Paulin LM, Halenar MJ, Edwards KC, Lauten K, Taylor K, Brunette M, Tanski S, MacKenzie T, Stanton CA, Hatsukami D, Hyland A, Mahoney MC, Niaura R, Trinidad D, Blanco C, Compton W, Gardner LD, Kimmel HL, Cummings KM, Lauterstein D, Roh EJ, Marshall D, Sargent JD. Relationship Between Tobacco Product Use and Health-Related Quality of Life Among Individuals With COPD in Waves 1-5 (2013-2019) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study. CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASES (MIAMI, FLA.) 2024; 11:68-82. [PMID: 38113525 PMCID: PMC10913919 DOI: 10.15326/jcopdf.2023.0422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Introduction We examined the association between tobacco product use and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Waves 1-5 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study. Methods Adults ≥40 years with an ever COPD diagnosis were included in cross-sectional (Wave 5) and longitudinal (Waves 1 to 5) analyses. Tobacco use included 13 mutually exclusive categories of past 30-day (P30D) single use and polyuse with P30D exclusive cigarette use and ≥5-year cigarette cessation as reference groups. Multivariable linear regression and generalized estimating equations (GEE) were used to examine the association between tobacco use and HRQoL as measured by the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Global-10 questionnaire. Results Of 1670 adults, 79.4% ever used cigarettes; mean (standard error [SE]) pack years was 30.9 (1.1). In cross-sectional analysis, P30D exclusive cigarette use, and e-cigarette/cigarette dual use were associated with worse HRQoL compared to ≥5-year cigarette cessation. Compared to P30D exclusive cigarette use, never tobacco use and ≥5-year cigarette cessation were associated with better HRQoL, while e-cigarette/cigarette dual use had worse HRQoL. Longitudinally (n=686), e-cigarette/cigarette dual use was associated with worsening HRQoL compared to both reference groups. Only never tobacco use was associated with higher HRQoL over time compared to P30D exclusive cigarette use. Conclusions E-cigarette/cigarette dual use was associated with worse HRQoL compared to ≥5-year cigarette cessation and exclusive cigarette use. Never use and ≥5-year cigarette cessation were the only categories associated with higher HRQoL compared to exclusive cigarette use. Findings highlight the importance of complete smoking cessation for individuals with COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Paulin
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, The C. Everett Koop Institute at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Michael J. Halenar
- Behavioral Health and Health Policy Practice, Westat, Rockville, Maryland, United States
| | - Kathryn C. Edwards
- Behavioral Health and Health Policy Practice, Westat, Rockville, Maryland, United States
| | - Kristin Lauten
- Behavioral Health and Health Policy Practice, Westat, Rockville, Maryland, United States
| | - Kristie Taylor
- Behavioral Health and Health Policy Practice, Westat, Rockville, Maryland, United States
| | - Mary Brunette
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, The C. Everett Koop Institute at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Susanne Tanski
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, The C. Everett Koop Institute at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Todd MacKenzie
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, The C. Everett Koop Institute at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Cassandra A. Stanton
- Behavioral Health and Health Policy Practice, Westat, Rockville, Maryland, United States
| | - Dorothy Hatsukami
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Andrew Hyland
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, United States
| | - Martin C. Mahoney
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, United States
| | - Ray Niaura
- School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, New York, United States
| | - Dennis Trinidad
- University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Carlos Blanco
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Wilson Compton
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Lisa D. Gardner
- Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
| | - Heather L. Kimmel
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - K. Michael Cummings
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States
| | - Dana Lauterstein
- Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
| | - Esther J. Roh
- Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
| | - Daniela Marshall
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
- Axle Informatics, Rockville, Maryland, United States
| | - James D. Sargent
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, The C. Everett Koop Institute at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
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Kuhns L, Kroon E, Filbey F, Cousijn J. A cross-cultural fMRI investigation of cannabis approach bias in individuals with cannabis use disorder. Addict Behav Rep 2023; 18:100507. [PMID: 37485034 PMCID: PMC10359718 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2023.100507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction As cannabis policies and attitudes become more permissive, it is crucial to examine how the legal and social environment influence neurocognitive mechanisms underlying cannabis use disorder (CUD). The current study aimed to assess whether cannabis approach bias, one of the mechanisms proposed to underlie CUD, differed between environments with distinct recreational cannabis policies (Amsterdam, The Netherlands (NL) and Dallas, Texas, United States of America (TX)) and whether individual differences in cannabis attitudes affect those differences. Methods Individuals with CUD (NL-CUD: 64; TX-CUD: 48) and closely matched non-using controls (NL-CON: 50; TX-CON: 36) completed a cannabis approach avoidance task (CAAT) in a 3T MRI. The cannabis culture questionnaire was used to measure cannabis attitudes from three perspectives: personal, family/friends, and state/country attitudes. Results Individuals with CUD demonstrated a significant behavioral cannabis-specific approach bias. Individuals with CUD exhibited higher cannabis approach bias-related activity in clusters including the paracingulate gyrus, anterior cingulate cortex, and frontal medial cortex compared to controls, which was no longer significant after controlling for gender. Site-related differences emerged in the association between cannabis use quantity and cannabis approach bias activity in the putamen, amygdala, hippocampus, and insula, with a positive association in the TX-CUD group and a negative association in the NL-CUD group. This was not explained by site differences in cannabis attitudes. Conclusions Pinpointing the underlying mechanisms of site-related differences-including, but not limited to, differences in method of administration, cannabis potency, or patterns of substance co-use-is a key challenge for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Kuhns
- Neuroscience of Addiction (NofA) Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- The Amsterdam Brain and Cognition Center (ABC), University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Emese Kroon
- Neuroscience of Addiction (NofA) Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- The Amsterdam Brain and Cognition Center (ABC), University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Francesca Filbey
- Center for BrainHealth, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Janna Cousijn
- Neuroscience of Addiction (NofA) Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Center for Substance use and Addiction Research (CESAR), Department of Psychology, Education & Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Ransing R, de la Rosa PA, Pereira-Sanchez V, Handuleh JIM, Jerotic S, Gupta AK, Karaliuniene R, de Filippis R, Peyron E, Sönmez Güngör E, Boujraf S, Yee A, Vahdani B, Shoib S, Stowe MJ, Jaguga F, Dannatt L, da Silva AK, Grandinetti P, Jatchavala C. Current state of cannabis use, policies, and research across sixteen countries: cross-country comparisons and international perspectives. TRENDS IN PSYCHIATRY AND PSYCHOTHERAPY 2022. [PMID: 34735077 DOI: 10.4762/2237-6089-2021-0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Varying public views on cannabis use across countries may explain the variation in the prevalence of use, policies, and research in individual countries, and global regulation of cannabis. This paper aims to describe the current state of cannabis use, policies, and research across sixteen countries. METHODS PubMed and Google Scholar were searched for studies published from 2010 to 2020. Searches were conducted using the relevant country of interest as a search term (e.g., "Iran"), as well as relevant predefined keywords such as "cannabis," "marijuana," "hashish," "bhang "dual diagnosis," "use," "addiction," "prevalence," "co-morbidity," "substance use disorder," "legalization" or "policy" (in English and non-English languages). These keywords were used in multiple combinations to create the search string for studies' titles and abstracts. Official websites of respective governments and international organizations were also searched in English and non-English languages (using countries national languages) to identify the current state of cannabis use, policies, and research in each of those countries. RESULTS The main findings were inconsistent and heterogeneous reporting of cannabis use, variation in policies (e.g., legalization), and variation in intervention strategies across the countries reviewed. European countries dominate the cannabis research output indexed on PubMed, in contrast to Asian countries (Thailand, Malaysia, India, Iran, and Nepal). CONCLUSIONS Although global cannabis regulation is ongoing, the existing heterogeneities across countries in terms of policies and epidemiology can increase the burden of cannabis use disorders disproportionately and unpredictably. There is an urgent need to develop global strategies to address these cross-country barriers to improve early detection, prevention, and interventions for cannabis use and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramdas Ransing
- Department of Psychiatry, BKL Walawalkar Rural Medical College, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pedro A de la Rosa
- Educación de la Afectividad y Sexualidad Humana, Instituto Cultura y Sociedad, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain. Human Flourishing Program, Institute for Quantitative Social Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Victor Pereira-Sanchez
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Stefan Jerotic
- Clinic for Psychiatry, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Ruta Karaliuniene
- Elblandklinikum Radebeul Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Renato de Filippis
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | - Ekin Sönmez Güngör
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Health Sciences, Erenköy Mental Health and Neurological Diseases Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Said Boujraf
- Clinical Neurosciences Laboratory, Sidi Mohamed ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Anne Yee
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University Malaya Centre of Addiction Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Bita Vahdani
- Qazvin University of Medical Sciences Qazvin, Iran. Department of Psychology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sheikh Shoib
- Department of Psychiatry, Jawahar Lal Nehru Memorial Hospital, Rainawari, Kashmir, India
| | - M J Stowe
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Lisa Dannatt
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Paolo Grandinetti
- Addictions Service, Department of Territorial Services, ASL Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Chonnakarn Jatchavala
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkla, Thailand
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Pilatti A, Prince MA, Bravo AJ, Pearson MR, Mezquita L, Pautassi RM. Cannabis-Related Perceptions as Mediators of the Association Between Trait Impulsivity and Cannabis Outcomes. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2021; 82:522-535. [PMID: 34343085 PMCID: PMC8356788 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2021.82.522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Normative perceptions have been shown to mediate the effect of personality traits on cannabis outcomes. We examined descriptive norms, injunctive norms, and the role of cannabis in college life as possible mediators of the association between impulsivity-related traits (i.e., negative urgency, positive urgency, sensation seeking, perseverance, and premeditation) and cannabis outcomes (i.e., frequency of cannabis use and negative consequences) among college students from five countries. METHOD A total of 1,175 college students (United States, n = 698; Argentina, n = 153; Spain, n = 178; Uruguay, n = 79; and Netherlands, n = 67) who were also cannabis users (i.e., reported cannabis use at least once within the previous month) completed an online survey. We used path analysis to test whether the proposed double-mediated paths (impulsivity-like traits→perceived cannabis norms→cannabis use frequency→negative cannabis-related consequences) were invariant across countries/cultures. RESULTS Cannabis-related perceptions, particularly college cannabis beliefs and injunctive norms, significantly mediated the association between impulsivity and cannabis outcomes. Two significant double-mediated paths, which were invariant across sex and countries, were found: (a) higher positive urgency→higher endorsement of internalized norms→higher cannabis use frequency→more negative cannabis-related consequences and (b) higher sensation seeking→higher endorsement of injunctive norms→higher cannabis use frequency→more negative cannabis-related consequences. CONCLUSIONS The study corroborates previous findings on normative perceptions mediating the effects of impulsivity-like traits on cannabis outcomes and suggests that these processes may operate similarly among college student cannabis users in different legal and cultural contexts. The findings highlight the need to address internalized norms and suggest these normative perceptions may be a good intervention candidate to reduce cannabis use/consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina Pilatti
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Psicología, Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas (IIPsi-CONICET-UNC), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Mark A. Prince
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Adrian J. Bravo
- Department of Psychological Sciences, William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia
| | - Matthew R. Pearson
- Center on Alcohol, Substance Use, And Addictions, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Laura Mezquita
- Department of Basic and Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló de la Plana, Castellón, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Research Network on Mental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Castelló de la Plana, Castellón, Spain
| | - Ricardo Marcos Pautassi
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Psicología, Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigación Médica M. y M. Ferreyra (INIMEC-CONICET-UNC), Córdoba, Argentinaº
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Determining Risks for Cannabis Use Disorder in the Face of Changing Legal Policies. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2019; 6:466-477. [PMID: 33312839 DOI: 10.1007/s40429-019-00288-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of review This review aims to summarize and critically evaluate the current literature on the associations between individual and socio-cultural factors that increase risk for cannabis use disorder (CUD), and policy change. Recent findings Epidemiological studies show that areas with permissive legal cannabis climates are associated with greater individual risk factors for CUD. This includes: (1) higher rates of edible consumption and vaping, (2) higher delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) potency and lower cannabidiol (CBD) levels, and, (3) younger age of initiation of use. Summary A change in the socio-cultural level, such as shifts in the legalization of cannabis, could interact with individual-level factors in their associations with CUD. There is currently a lack of empirical studies that evaluate this interaction. We propose that future research consider a bioecological framework for CUD to allow for a comprehensive understanding of the effects of legal climate that could inform policy and clinical practice.
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Wang YG, Shen ZH, Wu XC. Detection of patients with methamphetamine dependence with cue-elicited heart rate variability in a virtual social environment. Psychiatry Res 2018; 270:382-388. [PMID: 30300868 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we developed a methamphetamine (METH)-related virtual social environment to elicit subjective craving and physiological reactivity. Sixty-one male patients who were abstinent from METH use and 45 age-matched healthy males (i.e., normal controls) were recruited. The physiological electrocardiogram (ECG) signals were recorded before (resting-state condition) and during viewing of a METH-cue video in the virtual environment (cue-induced condition). The cue-induced subjective craving was measured with a visual analogue scale (VAS) for patients with METH dependence. The results indicated that the cue-induced condition elicited significant differences in heart rate variability (HRV) between patients with METH dependence and normal controls. The changes of HRV indexes on time domain and non-linear domain from the resting-state condition to the cue-induced condition were positively correlated with the score on VAS of METH craving. Using a supervised machine learning algorithm with the features extracted from HRV changes, our results showed that the discriminant model provided a high predictive power for distinguishing patients with METH dependence from normal controls. Our findings support that immersing subjects with METH dependence in a METH-related virtual social environment can successfully induce physiological reactivity, and cue-induced physiological signal changes may have a potential implication in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Guang Wang
- Department of Brain Functioning Research, The Seventh Hospital of Hangzhou, 305 Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310013, China; Clinical Institute of Mental Health in Hangzhou, Anhui Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Zhejiang provincial Institute of Detoxification Research, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Zhi-Hua Shen
- Department of Brain Functioning Research, The Seventh Hospital of Hangzhou, 305 Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310013, China; Clinical Institute of Mental Health in Hangzhou, Anhui Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Zhejiang provincial Institute of Detoxification Research, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xuan-Chen Wu
- Hangzhou Seventh Science and Technology Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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Cousijn J, Núñez AE, Filbey FM. Time to acknowledge the mixed effects of cannabis on health: a summary and critical review of the NASEM 2017 report on the health effects of cannabis and cannabinoids. Addiction 2018; 113:958-966. [PMID: 29271031 PMCID: PMC9520128 DOI: 10.1111/add.14084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This is a summary and critical review of The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine (NASEM) report of cannabis’ health effects. The report stated that effects of cannabis are understudied and research findings are mixed. It concluded that the under developed evidence base poses a public health risk and rightly addressed complications of cannabis research that need to be collaboratively resolved. We support NASEM’s urgent call for research, but add that the mixed evidence base cannot be solely attributed to research limitations. Rather, we propose a need to acknowledge the heterogeneity in cannabis’ effects to advance the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna Cousijn
- ADAPT-lab, Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Corresponding author: Janna Cousijn, Ph.D., Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Amsterdam, P.O. box 15916, 1001NK Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adrián E. Núñez
- ADAPT-lab, Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Laboratorio de Neuropsicología de las Adicciones, Instituto de Neurociencias, CUCBA, Universidad de Guadalajara, México
| | - Francesca M. Filbey
- Center for BrainHealth, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
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